Structure

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Articles:  an,  an,  the,  etc.   √    
Frequency  adverbs:  always,  generally,  usually,  often,  sometimes,  seldom,  never,  etc.   √    
Comparison  of  adjectives:  more  dangerous,  easier,  smaller,  etc.   √    
Discourse  markers:  Actually,  Basically,  Anyway,  (and)  yeah,  Listen,  I  mean,  Let’s  see,  Let  me  see,   √    
Like  
Oh,  Now,  Okay,  So,  Well,  You  know,  You  see,  You  know  what  I  mean,  It  is  true,  Of  course,    
but,  Still,  By  the  way,  Besides,  Another  thing  is,  On  top  of  that,  So,Then,  
First(ly),  Second(ly),  First  of  all,  In  the  first  place,  Finally,  In  the  end,  In  short  
Modals:  can,  may,  must,  have  got  to,  should,  ought  to,  would,  could,  might,  needn’t,  don’t  have  to,   √    
mustn’t  
Numbers  (cardinal  and  ordinal):  one,  first,  two,  second,  etc.   √    
Passive  voice:  present  and  past   √    
Direct  and  indirect  object:  He  gave  him  some  instructions.  He  gave  instructions  to  the  pilot.   √    
Question  words  for  describing  people  and  things  and  for  requesting  information:  What,  who,   √    
which,,  why,  where,  how  
Relative  pronouns:  who,  which,  whose,  that,  etc.   √    
Tenses:   √    
Simple  present:  I  fly  
Present  continuous:  I  am  flying  
Past  simple:  I  flew  
Present  perfect:  I  have  flown  
Present  perfect  continuous:  I  have  been  flying  
Future:  I  will  fly  
Going  to:  I’m  going  to  fly  
There  to  be:  there  is,  there  was,  there  will  be,  etc.   √    
     
Adjectives:     √  
Gradable  and  ungradable  (fairly  angry  –  gradable;  totally  amazed  –  ungradable)  
Prepositions  after  adjectives:  angry  about,  afraid  of,  etc.  
Adjectives  +  that  clause  or  to+infinitve:  so  tired  that  he  couldn’t  fly,  too  tired  to  fly  
Enough,  sufficiently,  too  +  adjective:  high  enough,  too  low  
Double  comparative:  the  sooner,  the  better.  
Adverbs  and  conjunctions     √  
Comment  adverbs:  apparently,  frankly,  rightly,  etc.  
Viewpoint  adverbs:  biologically,  ideologically,  morally,  etc.  
Adverbial  clauses  of  time:  before,  until,  after,  as  soon  as,  before,  when,  while,  hardly,  no  sooner,  
scarcely,  etc.  
Giving  reasons:  seeing  that,  since,  in  as  much  as,  due  to,  owing  to,  with  so  many  people  ill,  etc.  
Clauses:     √  
Relative  clauses  
Participle  clauses:  -­‐ing,  -­‐ed,  being  –ed,  
Participle  clauses  with  adverbial  meaning:  Opening  the  door,  he  sas…  
Conditionals:     √  
Real  and  unreal,  mixed,  all  tenses  
Discourse  markers:     √  
Mind  you,  On  the  whole,  Broadly  speaking,  By  and  large,  Certainly,  May,  emphatic  “do”,  On  the  one  
hand,  On  the  other  hand,  While,  Whereas,  However,  Even  so,  Nonetheless,  Nevertheless,  All  the  
same  
Although,  though,  even  though,  if,  in  spite  of,  despite,  
Incidentally,  Moreover,  Furthermore,  In  addition,  Additionally,  What’s  more,  Therefore,  As  a  result,  
Consequently,  Quite  on  the  contrary,  To  begin  with,  to  start  with,  For  one  thing,  In  conclusion,  
Briefly  speaking,  etc.  
Infinitives  and  Gerunds:  You  have  to  take  off.  Taking  off  is  dangerous.      
Modals:     √  
Will  and  would  to  show  willingness,  likelihood  and  certainty:  he  may  have  run  out  of  fuel,  he  must  
not  hold  an  IFR  licence  
Will  and  would  to  show  habits:  When  I  was  an  instructor,  I  would  make  lots  of  touch-­‐and-­‐go  
landings  
Modals  +  past  participle  to  express  criticism  or  regret:  I  should  have  checked  the  weather  before  
leaving.  
Nouns:       √  
Compound  nouns  
Uncountable  nouns  with  zero  article:  good  advice  
Passive  voice:     √  
Present  perfect  simple/continuous  
Past  perfect  simple/continuous  
Future  simple/continuous  
Phrasal  verbs:     √  
They  ran  out  of  duty  time.  
He  couldn’t  put  out  the  fire  
Quantifiers:     √  
One  of  +  plural:  One  of  the  advantages…  
Each  (of)  and  every  +  singular  verb  except  when  follows  the  noun  or  pronoun  it  refers  to  
Questions:     √  
Reporting  questions  
Negative  questions  
Tag  questions  
Reflexive  pronouns:     √  
Himself,  herself,…  
One  and  Ones:  the  ones  on  the  slide  are  sitting  
So  and  Such:       √  
So  I  hear.  I  think  so.    
Such  behavior  is  unacceptable.  
Reported  speech:     √  
He  said  he  would  dump  fuel.  
He  instructed  them  to  hold.  
Tenses:     √  
Past  perfect:  I  had  flown  
Past  perfect  continuous:  I  had  been  flying  
Present  continuous  for  the  future:  Tomorrow  I  am  flying  to  Miami.  
Future  continuous:  I  will  be  flying  
Future  perfect:  I  will  have  flown  
Future  perfect  continuous:  I  will  have  been  flying  
Future  seen  from  the  past:  I  was  going  to  fly,  etc.