Kim Alyssa B.

Go UIC MLS-3E
INNATE IMMUNITY II: PHAGOCYTOSIS ○ TLR3: dsRNA
○ TLR7: ssRNA
IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY LEC.
○ TLR8: ssRNA
DR. ALFREDO HINAY
○ TLR9: CpG DNA

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE: PHAGOCYTOSIS

● The reason why cells of the innate immune
system are considered to provide non-specific
immunity is due to the nature of their
receptors
● Cells of the innate immune system are able to
recognize distinctive molecular structures
that are synthesized by foreign pathogens
● Physical contact occurs as neutrophils roll along
until they encounter the site of injury or infection
● They adhere to receptors on the endothelial
cell wall of the blood vessels and penetrate
through the tissue by means of diapedesis
● This process is aided by chemotaxis,
whereby cells are attracted to the site of
inflammation by chemical substances such as
soluble bacterial factors, complement
components, or C-reactive protein
INDIRECT PHAGOCYTOSIS
- Opsonins “to prepare for eating” a.k.a
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS Tagging are serum proteins that attach to a
● Toll is a protein originally discovered in the fruit foreign substance and help prepare it for
fly Drosophila, where it plays an important role phagocytosis
in antifungal immunity in the adult fly ○ Ex. Antibody
● Very similar molecules are found on human ● Indirect phagocytosis
leukocytes and some nonleukocyte cell types, ○ Requires opsonins
and these are called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) ● Phagocytic cells have receptors for antibodies
● The highest concentration of these receptors and for complement components, which aid in
occurs on monocytes, macrophages, and contact and in initiating ingestion.
neutrophils
● There are 11 slightly different TLRs in DIRECT PHAGOCYTOSIS
humans ● Do not require opsonins
● Each of these receptors recognize a different ● Phagocytes have TLRs (Toll Like Receptors)
microbial product. ○ Natural receptors that detects
○ TLR1: Mycobacteria pathogenic products
○ TLR2: Gram-positive bacteria ● PPRP (Primitive Pattern Recognition
○ TLR4: Gram-negative bacteria Receptor) (PAMP)
● Once a receptor binds to its particlar substance, ○ Recognizes CHO and Lipid sequences
or ligand, phagocytosis may be stimulated in microorganisms
● Thus, they play an important role in enhancing
natural immunity
● TLRs and their specific enzymes: THE PROCESS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS:
○ TLR1 & TLR2 : Diacyl-lipopeptides 1. Physical contact between the White Blood Cell
○ TLR2 &TLR6: Zymozan Triacyl- and the Foreign Particle
lipopeptides 2. Formation of a Phagosome
○ TLR4: LPS (gram neg) 3. Fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a
○ TLR5: Flagellin phagolysosome
○ TLR11: Profillin 4. Digestion and release
 Kim Alyssa B. Go UIC MLS-3E
○ HOCl -
CHEMOTAXIS hypochlorite
● A change in the direction of movement of a radical a
motile cell in response to a concentration powerful
gradient of a specific chemical, chemotaxins oxidizing agent
○ Positive chemotaxis: Towards the
stimulus
○ Negative chemotaxis: away from the
stimulus EXOCYTOSIS
● Chemotactic factors: ● Residual bodies containing indigestible materials
○ Antibodies are excreted as waste
○ Complement fragmnts
○ CRP
○ Bacterial factors
○ Chemotactic Cytokines
○ ***Without these chemotactic factors,
cell motion is RANDOM

DIGESTION (Cytopepsis)
● 1st Mechanism:
○ Granules in he phagocytic cytosol
migrate - fused with the phagosome to
form Phagolysosomes
○ Degranulation of neutrophils lead to the
release of
■ Lactoferrin: binds iron
■ Lysozyme: targets bacterial cell
■ Defensin: increased membrane
permeability
■ Elastase: damage host tissues
● 2nd Mechanism:
○ Formation of Respiratory Burst
■ Main function is to produce a
massive number of oxygen
particles
○ Activation of enzymatic complex,
NADPH Oxidase, present in the
phagosome membrane via the HEXOSE
MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY
■ Respiratory Burst
● Oxygen radicals
○ O2 - highly toxic
to microbes
○ H2O2 - an
important
bactericidal
agent, more
stable than
others