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Matrices - Mind Maps - Lakshya JEE 2024
Matrices - Mind Maps - Lakshya JEE 2024
aij is an element lying in the ith row & jth column. The number of elements
in m×n matrix will be mn.
(ii) Row Matrix: Row matrix has only one row, i.e., B=[bij]1×n is a row matrix of order 1×n.
(iii) Square Matrix: Square matrix has equal number of rows and columns, i.e., A=[aij]m×m is a square matrix of order m.
(iv) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if all of its non-diagonal elements are zero, i.e., B=[bij]m×n is said to be a
diagonal matrix if bij=0, where i ≠ j.
(v) Scalar Matrix: It is a diagonal matrix with all its diagonal elements are equal, i.e., B=[bij ]m×n is a scalar matrix if bij = 0, where i≠j, bij=k, when
I = j & k= constant.
(vi) Identity Matrix: : It is a diagonal matrix having all its diagonal elements equal to 1, i.e., A=[aij ]m×n is an identity matrix if
a ij = {
1, if i = j
0, if i ≠ j
we denote identity matrix by In when order is n.
(vii) Zero Matrix: A matrix is said to be zero or null matrix if all its elements are zero. It is denoted by O.
06. ADDITION OF MATRICES (i) tr (λA) = λtr(A) (ii) tr(A – B)= tr(A) – tr(B)
If A = a ij and B = bij then their product AB = C = cij is a matrix of order, m x p where
m× n n×p
( )
(i) For any square matrix A with real number entries A + A T is a skew symmetric matrix
(ii) Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric
1 1
Properties of Invertible Matrices matrix as A =
2
( 2
) (
A + AT + A − AT
)
(i) Uniqueness of Inverse : Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is
unique.
(i) (A–1)–1 = A (ii) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (iii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 (iv) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k
15.
A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = I = AT A, i.e., if A–1 = AT.
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX Example: A =
cos α − sin α
= AT. In fact every unit matrix is orthogonal
− sin α cos α
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A² = A.
1 / 2 1 / 2
Example: is an idempotent matrix, because
16.
1 / 2 1 / 2
INVOLUTORY MATRIX
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 + 4 +
4 4 2 2
A² = = =A A square matrix A is called an involutory matrix if A² = I or A–1 = A
1 + 1 1 1
+ 1 1
1 0
4 4 4 4 2 2 Example: A = is an involutory matrix because
0 1
1 0 0 0 are idempotent matrices because
Also, A = and, B = 1 0
0 0 0 1 A² = A and B² = B. A² = = I In fact every unit matrix is involutory
0 1