Protección de Sistemas Eléctricos

Maestrı́a en Redes Inteligentes

Klever Quizhpe H.

Universidad de Cuenca
kleber.quizhpe@ucuenca.edu.ec

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 Protección de Sobrecorriente Distancia

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Principios

The term distance is used for a family of relays that respond to a ratio
of voltage to current and therefore to impedance or component of
impedance .Distance relay may have the following features:
A distance relay has the ability to detect a fault within a pre-set
distance along a transmission line from its location.
Every power line has a resistance and reactive per kilometer
related to its design and construction so its total impedance will
be a function of its length or distance.
A distance relay therefore looks at current and voltage and
compares these two quantities on the basis of Ohm’s law

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Principios

Consider the simple radial line with distance protection system.These

relays sense local voltage and current and calculate the effective
impedance at that point. This means that the relay requires voltage
and current information

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Principios

When the protected line becomes faulted, the effective impedance

becomes the impedance from that point to the fault.
Assume balanced three-phase fault at distance d: For internal fault
Vp
at point p: Zp = < ZL . Relay will operate.
I
Vk
For external fault at point k : Zp = > ZL .Relay will not operate
I
V
In general the relay will trip when Zf = < ZL where ZL is the
I
d
impedance at the fault point. For example at point p: Zf p = < ZL
L
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Principios

Hence the distance relay action is to compare the local voltage with the
local current, i.e. the secondary values of V and I in the voltage and
V
current transformers so as the quantity is the measured impedance
I
Zm where:
V
V T ratio V CT ratio CT ratio
Zm = I
= I = Zf
CT ratio
V T ratio V T ratio
Where Zm is the measured impedance (appears at the relay terminal)
also called the secondary impedance. And Zf is the also called the
primary impedance.

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Tipos de relés de Distancia

In general there are four main types of distance relays:

Impedance relay (Ohms relay)
Admittance relay ( Mho relay)
Reactance relay
Offset Mho relay

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Tripping characteristics of distance relay

If the relay’s operating boundary is plotted, on an R-X diagram,

its impedance characteristic is a circle with its center at the origin
of the coordinates and its radius will be the setting in ohms
The relay will operate for all values less than its setting i.e. is for
all points within the circle.

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Tripping characteristics of distance relay

The impedance relay does not consider the phase angle between
the voltage and current applied to it.
The relay operates for all impedance values that are less than its
setting (all the values inside the circle).
It restrain for all values (points) outside the circle.
The reach of the distance relay is that distance from the
relaying point to the point of fault. The reach is usually refers as
the relay setting and can be as a distance (m), or as a primary or
secondary impedance.

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Advantage of distance relay

Provide backup protection easily.

Eliminates the pilot channel.
Distance protection is available for both phase and ground faults.
Step distance protection combines instantaneous and time delay
tripping.

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Zones of protection
Due to the tolerance in the circuit components, the measuring accuracy cannot be perfect so it is usual to

set the relay at the local point A at 80 % of the secondary impedance of AB. This is referred as zone 1 or

stage A1 setting.

The remaining 20 % of AB is protected by changing the setting of the relay to reach 50 % into zone BC

(zone 2 or stage A2). Stage A2 is usually set at 0.3 s time. For system reliability (failure of relay A will

cause failure of stage A1 and stageA2), another distance relay is added for backup protection. This

separate relay should have a reach of 20 % into CD and called zone 3 or stage A3 which has a time delay

of 0.6 s.

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Zones of protection

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Ejemplo 1

Para la lı́nea de subtransmisión de 66 KV que se indica en la figura,

determinar el seteo de la zona 1 para un relé de distancia (Impedancia
primaria).

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Ejemplo 2

Determinar los seteos de un relé de distancia en la linea AB de la

figura. El ángulo de la impedancia para cda lı́nea es de 75°. La longitud
de la lı́nea es de 80 Km. El relé de distancia en la barra A esta
alimentado por un TC de relación 200:5 y un TP de 345Kv/220KV Y :
120V/69V Y. Determine los seteos de la zona 1 y 2 de los relés.

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Trabajo en clase

Ejercicios protección de distancia

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