Wide-Area Voltage Control System of FACTS Devices To Prevent Voltage Collapse

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Wide-Area Voltage Control System of FACTS Devices to Prevent Voltage Collapse
Article in IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution · July 2017

DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0290
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Wide-Area Voltage Control System of FACTS Devices to Prevent

Voltage Collapse
Mathieu Perron 1*, Esmaeil Ghahremani 1, Annissa Heniche 1, Innocent Kamwa 1, Claude
Lafond 1, Marcel Racine 2, Houssem Akremi 3, Philippe Cadieux 4, Simon Lebeau 4, Stéphane
Landry 5
1
Power Systems and Mathematics, Hydro-Québec Research Institute, Varennes, Canada
2
Automation and Protection Studies, Hydro-Québec, Montréal, Canada
3
Compensation and Interconnection System, Hydro-Québec, Montréal, Canada
4
Network Strategies and Interconnection, Hydro-Québec, Montréal, Canada
5
Project and Studies, Hydro-Québec, Montréal, Canada
*
perron.mathieu@ireq.ca
Abstract: Hydro-Québec has identified Wide-Area Control System (WACS) as a key initiative able to
significantly increase the voltage stability of its grid. In this context an innovative project for wide-area
and local voltage control of shunt compensators was initiated. Its main objective is to implement a closed-
loop control system on Hydro-Québec’s network to optimize the reactive power support from the dynamic
shunt compensators. The outcome of this project is the «Global and Local Control of Compensators»
(GLCC) system which is based on synchrophasor technology and Intelligent Electronics Devices (IEDs).
Applied to each shunt compensator of Hydro-Québec’s network, this robust voltage control system
measures voltage variations in the load area and adjusts the operation set point of each shunt compensator
accordingly, thus avoiding voltage collapse resulting from extreme contingencies. The GLCC control
solution was intensively tested in simulation using PSSE software. Moreover, a pilot project was
commissioned on a test bench replica of the system and also tested in real time using Hydro-Québec’s
Hypersim digital simulator. Field tests of the GLCC were conducted on a -230/+660 MVars SVC. The
results of this pilot project were deemed conclusive and the deployment of the new voltage control system
has been initiated by Hydro-Québec.
1. Introduction
Wide-Area Control and Monitoring Systems (WACS/WAMS) are now a priority for power utilities
in regards to control, protection and reliable operations of the bulk power system. In fact, following the
August 14, 2003 Northeast blackout it was established by the North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (NERC) that a wide-area monitoring system based on phasor measurement could have helped
to identify and prevent this major voltage collapse [1-3]. As a result of this incident, the support for smart
grid technologies became a federal policy in the USA with the Energy Independence and Security Act of
2007. This act subsequently authorized the Smart Grid Investment Grant (SGIG) program to promote the
development of smart grid technologies, tools and techniques. From these technologies, wide-area
measurement and control were identified as key elements to improve the power system reliability and
visibility. Therefore, the North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) was put in place as a
collaborative effort between NERC, utilities, researchers, vendors and academics to advance the
deployment and use of phasor measurement applications in power system [4-6]. Likewise, the engineers
and researchers from Hydro-Québec have been actively developing and probing new ideas for wide-area
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measurement and control applications for several years. Innovative techniques for synchronized phase
angle and frequency measurement were developed in the 1980s and a wide-area monitoring system based
on Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) was commissioned in 2004 for GPS-synchronized angle, frequency
and harmonic distortion measurements [7-8]. New approaches for wide-area control of power system
oscillation damping and voltage stability using phasor measurement technology have also been elaborated
in many utilities around the world along with original Special Protection Schemes (SPS) solutions [9-16].
In continuity with this work, an innovative research program in control and automation of power
systems called CGAR (a French acronym) has been initiated by IREQ, Hydro-Québec’s research institute
[17-19]. The main objective of this program is to improve the overall system performance of the Hydro-
Québec grid by adding new control strategies and SPS to existing power equipment and installations. A
leading control project to emerge from this innovation program is the so-called «Global and Local Control
of Compensators» (GLCC) project for wide-area and local voltage control of shunt compensators. This
novel WACS system is designed to control the coordinated action of all the static vars Compensators and
synchronous condensers connected to the Hydro-Québec grid. The role of this cutting-edge control
solution is to temporarily change the voltage set point of the compensators upon detection of a voltage
collapse in the Montréal load area, thus improving the overall voltage stability of the grid.
This paper presents the development, the implementation and the testing challenges of this new
GLCC infrastructure. The functionality and complete scope of the project are first presented followed by
the description of the closed-loop hardware integration and the evaluation of the solution on the Hypersim
real-time digital simulator at IREQ [20-22]. Finally, the commissioning of the GLCC pilot project is
presented and field test results are described and compared with the corresponding real-time simulation
results to highlight the valuable benefits and encouraging outcome of the project.
2. The GLCC project

The need for a synchronized and robust solution to optimize the use of the existing shunt
compensators on the Hydro-Quebec network comes from the following two principal observations.
First of all, Hydro-Québec’s shunt compensation installation actually comprises 9 Synchronous
Condenser (SC) and 14 Static Vars Compensator (SVC) sites with a total capacity of about 7000 MVars
capacitive and 4000 MVars inductive. These compensators play an important part in the voltage level
control of the grid and its transfer capacity. For most of them however, their control strategies which rely
on an independent voltage set point at each substation have remained unchanged since they were
commissioned in the 1970s to the 1990s. In addition to these technological realities, the topology of the
Hydro-Québec grid (see Fig. 1) imposes significant challenges to ensure its reliability and security. As a

matter of fact, the majority of the total installed hydroelectric capacity of 43 GW is located in the
northernmost part of Québec, while about 60% of its load is located more than 1000 km to the south in the
Montréal area.
Fig. 1. Hydro-Québec network with shunt installations and the GLCC control system
With the shunt compensators installed along the major 735 kV transmission lines it was necessary to
develop a new WACS system that would improves the contribution of the northern shunt element and the
overall response time of the system, specifically for a voltage collapse situation in the load area. Following
intensive simulation analysis using PSSE software in conjunction with innovative technology research and
algorithms development, it is now established that the best and most cost-effective solution to these issues
is the commissioning of a smart grid system that controls a synchronized action on the voltage set point of
the existing SCs and SVCs without adding new power system equipment on the Hydro-Québec grid. The

overall effect of this GLCC solution on the voltage stability of Hydro-Québec’s grid is illustrated in Fig. 2,
where comparative PSSE simulations demonstrate the effect of the addition of dynamic and synchronized
control to the voltage set point of the compensators for a voltage collapse phenomenon.
Fig. 2. Comparative PSSE simulations of a voltage drop on the Hydro-Québec network showing the effect of the GLCC system
As shown in Fig. 1 and 3, the GLCC project merges two features dedicated to improving the voltage
stability of the network namely, the global control strategy that is implemented on each shunt compensator
of the grid and the local control strategy implemented in remote substations adjacent to the load area.
These two control systems are independent of one another.
The global control strategy is based on the average voltage of the five main 735 kV Montréal
substations ( VMTL ). This information is calculated at the Hydro-Québec Network Control Center (NCC)
and sent to each shunt compensator control substation where it is used as one of the main input for the
control equipment. This data is communicated to the Substation Phasor Data Concentrators (SPDC)
located at each shunt compensator installation by a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) located at the NCC.
The local control strategy is based on estimating the voltage level of the nearest remote substation
using local measurements and the transmission line model characteristics. For this application, the local
transmission line voltage and current measurements are performed by PMUs while Open Line Detector
(DLO) relays are providing the open or close line status.

This information coming from IEEE C37.118 compliant IEDs is synchronized with the global
control data in the substation SPDC and then transferred to the Substation Control Unit (SCU) which is the
control equipment of the system. The SCU calculates and generates the control signal which is then sent to
the Multi-Functional-Multi-Band-Power-System-Stabilizer (MF-MBPSS). The MF-MBPSS is ultimately
used to convert the control signal into an analog signal that affects the voltage set point of the static
compensator connected to the GLCC system.
The local control strategy is used in dual functionality with the global control strategy only in the
shunt compensator installation adjacent to the Montréal load area (see Fig. 1) adding to the robustness of
the GLCC strategy in case of a telecommunication malfunction between the substations and the NCC. For
this new WACS application, the PDC, SPDC and PMU hardware are GPS-synchronized and connected
through a country-wide dedicated telecommunication backbone meeting Hydro-Québec’s stringent
performance requirements. The functional view of the GLCC control system is presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Functional view of the GLCC control system
In addition to Fig. 3, the hardware integration of the new GLCC control system at a substation with
static compensator is shown in Fig. 4. This figure illustrates the typical hardware integration of the GLCC
solution for both global and local control strategies. Each of the equipment is shown with a description of

its main function as well as its connections to the various power, measuring and control devices, while the
various type of signals used are identified. The synchrophasors and main control signals are named by
their respective terms as used in the SCU algorithm.
Fig. 4. Hardware integration of the GLCC control system
For the implementation of the local control strategy, the synchrophasor measurements are performed
using PMUs in type-m mode according to the IEEE standard C37.118.2-2011 with amplitude and phase
angle information for the analog signals. The synchrophasor measurements include the local bus voltage
uuuur uur uur uur uuur uuur uuur
( VCVT ) and the frequency and individual line and shunt reactor currents ( I l 1 , I l 2 , I l 3 , I xl1 , I xl 2 , I xl 3 ). Using
the same analog input measurements, the DLOs detect the status of each individual line and send the
information to the system through a digital connection with the PMU. All these local measurements are
transmitted continuously at a rate of 60 samples / second to the substation SPDC where they are
synchronized with the wide-area voltage data of the Montréal loop ( VMTL ) transmitted from the NCC using
the time tag information included in each data packet for each of the signals.
The synchronized global and local measurements are thus transmitted in real time to the SCU where
they are first validated, then filtered and finally analyzed for the detection of a voltage drop event and the
production of a control signal proportional to the severity of the observed behavior. The SCU local control
algorithm performs the calculations needed for the voltage estimation of the remote substation for each
uur uuur uuur
individual transmission line ( VL1 , VL 2 , VL 3 ) (1). These calculations are processed in parallel with a
calculation rate of 50 ms and carried out using the voltage and current synchrophasor measurements for

each of the line and their corresponding ABCD parameters line model. At this stage the synchronization
process performed by the SPDC is essential for the proper operation of the whole GLCC system since the
alignment of phase angles for the voltage and current synchrophasors is crucial in order to obtain valid
remote voltage calculations (amplitude and phase) between each of the supervised lines, but also with
relation to the behavior of the wide-area voltage ( VMTL ) as well as to the other substations that implement
the GLCC system.
uur uuur uuur
Signals ( VL1 , VL 2 , VL 3 ) and ( VMTL ) are the main input signals to their respective local and global
control strategies. Each of the control strategies is armed by a configurable disturbance detector based on
the variation of the voltage level in time ( ∆VLocal1 , ∆VLocal 2 , ∆VLocal 3 , ∆VGlobal ) between the main input
signals and a 30 seconds moving window average applied to these signals
uuuuuuur uuuuuuuur uuuuuuuur
( VL1_ 30sec , VL 2 _ 30sec , VL 3_ 30sec , VMTL _ 30sec ) (2, 3). Once armed, each control strategy has a set of rules that
determine the permissive conditions and validates the control signal activation. At this stage, the open line
status signals from the DLOs can block individual activation of certain local control. The SCU general
algorithm functional view (Fig. 5) and basic equations can be represented by:
Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4:

Decoding Data validation Event detection Ramp signal
packet data and filtering and control generation
activation
Time step Upon reception Time step Time step

1 ms approx. 16 ms 50 ms 50 ms
Fig. 5. Substation Control Unit (SCU) general algorithm functional view
uuuur
uuur  A Bn   VCVT 
VLn =  n ×  uur uuur  (1)
Cn Dn    I ln − I x ln  
 
uuuuuuuur uuur
∆VLocaln = VLn _ 30sec − VLn (2)
∆VMTL = VMTL _ 30sec − VMTL (3)
The GLCC ( ∆VRamp ) control signal is generated from the first activation instance by the local or
global control. This signal is forwarded to the MF-MBPSS which controls the operation set point of the
shunt compensator. The MF-MBPSS applies the control signal from the SCU by modulating the voltage

reference of the shunt compensator with a 0-10V analog ramp signal. The MF-MBPSS also execute a
blocking and permissive conditions algorithm on the control output signal based on the shunt compensator
voltage and power measurements. The following Fig. 6 shows the detailed functional view of the SCU
control algorithm using both global and local control strategies as previously described:
Stage 2.1: Stage 3.1:

Global control Event detection
data validation and activation by
global control

Line 1 local Event detection
control data and activation by
validation and line 1 local
filtering control Stage 4: Control
Stage 1.1: ramp generation
Decoding
packet data

filtering control

filtering control

MF-MBPSS Permissive and
status reading blocking
conditions for
MF-MBPSS
Fig. 6. Substation Control Unit (SCU) detailed algorithm functional view
Consequently, each individual SCU and MF-MBPSS units have their specific settings depending on their
location on the grid and the type of compensator they affect. Such control strategy enables the

synchronisation and optimization of the entire reactive support of the Hydro-Québec dynamic shunt
installations following severe contingences in the southern part of the grid.
3. Real-time simulation tests

These WACS control systems and algorithms are very complex and need to be thoroughly tested
before their deployment on site. For this purpose, a complete hardware replica of the GLCC control
system for a substation has been put in place at IREQ (see Fig. 7). The test bench installation was used for
the SCU and MF-MBPSS algorithms development and validation. It was also used for the evaluation of
the overall GLCC solution in real-time using the Hypersim environment for real-time power-system
simulation.
Fig. 7. IREQ’s test bench installation of the GLCC control system for algorithm development and hardware-in-the-loop
validation using Hypersim real-time simulator
The Hypersim simulator includes many software tools [22] such as a graphical user interface (GUI),
a code generator, a waveform analysis display called ScopeView and a testing software called TestView
for automatic testing sequences, statistical or criteria analysis, generation of reports and database recording.
The Hypersim real-time simulation runs on SGI parallel computers. For the GLCC evaluation, a 128-
processors Altix 4700 is used at a 50 µs timestep. This simulator can run in real-time electrical networks
of more than 750 bus bars with dynamic models of HVDC, SVC, SC, wind turbines, hydraulic machines,

etc. The Hypersim simulator is also equipped with an IRIG-B time code receiver for time synchronization.
Standard PCI cards with digital signal processors (DSPs) and digital-to-analog processors are installed in
the SGI to provide external analog and digital input/output (I/O). This allows the simulator to be
connected in closed-loop to external control devices.
For this specific hardware integration, the simulator provides currents and voltages to the current
transformer (CT) inputs and voltage transformer (VT) inputs of the GLCC equipment through analog
amplifiers. The MF-MBPSS control signal is sent back to the simulator through the analog I/O interface
which affects the SVC and SC dynamic model behaviours in the real-time network simulation. Other
control/status signals can also be exchanged with the control system for advanced testing. A total of 54
analog inputs/outputs, 18 power amplifiers and 10 logical inputs and outputs are used during the testing
procedures. Adding to the Hypersim simulator environment, a designated programming platform is also
required for the SCU and MF-MBPSS algorithms development by the IREQ researchers and for the
hardware management and configuration of the PDC, SPDC, PMU, DLO, GPS clock and
telecommunication switches. As a result of these technical requirements, many connections between the
GLCC equipment and the real-time simulator are required, as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Hypersim real-time simulator configuration for the GLCC validation
In total, more than 8000 real-time tests were performed on the IREQ test bench replica of the GLCC
system. To begin, performance assessment tests were carried out on each specific unit used in the GLCC
control systems to ensure proper individual operation in addition to intensive reliability testing of the
telecommunication network. Thereafter, simulations of the main Hydro-Québec network were performed
10

with the complete GLCC control system connected in closed-loop to the Hypersim simulator, thus
modulating in real-time the voltage set point of the dynamic shunt compensator models. Three different
configurations of substation with shunt element have been tested this way. The first configuration
consisted of a back-to-back double SVC of -230/+660 MVars at 735 kV of a substation feeding three
transmission lines towards the load area. The second configuration was also a back-to-back double SVC
configuration (-0/+600MVars) but for a substation connecting a pair of series compensated transmission
lines to the south. Finally, the GLCC control system has been validated on a back-to-back SC installation
of -400/+450 MVars at 735 kV with a standalone SVC. For each of these configurations, both local and
global control strategy were validated from a reliability and security point of view. The reliability tests
were conducted to evaluate the robustness and performance of the control system in the case of voltage
collapse while the security tests were performed to verify its non-action in situations such as faults, line
tripping, breaker fault, power oscillations, geomagnetic induced current (GIC), etc. Ultimately, the results
were conclusive for all the network simulation cases, individual hardware evaluations and
telecommunication tests. Fig. 9 shows a real-time simulation result of the GLCC used in closed-loop on
the double-back-to-back SVC configuration.
Fig. 9. Real-time simulation result of the GLCC in closed-loop at the La Vérendrye substation
This test demonstrates a case where the voltage drops abruptly at the load area while the voltage at the
compensator station undergoes virtually no change. This phenomenon forces the control system into an
armed state which fixes the values of the 30 seconds moving window average signals
11

uuuuuuur uuuuuuuur uuuuuuuur
( VL1_ 30sec , VL 2 _ 30sec , VL 3_ 30sec , VMTL _ 30sec ). When the voltage difference between these fix values and one of the
uur uuur uuur
calculated values ( VL1 , VL 2 , VL 3 ) or wide-area voltage ( VMTL ) reaches a predefined threshold set in the SCU
parameters, the ( ∆VRamp ) signal is sent to the MF-MBPSS which generates the 0-10V control signal. For
this specific test, the control signal is sent back to the voltage set point control of the SVC model executed
in real-time in Hypersim. The impact of the GLCC control system on the voltage behavior is immediately
observable both at the local station and at the load area where the voltage stops collapsing (Fig. 9).
4. Field test: pilot project

Following the validation of the GLCC functionality on the Hypersim real-time simulator, a pilot
project was initiated in order to assess the new control solution to an actual shunt compensation
installation on the Hydro-Québec network. The aim of this pilot project was to validate the action of the
global and local control strategy on a single SVC installation in a real operating environment. To do this, it
was decided to install the GLCC control system at the La Vérendrye substation as illustrated in Fig. 10
(zoom of Fig. 1) where a back-to-back double SVC of -230/+660 MVars total at 735 kV is in operation.
Fig. 10. R&D pilot project installation of the GLCC control solution
12

At this substation, a full commissioning of the GLCC hardware solution shown in Fig. 4 was
implemented with all the connections needed to power equipment and a complete telecommunications
network. For the specific needs of the pilot project, the load average voltage ( VMTL ) was replaced by
voltage measurements from PMUs located at the Chénier and Boucherville substations near the load area.
These measurements were then sent to a PDC for synchronisation purposes and finally communicated to
the La Vérendrye SPDC to be used by the global control algorithm of the SCU. For R&D purposes, it was
also decided that the PDC of the pilot project would be located at IREQ in order to facilitate
commissioning, wide-area monitoring and post-event analysis of the control system and also to compare
the field tests results with those obtained with the Hypersim real-time simulation cases.
Once the commissioning completed, a series of tests first validated on the real-time simulator test
bench were performed in the field with the joint assistance of employees from the La Vérendrye substation,
the NCC, IREQ and Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie (TSO) engineers. This series of tests first included open-
loop assessment of the GLCC security features versus shunt inductance switching, line tripping and
voltage and power limitations of the control output. Open-loop tests were also conducted to validate the
performance of the system with both SVC operations. A typical open-loop field test result is shown in Fig.
11, where the effect of the GLCC control system is observed for a reactive power limitation validation
case.
Fig. 11. Field test result of the GLCC in open-loop at the La Vérendrye substation
13

For this specific test, the SCU control ramp signal is started manually by the operator and the output
power of the SVCs increase accordingly (negative convention), leading to a proportional voltage increase
at the SVC substation as previously illustrated. As soon as one of the SVCs reaches the reactive power
limiting parameter set in the MF-MBPSS, the SCU control ramp signal is stopped and maintained at its
current value until the reactive power decreases or the control system is called back to its initial state.
Following the successful results of the open-loop tests, closed-loop validations of the global and
local control strategy were performed by creating isolated voltage drops at the Chénier substation (see Fig.
10). These tests were made possible by adjusting the operation set point of the Chénier SVC, which
resulted in voltage level deviations between the La Vérendrye and Chénier substation. A closed-loop field
test result is shown in Fig. 12, where the effect of the GLCC control system is observed for a 0.02 pu
voltage drop created by tuning the Chénier SVC operation set point from +100 MVars to -500MVars. The
impact at the load area is clearly seen as the voltage collapse is avoided when the voltage level and
consequently the reactive power support at the La Vérendrye substation is accordingly corrected by the
GLCC control output.
Fig. 12. Field test result of the GLCC in closed-loop at the La Vérendrye substation
This result is also validated by comparing the behaviours of the signals obtained from the field tests
to those collected during the real-time simulation of this specific test on the Hypersim simulator as shown
in Fig. 9. By comparing both Fig. 12 and 9, it is observed that the behaviours of the signals obtained from
the field test are virtually identical to those observed from the real-time simulation experiment. Hence,
these results and their comparisons confirm both the validity of the GLCC control system on the actual
network and the real-time testing environment on Hypersim. Ultimately, all the results from the pilot
14

project were conclusive and the similarities between the field test signals and the corresponding real-time
simulation results were also validated.
5. Conclusion
An innovative wide-area and local voltage control of dynamic shunt compensation devices to prevent
voltage collapse based on the use of synchrophasors has been developed by Hydro-Québec in the GLCC
project. This new WACS solution was intensively tested in simulation using PSSE software and a
complete hardware replica of the GLCC control system for a shunt compensator installation has been fully
integrated and thoroughly validated on the Hydro-Québec Hypersim real-time digital simulator at IREQ,
Hydro-Québec’s research institute.
A pilot project has been commissioned and field tests results have been validated by the integration of
the GLCC control system to an actual -230/+660 MVars SVC installation with communication between
the substations, IREQ and the NCC. The field tests results were validated by studying the control effect on
the power system dynamic behaviour and by comparing these results to those obtained from real-time
simulations.
In conclusion, the hardware in-the-loop real-time simulations and the field tests results demonstrate
that the new GLCC control system is a robust, reliable and low-cost WACS solution that optimizes the
reactive power support from the installed dynamic shunt compensators on the Hydro-Québec network.
Following the successful GLCC innovation project, the deployment of this new voltage control system to
all shunt compensators of the Hydro-Québec grid has been initiated.
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Wide-Area Voltage Control System of FACTS Devices To Prevent Voltage Collapse

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Wide-Area Voltage Control System of FACTS Devices to Prevent Voltage Collapse

Article in IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution · July 2017

Mathieu Perron Esmaeil Ghahremani

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Annissa Heniche Innocent Kamwa

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Wide-Area Voltage Control System of FACTS Devices to Prevent

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2. The GLCC project

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Fig. 3. Functional view of the GLCC control system

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Fig. 4. Hardware integration of the GLCC control system

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Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4:

Time step Upon reception Time step Time step

Fig. 5. Substation Control Unit (SCU) general algorithm functional view

∆VMTL = VMTL _ 30sec − VMTL (3)

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Stage 2.1: Stage 3.1:

Stage 2.2: Stage 3.2:

Stage 2.3: Stage 3.3:

Stage 2.4: Stage 3.4:

Stage 1.2: Stage 3.5:

Fig. 6. Substation Control Unit (SCU) detailed algorithm functional view

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3. Real-time simulation tests

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Fig. 8. Hypersim real-time simulator configuration for the GLCC validation

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4. Field test: pilot project

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