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com‬‬ ‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﱰﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪2‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻋﺖ‬ ‫ا ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ :1‬اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﳊﻖ ﺑﻦ ﲪﻮدة‪ -‬ﺳﲑات‬
‫ﻧﻮع اﳊﺼﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :1‬آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ‪ :‬ﻋﺪة ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﻴﺔ ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫اﳊﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﻲ‪ 2 :‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﳊﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :2‬اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ‪2023 -2022 :‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺪم ﺑﻨﺎءًا ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ إرﺷﺎدات ﳌﺸﻜﻞ إﺧﺘﻼل وﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻋﻀﻮي‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ اﳌﻌﺎرف اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻹﺗﺼﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﳊﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﳍﺪف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﳊﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﺎن وﺟﻮد وﺳﻴﻂ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﳌﻌﺎرف اﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﳕﻂ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﺳﻮل )‪.(ARNm‬‬
‫اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻗﺼﲑة‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﻔﺮد واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات رﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ )أدﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮاﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎءﻩ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮز )ﺳﻜﺮ ﲬﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة آزوﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰة ﻟﻸﲪﺎض اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﻫﺪاف اﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﲡﻨﻴﺪ اﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ‪ -‬إﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎء اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪ -‬ﻃﺮح ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ -‬إﳚﺎد ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ اﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺴﺒﻮرة‪ ،‬و ﺋﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﳌﺪرﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﲑ اﻟﺪرس‬
‫وﺿﻌﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﻄﻼق‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وراﺛﻴﺔ )ﻣﻮر ت(‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﳌﻮر ت ﻋﻨﺪ اﳋﻼ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ‪ ،‬أي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻏﻼف ﻧﻮوي ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﺛﻘﻮب ﻧﻮوﻳﺔ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺮ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ )اﻟﻨﻮاة( وﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ )اﳍﻴﻮﱃ(‪.‬‬
‫اﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ؟‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت‪:‬‬
‫ف‪ :1‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻮرﺛﺔ )اﻟـ ‪ (ADN‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ف‪ :2‬ﺑﺘﺪﺧﻞ وﺳﻴﻂ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ِﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ :1‬ﰎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ )اﻟـ‪ (ARN‬اﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ وﺧﺎرﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(1‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ :2‬ﰎ ﺣﻀﻦ ‪ 3‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ُﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ أوﺳﺎط ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﲪﺎض أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ُﻣﺸﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :1‬اﳋﻼ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ واﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ )‪.(Hb‬‬
‫ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :2‬اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع‪.‬‬
‫ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :3‬اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع ﳏﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﻟـ ‪ ARN‬اﳌﻮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺔ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ ،(1‬واﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ اﻟﻸﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓُﺼﻠﺖ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف ا ﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ وﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﺮوط واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(2‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ُ :3‬ﺣﻀﻨﺖ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ُﻣﺸﻊ ﻟﻔﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑة‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧُﻘﻠﺖ إﱃ وﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻋﺎدي وﺗُﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻔﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ أﻃﻮل‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺬاﰐ ﰲ اﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(3‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ )‪ (U‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة آزوﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰة ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟـ‪ ARN‬دون اﻟـ‪ ،ADN‬أﻣﺎ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻴُﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟـ‪ARN‬‬
‫)دﻣﺞ اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ اﳌﺸﻊ( وﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎرﻩ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮ ﺋﻖ )‪ (2) ،(1‬و)‪ (3‬إﺷﺮح ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣ ِ‬
‫ﺼﺎدﻗًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ُ‬
 ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺮح ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻊ اﳌﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ :(1‬ﲤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ )اﻟـ‪ (ARN‬اﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ وﺧﺎرﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﺎرج ﻓﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ وﺟﻮد أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‪ ،ARN‬أﻣﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﻓﻨُﻼﺣﻆ وﺟﻮد ﲬﺴﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‪ ،ARN‬ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺔ ‪ ،5‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‪ُ ARN‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻔﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﻧوع اﻟـ‪ ARN‬اﳌﻮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺔ ‪ُ 5‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻔﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ :(2‬ﲤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺣﻀﻦ ‪ 3‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ ﰲ أوﺳﺎط ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﲪﺎض أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ُﻣﺸﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :1‬اﳋﻼ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ اﳋﻼ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻮر ت‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :2‬اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ اﳋﻼ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻮر ت ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﺎذﻳﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :3‬اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع اﶈﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﻟـ‪ ARN‬اﳌﻮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺔ ‪ ،5‬واﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺎ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﱃ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ وﻫﻮ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳌﻮرﺛﺔ اﳌﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ إﱃ اﳋﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟـ‪.ARN‬‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬اﻟـ‪ ARN‬اﳌﻮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺔ ‪ 5‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ )ﻣﻮرﺛﺔ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ( ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ إﱃ اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع‪ ،‬وﻳُﺪﻋﻰﺑـﺎﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﺳﻮل )‪.(ARNm‬‬
‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ :(3‬ﲤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺬاﰐ ﳋﻼ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ُﺣﻀﻨﺖ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﳛﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﻊ ﰒ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻋﺎدي‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑة‪ :‬ﻇﻬﻮر اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﻮاة وﲤﺮﻛﺰﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬ﻋﻠﻰ ُﻣﺴﺘﻮاﻫﺎ إﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﻦ دﻣﺞ اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ اﳌﺸﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ أﻃﻮل‪ :‬ﻇﻬﻮر اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﳍﻴﻮﱃ وﻏﻴﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻨﻮاة‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل )ﻫﺠﺮة( اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬اﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ‬
‫اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻟﻐﺮض ﻧﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ اﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟـ‪ ARNm‬ﰲ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﰒ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ )ﻳُﻬﺎﺟﺮ( إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﳕﻂ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﺳﻮل )‪ (ARNm‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﰲ اﻟﻨﻮاة وﻳُﻐﺎدرﻫﺎ إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﺣﺎﻣﻼً ﻧُﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱪوﺗﲔ اﳌﺮاد ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ أي ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ وﺳﻴﻂ ﺑﲔ اﻟﻨﻮاة واﳍﻴﻮﱃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ 2‬واﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ وﺳﻴﻂ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ )اﻟـ‪ (ARNm‬ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳌﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ِ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪ ،‬وإﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ 1‬ﲝﻴﺚ اﻟـ‪ ADN‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪.2‬اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟـ‪:ARN‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟـ‪ ARN‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ ،(4‬ﲝﻴﺚ اﻹﻣﺎﻫــﺔ اﻟ ُﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ ARN‬ﲤﺖ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪ NaOH‬وﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺮوط ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﳏ ّﺪدة‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ اﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ ARN‬ﲤﺖ ﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎل إﻧﺰﱘ ‪.(Ribonucléase) ARNase‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣ ّﺪد اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠـ‪ ARN‬و ِ‬
‫ﺻﻒ ﺑُﻨﻴﺘﻪ إﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﻦ ُﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(4‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠـ‪:ARN‬‬
‫ﻳﱰﻛﺐ اﻟـ‪ ARN‬ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﺾ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮرﻳﻚ )‪.H3PO4 :(P‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﺮ ﲬﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن = اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮز )‪.C5H10O5 :(R‬‬
‫‪ 4‬أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻷدﻧﲔ )‪ ،(A‬اﻟﻐﻮاﻧﲔ )‪ ،(G‬اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻦ )‪ ،(C‬اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ )‪.(U‬‬
‫وﺻﻒ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟـ‪:ARN‬‬
‫اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي )اﻟـ‪ (ARN‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻗﺼﲑة‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﻔﺮد واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات رﻳﺒﻴﺔ )رﻳﺒﻮﻧﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات( ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻵزوﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ )أدﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮاﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎءﻩ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮز )ﺳﻜﺮ ﲬﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة آزوﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰة ﻟﻸﲪﺎض اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﳕﻂ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﺳﻮل )‪.(ARNm‬‬
‫اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻗﺼﲑة‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﻔﺮد واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻴﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات رﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻻزوﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ )أدﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮاﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮزﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﻜﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎءﻩ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮز )ﺳﻜﺮ ﲬﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة آزوﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰة ﻟﻸﲪﺎض اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗ ّﺪم رﲰًﺎ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴًﺎ ُﻣﺒﺴﻄًﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻠـ ‪.ARN‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﳕﺬج اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ُ ARN‬ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آزوﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬رﺳﻢ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ ُﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰة ﻟﻠ ـ‪:ARN‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﳕﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪:ARN‬‬

‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ =(Acide‬اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﳕﻂ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪cide ribonucléique) :ARN‬‬
‫‪ =(Acide ribonucléique‬اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﺳﻮل‪.‬‬
‫‪ucléique messager) :ARNm‬‬
‫ﻳﻮم‪............................. :‬‬ ‫ا ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ :1‬اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻢ واﻟﻠﻘﺐ‪.......................... :‬‬
‫‪..................................‬‬ ‫‪ ..........................................‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :1‬آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‬
‫‪..................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪ ...................................:‬اﳊﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪................................................ :2‬‬

‫وﺿﻌﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﻄﻼق‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وراﺛﻴﺔ )ﻣﻮر ت(‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﳌﻮر ت ﻋﻨﺪ اﳋﻼ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ‪ ،‬أي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻏﻼف ﻧﻮوي ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻪ ﺛﻘﻮب ﻧﻮوﻳﺔ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺮ اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ )اﻟﻨﻮاة( وﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ )اﳍﻴﻮﱃ(‪.‬‬
‫اﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪............................................................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت‪:‬‬
‫ف‪................................................................................................................................... :1‬‬
‫ف‪................................................................................................................................... :2‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ِﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ :1‬ﰎ ﻓﺼﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ )اﻟـ‪ (ARN‬اﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﱰة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﱪوﺗﲔ وﺧﺎرﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(1‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ :2‬ﰎ ﺣﻀﻦ ‪ 3‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ُﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ أوﺳﺎط ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﲪﺎض أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ُﻣﺸﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :1‬اﳋﻼ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ واﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺮوﺗﲔ اﳍﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﲔ )‪.(Hb‬‬
‫ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :2‬اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع‪.‬‬
‫ا ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ :3‬اﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻔﺪع ﳏﻘﻮﻧﺔ ﻟـ ‪ ARN‬اﳌﻮاﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺔ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ ،(1‬واﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ اﻟﻸﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺮ ت اﻟﺪم اﳊﻤﺮاء ﻟﻸرﻧﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓُﺼﻠﺖ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف ا ﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳋﻼ وﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﺮوط واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(2‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ُ :3‬ﺣﻀﻨﺖ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ وﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ُﻣﺸﻊ ﻟﻔﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑة‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧُﻘﻠﺖ إﱃ وﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ ﻋﺎدي وﺗُﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﻔﱰة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ أﻃﻮل‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺬاﰐ ﰲ اﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(3‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ )‪ (U‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة آزوﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﻴﺰة ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟـ‪ ARN‬دون اﻟـ‪ ،ADN‬أﻣﺎ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻴُﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟـ‪ARN‬‬
‫)دﻣﺞ اﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ اﳌﺸﻊ( وﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎرﻩ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮ ﺋﻖ )‪ (2) ،(1‬و)‪ (3‬إﺷﺮح ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﱃ اﳍﻴﻮﱃ ﻣ ِ‬
‫ﺼﺎدﻗًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
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 ‫‪.2‬اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟـ‪:ARN‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟـ‪ ARN‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ ،(4‬ﲝﻴﺚ اﻹﻣﺎﻫــﺔ اﻟ ُﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ ARN‬ﲤﺖ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪ NaOH‬وﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺮوط ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﳏ ّﺪدة‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ اﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ ARN‬ﲤﺖ ﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎل إﻧﺰﱘ ‪.(Ribonucléase) ARNase‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣ ّﺪد اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠـ‪ ARN‬و ِ‬
‫ﺻﻒ ﺑُﻨﻴﺘﻪ إﻧﻄﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﻦ ُﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(4‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
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 ‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗ ّﺪم رﲰًﺎ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴًﺎ ُﻣﺒﺴﻄًﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﳌﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻠـ ‪.ARN‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﳕﺬج اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ُ ARN‬ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ آزوﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ =(Acide ribonucléique) :ARN‬اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي‪.‬‬
‫‪ =(Acide ribonucléique messager) :ARNm‬اﳊﻤﺾ اﻟﺮﻳﱯ اﻟﻨﻮوي اﻟﺮﺳﻮل‪.‬‬