n. r.

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XHMMHECKAfl
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MHHHCTEPCTBA nPOCBEIU,EHHH PODCP
MocKBa 1958
 C O Ä E P )K A H H E

r a a b a I. TepMHHecKaa nepepaßoTKa Ä p e B e c H H b i................................ 7

ÄpeBecnHa Kan x iiM m ecK oe c b i p b e ....................................................—
TepMHHecKaa nepepaßOTKa Ä p e B e c H H H ..........................................13
BBe^eHHe. HcTopm ecK H ft o i e p K .........................................................—
XaMH^ecKHe npoueccH TepMH^ecKoro pa3.Tio>KeHHH ApeBecuHbi . 19
C yx a a neperoHKa A p e B e c H H b i..............................................................21
npoÄ yKTH cyxoft neperoHKH .............................................................. 28
ra3H4>HKauHH Ä p e ß e c H H U ...................... : ..................................... 32
IToJiyieHKe cm o jih , CKHiiH^apa h K a H H ^ o j i n ............................... 36
CMOjio-cKHnHÄapHoe (cMcwioKypeHHoe) np0H3B0ÄCTB0 . . . . 37
KaHH(j)OJIbH03KCTpaKUHOHHOe npOH3BOÄCTBO....................................38
KaHH(|>0,jibH0-TepneHTHHH0e n p o H 3 B o a c T B O .................................... 40
J l H T e p a T y p a ..............................................................................7 41

fjiaBa I I . rip0H3B0ÄcTB0 h XHMHiecKaji nepepaßoTKa uejuiioji 03bi . 43

Cyjib(j)HTHbTH cn oco 6 n o jiyq e H M u e ju ii0 ji0 3 b i ............................... —

Hcn0JTb30BaHHe n oöcm ibix npcMyKTOB h o t x o ä o b .......................... 52
CyjibfJjaTHaa u ,e jijiK w io 3 a ..................................................................... —
ripOH3BOÄCTBO H HCn0JIb30BaHHe ÄpeBeCHOfi M a c c b l ..................... 55
üp0H3B0ÄCTB0 ö y M a r H ......................................................................... 57
HcKyccTBeHHOe b o j i o k h o ............................................................... . 6 6
IIOJlyHeHHe BHCK03H0r0 B O JIO K H a............................................... 68
IIlT an ejibH oe b c w o k h o ................................................................... 77
Ilp0H3B0ÄCTB0 h npHMeHeHHe u e jM O < j> a H a .................................... 78
npOH3BOÄCTBO HCKyCCTBeHH0r 0 BOJIOKHa no MeÄHOaMMHa^HOMy
c n o c o ö y .....................................................................................................79
AiieTaTH H ft m e j i K ................................................................................... 83
3<{iHpu uejijii0jt03u ............................................................................... 88
A30TH0KHCJIbIe 3<J)HpH U eJM K W I0 3 M ..........................................89
B e 3ÄHMHUft n o p o x ........................................................................ 93
U e J ijiy jiO H Ä ....................................................................................... 94
HirrpojiaKH h H H T p o s M a ;iH .................................................... . 9 5
J l H T e p a T y p a ................................................................................... 96

F ji a b a I I I . rH AP 0JIH3 nojiHcaxapHÄOB Ä p e B e c H H b i................................97

O öm n e C B e fle H H H .............................................................................. ..... —

FIojiyMeHHe sthjioboto c r a p T a ......................................................... 102
n o ö o y H u e npoflyKTbi rHÄpcwiH3Horo n p 0 H 3 B 0 A C T B a.................... 105
THÄPOJIH3 KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHHMH KHCJlOTaMH . .......................... 108
J l H T e p a T y p a ...................................................................................111

r ji a b a IV . npOH3BOÄCTBo caxapH cTux B e m e c T B ............................... 112

K paxM ajio-n aToqH oe iip o h 3b o ä c t b o ................................................... —
IIojiyqeH H e KpaxM ajia H3 KapTO({)e.>ia . . .......................... 113
IIoJiy'ieHHe KpaxM ajia H3 K y K y p y 3 H ......................................... 115
ripOH3BOflCTBO X 1 3 T 0 K H ................................................................116

3
 ITpOH3BOÄCTBO fleK C TpH H O B ............................................................. 119
IIpOto3BO,HCTBO r jII 0 K 0 3 b I....................................................................... —
CßeKjiocaxapHOe np0H3B0ÄCTB0 ..................................................... 120
HcTOpH^ecKHe cßexceHHH . . . ■.............................................. —
XHMHqeCKHH COCTaB CBeKJIbl........................................................ 122
I BuÄejieHae caxapa H3 c B e K J iu ................................................123
Hcn0jib30BaHHe o t x o ä o b ............................................................. 140

J l H T e p a T y p a .............................................................................141
OT ABTOPA
f ji a b a V. np<>H3BOÄCTBa, ocHOßaHHbie Ha (jjepMeHraTHBHwx npo-
142
ueccax ...................................................................................
npoM bim jieH H bifi opraHHqecKHfi ch h tc3 (noJiyqeHHe TomiHBa, p a c-
BposceHHH h h x po.nb b npoM bim jieHHOCTH....................................—
TBOpHTeJiefi, BbICOKOnOJIHMepOB H T. A .) OCHOBblBaeTCH H a MHHepajIb-
npOH 3BOÄCTBO C n H p T a .................................................................... 146
hom yrJiepOÄHCTOM cH p b e: He(})TH, KaMeHHOM y r jie h n pn poÄ H H x ra -
HCTOpH^eCKHe CBGAeHHH..........................................................—
ncuiyqeHHe cnnpTa H3 KapTO< p e j i a .......................................148 3ax. K p o M e t o t o , MHorne opraH fm ecKH e Bem ecTBa M oryT 6 h t b n o jiy -
ITpHroTOBJieHHe cojio a a . ' .................................................... .... — qeHH H3 npHpOÄHoro cbipba, t . e. H3 opraHHMecKHX coeflHHeHHÜ,
OcaxapmaHHe K p a x M a jia ..................................................... 150 C H H T e3 H p yeM b IX p aC T eH H H M H H JKHBOTHbIMH. TaKH e C O eflH H eH H H HB-
CnnpTOBoe 6 p o jK e H H e .............................................................. 154
j i h i o t c h n p e A C T a B H T e jiH M H T p e x o ch o b h u x rp yn n npH po/m ux B em ecT B :
BuÄejieHHe h o>iHCTKa c n a p T a ............................................... 160
IIoöoqH M e npo/tyKTH h o t x o ä h ............................... . . 162 y rjie B O flO B , >KHpOB h ßeJiKOB. O ä h h H3 h h x , a HM eH H O y r jie B O Ä b i, B e c b -
Ü H B O B a p e H n e ....................................................................................164 M a UIHpOKO HCnOJIb3yiOTCH B XHMHMeCKOÜ H IM m e B O H npOMMUIJieH-
npHroTOBJieHHe c o j i o Ä a .......................................................... 165 h o cth ( n e p e p a ö o T K a flp e ß e c H H b i pa3 JiH H H H M H c n o c o ö a M H , ß o ß b iB a H H e
3 a T iip a H H e ..................................................................................166
h n ep ep ad oT K a K p a x M a jiH C T b ix h ca xa p n cT b ix n p o f ly K T O B ), a p y r n e —
BapKa c y c J i a ............................................................................. 167
Hcnojib30BaHHe noöoiHbix n p o fly K T O B ................................. 173 H JHpU — 3 3 H H M aiO T H e c p a B H e H H O M e H b U ie e , HO B c e X e 3HaM HTSJIbHOe
Ilo jiy n e n n e yKcycHOÜ k h c j j o t h ................................ .........................— M eCTO B n pO M blW JieH H O C TH (iy ia B H W M 0Ö pa30M nnm eB O H U M hlJIOBa-
n ojiyqeH H e MacjiHHOÖ k h c j i o t u .....................................................177 p e H H o f i ) , T p e T b H — ß e jiK H — u iH p o K o n c n o jib 3 y K )T C H b n n m e B O fi n p o -
nojiyHemie mojioihoh k h c j i o t u .....................................................179
M HUIJieHHOCTH H B H e 3 H a q H T ejIb H O H C T en eH H B f l p y r H X npOH3BO>a;CTBaX
n ojiy^eH H e jihmohhoh k h c j i o t h ........................................................ 182
AueT0H0-6yTHJic)B0e ö p o a c e H H e ..................................................... 187 (H e K O T o p b ie b h ä h n jia c T M a c c , K O s c e B e H H o e n p o H 3 B o a c T B o ).
H a c T O H m e e n o c oÖ H e H M eeT i;eJ ib io n o K a 3 a T b 3H aneH H e yivieBO ÄO B,
J l H T e p a T y p a .............................................................................189
ÄH p O B H ÖejIKOB B npOMblUIJieHHOCTH, fla T b K paTK O e O n n caH H e COBpe-
T ji a b a V I. XHMHHecK,a« nepepaßoTKa h m po b . . . . . . . . 190 MeHHbix np0H3B0flCTB, n e p e p a ö a T H B a io m H x y K a 3 a H H H e r p y n n a Be-
O öm aa xapaKTepHCTHKa » n p c m ........................................................ — m ecT B , a T a K Ä e cbo h ctb h n y r e fi: H cnojib30B aH H H b H apo^H O M X03HH-
rlpOH 3BOÄCTBO OJIHlj), JlaKOB, ^ H H O fle y M a ......................................... 194 CTBe n p o fly K T O B sth x n p 0 H 3 B 0 flC T B : u,eJiJii0Ji03bi, K p a x M a jia , c a x a p o B ,
rHaporeHH3auHH a c a p o B ..................................................................197 cn ap T a, o p ra H H n e c K H x k h c j io t , c m o s i , C R n n n ^ a p a , » n p o B , m hji, 6 eji-
FIp0H3B0ÄCTB0 M a p ra p H H a .............................................................. 204
npOH 3BOflCTBO 5KHpHHX KHCJIOT H T J IH U epH H a .............................206 KOBbix n jia c T M a c c h ap. 3 o n a c a H H e fla H o 6 e3 H3j ih u ih h x TexHOJio-
to

M eT o ^ H pacmeiwiemiH a c n p o B ...............................................— • r n q e c K H x n o a p o ß H O C T e H c y n o p o M Ha BHHCHeHHe c yu iH O C T H XHMHqe-

BuflejieHHe h oqHCTKa rJiHixepHHa ................... • . . . . 210 c k h x n p e B p a m e H H fi, K O T o p b ie H M e io r M ecT O n p n n e p e p a ß o r a e B em ecTB
BtMejieHHe jkhphhx khcjiot h hx Hcn0Jib30BaHHe . . . 211 B npO M H U IJieH H O C TH .
npOH3BORCTBO M H J ia ................... ........................................... 212
M a T e p n a ji pacnojioH<eH n o CTeneHH 3HaqHM0CTH npH po^H bix Be-
HcTopmecKne cBeaeHHH . .
213 mecTB b HapoiiHOM xosHHCTBe: CHaMajia paccMaTpHBaiOTCH yrjieBOflbi,
<I>H3HKO-XHMMeCKHe CBOÜCTBa MHJia
214
Bapna M U J i a ........................ 3 3 T 6 M JKHpbl H, HaKOHeU, ÖejlKOBbie BemecTBa.
219
Moiomee AeftcTBHe MUJia . H a c T o a m a a p a ö o T a H B jiH e T c a n o H ^ e e n p 0 fl0 ji> K e H H e M H a u ie ö k h h -
220
CHHTeTOTecKHe M oiomne cp eflctB a
th « O p r a H H q e c K H H CHHTe3 b npoM H iiw eH H ocTH » (y>ineÄrH 3, 1955) h
222
J l H T e p a T y p a .......................... n p e c jie a y e T T y * e ochobhyk) u,ejib — ÄaTb npenoÄaBaTejiH M x h m h h h

F j i a B a VII. IJepepaßoTKa öcjikobwx BemecTB b npoMbiwjieHHocTH y n a m H M C H T eX H H K yM O B H HeXH M H H eCK H X B y 3 0 B HJIJIIOCTpaTHBHUH M a -

223 T e p a a ji k K y p c y o p r a H H ie c K o ft x h m h h . O ^H aK O 3A ecb p accM aTpn -
OöiflHe CBeaeHHH o ö e J i K a x .....................................................
230 ß a io T c a H e n p o u e c c H c H H T e 3 a o p r a H H q e c K H x B e m e c T B , a X H M H ^ e cK H e
üoj^yiieHHe Ka3eHHa h ero npnM eH eH H e...................................... »
IlnacTMaccH Ha 0CH0Be ö e jiK O B ............................. . . . . 232 npeB pam eH H H , H M e io m n e M ecro npn n epepa6oTK e r o T O B b ix npH pO Ä-
BeJiKOBue K J ie n ................................................................................. 235 h u x B em ecTB .
237
• 1IIpOH3BOaCTBO JKeJiaTHHa ............................................................... 237
238 H M en b b h a y A S J ib H e ü u ie e p a 3 B a m e b nauieß C T p a H e n p0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B ,
KoaceBeHHoe 3 . .
iipoh boäctbo ........................................... 238
253 o cH O B a H H h ix H a x H M H q ec K O H n epepaöoTK e npo^yK TO B h o tx o ä o b
JlHTepaTypa
cejibCKoro h jie c H o ro xo3flftcTBa, m o >k h o naflefiTbCH, hto n on yjin pH oe
onncaHHe xHMH3Ma h an n a p a T yp H oro ot})opMJieHHH Ba>KHeHiiiHx H3
9t h x np0H3B0ÄCTB 3aHHTepecyeT h ß o jie e iiih p o k h h K p y r qHTaTejieft.
O ö p a ö o T K a ä jih n e n a ra c ro jib pa3H O oßpa3H oro M axepH ajia n oTpe-
ö o ß a jia n oM om a c o CTOpOHbi cneunajracTOB, p a 6 oTaK>mnx b cooTBeT-
CTByiOmHX OTpaCJIHX npOMHIIIJieHHOCTH. ripOCMOTp OTfleJIbHblX rjiaB
jiK )6 e 3HO B3HJIH Ha ceß a cjieflyio m H e yqeH bie h H H »e H e p u : jia y p e a T
CTaJiHHCKoö npeMHH AoueHT A . A . JlHBepoBCKHÖ (r a . I ) ; K am u w aT
TexHHHecKHx Hayn, ÄOueHT B. A . T paßoBCKHft (u ,ejijn 0 ji'0 3 a) ; H H ^eH ep
H. A. P o 3eH6 e p re p ( ö y j i a r a ) ; HH^ceHep H. K. UleHKOB (HCKyccTBeH-
Hoe b o jio k h o ); H H *eH ep B. fla B b m oB (MeAHoaMMHaMHbift n ie jin );
KaHflHflaT TexHHqecKHX HayK A . H . A ß e p ö y x (a ^ n p b i u e ju iio jio s u );
HHJKeHep M . M . C a n n p o (r ji. I I I ) ; KaHAHflaT TexnnqecKH x HayK
JI., M . A re e B (r ji. I V ) ; kblhjxkji&t TexHHqecKHx HayK A . <&. O gA op oB
(c n n p T b i); B . H . T o p ö (nHBOBapeHHe); KaHflH^aT TexHH^ecKHx HayK
ü . f l . Kyn^HHCKHä (r a . V I ) .
Ha3saHHbiM TOBapamaM Bbipaacaio rjiy ß o K y io ßjiaroAapHOCTb 3ä
h x ueHHbie yKa3aHHfl.
Aerop
rjIABA I
TE PM H H E C K A5I n E P E P A B O T K A
flP E B E C H H b l
flpeßecHHa K ax xHMHnecKOe cbipbe
PacTHTejibHHH Mnp HBjifleTCH H a n ö o jie e pacnpocTpaH eH H H M
«CToqHHKOM opraHHqecKHX BemecTB. ü o flaHHHM A. A. H n ra n o p o B H -
qa ( 3 ) Ha3eMHbie pacTeHHH 3eMHoro rnapa CBH3biBaioT e x e r o A H o
nyTeM 4>0T0CHHTe3a okojio 2 0 m j i p a . t y r jie p o A a h BOAHbie pacTeHHH
•o kojio 1 5 5 MJIPÄ. t , t . e. B cero 175 MjipA. t y r jie p o A a (a b o s m o jk h o ,
b 2 — 3 pa3a d o jib in e ), b to BpeMH KaK e x e r o A H o e MHpoBOe n oT p eö-
jieHHe y r jia h He<})TH cocTaBJineT oko jio 2 ,4 MJipA. r 1.
K ^HCJiy BajKHefimnx ßoraTCTB pacraTejibHoro MHpa othochtch
Jieca — 3th rpaHflH03Hbie eciecTBeHHbie «npeAnpHHTHH», Aeniejib-
HOCTb KOTOpbix 3aKjiioqaeTCH b cHHTe3e h HaKOiuieHHH opraHHqecKHX
BemecTB, Hcnojib3yeMHx qejiOBeKOM b pa3jinqHHx HanpaBJieHHHX.
EcTecTBeHHHö pacTHTejibHbifi MaTepnaji — apeBecHHa — Haxo^HT
rjiaBHoe npHMeHeHHe b CTpoHTejibCTBe h b Ka^ecTBe roiuiHBa, ho Bce
öojibuiHe h ßöjibuiHe KOjimecTBa ee HAyT Ha xHMHqecKyio nepepaßor-
Ky. TaraM 0öpa30M, Jieca ebjihiotch hcto^hkrom cupba äjih xhmhhc-
cko S nepepaßoTKH, Ha 0CH0Be KOToporo pa3BHBaiOTCH cneuHajjbHbie
OTpaCJIH npOMHUIJieHHOCTH. '
n o jiecHHM ßoraTCTBaM C oB ercK H ä C 0103 c t o h t Ha nepBOM MecTe
b M flpe: noqTH OAHa TpeTb B cex jiecoB 3eM Horo rnapa HaxoAHTCH Ha
TeppHTopHH H au ieö cTpaH U (3aHHMaa n jio m a A b CBbirne 6 0 0 mjih. z a ).
PacTHTejibHoe cbipbe Hcnojib3yeTca b HacTOHmee BpeMH b orpoM-
h u x KojinqecTBax. E>KeroaHO MHpoBoe noTpeßjieHHe o^Hofi TOjibKO
ÄpeBecHHbi cocTaB jiaeT He MeHee M aju iH ap^a to h h .
y^eHbiMH npo/ieJiaHa öojibu iasi p a ö o T a n o H3yqeHHio xH M nqecKoro
cocTaB a h c b o h c tb ÄpeBecHHbi h Ä p y r a x pacTHTejibHbix MaTepHajioB.
pTH paÖOTbl HBJIHIOTCH HayHHOH OCHOBOH ßJIH pa3paÖOTKH paUHO-
HajIbHWX MeTOAOB HCn0JIb30B3HH3 paCTHTejIbHOTO CbipbH (rjiaBHbIM
öopa30M ApeBecHHbi) juih noJiyqeHHH Hejuii0ji03bi, HCKyccTBeHHoro
, P ° CTaTHCTHqecKHM ÄaiHHMM, onyßjiHKOBaHHHM b M o n th e y B u lletin o f
„ a v r A- ( stat i st i cal O ffic e o f the United N a tio n s ), MHpoBaa ä o 6 h-
B r r r n 1 ,nc< ^ B 1954 r0 Ä y C0CTaBMa 1288 mjih. t h Hec})TH 630 mjih. t .
tä c th u a ™ ? * r0Äy 6ujI° ä ° 6 m to yrjiH 347 mjih. t h HecJjTH 59,3 mjih. t (c T a -
^ b o 1956) C «H a p o Ä H o e x o 3hü ctb o C C C P » , T oc. CTaTHCTHW. H3aaTejib-
7
BOJIOKHa, nOpOXOB, KHHOnjieHKH, JiaKOB, STHJlOBOrO CnHpTa, apOHaTH- U ,eju ii0 ji0 3 a . U ,e ju iio jio 3 a , h jih KJierqaTKa, o t h o c h t c h , KaK H3Becr-
qecKHX coe^HHeHHä h HeKOTOpwx nojiynpo,nyKTOB ä j ih o p ra H n q ecK o ro » o , k r p y n n e BbicuiHx n ojm caxap u flO B co cT a ß a ( C 6H 10O 5) „ — reKCO-
CHHTe3a. 33HOB.
flpeßecHHa, t . e. CTeHKH OMepTBeBinnx pacTHTejibHbix KjieTOK, co- B npHpoÄHbix n p o^ yK T a x n,ejuirojio3a HaxoflHTCH b TecHOM conpH -
c t o h t H3 T p ex rp y n n BemecTB: i*ejuii0ji03bi, reMHuejunoJio3 h jinrHHHa. KOCHOBeHHH ’C flpyrHMH BemeCTBaMH — reMHHeJUIK)JI03aMH, JlHrHHHOM
K 3thm BemecTBaM b HeßojibuiHx KOJiHqecTBax npHMeuiHBaiOTCH p a c- h ÄpyrHMH (nopHCTaa raaH b u ejunojio3bi KaK 6bi nponHTaHa sthm h
TBOpHMbie b B oae caxap a, neKTHHOBbie Beiu,ecTBa, ayÖHJibHbie Bem ecT- eem ecTB aM H ). iHanßoJiee ^HCTyro ueJiJH0Ji03y Mbi BCTpeqaeM b BHfle
Ba, CMOJIbl, JKHpU H 330THCTbie OpraHH^eCKHe COe^HHeHHa. TaKHM 0 6 - XJlonKa, KOTOpbiä j i a * e b Heo^nmeniHOM BH^e coßepJKHT 9 2 — 9 5%
pa30M, XHMHHeCKHH COCTaB ÄpeBeCHHH OqeHb CJIOJKeH H HeOflHHaKOB ue/iJiK)Ji03bi. O^HCTKoft xjion K a nyTeM sKCTparnpoBaHEH H3 Hero >KHpo-
y pa3Hbix n o p o fl aepeB beß , x o t h ajieM eH TapH ufi cocTaB apeßecHHbi b h x h B0CK0 0 6 p a 3Hbix BemecTB ropa^HM cnnpTOM h a^H poM h nyTeM
p a 3Hbix n o p o fl n om H OÄHHaKOB. A ö c o jiio t h o c y x a n ÄpeßecHHa 1 co- oöpaöoTK H e r o khühhihm oäh on p oiteh th b im pacTBopoM e jK o r o HaTpa
AepjKHT o k o jio 5 0 % yrjiepoA a, 6 % B o ^ o p o fla , 4 3 % KHCJiopoaa h B OTCyTCTBHe KHCJIOpOÄa B03AyXa flJIH yAaJieHHH neKTHHOBHX BemecTB
0 ,1 % a30Ta. H 3 3 th x ajieMeHTOB odpa3yioTC5i paajiHMHHe Bem ecTBa, m ojkho nojiyMHTb npo^yKT, coflepHcauiHfl 9 9 ,8 5 % u ejuiiojio3bi.
BxoÄHm ne b cocTaB opraH H qecK ofi n a c ra ÄpeBecHHu. KpOM e T o ro , b
B qHCTOM BHfle H,ejiJiK)Jio3a npeflCTaßjiHeT c o ö o ß TB ep^oe ö e jio e
COCTaB ÄpeBeCHHbl BXOflHT OT 0 ,3 ÄO 1 % MHHepajIbHblX BemecTB
BemecTBO öes BKyca h 3 an axa, BOJioKHHCToro CTpoeHHH, c yfleJibHHM
(30Jia). rjiaB H eön iH e Bem ecTBa 3 o jih — yrjieKHCjiue co jih Kajibiyifl,
BecoM 1 ,5 1 — 1 ,5 2 . O H a HepacTBopnM a b opraH H qecKH x pacTBopHTe-
KajiHH h HaTpHH. KpOM e T o ro , b Heft coaepjKaTCH yrjieK H C jiH e, KpeM-,
jih x ; pacTBopneTCH b KOHueHTpnpoBaHHbix KHCJiOTax, o 6 p a 3 y a npH
HeKHCJibie h <j)0C(})0pH0KHCJibie c o jih MarHHH h >Kejie3a.
9TOM 9Cj)HpbI H rHÄpOJIH3yHCb. PaCTBOpHeTCH T3K>Ke C 0Öpa30BaHHeM
KojiH qecTBeH H oe coflepjK aH H e OTAejibHbix cocTaBHbix n acT eä a p e -
KOMnJieKCHblX COeÄHHeHHÖ B KOHU,eHTpHpOBaHHbIX paCTBOpaX x jio p n -
BeCHHM Haxo/IHTCH B 33BHCHM0CTH OT nOpOÄH flep eB a, UaCTH CTBOJia,
OOB uHHKa, o jio ß a h flp y r n x T H * e jib ix MeTaJiJioB. OcoßeHHO x o p o u io
yCJIOBHH npOH3paCT3HH5I H T. fl.
u ejuii0ji03a pacTBopneTCH b MeflHoaMMHaqHbix pacTB opax, ß,aßaa He-
B T3 ÖJiHue 1 npHBefleHbi fla m m e o c o c ia B e flpeßecH H H H an ß ojiee
BSJKHbix n o p o fl flepeBbeB. npoqHbie KOMnJieKCbl, H3 KOTOpblX BblflejIHeTCH nOHTH B HeH3MeHeHHOM
BHfle. UeJiJii0Ji03a He njiaBHTca, a npH HarpeBaHHH Bbinie 2 0 0 ° pa3-
Ta6ji Hua 1 jiaraeT C H .
CocTas ApeseCHHu pa3jiHHHhix nopofl AepeBbeB B o n p o c O XHMHHeCKOM CTpoeHHH neJIJIIOJI03bI CJiy>KHJI npeAM eTO M
(b % k Becy aöcojiioTHo cyxofi apeBecHHhi) (1)
HCCJieÄOBaHHft ö o J ib in o r o KOJinqecTBa y n e H b ix b T eqeH H e /tecHTKOB
BemecTBa» JieT. B H a m eft C TpaH e p a ß o r a ö o jib in o r o q n c jia r p y n n x h m h k o b h <J>h -
pacTBopa- UeJUiio.no- Cmojiu h 3HKOB B03rJiaBJIHJIHCb T3KHMH yqeH bIM H , K aK FI. ü . IIIo p b irH H ,
ITopofla Mue b ro- JlHTHHH neHT03aHjj
pHqeÖ BO- 3a* XHphl H. H. H hkhthh , B. A . KaprHH, 3. A. PoroBHH, B. H. HßaHOB h ap.
■ Ae
B HacTOHiu.ee BpeM H x H M m e c K o e C TpoeH H e u e ju ii0 ji0 3 b i n p eÄ C T aß -
CocHa ....................................... 4 ,8 5 1 ,6 25,1 9,7 6,4
jineTCH b CJieflyiomeM BH^e. M oJ ieK yjiH e e c o c t o h t H3 0CTaTK0B
E J I b .......................................
ß — d — rJIK)K03bI, COeÄHHeHHblX rjIK)K03HÄHbIMH CBH3HMH Me>KÄy
3 ,2 5 5 ,2 27,0 11,2 1,9
nepBbiM h neTBepTbiM yrjiepoÄHbiM H aTOMaMH b ocTaTKax rJH0K03bi:
JlHCTBeHHHUa.......................... 14,8 5 1 ,6 24,3 10,3 2,4
Bepesa .................................... 2 ,2 5 0 ,3 19,5 26,4 1,2 H OH CHjOH H OH -| CH,OH
O c H H a .................................... 3 ,0 49,2 22,6 22,7 1 ,5 HO
I/.Ü.
OH H k H H /lH O |o h h Ix H H/I h °\|0H
B y K ........................................... 1.4 49,6 21,8 25,6 0 ,9 K|H _|<,O H H ,> r O - K H ___l\|OH H,/|,
,_____ o > l - o - H
I i, ^ l ^ 0/ n
CHaOH OH CHsOH H OH
OCTaHOBHMCH Kp3TK0 Ha OnHCaHHH COCTaBa, (^HSHHeCKHX H XHMH-
qeCKHX CBOfiCTB OTflejIbHblX BemecTB, BXOflHIUHX B COCTaB flpeBeCHHH. 3 r a HHTeBHflHHe MaKpOMOJieKyjIbl II,eJIJII0JI03bI CBH3bIB3IOTCH Me>K-
Ay coöoä b nyqKH — BOJiOKOHua, npnqeM hhth MOJieKyji MecraMH
1 A 6 cojik>tho c y x o ö Ha3UBaeTca apeBecHHa, B u cym eim aa npn 105° ä o iio cto - HÄyT napaJiJieJibHO, npaBHJibHO opneHTHpyHCb OTHOCHTeJibHo Apyr Äpy-
aHHoro Beca, ÄpeBecHHa, ooAepjK am aa 15— 20% b o ä h k Becy aöcoJimTHo c y x o ö ra h o6pa3yn TaKHM 06pa30M KpHCTajuiH^ecKHe yqacTKH, a MecTaMH
ÄpeBecHHu, Hä3HBaeTCH B03ÄyuiH0-cyx0H. CBewcecpyßjieHHaa apeBecHHa co,uep-
nepenjieTaioTCH Me>Kfly coöoft, o6pa3yn aMop4)Hbie yqacTKH (pnc. 1).
3kht BOÄti ä o ' 60 h ß ojiee npoueHTOB k Becy aöcojilOTHO c y x o ft ÄpeBecHHH.
2 C oÄ epjK aH H e reM Huejuiioji03 KaK BemecTB, 6jih3khx no c o e ra B y k u e ju iio -
KpHCTaJiJiHqecKHe yqacTKH oöycjiOBJiHBaiOT npouHOCTb BOJioKOHii,a
Jio3e h TpyÄHo o t Hee oTAejiHMtix, aaH o BMecTe c uejijiiojio3ofi. nejijii0ji03bi; aMop(})Hbie * e yqacTKH jie r q e no^BepraioTCH XHMHHecKHM

8 9
 B03flefiCTBHHM, T. C. HBJIHJOTCH XHMHMeCKH 'ÖOJiee peaKUHOBHO-CnOCOÖ-
HbiMH, TaK KaK BCJieACTBHe M eHbiueä ynopfiÄoqeH H ocTH o6ji'afl,aiot
öoJihuiHM san aeoM c b o ö o a h o h a n e p r m .
M eJK fly OTAejibHbiMH BOJiOKOHuaMH u;ejijiioji03bi HMeroTCH npo-
CTpaHCTBa, 3anojiHeHHbie B03Ayx0M (p n c . 2 ) .
OTfleJibHbie MaKpoMOJieKyjibi nejuiKwi03H eoeAHHtsiiOTCsi MeJKAy
COÖOH npH nOMOIUH BOÄOpOAHHX CBH3CH MeJKfly 3T0M3MH BOÄOpOfla
rHÄpOKCHJIOB OflHOH MOJieKyJIbl H KHCJIOpOflHblMH 3T0M3MH THAPOKCH-
jiob Ä p y r o ö MOJieKyJIbl *.
KoJIHqeCTBO OCTaTKOB q3CTHU, IJIK)K03bI B MaKpOMOJieKyJI3X IX.eJI-
jiio^io3bi pasjraqHO, r. e. u;ejuiiojio3a, KaK h A p y rn e nojincaxapH Äbi,
HBJisieTCH CM’& cbio MHOrux MJieHOB nojiHM eproM OJiorHnecKoro p a ^ a c
p33JiHqHHMH mojieKyjiHphbimh BecaMH. Il0 3 T 0 M y oripeAejiHeM bie Ha
onbiTe MOJieKyjiapHbie Beca n,ejuiio«!io3bi B bipaxaiO T jm u ib cpeAHHe
3H'aqeHHh p.jm ÄaH H oro n p e n a p a ia .
Phc. 1. ^lacTOTHaa ynopaflOTOHHOCTb MaKpoMoneKyjiap- Phc. 2. rionepeliHoe ceqe-
hhx ueneft uenmoJio3U. hhg, noKa3UBaroiuee ny^KH
uenHHx MojieKy^
h npocTpaHcTBa.
OnpeACJieHHe M o^eK yjiH pu oro Beca Hejuiro*fi03H CBH3aHo c ö o jib -
•UIHMH TpyÄHOCTHMH, T3K KaK MaKpOMOJieKyJIbl e e H3M6HHIOT CBOÜ KO-
1 BoAOpOÄHaa CBH3b — OCOÖHH BHfl CBH3H Me>KÄy MOJieKyJiaMH Hm MÖK.ay
onpeÄejieHHHMH rpynnaMH BHyTpH oahoü MOjieKyjiLi. OHa ocymecTBJiaeTca npK
nOMpIUH cITOMOB BOÄOpOÄa, CBH3bIBa!OIUHX ABa S.TCKTpOOTpHUaTejIbllblX aTOMa,
nanpHMep, asa aTOMa KHCJiopofla, KHcjiopoaa h asoTa, KHCJiopoaa h (})Topa h ap.
4ame Bcero OHa ocymecTBJiseTCH M e * a y asyM fl rHapoKCHJibHbiMH rpynnaMH. Bo-
AopoÄHaü CBH3b HMeeT junpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe, oÖycjioajiHBaa, HanpHMep, ac-
COUHaUHK) MO.neKV/I BOÄbl, CnHpTOB, KapÖOHOBblX KHCJIOT H ÄPyrHX COeAHHeHHH:
0 —H ... O - H . . . O—H ...
1 I I
R R R 2 ypOHOBbIMH KHCJI0T3MH Ha3UBaK)TCH npOflyKTbl 'OKHCJIeHHH MOHOCaxapHÄOB
(BoÄopoAHbie cbh3h oöosHaiaiOTCH oßbWHo nyHKTHpoM.) ®n3HqecKaH npupo^a
BOÄOpOaHOfi CBS3H He^OCTaTOMHO BblflCHCHa. O hü 0(5pa3yeTC5I, nO-BHÄHMOMy,
BOie/iCTBHe npHT5i>KeiiH5i Me>Kjiy np0T0H3MH (ßOAopoAa) h cboöoähhmh sjieKTpo-
naMH aTOMa apyroö MojieKyjibi.
S H ep ra a i:BöÄ 0p 0ÄH0H cbsi3h ■o ieH b MaJia (5 — 10 kkciaIm oa BMecTo 109
kküa/moa wist- oßbwuoit cbh3h O— H ) , h ncBTOMy BOÄOpoÄHaa CBH3b He n poiH a
H pa3pH BaeTca npn noBHineHHH TeM nepaTypn. Ho Bce >Ke BOflopo^HHe CB513H
HrpaioT cymecTBeHHyio pojib b o iienb m hothx coeÄHiieHHax, 0Ka 3biBaa bjihhhhc
Ha h x <f>H3mecKHe h XHMH^ecKHe cBoftcTBa.
jiMqecTBeHHbiH cocTaB A a * e n p a BecbM3 ocTopoacH ofi oßpsß oTK e. JXjia
m u ö o n e e BbicoKOMOJieKyjiapHO« npHpoflHofi u,eJiJiro.io3bi, c o fle p K a -
m eftca b B0Ji0KHax xjion K a, M ojieKyjisipHbie Beca, onpeÄejieH H bie no
BA3KOCTH MeflHOaMMHaiHblX paCTBOpOB, BbipaJK3IOTCH VHCJiaMH OKOJIO
2 5 mjih., h cTeneHb noJiHMepn3auHH1 CBurne 15 t h c . fljin JibHHHoro
BOJiDKHa HsüfleHU HHCjia b 5900 t h c . (CTeneHb nojiHMepn3au,HH
36 t h c . ) . TexHHqecKwe o6pa3ii,bi H,ejuiiojio3bi HMeiOT MOJieKyjinpHbie
seca o t 50 r a c . ä o 500 t h c . [n = 3 0 0 — 3100] (cyJib<|)HTHasi ueJijno/io-
3 a 5 0 0 TbIC., BHCK03HOe BOJIOKHO H3 COCHO'BOH CyJIb^aTHOH I],e^JI 10^03bl
2 3 0 t h c ., a H3 eJiOB'OÖ cyjibcjjHTHoä uejuiKWi03bi 7 5 t h c .) ( 5 ) .
HßJiHHCb bbicoKom ojieKyjihphbim BemecTBOM, u,ejijii0ji03a cnocoÖHa
nposiBJiHTb KojuioHÄHbie CBOHCTBa, wanpHMep H aöyxaTb npn n o rjio m e -
HHH BOÄbl. PaCTBOpbl U.enJIK3JI03bI, aa>Ke CHJIbHO p3363B.ieHHbie, OÖJI3-
Ä3fOT BbICOKOH BH3KOCTbK5.
B a K H eö u iH e XHMH^ecKHe CBOHCTBa nejunojio3bi, HcnoJib3yeMbie Ha
npaKTHKe,-— s t o e e cn ocoß n ocT b noÄBepraTbCH raÄ p ojiH 3 y n ofl aeflcT-
BHeM k h c jio t hjih 4>epMeHTOB h cnocoÖ H ocTb pearH poBaTb b Ka^ecTBe
MHOroaTOMHoro cnnpTa, t . e. A asaTh cjiojKBbie afjmpbi c k h cjiot3 M h h
npocTbie scjjHpbi c o cn H pT3M « 3a c q e T rHÄpoKCHJibHbix rp y n n b c o o t-
BeTCTBHH C (})OpMyjIOH [C 6H 7O 2 (O H ) 3]71. O paCTBOpHMOCTH U,eJIJIK>J10-
3 H H 0 6 p a 30BaHHH KOM ÜJI6 KCHbIX COeAHHeHHH TOBOpHJIOCb paHee
(cTp. 9 ).
. IlpaKTH H ecKoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT T3K>Ke cn o c o ß n o c T b ii;ejijnojio3bi
OKHCJIHTbCH npH ÄeÖCTBHH 030H a, nepeKHCH BOÄOpOAa, XJIOpHOBaTH-
CTpä kh c jio t bi h e e c o jieft h ApyrHX OKHCJiHTeJieH. n p H s t o m o ö p s -
3yiOTCH pa3JiHqHbie B em ecT B a, coA epjK am H e KapßoKCHJibHbie h K ap öo-
aHJibHbie r p y n n b i, npoHcxoflH T pa3pbiB nojiHMepHbix u e n e fl. llp oq H ocT b
u enJiiojio3H n p n s t o m noHH>KaeTCH, h to HeoöxoAHM o y^HTbiBaTb Ha
npaKTHKe (H anpHM ep, npH öejieHHH TKaHiefl).
reM H aeju iiojio3 bi. TeM nuejuiiojio3aM H Ha3biBaioTCH nojiH caxapH AH ,
nOCTpOeHHbie, B OTJIHHHe o t UeJIJUOJIOSH, H3 OCTaTKOB paaj'IHqHblX MO-
ÜOCaXäpHAOB K a K reKC03 (r3JI3KT03a, M aHH033, (J)pyKT033 H rJII0K03a),
TaK H neHT03 (KCHJI03a, 3pa6H H 033), a T3K>Ke OCTaTKOB ypOHOBblX
KHCJIOT 2.
i B reM H u e ju n o jiosax ApeBecHHibi JiHCTBeHHbix n o p o # npeo6ji3A aiO T
.WHTogaHbi3 (C s H s O ^ )«, a b A peBecH He x b o h h h x AepeBbeB reKC03aHH
1 Ko34>4wuneHT hah CTeneHb noflHMepH3aiiHH n b 4)opMyjie (C R HioOs) n bh-
paHcaer K0.iHqecTB0 OCTaTKOB MOJieKyji r^i0K03bi, bxoähihhx b cocTaB MaKpoMozie-
Kyjiu nejijii0ji03bi.
W TaBa HO'OC (CHOH),4CHO. CTepe0H30MepHbie k h c jio th , npoHcxoÄam ne ot
P83flHTOux M0H03, Ha3biBaioTCH cooTBeTCTBeHHo: rjnoKypoHOBaa, rajiaKTypoHOBaii,
^laijHypoHOBaa h t . a .
- rieHT03aHbi, t . e. nojiHcaxapHÄu, MOJieKyjiu kotopux nocTpoeHbi «3 ocTaT-
KOB neHT03— apaÖHH03H, KCHJI03M, pHÖ03bI H flp.,— no CBOHM Cj)H3HqeCKHM H XH-
MHHeCKHM CB0HCTB3M CXOÄHbl C reKC03aH3MH (u e M io jio 3 a , KpaXM aji).
' rieHT03aHbi uiHpoKo BCTpeqaiOTCH b pacTeuHHX, oßbWHO BMecTe c n,ejiJiK>/io30H
ß neKTHIIOBIiIMH BeiUeCTBaMH. OHH COÄepHtaTCH B pa3JIHqHbIX OTXOÄaX cejIbCKOrg
^?aöcTBa h. jieco3aroTOBOK: ApeaecHne AepeBbeB JMcTBeHHbix nopoA (b Apeße-
raHe xboühux ‘ ÄepeBbeB hx 3HaqHTejibHo MeHbine), KyKypy3HOÄ KO^epuacKe,
! 11
 (C ö H io O s )« . reMHn.ejJif0Ji03bi B ceraa conyTCTByiOT ueJuiKWiose h Jinr-
HHHy, ho ohh MeHee ycTOHqHBbi, qeM u eju i!0ji03a h 3HaqHTeJibH0 Jierqe
rHflpCWIH3yiOTC3. TgM HUßJlJl 10Jl03 bl paCTBOpflIOTCH B pa36aBJieH*ibix
m e jio q a x , qeM h nojib3yioTCfl aJifl h x H3BJieqeHHH H3 pacTHTeJibHux
TKaHeö. O h h saHHMaioT b >KH3HH pacreHHH npoM ejK yToqH oe nojioace-
HHe M ejK ay neJttiiojio30H h KpaxM ajioM , H rpaa poJib KaK CTpoHTeJibHo-
ro , TaK h 3 a n a c H o r o nHTaTejibHoro M arepH ajia.
JlHrHHH. JlHrHHH — BCIUGCTBO H6 BnOJIHe yCTaHOBJICHiHOrO CTpoe­
HHH. CqHTaiOT, m o oh HBJifleTCH coeÄHHeHHeM apoMaTHqecKoro xapaK-
Tepa, B KOTOpOM OCHOBHHMH 3B€HibHMH HBJIfllOTCH nHpOKaTeXHHOBH6
h nH porajuiojiO Bbie a a p a c öok ob h m h uenHMH, b k o t o p h x HMeiOTCH
MeTOKCHJibHbie rpynnbi — O C H 3.
CMOJiHCTbie Bem ecTBa apeßecHHM o o c t o h t b och obh om H3 cm ojih-
HblX KHCJIOT 1 H TepIieHOBblX yrJieBOflOpOÄOB.
rieKTHHOBbie Bem ecTBa — n p oa yK T H n0.THK0HAeHcau.HH ra jia K T y-
pOHOBOÄ KHCJIOTbl (TaÖJI. 2 ) , B 3HaHHTeJIbHiOH CTeneHH 3TepH(J)HIiypO-
BaHHHe h qacTH^Ho HefiTpajiH30BaHHue. B n p n p o a e BCTpeqaiOTCfl
B cera a b CMecn c apyrH M H coe/iHiieHHHMH: yrjieB oaaM H , k h c jio t 3M h ,
ÖeJIKOBbIMH BemeCTBaMH.
rieKTHHOBbie Bem ecTBa uiHpoKo BCTpeqaroTCH b pacTHTejibHOM
MHpe H CJiyJKaT /Win CBH3bIBaHHH MeJKÄy COÖOH paCTHTejIbHblX KJie-
to k . OcoßeHHO m h o fo neKTHHOBbix BemecTB BCTpeqaeTCH b c o n a x iijio -
aoß , n ro a h KopHenjiOÄOB. 9 t o ö o jib u ieß qacTbio aM op(})H ue B em ecT­
Ba, A a ro iiw e KJieeBHflHbie h jih CTyaHeo6 p a 3Hbie KOJiJioHAHbie p a c -
TBOpH, KOTOpHe HCnOJIb3yiOT B nHIH,eßOH npOMbllHJieHHOCTH flJI3
npHroTOBjieHHH * e j i e , M apM ejiaaoB h t . n.
HajiHHHe b npHpoflHoft ÄpeBecHHe pa3H006pa3Hbix Bem ecTB
a a eT B03M0>KH0CTb Hcn0Jib30BaTb ee nyTeM xHMHqecKOH n ep ep a ö o T -
kh aJiH nojiyqeH H fl MHornx neHHbix b H apoanoM xo3HÖCTBe n po-
ayKTOB.
B T a ß a n n e 2 npHBeaeH cnncoK BemecTB, oöpa3yiom H XC fl H3 a p e ß e -
CHHbi npn pa3jm qH bix c n o c o 6 a x e e XHMHqecKOH nepepaöoTK H . M H o rn e
H3 3 th x BemecTB BbiaejiHioTCH H3 n p o a yK T O B n e p e p a ö o T K H apeßecH -
Hbl B BHae TOBapHblX npoayKTOB. H o KpOMe HHaHBHayajIbHblX XHMHHe-
CKHX COeaH'HeHHÖ, B HapOaHOM X03HHCTBe UIHpOKO HCnOJIb3yiOTCH
cMecH BemecTB: pa3JiHHHoro ß n aa cm o jih , CKHnHaap, KaHHcjxuib,
rop ioqH e ra3bi h ap-
xJionKOBoö m e jiyx e, Jiy3re noACOJiHesHHKa h 3epH0ßux ceMHH, cojioM e, KaMbiuie,
jibHHHoft KOCTpe h t . n. TaM, r a e hm ciotch 6 ojibum e KOJimecTBa s th x o tx o ä o b ,
M o ry r öbiTb HajiaiKeHH peHTa 6 ejihHHe np0H3B0ACTBa n o n ep e p a 6oTKe neHT03aH0B
äjih nojiyqeHHa 4>yp4)ypojia, öejiKOBtix ApoxHceii, kchjio3U, okch k h cjio t h AP-
B Hameft CTpaHe MoxteT ötiTb Hcno.ib3oBano h jih npoMbimjieHHoft nepepaöoTKH aß
20 mjih. t neH T03aH C0Äep*am er0 cupbH e * e r 0AH0. B HacTOsimee BpeMH neHTo-
3aHH HaCTHHHO HCnOJIb3yK)TCH Ha rHAp0JIH3HbIX np0H3B0ACTBaX.
' CMOj^aHbie KHCJioTbi — BemecTBa KHCJioro xapaKTepa, b hhctom BHAe KpH-
cTajijiHwecKHe, jierKo oKHCJiniomHecs khcjiopoaom B03Ayxa h npeBpam arom neca
npn stom b aM op^H u e npOAyKTU. B 0CH0Be cTpoeH H» h x MOJieKy.ii jie>KHT (jjenaH-
TpeHOBOe AAPO. üpHMepOM CMOJIHHblX KHCJIOT MOJKeT CJiy*HTb aÖHeTHHOBafl KHC-
jio T a (Ta6ji. 2).
12
BaJKHeäuiHMH HanpaßjieHHSiMH b xHMHqecKOM Hcn0jib30BaHHH a p e-
BecHHbi h b j ih io tc h : 1 ) pa3jm qH bie BHaH TepMHqecKOH nepepaöoTKH ,
2 ) BbiaeJieHHe nejuii0ji03bi h 3 ) rnapoJiH3 coaep xau i,H xcH b apeßecH -
He noJincaxapnaoB h cöp a^H B aH H e nojiyqeH H bix n pn s t o m caxap oB
b cnnpT.
B TaKOM n op aaK e mm h paccMOTpHM cooTBeTCTßyiomHe npoH3-
BOaCTBa.
TEPMHMECKAH nEPEPAEOTKA flPEBECHHbl
BßeaeHHe. HcTOpHnecKHü onepK
n pou eccbi TepMHqecKoro p a 3ao>KeHHfl pa 3jinqHbix apeßecHbix Ma-
T e p H a jio B6 e 3 a o c T y n a B 0 3 a y x a HBaaJiHCb npeaMeTOM pyccKHx npo-
MHCJIOB c aaßHHX BpeMeH. C^HTaiOT, MTO BblÄHraHHe y ra a h cmojio-
xypeHHe bo 3 hhkjih b P occh h em e b X II BeKe. y>Ke b X V I BeKe qepe 3
ÄpxaHreabCK BbiB03Hjrocb 3a rpaHHU,y (raaBHbiM 0Öpa30M b A h m h io
h TojuiaHaHio) 3 HaqHTejibHoe K0JiHqecTB0 cm ojih. BbicoKHe KaqeCTBa
p yccK oft cm ojih ueHHJiHCb 3 anaaHoeBponeöcKHMH npoMWUJjieHHHKaMH,
h BHB03 ee CHCTeMaTHqecKH B03pacTaji. ü e p e a nepBoft mhpoboh boh-
Hofi ( 1 9 1 4 — 1 9 1 8 ) qepe 3 ApxaHrejibCK eJKeroano BbiB03HJi0Cb okojio
MHJiJiHOHa nyaoB cm ojih h neKa, aoÖHBaeMHX b ceßepHOM CMOJiOKy-
peHHOM paftoHe (rjiaBHHM 0Öpa30M HbmeiiiHHe BeabCKHH, IIIeHKyp-
' gkhh h CoabBbiqeroacKHH paäoHbi ApxaHreabCKOä o ö jia c r a ). BocToq-
Hbie, neHTpajibHbie h 3 anaaHbie pafioHbi CTpaHbi n o aK cn opTy cmojih
HMejiH ropa3ao MeHbinee 3HaqeHHe.
TepM H qecK aa o ß p a öoT K a apeßecHHbi npon3BoaHJiacb B H aqajie c
u ejibio nojiyqeHHH a p e ß e c H o ro y r jia . O ra p b ifi KyqH ofi cn o co ß n o jiyq e-
. hhh y r jia 3aK aioqajicH b tom , qTO c a o K e H H a a b K y q y c y x a a apeßecH H a
(a p o ß a ) oÖ K jiaabiß ajiacb aepHOM. flp eß ecH H a CHH3y noaJKHrajiacb,
aHMOßbie ra3bi o öorp eB a jiH BbiuieJieHcamHe c jio h apeßecHHbi, o ö y rjiH -
b a a ee, a 3aTeM ßHxoaHJiH H3 O TBepcraa b ß e p x y Kyqn. npHTOK
B03ayxa h u,HpKyaHn,HH ro p n q n x ra30B peryjinpoBaJiHCb TaKHM
0Öpa30M, qToßbi apoBHHaa M acca o ö o rp e ß a jia c b n o bo3 M ojk h octh
paBHOMepHO.
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i‘ - npoayKTOB h 3HaqHTeabH0ß qacTH yrjiH 3a cner cropanHH q a c ra ape-
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3BaHHe y r a e * K e H H H . 3 t o t c n o c o ö a o ca M oro n o c jie a H e ro BpeMeHH
"■'•"npHMeHHJiCH y Hac n a Y p a jie c n ejih K ) nojiyqeHHH yrjiH aoM eH H oro
- npoH3BoacTBa. yrjie>K>KeHHe He b K yqax, a b n e q a x HMeeT MecTO h b
HacTOHin.ee BpeMH, a b HIßen,HH h HbiHe OKoao 8 0 % a p eß ecH o ro y r jia
:! M h ßbinjiaBKH b h c l u h x c o p t o b >Keae3a h cTajin Bbi>KHraeTCH b K yqax.
T> B aajibH efiineM KyqH ofi c n o c o ö cT aa 3aMeHHTbCH neHHHMH cn oco-
• ß a u m , B H aqajie oqeHb npHMHTHBHbiMH, a 3aTeM ß o jie e ycoßepm eH -
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 , T a g j i Hi t a 2
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SMnHpHqe- TeMnepa- TeMnepa-

JVs HasBaHHe Typa Typa yfleJibHiifl PaCTBopH*
CK3H C tp yK T yp H a H <jiopMy.ua
4>opMyjia KHneHHfl njiaßjieHHH Bec MOCTb
°C °C b BOAe

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x / x x 182
— — He pacTBO-
pflercfl
CH- n //- c h < CH-
N^H ,
A juihjiobuö cnnpT . c 3h 6o CH2= C H — CH2OH 96,6 —129 0,854a C/)
ApaÖHH03a . . . . CjHjijOj CH2— (CHOHL— CHO 159 1,585a 46r
A u e T O H ................ I_______ O________j
c 3h 6o 56,5 —94 0,792a C/3
CH3— CO— CH„

TaflaKT03a . . . . CHaOH— C H -(C H O H ).— CHOH

CaH i 2Ob — 165 — JlerKO pac-
I______ O_______ !
TBOpHeTCH
b ropsraeä
rBaaKoji(o -MeTOKCH- BOAe
(JieHOJi)................ C^HgO^ CH30 — C6H4— OH 205 28 1,140B 1,7B
rJ iK )K 0 3 a ............... CHaOH— CH— (CHOH)3— CHOH -- - 146 1,544® 82«
I— — _ 0 -------- 1
CHS
^HneHTeH ( d l — jihmo-
H e H ) ................... 178 — 0,844a He pacTBO-
paeTcH

CH,—C =C H 2 #

i !

CH,

9 KapeH CiqH i « ^ CH 167 — 0,855e

A r / CHa 707 MM
\
ch8

202 35 1,035a 1,8

10 Kpe3twi (napa). c 7h 8o c h 3- ^ ^ -0 H

— 153 1 ,535r 117a

11 KcHJi03a . . . C,H 10O, CH20 H - (C H 0 H )a- C H 0

138 13 H e pacTBO-
12 K chjioji (napa) Cs^lo c h 3- ^ ^ - ch 3
paeTca

c h 2o h c h 2o h

« J h ° V 0 / Ih °\ ,h -— 160 1 ,540Ä JlerKO pac-

13 MaJibT03a . . CiaHagOn
TBopaeTca
o J ' ' | OH Y _ 0 '\ | 0H - — 1 OH
H OH H OH

14 MaHH03a . . C6H12O s CH2OH— CH— (CHOH ) 3— CHOH — 132 1 ,539a 248*

! n .J
15 c 6h 10o CH3— CO— CH2— C H j— CHS 102 — 78 0,812B r ijio x o pac-
TBopaeTca
II 11__ c h
16 M eTHji^ypaH [cmibBaH] c 6h 6o 65 — 0,916
0

17 MeTHJISTHJIKeTOH . . . CflHgO CH j— CO— CHa— CHa 79,6 — 86 0 , 805a 37

18 MypaBbHHas KHcJioTa CH20 a HCOOH 100,8 8,6 1,220a cn

 T a 6 ji h u, a 2 (npo;ioji>KeHHe
T eM nep a- TeM nep a- I I „
SMimpHqe- Typa Typa yA eJ ib H tjfli P a cT B o p n -
Ha3BaHHe CKaH C tp y K T y p H a H 4>opMyJia KaneHHa njiaBJieHiia B ec M0CTb
(J)opMyjia °C °C B BOAe

CH,

CH3 155 —55 0,878a O^eHb tpyäho

19 ÜHH6H (d l) CioHj
"\ ch3

20 riHpHÄHH c 6h 5n /== 'I>N 115 -42 0,982a PaCTBO-

^ _____ / / paeTcfl

OH
I
21 nnporajuioji . . c 6h 8o 3 > -O H 309 133 1,453* 40®
V
I
OH

OH

22 IlHpoKaTexHH . . . . Cg Hg O 2 240 104 1,344 JlerKO pac-

/=
V :>-oh TBopneTca

23 nponHOHOBaa KHCJiora C sH e O a C H 3— C H 2— C O O H 141 -2 2 0,992a JlerKO pac-

TBopaeTCH

tt -*?
.....................................
| ..
V
C H gO H C H 2O H O H
-

Caxapo3a . . . . . .
J
C ia H ä a 0 11 170— 186 1 ,588r 179

H OH \ /
3 aica3 Ni 215

25 T pHOKcHrayTapoBasi O
K H C J IO T a ................. C jH g O j H O O C — (C H O H )3— C O O H 128 JlerKO pac-
TBOpHeTCSI
26 VKcycHan KHCJIOTa . . C 2H 40 2 C H 3— C O O H 118 16,7 1,049« CO

27 yK cycH u fi a^bÄerHÄ C 2H 40 C H 3— C H O 20,2 — 123 - 0 , 783Ä <✓>

\ / /

28 < P e H o j i .......................
0
X

C 6H sO 181 42 1,071® 8,2B

1

29 4>pyKT03a..................... CflHigOg C H jO H — C H — (C H O H )a— C H — C H aO H 95— 105 1 ,669A JlerKO pac-

1 - ...... O | TBOpHeTCH

II II
30 O y p a H ......................... C 4H 40 32 — 0 , 937a H e pacTBo-
y paeTcfl

31 4>yp<j>ypo,n................. C 5H 4G>2 \ / -C H O 162 — 38 1 , 159a 9,1 (13°)

0
32 S thjiobhö cnupT . . . C 2H gO C H 3- C H 20 H 78,4 — 112 0,789
33 d — rajiaKTypoHOBaa
K H C J I0 T 3 ................. C aH 10O , H O O C (C H O H )t - C < f
X H

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q &— npH 17°; e — npH 30°; hc— npH 4°. ’ v ’
c yjiaBJiHBaHüeM h Hcn0Jib30BaHHeM JieTyqHx npoayKTOB Ha3HBaeTC»
cy xo fi neperoHKoö
rip0MbiiiiJieHH0CTb cyxofi neperoHKH ^epeBa c yji3BJiHB3HHeM jkhä-
khx h ra 3006 pa 3Hbix npoayKTOB 3 apoflHjiacb y Hac b Pocch h b cepe-
flHHe n pom jioro c to jicth h . IlepBasi npoMbiuiJieHHaa ycTaHOBKa no cy-
xofi neperoHKe ÄpeBecHHH c noJiHbiM yjiaBjiHBaHHeM Bcex npoayKTOB
öbiJia nocxpoeHa b 1824 ro a y b ü e T e p ö y p re H30ÖpeTaTejieM-caM0yq-
Kofi H . H . Obuhhhm . B 1900— 1905 ro a a x cymecTBOßajio öojiee
100 MeJiKux npeanpHHTHÖ. H o 3aTeM s t o t npoMHceji Hanaji 33 MHpaTb,
h k H aqajiy nepßofi MnpoBofi bohh h cymecTBoBajio Jinuib Heöojibtnoe
KOJIHqeCTBO (OKOJIO 2 00 ) MejIKHX KyCTapHUX yCTaHOBOK (rjiaBHHM
0 Öpa30M b HHJKeropoÄCKoft ryöepHHH). Bojibinaa HacTb sth x ycraHO-
bok Ä aaajia TOJibKO qepHHÖ yKcycHbifi nopomoK h ÄpeßecHbifi cnnpT-
cbipen. H h ctoh yKcycHoä k h c jio th h aueTOHa He np 0 H3B0AHji0 Cb.
B KaqecTBe cbipba npHMeHHjiacb rjiaBHbiM oßpa30M öepe 3 a, pejKe och-
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Ke aepeBa aßHJiacb noTpeÖHoeTb b yKcycHoä k h cjio t 6 äjih TeKCTHJib-
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KHCJIOTa, flp y rn e * e npo^yKTbi — MeTHjioBbifi cnnpT h au,eTOH CHaqa-
Jia coßceM He Hcnojib3pBajmcb. 3aTeM 3th npoayKTbi HaqajiH coÖHpaTb
h Hcnojib30BaTb b KaqecTBe rop io q ero äjih AOMauiHero ynoTpeöjieHHH,
H TOJibKO nOCTeneHHO OHH CT3H0BHTCH npoayKTaMH, 3 KOHOMHqeGKH
paBHoneHHbiMH yKcycHoä KHCJioTe. ÜOTpeöjieHHe MerajiOBOro cnnpTa
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rjiaB H biM c n o c o ö o M n o jiy q eH H H T a K H x a eH H b ix n p o a yK T O B , K aK y K c y c -
Haa KHCJIOTa, M e ra jiO B H fi c n n p T h aneTO H . O flH a p o c e p b e 3 H b ie H e ^ o -
cTäTKH 3 T o r o c n o c o ö a — flo p o ro B H 3 H 3 3ar0T0B K H h n epeB 03K H Ä p e -
BecHHbi, ß o jib in n e 3 a T p a T b i S H e p r a a Ha n p o u e c c p a 3 jio » ;e H H a h Ha
p 3 3 fle jie H H e n p o ayK T O B , H e ö o jib u iH e b h x o ä h iie jie B H x n p o a yK T O B , a
rjiaB H O e, pa3B H TH e C H H T eraqecK H x c n o c o ö o ß n o jiy q e H H a y K a 3 a H H H x
B em ecT B — n p H B ejiH k TO M y, h t o H aqH H aa c 2 0 -x r o a o B T e K y m e r o c t o -
jie T n a npoM biinjieH H O C Tb c y x o f i n e p e ro H K H a p e B e c H H U n o c ie n e H H o Te-
p a e T c ß o e 3 H3 qeH H e. B m h p ob om nponsB O A C TB e y K c y c H o fi k h c j i o t h
KOJiHqecTBo e e , n o jiy q e H H o e n y T e M c y x o f i n e p e ro H K H ztp eB ecH H H , c o -
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18
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u eju n o jio 3 b i, c m o jih — rjiaBHbiM 0Öpa30M H3 JinrHHHa h b MeHbuiHx
KOjiHqecTBax H3 n e ju n o ji0 3 H . ApoM aTHqecKHe coeflHHeHHa o ß p a 3 y io T -
c a rjiaBHbiM 0Ö pa30M 3 a cqeT jrarHHHa. MeTOKCHjibHbie r p y n n w P h c . 3. BarOHHaa petopTa.
(O C H 3) nocjieÄ H ero n p n OTmenjieHHH AaiOT M em a o B H ö c m p T . O m a -
KO JIHTHHH He HBJIH6TCH eflHHCTBeUHblM HCTOqHHKOM MeTaHOJia. C A py-
r o ä CTopoHbi, o k o jio 4 0 % MeTOKCHJibHHX r p y n n p a c x o A y e T c a Ha o ö p a - BarpeiHMH ra3aMH (He coAep>KaiHHMH KHcjiopoAa), HenocpeacTBeH-
30BaHHe MeT3H3. Y K cy cH sa k h c j io t 3 n o jiy q a e T c a n p a p33jiosceHHH HO conpHKacaiomHMHca c ApeBecHHofi. B KaqecTBe TaKHx ra 3 0 B
B cex K0Mn0HeHT0B ApeBecHHH, h o b öoJib u iefi q a c r a 3 a cqeT OTin,enjie- oßbiqHo Hcnojib3yioT HeKOHAeHCHpyeMbie ra3bi, noJiyqaeMbie b caMOM
npQH3BOACTBe.
HHa aueTHJibHHX r p y n n (C O — CH3) o t reM H i*ejuiiojio3. AneTOH « e r o
roM Ojiorn o ö p a 3 y io T c a 3 a cqeT pa3jiojKeH Ha k h c jio t. H a H ö o jie e cTapHMH ranaM H neqefi aßjiaiO Tca K a M e p H u e neqn,
H o OTHOineHHK) k B ecy ApeßecHHbi n o jiy q a e T c a 32— 3 8 % y r jia , T- e. npaMoyrojibHbie KaMepn c KHpnHqHbiMH CTeHKaMH. KaMepHbie
4 5 — 5 0 % JKHflKOrO ÄHCTHJIJIHTa (BOflHblH CJIOH H cMOJia) h 16,5— 18% nepHOAHqecKH AeäcTßyioiii,He neqn h cefiqac em e ninpoKo npHMeHaioT-
ra30B. JlHCTBeHHbie nopO flH AepeBbeB (6 e p e 3 a , 6 y K ) AaiOT 5 — 7 % ca Ha Y p a jie c uejibio nojiyqeHHa y r jia ajih M eTaju iypraH .
yK cycH ofi k h c j io t h ( k B ecy B 03AyniH 0-cyx0ä ApeßecH H bi) h 1,5— 2 % KpynHHe cyxoneperoHHbie 3aßOAH (H snpH M ep, A u ih hckhö ) 060 -
MeTaHOJia, a x ß o fiH H e — 2,5— 3 ,5 % k h c j io t h , 0,7— 0 ,9 % MeTaHOJia h PyAOßaHbi BaroHHbiMH peTopraMH 1 (pnc. 3 ) , KOTOpHe npeACTaßjiaioT
ööjib u ifip KOJinqecTBa c m o jih h y r jia . coöofi >Kejje3HHe c m k o c th c m scch eh m m h y y r y i m b i M H AßepaMH c
FIpaKTHqecKH H3 1 m 3 a p o b n o jiy q a e T c a 1 3 0 — 1 4 0 k z y r jia ,
1 B TexHHKe peTopTaMH Ha3WBaroTca cocyAbi pa 3flHqHOÖ (fopM H, b KOTOpbix
2 0 0 — 2 5 0 KZ JKHJKKH ( c COAepJKaHHCM b Hefi 7 — 12% k h c jio t, 3 — 5% ?PoH3BQÄHTCH HarpeBaHHe MaTepHaaa. PeTopTbi noM em aioT b n e ™ (p eT o p ra w e
cnnpTOB, KeTOHOB h 9 $ H p o ß h 12— 15% cm oji) h o k o jio 6 0 m 3 HeKOH- h oöorpeB npoH3BOÄHTCH njiaMeHeM hjih ropa^HMH rasaMH, KOTopue co-
AeHCHpyiomHxcH ra30B. ■NiHKacajOTCs cHapyxcH co CTeHKaMH peTopTbi.

20
oöenx ysKHX cTOpoH. B peTopTy saKaraB arorca m cyniHjiKH BaroHeT­
KH (pnc. 4 ), c flpoBaMH (4 B aroH eTK H ). ü o c j ie SToro peTOpTH repM e-
THnecKH 3 aKpbiBaiOTca h Ha^HHaeTca h x o ö o r p e b CHspyjKH äh m ob u m h
r a 3 aMH H3 TonoK. FIo ok oh h sh h h HarpeBaHHa BaroHeTKH c yivieM
BbiKaTbiBaroT b TyuiHjibHbie KaMepbi (cx eM a nepeABH>KeHHH BaroHe-
t o k npeflCTaBJieHa Ha pncyHKe 5 ). J le T y q a e npoÄyKTbi pa3Jio»eH H H
jipeBecHHbi oTB o^aTca H3 neqn qepe3 cooTBeTCTByrom ee naTpyÖKH.
HeAOCTaTKaMH BaroHHbix p e ro p T aBJiaioTCH cjihixikom öojibiHHe eMKO-
c t h annapaTOB h HeÄOCTaToqHo np0H3B0flHTejibH0e h x Hcn0Jib30Ba-
HHe, 3 HaqHTejibHbie 3 aTpaTH M eraju ia h THJKejibie ycjioB H a p a ö o T U
npn neperpy3Ke p e t o p t .
B o jib m a a n p 0 H3B0ÄHTejibH 0CTb h jiyqu iH e Bbixo^bi npoayKTOB ä o
CTHraioTca b a n n a p a T a x HenpepM BH oro ÄeäcTBHH c BHyTpeHHHM 060 -
rpeBOM.
H a pncyHKe 6 npeacTaB jieH a cxeM a np0H3B0flCTBa c npHM eHeHHe»
BepTHKajIbHOH UHpKyJiaUHOHHOä peTOpTH HenpepblBHOrO fleHCTBHa
THna m axTH oß ne^H ( I ) .
PeTO pTa npe/icTaBJiaeT c o ö o h }Kejie3HbiH h h jih h ä p . b h c o t o S 20—
25 m h «H aM eTpoM 3 m . C ß e p x y b 3arpy30UHqe OTBepcTHe ( 3 ) n epno*
ÄH^ecKH 3 a rp y }K a e T c a apeBecHHa b BHfle cneunajibH o HaK 0ji 0Tbix n y -
poK fljiH H oä o k o jio 25 cm h jih OTXoflbi jiecoM aTepnajiO B (m e n a , 06 -
p e 3KH 0 t . n .), npe^BapH TejibH o BbicyineHHbie b cyuiHJiKax. XlpeBecH-
Ha on ycK a eT ca n o m a x ie CBepxy bhh3, nocTeneHHo n p o rp eB a a cb h
oß yrjiH B aacb. B BepxHefi qacTH ( a ) rn axTu npoH cxoflH T OKOH^aTejib-
Haa n p o ty n iK a apeBecHHbi, b cp eflH eä qacTH ( 6 ) — 3K30TepMHMecKHe
peaKUHH'npeBpam eHHH BemecTB «peB ecH H U , b h h jkh ch qacTH (b )
(K y a a noaaeTCH oxjiascfleHHbiH ra 3 ) y r o jib oxjia>KÄaeTca. flo c T a T o q -
ho ocTbiBuiHH y r o jib nepHOflH^ecKH Bbirpy>KaeTca H3 HHJKHero OTBep-
cTHa rnaxTbi b BaroneTKH ( 2 ) . O ß o rp eB np0H3B0flHTca OTxoaaiuHMH
22
HCCKOHflSHCHpOBaHHblMH ra33MH CaMOTO npOH3BOflCTBa, nOflaBaeMU-
m h b cp eflH ioio q3CTb peTopTM (rn a x T b i). ra 3 M npeflBapH TejibH o nozio-
rpeßaroTca b K ajiop H (j)ep ax (1 1 ) flo 450— 550°, x o T a m o jkh o oöoäTHCb
H 6e3 h h x , ecjiH ecTb B03M0JKH0CTb noJiy^HTb H3 Ä p y r n x HCTOUHHKOB
rop an n e, jiHuieHHbie KHCjiopOÄa, r33bi (H3npHM ep, ^biM O B ue).
P hc. 5. CxeMa nepeÄBfraceHHH BaroHeTOK.
P h c . 6. BepTHKajitHan uHpKyjismHOHHaa p eio p T a .
I — p eT opT a; 2 — BarOHeTKa ju ia y r j i a ; 3 — 3arp y3 0 im 0 e O TBepcTHe; 4 — 3aTBop; 5 - n a -
-neyjioBH Tejib; 6 — cM o jio oT A ejiH T ejib ; 7 — X0ji0AH.nbHHK-K0HAeHcaT0p; 8 h 9 — cK py66epbi
«J ia n orjiöm eH H a n3 ra a a j i e T y i a x B em ecTB ( c ü h p t o b , 3(jw poB i j p . ) , 10 — BeH TH jiaTop;
11 — KajiopH(t>ep.
,a 3qHa n oÄ cy u iK H , 6 — 30Ha 3K30TepMHiecKHX peaKUHÖ, « — 30Ha o x jia x A e H H 9 y r jia .
ri3 p o r3 3 0 B a a cM ecb Bbixo^HT qepe3 naTpyÖKH b BepxHeft q a c ra
peTOpTH H npOXOflHT CMOJIOOTflejIHTejIb ( 6 ) , nOTOM XOJIOflHJIbHHK-KOH-
ÄeH caTop ( 7 ) , r ^ e O TflejiaeTca » ifiK K a .
B JKHJKKe 3aaep}KH B aeTca yK cycH aa h a p y r n e k h c j io t m , h o ö o jie e
, ^ e r y q n e n poayK Tbi (cnnpTbi, 3(})Hpbi, ajibflerH Äbi h a p . ) , BCjieÄCTBHe
CHJibHoro p33ß3BjieHHa r330B0H cMecH TenjioHOCHTejieM, 3aflep>KH-
■ ^ a50TC51 B JKHJKKe TOJibKO HanojioBHHy, h fljia h x H3BJieqeHHa npHMe-
; I^HKJTca ß o jiee MoinHbie CKpyßßepbi (8 h 9 ) c MOKpbiMH h cyxHMH no-
, “f-'IOTHTejiaMK.
23
 O c B o ß o jK Ä e H H b iä OT n a p o s jie T y q n x B em ecT B , o x jia jK Ä e H H H ft He- 0 6 p a 3 y io m a a c a npn c y x o fi neperoH K e napora3Q B aa eM eeb b h b o -
KOHfleHCHpyiomHHCH r a 3 H a n p a B J ia e T c a ÄJia n o Ä o r p e ß a H H a b K a jio p H - p n c a H3 KaMepbi nepeyrjiH ßaH H a. r iy r e M oxjia>K£eHHH h npoMbißaHHa
4 )e p b i h 3aT eM b peTopTy ä j ih pa3 orp eB aH H a ÄpeßecH H H . B ß a u i H a x ( 7 ) H3 a io fi cmcch oxÄejiaioTCH cm ojih , yK cycH aa KHCJIOTa
H acTb xo jio ä h o to ra 3 a HanpaBJiaeTca b h h jk h h ü OTÄeji p e T o p r a H Ä p y rn e Bem ecTBa. H acTb HeKOHÄeHCHpyeMHx ra30B H anpaB jiaeTca
ÄJia o x jia jK fleH H H y r jia h q a c T b b T o n K y K ajiop H tJjep a. b n oflorp eB aT ejib ( 5 ) , m e H arpeB aeTca npHMepHo ä o 400°. 3 t h ro p a -
C p eflH flfl npoaojiJKHTejibHOCTb npou,ecca nepeyrjiH ßaH H a 12 qacoß. qne ra 3 U HanpaßJiaioTca B K aM epy nepeyrjiH BaH H a ( 2 ) , r a e conpHKa-
P a ö o T a Ha noÄOÖHoro p o a a n e q a x HMeeT p aÄ npeHM ym ecTB no caioTca c ÄP^BecHHofi h HarpeBaiOT ee. B M ecTe c JieTyqnMH n poÄ yK Ta-
cp aB H eH H io c paöoTOH Ha a'pyrH x n e q a x : n p o u ecc aBJiaeTca Henpe- mh neperoHKH o h h cHOBa npoxoÄH T norjioTHTejibHbie annapaTbi (ä jih
pbiBHHM (BepHee, nojiyHeirpepbiBHbiM, ecjiH 3 a r p y 3 K a h pa3rpy3K a pe- yjiaBJiHBaHHa cm o jih h k h c jio t ), noÄO rpeßaTejib h t . ä . TaKHM o ö p a -
TopT np 0H3BQÄHTca nepHOÄHqecKH); ero m o jkh o MexaHH3HpoBaTb h 30M nacTb r o p a q n x raaoB n H pK yjin pyeT no CHCTeMe. ,fl,pyraa nacTb
aBTOM3TH3HpoBaTb, *rro n03B0jiaeT T o r a e e B U ^epÄ H B aTb TeM n epaTyp- HeKOHÄeHCHpyeMbix ra30B c ^ n r a e T c a b TonKe noÄOrpeßaTeJia ( 6 ).
h u h pe^KHM b pa3JiHqHbix q a c T a x peTopTbi h b a p y r n x a n n a p a ia x . ^H M O B H e r a 3H H3 n oÄ orp eß a -
Bce 3 t o npHBOÄHT k 3 H aqH T ejib H 0 M y yB ejiH H eH H io b h x o ä o b npOÄyKTOB TeJifl HanpaßJiaiOTca b KaM epy
neperoHKH h k yjiyqu ieH H io hx KaqecTBa. cyuiKH ( 1 ) , h hx Ten jioTa hc-
noJib3yeTca ÄJia ßbicyniHBaHHfi
ÄpeßecHHbi.
T a K o ro r a n a ne^H oTJiHqa-
lOTCa BHCOKOH npOH3BOÄH-
Ti&BbHOCTbK): 3a CyTKH B HHX
nepeyrJiHBaeTca äo 100 m 3
ÄpOB. B h x o ä h KanecTBO y r ;ia
H xHMHqecKHx npoÄyK ro's
CpaBHHTeJIbHO BbICOKHe.
U e x , B KOTOpOM npOH3BO
ÄHTCH nepeyrJiHßaHHe Äpeße-
, CHHbi, Ha3bißaioT neqHHM, h.th
peTopTHbiM, nexoM . 3 t o t nex
BHflaeT ÄpeßecH biö y r o jib b
KasecTBe TOBapHoro npoÄyK Ta.
P hc. 7. n e*» «jia cyxoft neperoHKH «epeBa.
1 — KaM epa cyuiK H ; 2 — KaMepa n e p e y rjiH B a H H »; 3 — KaM epa oxjiajK fleH H H ; 4 — TaM öy
Bce jKe ocTajibHbie BemecTBa, Phc- 8. CxeMa T p y ö w o r o 3JiäKTpoiJiHJibTpa.
pbi; 5 — noAorpeßaTeJib TenjioHocHTeJifl (peKynepaTop); 6 — T o n n a peKynepaTopa . nojiyqHßuiHeca n pn pa3Jio>i<s- 1 — CTeHKH TpyÖbi; 2 — np0B0Ji0Ka, H ecym an
7 — ycTaHOBKa yjiaBJiHBaHHHj 8 — ra30X0Ä*b KaMepy cyiUKH; 9 — AWMOBaa Tpy6a. 3apHA; 3 — Tpyöa ajih BBOAa oqnmaeMott cMecw;
fiHH ÄpeBeCHHbl, BbIXOÄaT H3 4 — Tpyßa AJis BbiBofta o qm n e H H oro ra 3 a ;
n e q « b BHÄe TaK Ha3bißaeMOH 5 — 6yHKep AJi« coÖHpaHHa cMOjitj ( h^h iieijih) •
JlyH in efl H3 coßpeMeHHbix yrjieBbi>KHraTejibHbix rie te n HBjiaercH nöpora30B0H cMecn, KOTOpaa
H en p ep H B H O Ä e ä c T ß y io m a a n e q b CHCTeMbi B. H. K o 3 J io ß a (p n c . 7). HanpaBjiaeTca b XHMHqecKHH n,ex ÄJia BbiÄejieHHa H3 Hee yK cycH ofi
3 T a n en b n p eÄ C T aß JiaeT c o ß o fi -ÄJraHHHH KHpnHHHHH K a H a ji (T y n - , KHCJiOTbi, M eTH jioßoro c n n p T a h cm oji. lla p 0 r a 3 0 B a a eM eeb oxjiasc-
H e jib ), p a 3 flejieH H b iH Ha T p n K aM ep b i: K a M e p a cyu iK H ( 1 ) , K a M e p a n e - ÄaercH /flo TeM nepaTypbi, npH KOTopoä em e He KOHÄeHCHpyeTca b oä-
p e y rjiH B a H H a (2 ) h K a M e p a ox jia J K fleH H a ( 3 ) . f lo c jie Ä H a a K a M e p a Ha Maa (JjpaKUHa, a TOJibKO oßpa3yeTca TyMaH H3 KaneJieK cm ojih . Ta-
Ä ß e TpeTH B b in ojiH eH a H3 jr a c r o B o ä CTajiH. Ä p e B e c H H a ( a p o B a ) n e p e - * aH B3ßecb H an päß jiaeTca Ha BbiÄejieHHe cm ojih .
Ä ß H ra e T c a n o p e jib c a M b B a ro H e T K a x , n p o x o ^ a n o c jie a o ß a T e jib H o H3 B H ÄejieH H e cm o jih np0H3B0ÄHTca b ocoß b ix a n n a p a T a x — cm ojio-
oähoh K aM ep b i b Ä p y r y io . O flH O B peM eH H o b KajKÄOH K a M e p e H a x oflH T - OTÄejiHTejiax, K0T0pbie M oryT ßbiTb ycTpoeH bi no-pa3HOMy. H a n jiy q -
c a n o HecKOJibKy B aroH eTO K . IIp H M e p H O q e p e 3 K a jK Ä b ie Ä ß a -T p H q a c a «ihmh- annapaTaMH ä jih BbwejieHHH M ejib^aäm ux Kanenen cm o jih ,
H3 K aM ep b i o x jia jK a e H H H BbiBOAHT B a ro H e T K y ; B ecb p a Ä B aroH eTO K ^ s e m e H H b ix b o x jia ^ Ä e H H o fi n a p o ra s o B o fl cM ecn, aB jiaioTca sjieK Tpo-
c A B H ra e T c a Ha OÄHy B a ro H e T K y , a Ha o c B o ö o flH B in e e c a M ecTO b b o ä h t ^ «flb T p b i. ü ocjieÄ H H e pa'öoTaioT no npHHii,Hny o c a ^ Ä e H H a q a c r a n
HOByro B ä ro H e T K y b K a M e p y cyu iK H . H a r p e B a H H e Ä p eB ecH H H np0H 3B0- , o jih Ha BHyTpeHHefl CTeHKe ÄepeBaHHofi hjih M eTajiJiHqecKoö Tpyßbi
flH T c a HeKOHjieHCHpyeM biMH ra3 aM H , o 6 p a 3 y io m H M H c a b n p o u ,ec c e n jia c ra H b i), cHaöHceHHoä n0ÄBeuieHH0 H BHyTpn T p y ö n (h jih
nep eyrJ iH B aH H a Ä p eB ecH H H . B H a q a jie K aM ep b i n e p e y rjiH ß a H H a T eM n e- y njiacTHHaMH) npoßOJiOKOH, coeÄHHeHHofl c hctohhhkom TOKa
p a T y p a o k o jio 200°, b KOHne ä o 380°. (CoKoro H anpH ^eH H a (ÄecaTKH T H caq BOJibT).

24 25
 H a pHcyHKe 8 npeACTaBJiena cxeMa ycrp oS crB a rp y ä n a to ro
3 to t MeToa BHaejieHHH yKcycHofi khcjioth HBjiaeTCH tp o m o 3äkhm
3JieKTpQ4)HJIbTpa, npHMCHHeMOrO ÄJIH OMHCTKH ra3 0 B 'OT nblJIH HJIH OT
j,
floporocTosmHM: Ha ynapHBaHHe b o a h h x pacTBOpoB TpeßyeTCfl
B3BeuieHHbix jkhäkhx lacTHit. rio n a ^ a a b CHJibHoe ajieKTpm ecK oe
öoJibiuoe KOjiH^ecTBO Tenjia, äjih pa3jio>KeHHH yKcycHOKajibUHeBOÜ
nojie MeJKjjy npoßojioKofi h creHKoft Tpyöbi, qacTMKH cm ojih npnoß-
cojih pacxoayeTca cepHaa KHCJIOTa, npeBpsm aacb b MajioueHHHä npo-
peTaiOT 3apnjx, oÄHOHMeHHbift c 3 apaÄOM np 0 B0Ji0 KH (oTpnuaTejib-
ayKT — rnnc.
h h ü ), h OTÖpacbiBaiOTca k CTeHKe TpyÖu, KOTOpaa 3a3eMJieHa h h b -
H a K p y n H H X n p e fln p H H T H H x a j i h K äB ne^eH H a yK cycH O ö k h c jio th
JIHeTCH nOJIIOCOM npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOrO 3H aK a (nOJIWKHTejIbHblM). n P H-
n p H M e H a lO T c a ßojiee c o ß e p n ie H H H e M e T O f lb i: 1) aKCTpsrnpoBSHHe op-
craBiHHe k CTeHKe HacrauH pa3pa>KaioTca h, cjiHßaacb Ä p y r c a p y r o M ,
ra H O T e c K H M H p s c T B o p H T e jia M H , 2) o T ro H K a b B H a e a 3 e o T p o n H o fi C M e-
o 6 p a 3yK)T »cH^Kyio cMOjiy, Koropaa cTenaeT q e p e 3 OTBepcrae BHH3y.
CH H 3) a Ö C O p Ö U H H C M O J ia H b IM H MaCJI3MH.
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B c jiy ^ s e n p H M eH eH H H n e p B H x flB y x M e T o a o B c h s h s jis H3 jk h jk k h
f e jiH , K0T0pbix n a p o ra 3 0 ß a a eMeeb npoxoziHT »ie p e 3 c jio h hchäkoh
b
O TC TaH B aH H eM y A a jia e T c a C M O J ia h O T r o H a e T c a M e T H J io B b iH c n n p T , 33 -
cm oji h , HBjiHiomeflcH norjiOTHTejieM h HaxoflHiAeScH Ha T a p ejiK a x
teM JKH JK K a H a n p a B J i a e T c a b a n n a p a T b i Ä J ia H S B j i e q e H H a y K c y c H o ä
BHyTpH MeTajiJiHHeckofi k o jio h h h . (H H o r a a CMOjiy oTfleJiaiOT n o 3 » e
kh cjioth . A 6 cop 6 u,Ha CMOJiaHbIMH MacjiaMH npOH3BOÄHTca H3 napoB
H3 KOH,aieHcaTa — x h ä k h 1 — nyTeM M U T e jib H o ro ero OTCTan-
XMKKH.
BaHHH.)
M e T O f l S K C T p a r a p o B a H H a 3 3 K J H O M a e T c a b t o m , - m t o BOÄHbie p s c -
r T p o in e a m a a C M 0 J i0 0 T «ejiH T ejiH n a p 0 r a 3 0 B a a e M ee b o x J i3 }K Ä a e T c a .
TBO pH yK cycH oä K H C J IO T H n p O M b IB 3 IO T C a He C M e U IH B 3 IO IIX H M C a C BO-
rip H 3TOM KOHfleHCHpyeTCH BO^a C paCTBOpHMbIMH B H eß Bem eCTB3M H.
it o ü p 3 C T B 0 p H T e jie M , b K Q T o p o M K H C J IO T a x o p o u i o p a d B o p a e T c a . P 3 C*
H e K O H A e H cn p yio iU H ec H B em e c T B a o t x o ä h t b B H ^e r a 3 0 B 0 fi c M ec n .
T B O p H T e jib o ß o r s m a e T c a k h c jio to h h 33TeM O T a e jia e T c a o t H e e O T roH -
E c jih ä o a r o r o He ö b ijia 0 T,nejieHa cMOJia, t o OHa n p n c t o h h h h jk h jk k h
ko8. B K a ^ e c T B e p a c T B o p H T e j i a q a m e B c e r o n p H M e H a e i c a 3T H J i 3 u e T 3T.
n e p e x o jH T b h h jk h h ö cjioh.. B o a h h h p a c T B o p B em ecT B h CMOJia n o c T y -
H i i o r a a n p H M e H a io T s t h j i o b h h s ^ H p h A H X jio p s T a H . B O T a e J ib H H x cjiy-
n a io T Ha a a jib H e fim y io n e p e p a ß o T K y .
q a a x H c n 0 J ib 3 y i0 T c M e c n 3 t h x h ^ p y r n x B em ecTB .
C bipaa JKHJKKa npeacTaBjiaeT coöoh MyTHOBaiyio ß ypyio jkhä-
C noMouibio 3THjiaueT 3T 3 y^aeT ca H3Bjieqb ä o 97% kh cjiot.
KocTb (aMyjibCHio), co,n,ep}Kamyio caMHe pa3H00ßpa3Hbie opra-
A3eOTpOnHblÖ MeTOfl OCHOBaH Ha CnOCOÖHOCTH HeKOTOpHX BemecTB
HHMecKne coeflHHeHHsr. KoHiieHrpauffH pacTBopeHHbix BemecTB b
ÄaßaTb c b 0 /1,0ft Hepa3AejihHO KHnamHe cMecn (a 3eo T p on b i). n p n ne-
JKHJKKe 33 BHCHT OT COÄepJKaHHH BJiarH B HCXOflHOä apeBecHHe. TaK,
peroHKe jk h k k h b npncyTCTBHH TaKoro BemecTBa nocjieAHee yßjie-
npH Bjia*HOCTH b 15— 20% (c y x n e a p o B a ) b >KH>KKe coaepjKHTCH
«c'aeT c coöoh onpeAejieHnoe KOjiHqecTßo boäh .
75— 70% BOÄbi, 8 — 7% JieTyqnx kh cjiot (b ochobhom y K c y c H o fi),
t ' Ä 3 e o T p o n H a a c M e c b flO J iJ K H a K n n e T b n p n T e M n e p a T y p e , o t j ik ^hoA
2— 1% HejieTyqux kh cjiot, o k o jio 5% MeTHjioßoro cnnpTa, kctohob,
T eM n ep a T yp n KHneHHa yK cycH oä k h c jio th . E c jih a 3 e o ip o n H a a
ajibÄerHÄOB h 3 (})HpoB, 7— 5% pacTBopHMofl cm ojih h 9— 8% o tc to ö -
$H ecb KnnHT n p n ß o jie e hh3koh TeM n epaType (K aK s t o n am e
HOH CMOJIbl ( t . e. T 3 K0Ö, KOTOp3H COCTOHT H3 HepaCTBOpHMHX B BOÄe
ap ero ö b iß a e T ), t o y K c y c H a a KHCJIOTa o c T a e T c a b boahom pacTB ope
BemecTB h OT/iejineTCH npn otct3hb3hh h jkh jkkh ).
H',KOHU,eHTpau,Ha e e npH OTroHKe a3eoT p on a B ce 6oJiee n o B H -
33^3^160 OÖpSßOTKH BOAHOTO CJIOH HBJiaeTCfl BbiaejieHHe H3 Hero
IB a e T c a .
y K cycH oä k h c j io t h h M eTH jioßoro c n n p T a .
B K aqecTB e B e m e c T B , o 6 p a 3 y io m H X 3 3 e o T p o n H b ie C M ecn c boaoh,
Ä jih BbiflejieHHH y K c y c H o ä k h c j io t h H3 MejiKHx 33BOÄax h ypajib-
U ftH Ö o jie e n p n roÄ H H M H O K 3 3 a jiH C b Ä p e ß e c H O c n H p T O B b ie M 3 c jia
c k h x yrjieBHKHraTejibHbix ycT 3 HOBK3 x ä o c h x nop npHMeHaeTca no-
(c m . cTp. 3 0 ) h ß y r a J ia n e T a T . (T e M n e p a T y p a K H n eH H a ö y T H J ia n e T a r a
POIUKOBHH M eTOfl, 33KJI 10*1310UI.HHCH B TOM, HT0 n a p 0 r 3 3 0 B y i0 CMeCb
nponycK 3 ioT ^ e p e 3 H3BecTK0B0e m o j io k o h j ih n p n ö a B J ia io T H3BecTKo-
|24,8C a3eoTponH aa cM ecb ero c boäöh, c o A e p jK a m a a 73,3% ß y T H J i-
* H ,e T a r a H 2 6 ,7 % boau, m n u r n p n 9 0 ,2 ° .)
Boe MOJIOKO B ÄHJKKy. 3aTeM OCaflOK OT(j)HJIbTpOBbIBaiOT, a pacTBop
>• A ä e o T p o n H b iM M e T O flO M c n pH M eH eH H eM M 3 c e ji m o^ho H3 ä o c t s -
oßpasoBaBmeflcH yKcycH0K3jibHHeB0fi c o j ih BHnapHBaioT h nojiynsioT
TaK Ha3HB3 eMbiö ÄpeBecHoyKcycHHÖ nopoiuoK, t. e. 33rpa3HeHHHH
t o « ih o K O H H eH TpH pO B aH H O H j k h k k h (c o a e p K a m e fi ÄO 12% k h c jio th )

npHMecHMH yKcycHOKHCjibifl KajibHHH. Pa3Ji0JKeHHeM nocjieflH ero cep-

l& W e jiH T b 70— 72% B c e fi k h c j i o t h b B H ae b o a h h x pacTB opoB c koh-
'« e H T p a i i H e ö k h c jio th 60— 70% C H 3C O O H b c b i p o f l K H C J iO T e.
H ofi k h c j io t o h nojiyuaiOT y K c y c H y io KHCjiOTy, KOTopyio 0Tr 0Hai0T.
/■ Ä a J i b H e f i m e e K O H iie H T p H p o ß a H H e h o^H C TK a k h c j io t h np0H 3B0AH T-
M eTH JioBbiH c n n p T y jia ß jiH B a io T n pH o x jia jK Ä e H H H napoB , n p o x o
ö ’p H n o M o n i,H n e p e r o H K H h Ä eöcTB H H O K H C jiH T e jie ä (n e p M a H T S H a T
ÄHUI.HX q e p e 3 H3BecTK 0B 0e m o j io k o h j ih 0Tr0HHK>iu,HXC5i o t p a d B o p a
flH H , X p O M n H K ) .
y K c y c H O K H c jio ro K a jib u m .
npH a ß c o p ö iiH O H H O M cn ocoß e yK cycH aa k h c j io t s H 3 B J ie K 3 e T c a H3
Ip O B jk h ä k h c n o M o m b io n o r jiO T H T e jia . B K anecTß e n o r jiO T H T e jia
i JKhhckoö Ha3HBaioT cMecb jk h äkh x npoayKTOB, n o jiy v a io u iy io cn npn oxjiaxc-
^copßeH Ta) H c n o jib 3 y io T BH CO K O KH nauw e (b p a K U H H c m o jih h h x
AeHHH naporaaoBUX npOÄyKTOB nHporeHerHHecKoro pa3AO»ceuHa ApeßecHHbi. ceji.
26
 KoJiHHecTBa noJiyqaeM bix npn c y x o fi neperoH K e ÄpeBecHHH pa3-
AKTHBHpOBaHHbifi yrojib Harneji uiHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe « a n norjio-
j ih t o m xnpoayKTOB npHBe^eHH B TaöjiH u e 3 ( 1 ) .
T a 6 ji h ua 3 THTejib pa 3,/iHciHbix BemecTB (a^copdeHT) n KaK KaTa jih3aTop. 0 6 a
Bmxoa npoayKTOB cyxofl neperoHKH apeBecHHbi 1 3TH e ro CBOHCTBa 33BHCHT OT BeJIHqHHbl H COCTOHHHH IIOBepXHOCTH qa-
(b % K B ecy aöcojifOTHO c y x o ä apeßecHHbi) cth u yrjifi.
n o p o A a A ep eB a n p o u e c c aKTHBHpOBaHHH 3aKJiioqaeTCH b oqHCTKe yrjiH h yBejmqe-
n p o A y K T H c y x o ä n ep eroH K H HHH IIOBepXHOCTH €T0 HaCTHU,. 3 t 0 ÄOCTHraeTCH nyTCM OÖpaÖOTKH yrjIH
B epe3a C ocH a ftjlb
boähhihm napoM, yrjicKHejibiM ra30M hjih B03ÄyxoM npn bhcokhx
TeMnepaTypax b cnennajibHbix neqax. K h cjiopoä, coÄep>KamHficH b
3 1,8 37.8 37,8
22,3 25.2 sth x p eareH T ax b cboöoähom hjih cbh33hhom coctohhhh, OKncjmeT
27,8
7.1 3,5 3.7 cMOJiHCTbie BemecTBa, ocTsiomnecH b nopax yrjiH h copÖHpoßaHHbie
1,6 0,9 1,0 na ero noBepxHocTH, h TaKHM 0Öpa30M ÄßJiaeT sth nopbi h KanHJiJiHpbi
0,9 0,2 0,2 ÄOCTynHbiMH äJih npoHHKHOBeHHH b hhx Ä p yra x BemecTB.
CMOJia, pacTBopHMaa b boähom orroHe . . . . 8.1 , 8,0 7,9
8,0 HaHÖoJiee npocTbiM cnocoöoM HBJineTCH aKTHBaunn B03Äyx0M.
7,9 11.8
10,0 10,1 10.3 J^peßecHbifi yroÄb yKJiaÄHBaeTCH cjioeM b 30— 40 mm Ha MyryHHyio
C O ........................ .......................................................... 3,3 3,7 3.7 njiHTy, oöorpeBaeM yio CHH3y TonKofi, CÄejiaHHoft H3 KnpnHMa. H aÄ
0,5 0,6 0,2 nj^HTofi ycTpaHBaeTCH *ejie3H bift K O ^yx c 3arpy3oqHbiM h p a 3 rp y 3oq-
ch4 ........................................... ...................
0,2 0,2 0,6
hmm OTBepcTHHMH., BHTHJKHofi Tpyßoft h npHcnocoöjieHHsiMH äJih pery-
0,8 0,9 1.4
jinpoBaHHH nocTynjieHHH B03Äyxa. Y roÄ b Ha njiHTe TjieeT npH cbo-
Öoähom ÄOCTyne B03Äyxa h TeMnepaType 400— 450° npn HenpephiB-
100,0 1 100,0 100,0
hom nepeMeniHBaHHH. 4ep e3 30— 40 MHHyr nponecc aKTHBanHH
3aKaHqHBaeTca.
npoAyKTH cyxofi neperoHKH Ä jih aKTHBan,HH yrjiH neperpeTbiM BOÄHHbiM napoM häh yrjieKHC-
/IpeBecHbifi yrojib o ö jia n a e r phjiom neHHbix cboh ctb h HaxoÄHT jihm ra30M npHMeHHioT KaMepHbie hjih peTopTHbie ne^H, npm eM npn
rjiaBHoe npHMeHeHne b äomchhom np0H3B0ÄCTBe b k a q ecr Be^boccra ho- p a 6 oTe c boähhhm napoM TpeöyioTCfl TeMnepaTypbi 750— 950°, a npH
BHTejiK ?KeJie3a H3 p y A 2, b np0H3B0ÄCTBe aKTHBHoro y rjia ajt'h aacop6- paÖOTe c y r a e r a c jib iM ra30M 1000— 1100°.
Uhh h b xHMHqecKofi npoMbiiuJieHHOCTH r j i r np0H3B0flCTBa cepoyrJie- AKTHBHpOBaHHbifi yrojib BbinycKaeTCH b bhäc MejiKHx KycKOB (rp a -
po.ua, qepHoro nopoxa h b KaqecTBe «aTaJiH3aTopa. XlpeBecHbiö yro jib Hy^HpoBaHHufi) h b BHÄe n opon iK a. rpaHyÄHpoBaHHHfi yrojib n o ^ y -
GTJiMaeTCH o t KOKca Me h bin hm coztep>KaHHeM s o jih , cepbi h <})oc(})opa, SaiOT nyTeM CMeuiHBaHHH yrojibHoro nopouiKa co cmoäoh, (J)op-
n nosTOMy npn ynoTpeßjieHHH ero b ÄOMeHiHbix neqax nojiyqaeTca MOBaHHH b rpaHyjlH h TepMuqecRofl oßpaöoTKH bo BpainaromHxcH
qyryn BbicoKoro KaqecTBa. KpOMe toix>, yrojib npHMenaeTCH b Ky3Heq- rte^ax.
hom ÄeJie, b Ka^ecTBe ToiuiHBa b ra3oreH epaiop ax h äjih H3roroBJie- B jiaroÄ apa HajinqHio ßoÄbinoro KOJimecTBa nop, KaHa^oB h Tpe-
HHS ÖpHKeTOBS, B MeÄHUHHe, (JiapMaUHH, ÄJIH H3rOTOBJieHHH KapÖK)- iqhh oöman noBepxHoeTb o ä h o to KyÖHqecKoro caHTHMeTpa aKTHBHpo-
pH3aTopa 4. BäHHOrO yrjiH HCHHCJIHeTCH COTHHMH KBaÄpaTHHX MeTpOB.
C b o h c t b o ÄpeBecHoro yrjiH n o r a o m a T t p a 3J ifiqH H e BemecTBa 6 u n o AKTHBHpOBaHHbifi y rojib coÄepJKHT o k o jio 95% y rjie p o Ä a . Ero
B n ep B b ie 0 6 n apy>K eH 0 pyccKHM aKa^eMUKOM T . E . JloBHn,eM b Möhcho npHTOTOBHTb KaK H3 ÄpeB ecH oro, TaK h H3 KaMeHHoro y r jia h
topd)HHoro KOKca.
1785 ro «y .
AKTHBHpOBaHHbifi y r o jib b rpaHyjiHpOBaHHOM BHÄe hjih b BHÄe n o ­
i H a npaKTHKe un^pw MoryT noJiy>iaTbcs! HecK0JibK0 HHue, TaK KaK ohh 3a- poniKa npHMeHHeTCH äJih norjiom,eHH3 H3 B03Äyxa napoB pacTBopHTe-
BHCHT OT yCJIOBHH BblÄeJieHHH BSIHeCTB B TOBapHOM BHfle.
fle fi (HanpHM ep, äJih yjiaBjiHBaHHH 6eH3HHa H3 He(J)TaHbix ra30B,
^ C jie a y e T OTMeTHTb, 'n o no cpaBHeHHio c kokcom ,i,pcßccHbiii y ro jib npHMe-
HHeTca b oqeHb Ma.’ibix KOjin'iecTuax h to jilk o /um BbinjiaBKM BbicoKOKa^ecTBeH- 6eH 3ojia H3 KOKeoBoro r a 3a ) , ä^ih norJiom,eHHH BpeÄHbix ra 30B
Horo ^yryna. H3 B03Äyxa (HanpHM ep, b n p o T H B o ra 3 a x ), ä ä h yÄajieHHH npH-
3 BpHKeTHpoßaHHe, t . e. npnroTOBJieHHe H3 pbixjioro MajioueHHoro yrjia m M ecefi H3 jKHÄKOCTefi (HanpHM ep, npn o w c T K e b o ä h , oÖecuBeqn-
yrojibHoft nujiH nJioTHbix KycKOB onpeAeJieHHofl (j)opMbi, 3aKJH0'iaeTca b tom , *ito
B3hhh cnponoB Ha c a x a p H u x 3aBOÄax, oracTKe cnnpTa o t CHByni-
paaMeflbqeHHbiä yrojib nponiiibiBaeTC/i KaKHMH-HHÖyAb cb^svioiuhmh BemecTBaMH
h h x M a c e ji).
(ÄeKCTjJHH, cyjib(j)HTHO-cnHpTOBaa 6ap.ua, /ipenecubie cmojih h Äp.)> npeccyeica,
BbicyniHBaeTCH h npoKajiHBaeTca. Y ro jib , npeÄHa3HaqeHHbifi äJih ohhctkh nnmeBbix npoÄyKTOB h
* Kap6iopH3aTop — yrjiepoAHCTHÜ MaTepnaji, npiiMeHaeMuö ajih ueMeHTauM ^apMaueBTHqecKHx npenapaTOB, oßpaöaTbiBaeTCH ÄonojiHHTeÄbHO
cTajiH. npHPOTOBJisieTcsi nyTeM noKpHTHa Kyco’iKOB yr.ia ihneimoü yr.ieKHCJioro paCTBOpOM MHHepaJIbHOH KHCJIOTH ÄJIH yMeHbineHHH 30JIbH0CTH H 3 a-
6apHH. TeM m ejioqbio (ä jih HefiTpajiH3anHH k h cjio tm ).
28
29
 Ä p e B e c H a n CMOJia npeAC TaB JifleT c o 6 o fi cM ecb ö o jim iio p o
p a 3 H 0 o 6 p a 3 H b ix op raH H qecK H X coeÄ H H eH H fi. F ji's b h h m h c o c t s b h h m h
qacTHM H e e h b jih io tc h 4>eH0Jibi (u a n p H M e p , nupoKaTexHH, m p o r a ju io x ,
C0 6 CTBeHH0 4>eH0JI, O -, rtl- H p-KCHJIOJIH) H HX MeTHJIOBHe 3<}>HpH
( t s 6 ji. 2 ).
B HaiypajibH O M BHÄe, t . e. 6e3 npeÄßapH TejibH ofi oöpaöoTK H , Ä pe-
BecHbie cm oji h Haxo/iHT orpaHH^eHHoe npHMeHeHHe. riepepa6oTK a hx
3 aK jn oqaeT ca b neperoH K e h jih b oßpaöoTKe xHMHqecKHMH peareH-
raMH. n p n n eperoH K e BHAejiaiOT (JjpaKUHH c T e M n e p a jy p o ä KHneHHH
o t 100 ä o 3 0 0 ° h B H iu e (cMOJiHHue M a c jia ), KOTOpbie H cnojib3yioTCH
b KaqecTBe SHTHOKHCJiHTejiefi (H anpH M ep, ä jih KpeKHHr-6eH3HHOB)
H 4>JIOTaU,HOHHbIX M acejl. riyT eM OÖpaÖOTKH XHM'HKaJIHHMH H3 ÄpeBeC-
h u x cm oji nojiyqaiO T KpeojiHH, (J)eHOJibi h m cähu hhckhö K pe030T*.
F lo c jie otto h kh H3 a p e B e c H o ä c m o j ih c m o j ih h h x M a c e ji o c T a e T c a
TBep^blH OCTaTOK — neK, KOTOpblH HCnOJIb3yeTCH KaK . KpenHTejIb
b jiHTefiHOM a e jie h a r a np0H3B0ÄCTB3 cTpoH TejibH oro njiacTH(j)HKa-
TOpa, Äo6aBJiHeMoro k H3BecTK0B0-necqaHbiM c m c c h m h k HH3K0C0pT-
h h m SeTOHaM ä j ih y jiy q m e H H a h x KanecTBa. ü e K npHMeHaeTCH TaKJKe
b KaqecTBe cBH3yioiii,ero M aTep n ajia npn BbipaßoTKe Ä p eß ecH oyrojib -
h h x ßpnKeTOB. PacTB O pH n eK 3 b HH3KOKHnamHx p s c T ß o p H T e jia x (H a ­
npHMep, b aueTOHe) M oryT npH M eH H Tbca b KsqecTBe JiaKa ÄJia M eTaji-
JIH^eCKHX nOKpHTHH, a CMeCH neKa C THJKeJIbIMH CMOJiaHHMH MaejiaMH
H cn ojib3 yioT C H b K a q e c T B e n p o c T H jio q H o r o B apa b np0H3B0ACTBe
oöyBH. ■
Cbipaa y K c y c H a a KHCJIOTa, b saBHCHMOCTH ot cnocoßa BHACJieHHH
e e H3 >k h >k k h , m o j k c t ÖHTb p a 3 J in q H o ro Ka^ecTBa, t . e. b H eß b pa3-
j ih m h h x KOJiHHecTBax M o r y T c o Ä e p ^ a T b c a T e h j ih H HHe npH M ecH . O H a
OOAep>KHT OT 6 0 ÄO 9 0 % KHCJIOT. FjiaBH blM H npHMeCHMH HBJiaiOTCfl
BOÄa, FOMOJIOrH yKCyC'HOH KHCJIOTbl ( o t 7 ÄO 1 2 % ) H CMOJI bl, COÄep-
JKaHHe KOTOpbix ÄO C THraeT n p n SK C TparnpoBaH H H s t HJiau,eTaTOM 3 4 % .
n p H SKCTparnpOBaHHH 3<j)HpOM HJIH npH BblÄeJieHHH 3 3 eo T p o n H H M
MeTOÄOM c m o j ih c t h x B em ecT B Ö H B aeT 14— 1 5 % .
Ö p n aßcopßuHOHHOM c n o c o 6 e BbiÄejieHHH y K c y c H o fi k h c j io t h c m o -
jiH CTbie B em e c T B a b H eß OTcyTCTBylOT.
Ä J ia noJiy^eHHH T O B a p H o ro n p o Ä y K T a c b ip y io y K c y c H y io KH&noTy
h 3ä o ocB oö ü Ä H T b ot n p H M eceß . JX jih 3 T o r o e e n o A ß e p r a io T ä P oöhoh
n e p e ro H K e . CpeAHaa (JjpaKiiHH npeÄC TaB JiaeT T e x H H q e c K y io y K c y c H y io
KHCJioTy, em e c o A e p J K a m y io H e K O T o p n e n p H M ecn M yp aB b H H oß , npo-
nHOHOBOfi H Ä p y rH X KHCJIOT, CJieÄH aJIhÄerHÄOB H KeTOHOB. TeXHHHe-
CKan KHCJIOTa h ä s t Ha n oJiyq eH H e 3(j)H poB (a r a jiO B o r o , ß y T H J iO B o ro ),
HBJiHiomHxcH xo p ou iH M H p acT B opH T ejiH M H , Ha n o jiy q e H H e c o jie f l y K c y e -
h o h k h c j io t h , y K c y c H o r o aH TH ÄpH Äa, aaeTH JiuejiJii0Ji03H h Ä p .
1 KpeojiHH — CMeCb CMOJIHHHX M acejl C KaHH(})OJIbHbIM MblJIOM. IIpHMeHHeTCJI
b BeTepHHapHH ÄJia A e 3HH(J)eKUHOHHbix uejiefl h äjih jieneHHH jk h b o th h x (uanpii-
Mep, o t qecoTKH ),
K peo3oT — cMecb MHoroaTOMHux (JjeHojioB, coA ep xan tasi 50— 60% ra aa-
Kojia h Kpe3ÖJia, ho He coA epjK am aa n pecToro <J>eHojia.
'JHCJia O yT eM peKTH<j)HKauHH c ÄOÖaBJieHHeM b neperoH H bifl Kyß o k h cjih -
Tejieft ( K M n 0 4) ä jih p33pymeHHH BpeÄHHx BemecTB n o jiy q s io T qnc-
T yio jieÄH H yio yK cycH yio KHCJioTy. n p H nojiyqeHHH nnm eB oß yK cyc-
h o ö k h c jio t h neperoH K a npoH3BOÄHTca c npHMeHeHHeM cep eß p aH H x
XOJIOÄHJIbHHKOB (h T 0 6 h OCBOÖOÄHTbCH OT MeÄH) .
• MeTHJIOBblH CÜHpT-CbipeU, BblÄejieH'HblH H3 JKHJKKH nyTeM OTTOHKH,
c o Ä e p > K H T ö o Ä b u i o e K O jiH ^ e c T B o n p H M e c e ß : a jijiH jio B b iö c n n p T , aue-
TOH, MeTHJISTHJIKeTOH, MeTHJIIip0nHJIK€T0H, yKcycHHH aJibÄerHÄ, n p o-
C T e ß iu n e k h c ä o t h h h x a^H pbi, ^ y p ^ y p o J 1. 4>ypaH, M e r a j i ^ y p a H
(c H J ib B a H ), n H p H Ä H H h Ä p yrH e 0CH0B3HHH, (JjeHOjibi h Ä p y rn e B e in e C T -
Ba. JljlH OCBOÖOJKÄeHHH OT 3THX n p H M e c eß CnHpT-Cblpeil, OHHIH3IOT.
B H a q a jie b H e r o n p n öaB J iaiO T b o ä h ä jih B H A e jie H H H m s c jih h h c t h x B e ­
m e c T B , 3 3 r e M n o Ä ß e p r s iO T n e p e r o H K e . O T Ä e Ä S iio iii,H e c H b H s q a j i e n e p e ­
roHKH jierK H e cnHpTOBbie m s c jis ncnojib3yiOTCH KaK pacTBopHTeAH. H 3
cpeÄ H H X (JjpaK U H H noB TopH H M H n ep eroH K a M H B b iÄ e ^ a e T c a m h c th h
MeraJiOBHfi cnnpT. rjia B H a a M acca M e T H jio ß o ro c r r a p T a u n e r H a n o jiy -
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32 3 3 aKa3 JSTs 215 33

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na c BJiaxHo- 0,2 46.1 okojio 1650 k h c jio th . O^HmeHHbifi o t cm oji h yK cycH ofi k h c jio th ra 3 n o c T y n a e T b
32,6 5,4 2,9 0,8 12,0
CTblO 45% . . . TonKy ä jih c*H raH H H .

3'-- 35
34
 C 3T0H U,eJIbK> npHMeHHIOTCH ABa npHHUHnnaJIbHO pa3JIHHHHX
TaKH M ' 0 Ö p a3 0 M, H3 Ä p e ß e c H b ix o tx o ä o b lxOJiynaioT r o p r o m ifi ra 3 , npneM a: 1) TepM HqecKoe pa3Jio>KeHHe c m o a h cto h ÄpeBecHHH 6e3 a o -
p a cfB o p u M y io h o c a A O T O y io c M O jiy n y K c y c H O K a A b iiH e B y io c o A b , a Te- C Tyn a B 0 3 A y x a ( c y x a n n e p e r o H K a ), o c y m e c T B J in e M o e b c m o a o - ' ra in n -
n jio T a n p o u e c c a ropeHHH TonjiHBa H c n o A b 3 y e T c n ä jih nojiyqeHHH b Aap H b lX , HAH CMOAOKypeHHblX, npOH3BOACTBaX, H 2 ) H3BJieqeHHC
K o x jia x B O ÄH H oro n a p a , K O T op b iä p a c x o A y e T c n Ha h j j k ä h np0H 3B 0Ä- c m o a h c th x BemecTB c n o M o m b io o p ra H H q e c K H x pacTB opH Teneß
CTBa. B bixoÄ bi k h c j i o t h H a a ö c o jiio T H o c y x y r o Ä p e B e c H H y cocTaB AH iO T (KaHHtJjOAbHOSKCTpaKUHOHHOe npOH3BOACTBO) .
b cpeÄHeM o k o jio 1,5% , b h x o a cm oji — o k o jio 10% . OnHineM KpaTKo cymHOCTb sth x np0H3B0ACTB.
X H M H q ecK n e np O Ä yK T b i, n o A y q a e M b ie H a t 3 k h x y c ia H O B K a x , n e -
c K o jib K o OTjiHwaioTCH n o K a q e c T B y o t npOÄyKTOB, B b ip a ö a T H B a e M b ix
Ä p y rn M H jiecoxH M H qecK H M H npeA- CMOJIO-CKHnHAapHOe (CMOJIOKypeHHOe) npOH3BOACTBO
Vucmblü Z03 K Zope/IKOM npHHTHHMH.
OcaAOHHan cMOJia H3 TonKH, no- C y x a n n e p e r o H K a c m o a h c t o h Ä p eB ecH H bi npoH3BOAHTCH a o c h x
JiyHeHHan H3 oöbiqHoß ÄpeBecHHbi nop KOHcepBaTHBHbiMH MeTOÄaMH — b a n n a p a T a x c BHeuiHHM 0 6 0 -

AIOÖOH IIOpOÄH, MOÄeT HBHTbCH rpeBOM .

UeHHbIM CHpbeM ÄJIH noAyqeHHH pn- O c m o a 3 arpy?K aeTC H b KHpnHHHyio n eu b hah b M eT a A A H qecK H e
Äa npOÄyKTOB, HMeiomiix öoAbiuoe KaMepbi (peTopTH, Ka3aHbi, k o t a h ) . 3arpy?K eH H yio h coo T B eT C T B yio -
Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTBeHH0e SHaqeHHe. iuhm 0Öpa30M repMeTH3HpoBaHHyio n e % HaqHHaiOT o c t o p o j k h o 0 6 0 -
ü yTeM ee nepepaöoTKH mojkho no- r p e ß a T b C H apyjK H TonoqH biM H ra3 aM H . n p n T e M n e p a T y p e o t 98 ao
1 5 0 ° n p o n c x o Ä H T n p o c y n iK a Ä p eB ecH H bi h O TroH K a C KH nH Aapa B M ecT e
jry'iHTb BemecTBa, KOTopae TpyÄHo
CHHTe3HpOB3Tb MeTOÄaMH opraHH- c b o a h h m m h napaMH. Ö ocA e s t o t o HarpeB ycHAHBaiOT h HaHHHan npn-
MepHO c 2 0 0 ° n p o n c x o Ä H T B H A eA eH H e c m o a h . 3 a T e M H a c T y n a e T 3K30-
qecKoß xhmhh, HanpHMep, mhoto-
TepM H qecK an c t 3 ä h h oöyrA H B aH H H Ä p eB ecH H b i. T e M n e p a T y p a noBH-
aTOMHbie (|)eHOÄbi, TBaHKoJibi, Me-
rnaeTCH a o 3 8 0 °.
THJI-, 3THJI-H nponHJirßaHKOJIbl H Äp-
Flapbi b o ä h h CKHnHAapa o t b o a h t c h b KOHAeHcaTop h A a jie e b
C m ojih mojkho Hcn0Jib30BaTb ts k -
pa3AeAHTeAbHbie cocyAfai. ÖcHOBHan Macca c m o a h BbiTeKaeT nepe3
P h c . 11. CxeM3 sHeproxHMHuecKOH JKe äjih noJiyqeHHH ncKyccTBeH-
yCTaHOBKH. c m o a h h o h KaHaA, ycTpaHBaeM bifl b AHHme neperoHHofl KaM epH.
HblX ÄyÖHTeJieH (CHHT3Hbl), AHTeS-
1 — 6yHKep; 2 — cyiuHJiKa; 3 — 30Ha Tep~ B nepecqeT Ha aöcojiioTHo c y x o ft ocm oji nojiyqaioT o k o jio 6 % ckh-
MHMecKoro pa3jiOÄeHHH; 4 — 3ona aK* h h x KpenHTejieii, repöHUHAOB, koh~
n u A a p a , 1 ,5 % cm oa h , 3 0 % y rA H h 3 5 % n o A c r a n H A a p H b ix h n o A -
THBHoro ropeHHH; 5 — nbiJibHHK; 6 — cm o - cepßaHTOB ÄpesecHHbi ( t . e. Be-
jiooTÄejiHTejib; 7 — cöopHHK c m o j ih ; CMOAbHblX BOA (ß BeCOBblX % ) . M.3 1 CKJI. M 3 OCMOAa 1 nOAJ'HaiOT OKO-
8 — cojießofi cK py66ep . mecTB, ripezioxpahakjuihx o t njiece-
a o 16 k z C KH nH Aapa h o k o jio 4 0 k z c m o a h .
Heft h BpeAHTejieö), h o b h x Moromnx cpeACTB, njiacTMacc h Apyrnx. n oA yn aeM biH Ha CMOAOKypeHHbix ycTaHOBKax CKHnHAap-CHpeu
CMOJia, nojiyqeiraaH H3 o tx o ä o b KaH H tfjoAbH O SKcrpaKU H O H H oro 3arpH3HeH pa3JIHHHbIMH HpHMeCHMH H HMeeT OÖbHIHO KpSCHOBSTO-Öy1
np0H3B0ACTBa (cm. CTp. 38) npH M eH H ercH K aK M H PiH TeA b npn p e r e - pblH HBeT. E r o OiIHIH,3IOT OÖpaÖOTKOH meAOMaMH H CepHOH KHCJIOTOH
Hepau,HH pe3HH h a a h nponHTKH bo a ok h h cth x MaTepHajioB (KaHaT, h 3aTeM neperoHKOH.
nai<JiH h t . n .). X o p o u io oqHmeuHbiH cyxoneperoHHbiß CKHnHAap npHMeHHeTCH
ropioqHH ra3 Hcnojib3yeTca äjih ixejieä 0T0njieHHH, b ÄBHrarejiHX TaM ^<e, rAe h ä h b u ^ h h ö (c T p . 4 1 ) , x oth oh no K a^ecrey 3HaqHTeAb-
BHyTpeHHero cropanna hjih b ra30Bbix TypÖHHax (ä jih BbipaöoTKH ho H H * e JKHBH^Horo. B o A e e THJKejibie 0CT3TKH, o ö p a 3 y io in .H e cH npn
3JieKTp03HeprHH). neperoHKe cyxoneperoHHoro CKHnHAapa, Hcn0Ab3yi0TCH npH h3totob-
n O J iy H E H H E C M O J I bl, C K H I I H A A P A M K A H H «D O J IH AeHHH (J)ji0Taii;H0HHHx Maceji.
C m o a b , n o jiyn e H H a H H3 c o c h o b o t o OCMOAa, coAep>K H T o k o j i o 2 0 — ■
B ÄOCTaToquo K pynubix nHHX xb oh h m x AepeBbeB n pn HaxoscAeHHH 3 6 % c m o jih h h x k h c a o t , 8 — 1 2 % cj)eHOAOB, 1,5— 2 ,5 % J ie T y q n x JKHp-
h x b 3eM jie b Te^eHne 8 — 15 JieT n poncxoÄ H T OTrHHBaHHe M ajiocM o- h h x k h c j i o t h o t 3 2 a o 5 2 % » B em ecT B H e fiT p s jib H o r o x a p a K T e p a . II o c -
AHCTOH 33ÖOAOHH H OÖOrameHHe OCTaiOmefiCH SApOBO.fi qaCTH nun A e QTroHKH k h c jio h b o ä h h CKH nH Aapa OHa H AeT Ha n p n ro T O B jieH H e
CMOJIHCT.bIMH BeiH,eCTBaMH ! .
3 t a CMOjiHCTan Macca nHH, TaK na3biBaeMbifi n H e ß b i f i o c m o j i ,
coAepJKHT o t 13 ä o 20% ( h ö o jie e ) k 3 hh (J)oah h ot 3 a o 5 % jieT y ra x 1 npn o6o3Ha*ieHHn 06i>eM0B ÄpeBecHHbi BbipaJKeHneM «ckji. m3» o6o3Ha«aKit
H3MepHeMbiö npaKTHqecKH o ß te M a p o b (ö p e ß e H ) BMecTe c B03ÄyuiHbiMH npoM e-
Bem,ecTB (cKHnHAapa), cqm aH Ha ocmoji c BJia>KHocTbio b 10%. OHa
HtyTKaMH, a BbipajKeHHeM «nji. mH ooo3HaMaK)T b KyoHqecKHX Merpax o6‘beM
Hcnojib3yejcH äjih nojiyqeHHH CKHnHAapa, cmojih h KaHHtjjojiH. njioTHoö ApeBecHoö Maccbi, t. e. hhctoh ApeBccnnu, 6e3 y^eta np0Me»:yTK0B
1 riO Ä CMOJIHCTbIMlI BemeCTB3MH FIOHHMaiOT BemeCTBa, H3BJieKaeMbie opraHH* MeÄÄy noaeubHMH um öpeBHaMH.
VeCKHMH paCTBOpHTejIHMH.
37
36
 I
KOJiecHOö Ma3n h b K aqecrB e MnrqHTejiH peäHHbi. OpaKUHOHKpoBaH- TejieM , y » e npomeauiHM qep e3 Bce s k c t p aKTopn. B o a h o m ( x b o c to -
h o h n eperoH K ofl c m o jih noJiyqaioT cMOJiHHbie MacJia, Bap ( m hfkhS bom) KOHue SaTapeH nepHOAHnecKH otkjijomaeTCH SKCTpaKTop (hjih
n e K ) H'neK. A B a ) a j ih B birpy3K H o ö p a ö o T a H H o fl m e n u , a b a p y ro M (rojiO B H O M )
M n rK H ä Bap npHMeHaeTCH b TeKCTHJibHofi npOMHiujieHHOCTH, a KOHue nepHOAHqecKH H3 K p aöH ero SKCTpaKTopa cjiHBaeTCH HacbimeH-
TBepflblH Bap B CanOJKHOM H UIOpHblX np0H3B0flCTBax. HHH 3KCTparHpyeMbIMH BeiU,eCTBaMH pacTBopHTejib.
r ie n Hcnojib3yeTCH p jia BbipaßoTKH KpoBejibHbix h A p y r n x JiaKOB. PacTB opH Tejib (6eH3HH) n ocT yn a eT b SKCTpaKTop npe^BapHTejibHo
noacM O jibH bie h noACKHüHflapHbie b o ä h coa ep sca T x a p H b ie k h c - # noÄorpeTbiM b ocoöom an n a p a T e — n o a o rp eB a T ejie.
j io t h , MeTHjioBbifi cnnpT h A p y rn e npoA yK TH TepM HuecKoro p a 3 J io * e -
3 k c t p a k to p (pHC. 12) npeÄCTaBjineT c o ö o ft BepTHKajibHO ycTaHOB-
HHH ÄpeBecHHbi, KOTOpHe M oryT ÖblTb BblAejieHbl B BHÄe TeXHHHeCKHX jieHHHH M eTajijiHqecKHfl h h jih h a p c 3arpy3oqH H M oTB epcraeM BBepxy
npOÄyKTOB. H C OTHHMaiOIUHMCH £HOM AJIH
yAOÖCTBa Bbirpy3KH m en H .
fiodcma Sen3una
KaHH4)0JlbH03KCTpaKUH0HH0e npOH3BOACTBO BeH 3HH npoKaqHBaeTCH c no-
M oiu bio HacocoB. E c jih BpeMH
‘ UeJIbK) KaHH(J)OJIbH03KCTpaKUHOHHOrO npOH3BOflCTBa HBJIHeTCH H3- •OÖpaÖOTKH OCMOJia B KaJKÄOM
BJieMeHHe KaHH^ojiH, CKHnHAapa h (|>JiOTauHOHHbix M acejl H3 0CM0Jia SKCTpaKTOpe paBHO OAHOMy
■npn noMOEiH pacTBOpHTejiefl. B sto m c jiy q a e TeM n epaTypa o ß p a ß a ra -- Macy, t o npn öaTapee b 10
B a eM o ro 0CM0Jia, k o t o p h h Bce BpeMH HaxoflHTCH b M acce pacTBOpH- SKCTpaiKTOpOB COÖCTBeHHO 3KC-
TejiH, He noAHHMaeTCH BHiue T e M n e p a iy p b i KHneHHa pacTBopH Tejia TpaiKUHH npoÄOJixaeTCH 7 qa-
(ä-tih 6eH3HHa 1 2 0 °), TaK qTO TepMHqecKHx n p ou eccoB p a c n a ^ a cob, a 3 qaca s a T p a ’qHBaeTCH
ÄpeBecHHbi He nponcxoÄH T. 3 th m aauH biö cn o c o ö h oTJinqaeTCH o t Ha o ö p a ö o T K y OTpaöoTaHHOH
MeTOflOB TepMHMecKofi nepepaöoTK H ÄpeBecHHbi. m en n ropn q«M napoM ajih
SKCTpaKUHH KaHH(J)OJIH H3 OCMOJia OpraHHMeCKHMH paCTBOpHTeJIH- yaajieHHH OCTaTKOB 6eH3HHa
mh ßbijia n p eA J ioxeH a b cß oe BpeMH Ä - H . MeHAeJieeBbiM. B 1909 ro - (2 3KCTpaKT0pa b x b o cto b o m
a y npocj). H . H . KypcaHOBbiM 6 h ji BnepBbie pa3p aöoT aH npoMbiuuieH- KOHU[e) H Ha CJIHBaHHe 3KC-
Hbiö MeTOÄ oßpaßoTKH m ieB o ro OCMOJia 6eH3HHOM. 3 t o t MeTOÄ, n o jiy - TpaKTa (3KCTpaKT0p B TOJIOB-
qHBiuHfi b HacTOHiu.ee BpeMH ö o jib in o e pacnpocTpaH eH H e b o Bcex HOM KOHUe).
CTpaHax, 6 h j i B nepBH e ocym ecTB jieH b 1913 r o a y Ha 3aB0Äe, no- ripiH onHcaHHOM c n o c o ö e
CTpOeHHOM BO BjiaAHMHpCKOH ryßepHHH. SKCTparupoBaHHH yaaeTCH H3-
CymHOCTb n p o u ecca H3BjieqeHHH c m o j ih c t h x BeiuecTB H3 OCMOJia Bjieqb a o 90% c m o jih c th x Be-
CBOflHTCH K HX ÄH(j)(})y3HH H3 ÄpeBeCHHbl B M accy paCTBOpHTeJIH. C o - iuecTB, coAepJKam HxcH b o c -
rjiacHO 3aK0H3M AH(|)4)y3HH, H3BJieqeHHe ß y^ eT ß o jiee npoAyKTHBHHM: MOJie.
1 ) npn yBejinqeHHH noB epX H ocra conpHKOCHOBeHHH ÄpeBecHHbi c pac- iTIoJiyqeHHHH pacTBop c m o -
TBOpHTejieM, t . e. npn AOCTaToqHOM e e H3MejibqeHHH, 2 ) npn noBbiine- «HCTblX BeiUeCTB B 6eH3HIie —
hhh T eM n ep a iy p b i, Ta,K KaK n pn s to m yMeHbuiaeTCH BH3K0CTb cp eA H h SKCTpaKT — n epepaöaTH B aeT-
yCKOpHeTCH AH(^4)y3HH, H 3 ) npH B03paCTaHHH pa3HHUH B KOHUeHTpa- ch a a h BbiÄejieHHH H3 H ero Ka-
UHH sK C T p arn p yeM oro B em ecrB a b oöpaöaTH BaeM O M M aTep n ajie h b
h h 4>oji« h OKHnHiAapa-Cbipiia h
pacTBopH Tejie, qeM y cn ocoß cTB yeT qacTan CMeHa pacTBopHTejin. 3 t h
pereHepauHH npiH sto m pacTBopHTeAH ä a h B03BpameHHH e r o CHOBa
tj)aKTbi h a o jijk h h yMHTHBaTbCH npn ocym ecTBjieHHH n p o u e c c a b n p o-
fi npO H 3boäctbo. Pa3AeAeH H e 9 th x BeiuecTB ÄOCTHraeTCH nyTeM ne-
H3BOACTB6.
p e ro H Q K Ha HenpepbiBHo AeßcTByrom Hx neperoH H bix a n n a p a T a x — k o -
JlyquiHM MeTOflOM SKCTparnpoBaHHH h b jih ctch TaK Ha3HBaeHHfi JIOHHaX.
ÖaTapeHHblH MeTOÄ npOTHBOTOqHOH 3KCTpaKU,HH. O h 3aKJII0qaeTCH B
3KCTpaKiiH0HHHH CKHnHAap-CHpeu; HMeeT ß o jie e cjio jkh h h cocTaB,
tom , m o pacTBopHTejib HenpepHBHO npoxoAH T (u n p K y jiH p y e T ) qepe3
ie M KHBflqHbiH (cT p . 4 1 ), h a jih noAy'ieHHH x o p o u ie ro TOBapHorö
ß aT ap eio cocyAOB-SKCTpaKTopoB b KOJinqecTBe 8— 16 annapaTOB, Ha-
CKHnHAapa c n p e ii HeoßxoAHMo TiuaTejibH o oqn m aT b n eperoH K on h o ä
noJiHeHHbix H3MeJibqeHHbiM ocm ojiom (iu e n a pa3M epoM 5— 25 m m n o BaKyyMOM.
ÄJIHHe BÖJIOKHa H 1,5— 3 MM no TOJIIUHHe). npHHUHn npOTHBOTOKa
SKCTpaKUHOHHaH KaHH(J)OJIb T3K>Ke COAepJKHT ßoJIbUie nOCTOpOH-
3 aKJiioqaeTCH b tom , qTo CBeJKHH pacTBopHTejib (q a m e B cero 6eH3HH)
HHX npHM ecefi h HMeeT ö o jie e TeMHyio OKpacKy, qeM JKHBHqHan
HajiHBaeTCH b SKCTpaKTop c ocm ojiom , qepe3 k o t o p h h y )K e n p o x o a n ji (CTp. 4 1 ), h HyjKAaeTCH b AonojiHHTejibHoä oqucTKe (o6 jiarop a>K n -
pacTBopHTejib, a CBe>KaH m en a HaqHHaeT oßpaöaTbiBaTbCH pacTBopH-
BaHHH). XopoiUHM MeTOÄOM OqHCTKH H OCBeTJieHHH K3HH(J)0JIH

38 39
 HBJIHeTCH (J)HJibTpoBaHHe e e p acT B O p a b 6eH3HHe q e p e 3 c jio h ocoöoro
c o p r a rjiH Hbi (oT Ö ejiH B S ioiH H e 3eM JiH ), HBJiHiomeHCH aaco p 6 eH T O M .
Ü 3 1 c k ji. m 3 OCMOJia c p e flH e r o K a q e c T B a n o J iy q a io T M eroflO M s k c -
TpaKUHH AO 40 KZ K3HH(f>OAH, 10 KZ C KHnHAapa H 2 KZ (J)JIOTaiIHOHHbIX
M a c e jl.
SKCTparnpoBaHHe OCMOJia npOH3BOAHT T3K>Ke b a n n a p a T a x n epn o-
a n q e c K o ro AeficTBHH nyTeM iih th k p a T H o ro HacTaHBaHHH OCMOJia c pac-
TBopHTejieM hjih nyTeM oöm h b sh h h m e n u (})jierM ofi H3 n a p o B 6eH3H-
Ha, n o A o rp eB a eM o ro b caMOM m e aKCTpaKTope. 3 t o t m c to a h b a h ctch
MeHee coBepmeHHHM, qeM HenpepbiBHHH.
KaHH(J)OJIbHO-TepneHTHHHOe IipOH3BOACTBO
KaHH<i)OjibH0 -TepneHTHHH0e npoH3BOACTBO 3aKjiioqaeTCH b n ep ep a -
ßoTKe cMO,Jibi xBOHHbix AepeBbeB, TaK HasuBaeMOH jk h b h u h , BUAe-
jiHiomeHCH H3 ÄH Bor'o AepeB a npH e r o paHeHHH.
IJeJibio np0H3B0ACTBa HBJIHeTCH pa3AejieH H e JKHBHind n a >KHAKyio
jie T y q y io qacTb — CKHiiHaap h 3 aTBepAeBaiouxHH o c t 3 t o k — k sh h -
4>OJIb *.
* JXjih nojiyqeHHH vKhbhum H cnojib3yercH rjiaBHbiM 06pa30M cocHa.
CßescaH cocH O B an jK HBHija npeACTaBjineT c o ö o h n p o 3 p a q H y io cm ojihc-
T y io JKHAKOCTb c npHHTHbiM 3anaxoM . l l p n xpaHeHHH OHa 3arycTeB aeT
h MyTHeeT h Ha n ep eroH K y n ocT yn aeT b BHAe }KeAT0B3T0H bh3koh
Maccbi h ah A a »c e c y x n x xpynKHX KycKOB, coAep>Kam ,HX o k o jio 0 ,5 %
pa3AHqHbIX ApeBeCHblX OCTaTKOB (c o p a ) H OKOAO 5 % BOAbl.
ü p e ^ A e qeM n e p e ro H H T b , jk h b h u y H e 06x 0AHM 0 o m c T H T b o t npH -
M e c e ö . J\ jin s t o t o e e p s cn A S B A H io T h (JjHAbTpyiOT c u a n a n a q e p e 3 M eA-
H yio ce T K y , a 3aTeM q e p e 3 n o j i o r a o b cjjH A b T p n p ecca x .
B o A a OTAejiHeTCH npn OTCTaHBaHHH. T a n KaK nAOTHOCTb jk h a k o h
( t . e. HarpeTOH) JKHBHIJbl 6AH3K3 K nAOTHOCTH BOAbl, TO a jih y B eA H -
qeHHH pa3HOCTH b njioTHOCTHX h, cjieAOBaTeAbHO, A y q m e ro o t c t s h b s -
HHH K JKHBHU,e AOÖSBAHIOT CKHnHAap, qTOÖbl nOHH3HTb yA eA bH blH BeC
CaMOH CMOJI bl, H nOBapeHHyiO COAb, HTOÖbl nOCJieAHHH, paCTBOpHBLUHCb
b BOAe, n oB b icH A a y A e jib H b iö B ec b o a h o t o c a o h . , Hbl BbIC0K0K3HeCTBeHHbIX COpTOB CKHnHAapOB H K3 H H (|)0 AH H T H O pH pO -
O öbiqH aa cocHOBan jk h b h u s coA ep^H T okoao 18% CKHnHAapa
OKOAO 7 5 % K3HH(J)OJIH.
B biK H n aH H e C KH nH Aapa n p n 3TM0c<f)epH0M AaBJieHHH H a q H H a eT ca
o k o j io 155° b n a p a x . B o H3ÖeJKaHHe n p o n e c c o B pa3A0JKeHHH op ra-
H nqecK H x B em ecT B — c ocT a B H b ix q a c T e ß jkh b h u h — OTFOHKy CKHnn-
A a p 3 npOH3BOAHT c b o a h h h m n a p o M 2.
B HacTOHiu.ee BpeM H n e p e ro H K 3 j k h b h h h np0H3B0AHTCH ö o A b m e n
q a c T b io Ha H en p ep bifiH O A eöcT B yio iu .H x a n n a p a T a x . 3 t h ‘ an n apaTH
npeAC TaB A H ioT c o ö o f i M eAH bie koaohhh c KOJinaqKOBbiMH T a p e A K a M H .
1 JKHbhhhhh CKHnHAap Ha3biBaioT TepneHTHHHbiM MacjioM, a caMoe np0H3B0A-
CTBO KaHmj)OJIbHO-TepneHTHHHbIM.
2 X o p o m n e npoflyKTbi — Ka.HiKfio.’ib h CKHnHjiap — nojiyqaiOTCa npn n ep eroH ­
Ke >KHBHUbi n o A BaKyyMOM. O a h 3 k o 3 t o t qp o u ec c HBJIHeTCH 6ojiee. cjiojkhhm n o
annapaTypH OM y o<j)opMJieHHK> h p e a g o npHMeHHeTCH Ha npaKTHKe.
40
PacnjiaBJieHHan JKHBHua ABH>KeTCH n o T apejm aM CBepxy b h h 3, a H a -
BCTpeqy efl npoxoAH T b o a h h o h nap, BMecTe c k o t o p h m HcnapHeTcn:
CKHnHAap. C M ecb napoB b o a h h CKHnHAapa o t x o a h t h 3 BepxHefi q a c-
TH KO'JIOHHbl H n O C T y n a e T B XOJIOAHJIbHHKH, a 33 TCM B CO C yA bl AJIH
pa3AeAeHHH cAoeB CKHnHAapa h boah.
•H3 HHJKHeä q a c ™ k o a o h h h HenpepbiBHo BHTeKaeT HeAeTyqHH c
n a p o M OCTaTOK — KaHH4)OAb, K 0T0p3H pa3AH BaeTCH B T 3 p y .
KaHHtJlOAb npeAC TaB A H eT COÖOH CMeCb CMOAHHblX KHCAOT ( c T p . 12)
c n p H M e c b io H eöoJibniH X KOJinqecTB npOÄyKTOB OKHCAeHHH h T e p M H q e -
CKoro p acriaA a a r a x k h c a o t .
TjISBHOe npHMeHeHHe OH3 H3XOAHT B MHJIOBSpeHHH, a a h n p H ro -
TOBAeHHH KJieH, AJIH npOKJieÜKH ÖyMarH, npH H3rOTOBAeHHH JI3K0B,
KP3COK H OAHC}). 0 H 3 n p H M eH H eT C H T3KJKe B KOJKeBeHHOÖ, He(J)THHOH’
H p e 3HHOBOH npO M bllH A eH H O C T H .
CKHnHAap npeACTaBAHeT c o ö o h cM ecb H3 MOHOuHKAHqecKHx h 6 h-
UHKJinqecKHX TepneHOBbix yrAeBOAOpOAÖB cocTaß a C i 0H i 6: a- h ß -
nHHeHa, K3peH3, AnneHTeHs h AHMOHeHa c npHM ecbio HeßoAbniHX ko-
AH^ecTB TepneHOBUx cnnpTOB (C io H i60 ) h cecKBHTepneHOB ( C 15H 24) .
rA a B H yio M accy p y c c K o ro CKHnHAaps (6 0 — 7 0 % no B e c y ) c o cT 3 Bjm eT
a-nHHeH — MacjiHHHCTaH jk h a k o c Tb, K K nam aa npH 155— 156°
(cm. T3ÖJI. 2 ).
^(H BH qH H fi CKHnHA3p npHMeHHeTCH B KaqeCTBe HCXOAHOrO n p oa yK -
Ta npn CHHTe3e KaM (})opH, TepnHHrHApaTa, TepnHHeoA3 h A p y rn x .
npenapaTOB. K p o M e T o r o , o h npHMeHHeTCH K3K pscTBOpHTeAb b npo-
H3BOACTBe JiaKOB, KpaCOK, p33AHqHbIX naCT H M3CTHK. IIo r A o m s H KHC-
JiopoA H3 B03Ayxa, CKHnHAap 3arycTeB 3eT, h t o cn ocoß cTB yeT Bbicbi-
X3HHK) AaKOB h 06pa30BaHHi0 npo^Hbix nAeHOK. B cKHnHAape x o p o in o -
pacTBopnioTCH Ä H p H , pa3AHMHbie c m o a h h KayqyK .
MHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, HTO, HeCMOTpH Ha OCTpyiO nOTpeÖHOCTb B
3THX npOAyKTaX H OÖHAHe AeCOB, B AOpeBOAIOHHOHHOH POCCHH 0 0 -
TpeÖHOCTb B KaHH4)OAH yAOBAeTBOpHAaCb HO^TH HCKJIIOqHTeAbHO 33
cqeT BB0 3 3 ee H3 -3 3 rp3HHUbi. YKasaHHH JX. H . M eH A eA eeB s h e r o
yqeHHK3 B. E. TniueHKO o b o 3 m o > k h o c th noAyqeHHH H3 p yccK ofl coc-
h B3AHCb H3-33 KOCHOCTH npSBHlUHX K p y rO B CT3pOH POCCHH. TOJibKO K
1931 TOAy CoBeTCKHH C o K )3 nOAHOCTblO OCBOÖOAHACH OT HMnopTa Ka-
HH(|)OJIH.
, JIH T E P A T yP A
1. Jl. B. r 0 p ä 0 h, B. B. 4> e 4> h ji o b, C. O. C k b o p u o b, T. A t a-
« a a i y K O B , TexHOJiorHH jiecoxHMHHecKHX np0H3B0ACTB. rocjiec6yMH3AaT, 1953.
2. B. H. K o p a K H H , TepMHqecKaa nepepa6oTKa ÄpeBecHHbi, TocjiecTexH 3-
AaT, 1953.
3. A. A. H n m n o p o B H i , CßeT h yrjiepoAHoe nnTaHHe paereHHö, H3A. A H
CCCP, 1955.
4. M. n. P e b h k h h, nojiyqeHHe nopouiKOBOH yKcycHoö khcjioth, Toc/iec-
6yMH3AaT, 1950.
5. B. B. K o p n i a K , X hmhh BbicoKOMOJieKyjiHpHbix coeAHHeHHÜ, h3ä - A H
CCCP, 1950.
 6. C. H. Bo j i b < ä > KOBHq , A. Fl. E r o p o B h f l . A . 3 n ih t e fi h , Oöm aa
XHMHqecKaa TexnoJioniü, t . I, F ocxh m h 3ä 3t , 1952.
7. H . H . H h k h t h h , X hmhh ÄpeBecHHH, h 3ä . A H C C C P , 1951.
8. «ripoöJieMH HCnajib30BaHHH otxoä ob jiecoaaroTOBOK». Tpy^w JlesiHHrpa/i-
<ckoA jiecoTexHH^ecKOH aKaaeMHH hmchh C. M . KHpoBa, JSTe 72, 1955.
9. 3. A . P o t o b h h h H . H . I I I o p h r h h, Xhmhh u.ejuiiojio3H h ee cnyT-
HHKOB, r OCXHMH3J13T, 1953.
10. B. M . B o r o c a o B C K H j , II. H . 3 m h ä , f l . f l . 3 u k o b , H . III. f l h k ,
A . A . C t p e n h x e e b, H . H . 10 k e ji b c o h, Oöm aa XHMmecKaa TexHOJiorHH
opraHH'iecKHx BemecTB, FocxHMH3Aar, 1955. rJIABA II

n P O H 3 B O A C T B O H XH M H H EC KA5I F IE P E P A E O T K A
U E J lJ I!0 J 1 0 3 b I

3 a f l a q e ö u ejiJ iioJ io 3 H oro n p o H 3 B o a cT B a HBJIHeTCH B b ia ejieH H e H3

ap eB ecH H b i h j ih h3 a p yrn x b o j io k h h c t h x p a c T H T e jib H H x M aT epn äJ ioB
n e a jiio jio 3 H h e e o^H CTKa. n p o i i e c c BbiaeJieHHH iiejiJ iioJ io3 H 3aKJiio-
qaeTCH b y a a jie H H H b ß o jib m e ö h j ih M e H b iu e fi CTeneH H H3 a p eß ecH H b i
a p y r a x e e c o c T a B H b ix q a c T e fi: J iim iH H a , re M H ii,ejijiio jio 3 , c m o j i h c t h x
B em ecT B h t . a . — n y ie M o ö p a ß O T K H a p e B e c H o ä m e n n p a s jim H b iM H
p ea reH T a M H . C y m e c T B y iO T p a 3 jm q H b ie M eTO flH B biaeaeH H H iie ju iio jio -
3 H , oTJiH’ia io m H e c H a p y r o t a p y r a no npH M eH H eM H M p e areH T aM h

yCJIQBHHM OÖpaÖOTKH. F a aB H e H H IH M H H3 HHX, OÖHHHO n p H M e H a e M H M H

B npOMblffiJieHHOCTH, HBJIHIOTCH Cy jI b ^ H T H b lH H C y JI b <}) a T-
H H ft. H 3 B eC T H bI T3K>Ke H a p y m e M eT O flH : XJIOpHOmejIOHHOH, MOHO-
CyjIb(J)HTHHH, a30TH0KHCJI0THbIH, HMeiOIIIHe 3HaTOTeJIbH 0 M eH biu ee
pacnpocTpaH eH H e.
fleficT B H e peareHTOB 3aKjiK>HaeTCH b to m , hto ohh nepeBoaHT n oa-
JieÄain,He yaajieHHio cocTaBHbie qacTH apeßecH H H b pacTBop, homth
He 3aTparHBa3 b to K e BpeMH nejijii0ji03y. TaKHM 0Öpa30M, n p o a e c c
OTßejieHHH n,ejuiK)ji03H ocHOBbiBaeTca Ha ee öoJibineft XHMH'iecKOH
ycTOÖMHBOCTH k flaHHHM peareHTaM n o cpaBHeHHio c apyrHM H cocTaß-
HblMH «laCTHMH apeBeCHHbl.

c y jib O H T H b in cn o co b n o jiy n E H H ji U E J iJ if0 J i0 3 b r

CbipbeM flJIH nOJiyqeHHH CyjIb(})HTHOH H,ejIJIK)JI03H HBJIHeTCH OÖbiq-

Ho apeßecHHa ejiH h nnxTbi. B MeHbiueö CTeneHH npHMeHHiox apeßecH -
Hy JiHCTBeHHbix nopoa, HanpHMep ocHHy h Tonojib.
H a pncyHKe 13 npHBeaeHa nocjieaoßaTeJibHOCTb onepauHH npn no-
JiyqeHHH iiejuiK)ji03bi H3 apeßecHHbi no cyjib(J)HTHOMy cnocoöy.
flp e B e c H H a , npeaH a3H aM eH H aH ä ^ih n p o H 3 B o a cT B a u e ju iio jio 3 H ,
npHMeHHeTCH b B H ae OTpe3KOß ctbojiob H a3H BaeTCH ßaaaHCOM . T l o a -
h
roTOBKa apeBecHHbi k BapKe (t . e. oßpaöoTKe p e a r e H T a M n ) 3aKJtio-
*136X051 B OMHCTKe 6ajiaH CO B OT KOpbl, pacnH JlO BKe HX Ha 0Tpe3KH
° n p e a e a e H H o fl aaHHH h H3MejibqeHHH sth x 0Tpe3K0B b m e n y .
BaaaH C t o jiiiih h o h 8 — 25 cm pacnnjiKBaercH Ha OTpe3KH aaHHofi
o t 0,75 a o 3,2 m . C h h x CHHMaeTCH K O pa, h noJiyqaiOTCH K p y r jib ie h h c-
T u e noaeHbH.

43
 B 6a,TaHce, npeflHa3HaHeHHOM a jih BbipaöoTKH BbicoKocopTHofi
UeJIJIIO.üOSbl, flOJI>KHbI 0TCyTCTB0B3Tb THHJIb, HapOCTbl H ynJIOTHeHHH,
HCKpiIBJieHHH, 3HaqHTejIbHaH Cy^KOBSTOCTb H T. ü. IIp H BblpSÖOTKe
ö o J ie e hh3khx coptob ueJuiicwio3H 3th T p eöoB aH H H MoryT ßbiTb M eH ee
CTpOFHMH.
H3MejibHeHHe ßaJiaH ca b m e n y npoH3BoaHTCH Ha p y Ö H J i b H b i x
M au iH H ax, a e fic T B H e k o t o p h x 3aKJiioiiaeTCH b c jie Ä y io m e M .
EaJiaHC no^aeTCH no CTajibHOMy naTpoHy, HanpaBjieHHOMy noa
yrjioM k BpamaiomeMycH Ha ropn30HTajibHofi och CTajibHOMy TiHCKy,
Ha Kotopom no pa^nycaM yKpenjieH bi CTajibHbie hojkh (hhcjiom o t
3 £0 10). n pH COnpHKOCHOBeHHH C HHMH OT ÖajiaHCa OTpyÖaiOTCH
Kpyrjibie njiHTbi apeßecHHbi tojiiiih h oh 12— 14 mm. 3 t h njiHTbi, npo-
CKajib3biBaH tiepe3 npope3H b ÄHCKe MaiiinHbi, nona^aiOT Ha flp y ry ro
ero cTopoHy. T a M ohh nojtxßaTbiBaiOTCH JionacTHMH, HMeiomHMHCH Ha
o ß p a ra o H cTopoHe ancKa. Yiiapb i s th x jionacTeö HSMejibnaiOT ApeBec-
Hbie njiHTbi b m eny h BbißpacbiBaiOT ee Mepe3 Tpyöonpoßofl b uhkjioh,
ra e m e n a oceaaeT, a B03ayx h MejiKan nbijib yxo^HT b 3TMocc|)epy'.
U ten s nona^aeT b hhjkhioio MacTb ijhkjiohs, OTKyaa HanpaBJineTCH
B C O p T H p O B O q H b i e MaiHHHbl.
3 aflaqeß coprapoBKH HBJIHeTCH OTflejieHHe m e n u HyjKHbix p a 3Me-
poB o t onnjioK h K p y n H o ä menbi. 3 t o n e o ö x o flH M O ä jih nojiyqeHHH
U,ejuiiojio3bi, oflHopoflHofi no CTeneHH npOBapa.
C o p T H p o B K a m e n b i np0H3B0ÄHTCH n yT eM n p o n y cK a H H H ee *iepe3
T p H cy m n e c H n jio c K H e c h t b h jih n e p e 3 KOHH^iecKHe h jih U H jr a a n p H ie -
CKHe B p a m a io m H e c H c m a c OTBepcTHHMH o n p e Ä e jie H H b ix p a3 M ep 0 B .
B o ö o h x c jiy q a n x n p o n c x o Ä H T n p o ceH B a H H e m e n b i h p 3 3 a e jie H H e e e
Ha O Tflejib H b ie (JjpaKUHH n o p a 3 M ep a M .
IU,ena, npeflHa3fiaqeHH3H j j i h BapKH, HMeeT zuiHHy 18— 20 mm h
uiH pH H y 30 — 50 mm n p n T o jim n u e 2 — 3 mm.
B o jie e K p yn H b ie KycKH n o c T y n a ro T n a .n o n ojiH H T ejib H oe H SM ejib^e-
HHe b T a K H a3biB aeM bie a e 3 H H T e r p a T o p b i h 3aTeM cHOBa na
COpTHpOBKy.
O T C o p T H p o B a iiH a fl m e n a n e p e f la e r c a 113 copTHpOBOK b ß y H K e p w ,
p a cn o jio^ K eH H b ie jih ö o n o c o c e a c T B y c B a p o m b iM n e x o M , jih ö o H e n o -
cpeflCTBeHHO H a fl k o tjis m h , b k o t o p h x np0H3B0ÄHTCH B ap K a .
npn cyjib^)HTHOM cnocoöe, BnepBbie npHMeHeHHOM b npoMbiuijieH-
h o c th b 1874 roziy, ^peBecHan mena BapHTcn b boäiiom pacTB ope khc-
Jioro cepHHCTOKHC.!ioro KajibUHH-— Ca(HSOa ) 2 (6Hcyjn>(})HT Kajib-
U h h ), c o fle p jK a m e M HeKOTopoe KOjinqecTBo p a c T B o p e H H o ro S O 2. B c h -
pOH, HJIH TypMOBOH, KHCJIOTe COßepjKHTCH 2,7— 3,5% CepHHCTOrO
aHrH^pHÄ3, npnqeM 52— 65% o t oömero KOJinqecTBa Haxo^HTCH
b BH^e CBoöoAHoro S 0 2. CoAep»c3HHe CsO cocTSBJineT 0,8— 1,3%.

1 U h k j io h — }K e jie 3 H b iH i i h j i h h a p c k o h h m c c k h m a h o m , b K0T0pbift no Kaca-

TejibHOÖ b b o a h t c h b CTpye B03Ayxa O H H m aeM bift MaTepnaji. B j i a r o Ä a p n pe3KOMy
Ph c. 13. (xcmü rip o m B O Ä C T B a cy.ibcpH TH O Ö u,e.'uiKM03bi- CHHJKeHHK) CKOpOCTH H TpeHHiO O CTeHKH npHÖOpa TH5KejIbie MaCTHU,bI (mena) oce-
ÄaioT h yAajiHKDTca iepe3 OTBepcTHe b a h h i u s , a MejiKaa nbijib yxoAHT c B03Ay-
Xom ie p e 3 Tpyöy b BepxHefi qacTH uHjmnApa.

45
 Cbipyio, hjih TypMOByio, k h c jio ty yKpenAHiOT 3a cqeT S 0 2, BbiAe-
jiH rom eroca m B a p o ra b ix k o ta o b npn cayB K ax. yn peru ieH H aa TaKHM
0ßpa30M KHCJIOTa, coflep jK am aH 5— 9 % S O 2, h o c h t H33BaHHe Bapoq- BbißodHctn m pyäna
d/w ca M o n u L u y m e z o
HOH KHCJIOTbl. 3 i a KHCJIOTa H HCnOAb3yeTCH ÄJIH BapKH.
n p u ö o p a daß/iehup u m e M n e -
O ch o b h o h 3 aA aqefi BapKH HBJIHeTCH yaajieH H e H3 apeßecHHbi Jinr- pam yp
H H H a. B o BpeMH HarpeBaHHH c pacTBopaMH onncaH H oro cocTaß a
6Hcyjib(J)HT p e a ra p y e T c jih -
rHHHOM, o 6 p a 3 y n pacTBO-
pHMyio K a jib im e s y io co jib
JIHrHOCyjIb^OHO BOH
KHCJIOTbl. K p o M e TOTO, ÖJia-

C dyß n oü
ro^apH rH jipojiH 3y b pac-
TBOp nepexoÄH T 3Ha*m-
TejibHaH nacTb reM H iiejuiio-
J103 h u eö o jib u io e KOJinqe-
■CTBO U,eJIJHOJI03bI.
BapiKa menbi ocy m ecT -
BJIHeTCH B HenOÄBHKHblX
BepTHKajIbHbl'X KOTJiaX eM-
KOCTbK) OT 130 ÄO 340 M3
(pHC. 14 H 15).
OreHKH KOTjia «3r0T0B -
JIHHDTCH H3 ÖOAbHIHX CTaJIb-
HblX JIHCTOB H nOKpblBaiOTCH
H3HyTpH KHCJIOTOynOp HbIM H
Kep 3 MHKOBbl M H HJIHTKaMH.
B KOTJie HMeiOTCH sarpy-
s o m ia a h pa3rpy3oqH an
ropjiOBHHbi h naTpyÖKii ajih
BBoaa BOÄHHoro n ap a, o t -
BOAa ra30B « a jih b3hthh
n p o6 j k h a k o c t h .
III,ena n ocT yn aeT b , Ba-
po^HbiH KOTeA H3 öytiK e-
Phc. 14. BHeuiHM bha BapcwHoro KOTJia. pOB, HHMHHe OTBepCTHH KO-
Topbix pacnoAararoTCH npH-
MO HaA 3arpy30qHbIMH OTBepCTHHMH KOTAOB.
n o OKOHqaHHH 3arpy3KH h a h ein e a o ee 0K0m3HHH b hhjkhioio
qacTb KOTAa H3 ßaKOB-xpaHHAHin, HaMHHaioT HaKaqHBaTb no TpyöaM
BapoHHyio KHCAOTy, KOTOpan nocTeneHHO 3anoAHHeT n p ocT p a H cra o
MeJKAy n ien oii, nponHTbiBan ee h BbiTecHHH B03Ayx. I lo A a q y B a p o ra o -
r o pacTB opa 3aKaHqHBaioT, K orAa bch m en a noKpoeTCH XHAKOCTbio.
nO CAe 3TOTO nAOTHO 3aKpbIBaiOT BepXHIOIO KpblUIKy KOTAa h ne-
pe3 uiTyuep b HHJKHefi u s c th KOTAa H aw raaioT n o A a ß a ib n ap c TeM-
n ep a T y p ö fi 160— 180°. K o r A a coAep>KHMoe KOTAa n a rp eeT ca a o 65—
75°, AaBAeHHe BHyTpH e r o B 03pscT3eT a o npeAeAbHO AonycTH M oro
(5 — 6 a r ÖAaroAapH BbiAeAeHHio H3 p acTB ops S 0 2). X [ah Toro mto-
6bi ocym ecTBHTb AaA bH efim ee noBbiuieHHe T e M n ep a iy p b i a o 1 0 5 —

46 Phc. 15. CxeMa ycxpoiicTBa B aporaoro K oraa.

3 1 0 ° 6 e 3 yB ejiH M eH H » ÄaBJieHHH, np0H 3B0ÄH T «C Ä y B K y » ra3 0 B h napoB h h h p ea ep B ya p (c u e > K y ), rÄ e rnejiOK OTÄejineTCH o t ueJiJH0Ji03bi
H3 KOTJia, B b in y c K a a h x q e p e 3 B eH ra n b , HaxoÄHm HHCH b B e p x H e ö e r o (J)HJibTpoBaHHeM q e p e 3 JioJKHoe p e u ie T ^ a T o e ä h o , n o c jie n e r o u e ju iio -
'la c T ii. Ä a B jie H H e cHHJKaeTcn, h s t o n03B 0JiH er BBecvH HOBbie n o p u n H ji0 3 a n p O M H B a e T c a b o ä o h .
n a p a h noBbicH Tb T e M n e p a T y p y b KOTJie ä o 1 0 5 — 1 1 0 ° h ÄaBJieHHe äo n p n p a 3 r p y 3 K e K o r a a n y T e M BHMbiBaHHH C H s q s jia yÄaÄH eTCH m e -
5 — 6 a r . Ile p H O Ä noÄHHTHH T e M n e p a T y p b i np0Ä0Ji«<aeTC H o t 1,5 äo jio k , K O T eji H a n ojiiin eT C H b o ä o ü , a 3 aT eM c o Ä e p X H M o e e r o c n y c K 3 e ic H
2 ,5 H acoB , n o c jie n e r o coÄep>K H M oe k o t j is o c T a B jiH e T c n cTOHTb npn b c u e jK y . 3 t o t c n o c o ö Ä a e T ß o jie e q n c T y io u e jijiio ji0 3 y , h o Tpeß yeT
3t h x ycjioB H H X b T e^ eH H e 1,5— 3 q a c o B . ß o jib iu e BpeMeHH, tc m B b irp y 3 K a n y T e M B H ÄyßaH H H .
3 t o t n e p B b ifl n ep h o ä oßpaßoTKH Ä p eB ecH H b i h o c h t Ha3BaHHe 3 a- Ä jih npoMHBaHHH uejiJii0Ji03H CHanajia H cnojib3yK)T pa36aBJiew-
iB a p K H. Hblfi meJIOK OT npeÄH Äym H X npOMblBOK, KOTOpblH npH npOMHBKe 0 6 0 -
B o BpeM H 3 aB apK H n p o n c x o Ä H T n p o ro iT b iB aH H e m enbi B ap oraH M rsm aeTCH BbIMblBaeMbIMH BemeCTB 3MH H M O *e T ßblTb HCn0JIb3O-
;paCTBOpOM H npHCOeÄHHCHHe C yjIb(})H T3 K JIHTHHHy C 06pa30 B aH H eM BaH, HanpHMep, ä jih nojiyqeHHH c n n p T a . ü o c Ä e Ä H H e npoMbiBHHe
TBepÄOH HepaCTBOpHMOH JIHrHOCyjIbfJlOHOBOH KHCJIOTbl. boäh c n ycK a ioT C H b K a H a jiH 3 a iiH io.
B o BTOpÖM nepHOÄe — C O Ö C T B e H H O B a p K H — nponcxoÄH T B
m e jio K n e p e x o ß H T o k o j i o 1 t o p r a H H 'ie c K H x B em e c T B Ha K a jK Ä y io
Äa^bHeftuiHH: n p o u e c c oö p a3 0B aH H H jiHniocyjibcjDOHOBOH k h c j i o t h h TOHHy n o jiy q e H H o ft iie ju iK u io 3 b i.
e e p a c x B o p e H H e BCJieACTBHe n o B H iu e H H « T e M n e p a T y p n ä o 14 0 — 1 5 0° B h x o ä h T e x H H q e c K o fl iiejijiioji0 3 b i cocT aB J in ioT 46— 52% o t B ec a
H 0Ö p a 30BaHHH paCTBOpHMOH KaJIbUHeBOH COJIH. riep e X O Ä H T B paCTBOp 3 a rp y*eH H O H b k o t c ä m enbi. B TexHHqecKofi iieju ii0 ji0 3 e coä cp > k h tch
T a K K e q a c T b re M H u e ju u o jio a . C o ö c T B e H H o B a p K a npoÄOJiJKaeTCH 5 — o t 1 ä o 5 % JinrHHHa h o t 2 ä o 6 % reM H uejiÄiojio3.
8 q a c o B . 3 a T e M np0H3B0ÄHT o n o p O Ä H e H H e KOTJia n y ie M BbiMHBaHHH H 3 B a p o ^ H o r o n ,exa u ,e ju n o jio 3 a n o c T y n a e T b o i h c t h m h nex.
HJIH B H ÄyßaH H H. C H a ^ a jia e e o c B o 6 o * Ä a iO T o t cym coB h H en p oB a p H B m H x cn m e n o q e K ,
IT p o u ecc BapKH KOHTpojinpyioT, H3MepHH T eM n ep a T yp y h Ä aB jie- aa T eM o t M H H epa jibH b ix n p H M e c e fl h n o c jie s T o r o ueJi.Jii0Ji03a cop T H -
HHe nOKa3bIBaiOIIl,HMH HJIH CaM OnHIUyillHM H TepM O M eTpaM H H MaHO- p y e r c H , c r y m a e r c H , H H o rÄ a T a K K e OTÖejiHBaeTCH, n o c j i e q e r o o ö e 3 B o -
M e rp a M H h OTÖHpan H3 K o r a a n poöb i meJioKa, b k o t o p o m m r p o B a - JKHBaeTCH. H 3 c u e jK n,ejuii0Ä03H aH M a c c a n p n n o M o m n T p a H c n o p T e -
HHeM onpeÄ6JiH K)T KOJiHHecTBo S O 2, a TaKJKe cjieÄ H T 3a o K p a c K o ii poB h jih rH ÄpaBJiH ^ecK H M c n o c o ö o M ( t . e. C T p y e n b o ä h ) noÄ aeT C H Ha
meJioKa. cyqKoyjiOBHTeJiH, np eÄ C T aB J in iom H e c o ö o h B p a m a io m H e c a u h -
ycoB ep m eH C T B O B aH H eM cnocoöa B apKH , u iH p o K o B H eÄ pn eM H M b JiHHÄPHHecKHe ö a p a ö a H H c o CTeHKaMH H3 M e T a ju iH q e c K H x n p y T b eB .
npOH3BOÄCTBO, HBJIHeTCH B a p K a C npH H yÄHTejlbHOH U H pK yjIH IIH efi B a- U ,e Ä Ä io ji0 3 H a H M a c c a , pa3ÖaBJieHHaH b o ä o h ä o KOHn.eHTpau.HH b
p o ^ H o ß KHCJIOTbl, npHTCM OHa n o Ä o rp e B a e T C H BHe KOTJia b c n e u n a jib - 0 ,6 — 0 , 8 % , HanpaBJiHeTCH B H yT p b 6 a p a 6 a H a . B o jiO K H a u e jiÄ i0 Ä 0 3 H h
hhx n oÄ orp eß aT eÄ H x h jih »e oöb m H H M cn p co ö o M — n yTeM bboä3 rjia B H a n M a c c a b o ä h n p o x o Ä H T q e p e 3 m e ^ H b c r e H K a x ß a p a ß a H a b
n a p a H en ocp eÄ C T B eH H o b KO Teji. LI,HpKyjiHUHH khcäo th b KOTJie c n o - BaHHy, b K O T op ofl n o M em e H ß a p a ö a H , a c y n r a h H e n p o B a p e H H b ie m e -
c o ö c T B y e T ö o j i e e paBHOM epHOM y n p O B a p y , w o y jiy n in a e T M exaH H qe- no^K H ÄßH raioTCH k KOHuy ß a p a ö a H a h cßpacbiBaiO TC H b x e j i o ö ä jih
CKH e CBOHCTBa U ejIJU 0 JI 0 3 bI H nO3B0JIHeT CHH3HTb paCSOÄbl H a ÄaJIb- o t x o ä o b . M H H e p a Ä b H b ie n p H M ecn OTÄejiaiOTCH b T a K H a3 H B aeM H X
H e ä m y io o ß p a ö o T K y . n e c o M H H u a x — ä J ih h h h x (2 5 — 3 0 m ) JioTK ax, n o k o t o p h m M eÄ-
B pe3yÄbTaTe BapKH n o jiy q a io T b o jio k h h c t y io , M a c c y — u eju n ojio3 y JieHHo T e q e T c jio h uejiJii0Ji03H0H M a c c H t o jiiu h h o h 12— 15 cm , p a 3 -
H meJIOK, B KOTOpOM COM p K a T C H B paCTBOpeHHOM BHÄe JIHrHOCyjIb- ö a B jie H H o ä ä o KOHueHTpauHH 0,3— 0,4%. ripn s to m M H H epaÄ b H H e
<j)0H0Baa KHCJIOTa, c a x a p a h Ä p y riie op ra H H q e c K H e B em ecT B a , a TaK - npH M ecH oc a K Ä a iO T C H Ha ä h o n eco^H H U bi, a ueÄ Ä K )Ä 03 H aH M a c c a n p o -
>Ke HeöojibuiHe KOJin^ecTBa cepH H C Tofi h c e p H o ö k h c jio t . ä j i h n o jiy - x o ä h t H e 3aÄep?KHBaHCb.
qeHHH 1 t n e J u n oji0 3 H p a c x o Ä y e T C H 5 ,0 n ji. m 3 o K o p e H H o ro 6 a jia H c a C jie Ä y r o m a n C TyneH b o ^ h c t r h — c o p r a p o B K a u e ju u o ji0 3 bi, t. e
h 7— 9 m 3 B apo^H oß k h c jio t h ', npH 3 to m n o jiy q a e T c a 9 — 10 m 3 O TÄeÄeH H e o t H ee ny^KOB b o ä o k o h , k o c t p h h M e jiK o r o c o p a .
m eJ io K a . P a s iiH ^ H o r o r a n a c o p r a p o B K n — u e H T p o ö e jK H b ie , npoTo^H H e h
O t neÄJiK)ji03H0H M a ccb i n p o cx b iM CTeKaHHeM OTÄejineTCH jia u ib ^ e M Ö p a H H b ie — p a ß o ia iO T n o n p H H u n n y n p o u e *H B a H H H M a ccb i q e p e 3
H eM HorHM ö o j ie e n o jio B H H H B cero K O jiH ^ecTB a m eJioK a. O c T a jib H o e K p y r jib ie h jih m ejieB H Ä H b ie OTBepcTHH.
KOJIHqeCTBO — BnHTaBUIHHCH B UeJUU0JI03y meJIOK — • M OÄHO OTÄeÄHTb H 3 owHCTHoro u e x a u e jiÄ K )Ä 0 3 a n o c T y n a e T Ha O TÖ eÄK y b o t 6 e-
TOJibKO npOMbIB3HHeM BOÄOH. J I O q H b l H u e x . O T Ö e jIK y np0H 3B0ÄH T Oßbl^HO B HeCKOJIbKO CT3ÄHH.
B birpy3K a u e jijn o jio 3 H h m e jio K a H3 KOTJia, K aK ö h j io CKa3aHO, C H a w s jia b U H ÄH H ÄpnqecKH X a n n s p 3 T 3 x (b ö s h i h h x ) u e jiÄ i0 ji0 3 3 06-
np0H3^0ÄHTCH ÄßyM H c n o c o ö a M H : B H Ä y s a H H e M h b h m bi b a- p a ö a T H B a e T C H x jio p o m . r i p n s to m n p o n c x o Ä H T x jio p H p o B a H H e ocT aB -
H H e M.- u ie r o c a b u e ju iio jio a e jin ru H H a . X jio p H p o B a u H b iä jih t h h h 3 a x e M b h m h -
n o nepB O M y c n o c o ö y coÄ ep >K H M oe KOTJia n o Ä BjiHHHHeM o c t s t o i - ßseTCH n y T e M o ö p s ö o T K H u e jiÄ io jio 3 H pa3Ö aBjieH H O H m e jio q b io b
H o r o .ÄaBÄeHHH b k o t j i c b 2 — 3 a r B biöpacbiB aeTC H b ö o ji b u i o n ö e r o n - n o Ä o Ö H o ro >Ke pO Äa öa u iH H x. Ä a J ie e u eÄ J ii0 Ä 0 3 a o ö p a ß a T H B a e T C H

•48 4 3aKa3 JM° 215

49
p a 3 6 aBJieHHbIM paeTBOpOM THnOXJIOpHTa KajIbUHH HJIH ÖejIHJIbHOH Ilo c jie c o c y H O B u ,ejiJiK U i03 H aH M acca n oÄ aeTcn b r a y q - n p e c c,
H3BecTb!0 B 6 auiHHx hjih b O TÖeJiow ux pcwuiax. BeJIHUIHH 94)4>eKT
t . e. n p o x o A H T M e * Ä y Ä ß y M H c o n p H K a c a io iU H M H c n M e> K Ä y c o ö o h Ba-
rn n oxjiop H T a ÄOCTHraeTCH rjiaBHbiM oöpa30M 3a c^ eT OKHCjieHHH jia M H , r a e H3 H e e O T JK H M aeT cn e m e H e K O T o p a n q a c T b b o ä h .
O K p a m e H H H X npHMeceß, coÄepjKauwxcH b u e jijiio jio s e , K O T O p H e n p »
’ H 3 ra yq -n p ecca M acca b B H Ä e ß e c K O H e ^ H o r o u i n p o K o r o n o jiO T H a
3T0M o6eCIIBelIHBaK)TCH. nÖÄaexcH b M O K p u ä n p e c c , c o c to h iu h ö H3 Ä B yx BaJioB, n p o x o Ä «
D ,ejijii0ji03y, npHMeHHeMyio ä jih XHMHqecKOH nepepaöoTK H , HHor/ia
M öJ K Ä y K o r o p b iM H u e j i j i i o j i o 3 a T e p H e T e i n e q a c T b b o ä h . M o k p h x n p e c -
bo BpeMH oTßejiKH noÄßepraiO T ein e o ß j i a r o p a Ä H B a H H i o , t . - e . dOB OÖbiqHO. Ö b lB a e T TpH.
o ö p a ß o T K e pacTBopoM eÄ K o ro H a rp a n pn HarpeBaHHH c uejibio y ^ a jie -
HHfl HH3K0 M0JieKyjIflpHbIX (J)paKUHH UeJIJII0JI03bI H reMHHeJIJH0J103.
B p e 3yjib T aT e oßjiaropa>KHBaHHH coÄep>KaHHe reMHU,ejiJiioJi03 ch h -
jK aeT ca ä o 1— 3 % , a BH3KOCTb pacT B opoB u ejijiio jio 3 H , n o jiy q a eH H X
n p « flaJibHeHiuefi e e n ep ep a ö o T K e, noBHiuaeTCH BejieaeTBHe yÄajieH H a
HH3K0M0JieKyjIHpHHX (JjpaKUHH. H3ÖHT0K BOÄH H3 OÖJiaropOJKeHHOH
u eju if0 ji0 3 b i y^ajineTCH c no-
Mombio crycTHTeJieü
( p a c . 1 6 ) , KQTopbie p a 6 o T a io T
cJie^yiomHM oöp asoM .
Pa3ßaBjieHHaH ö e jie H a »
u ejijn ojio3 a n o cT y n a eT b BaH-
Hy ( 1 ) , b KOTopoä B pam aeT ca
ii ,h j ih h ä P ( 2 ) , 6 o k o b 3 h noB epx-
HOCTb KOTOpOrO COCTOHT H3
MeTajuiHHecKofi c s t k h . B oa a
Phc. 16. CrycTHTeJifa. npoca^HBaeTCH qepe3 hhchkh
1 — BaHHa; 2 — i< h jih h «p ; 3 bajihk. CeTKH BHyTpb UHJIHHApa B X '
y^aJiseTCH qepe3 Topu,H, a R-; Phc. 17. CxeMa ycTpoßcTBa c t o j io b o ö M a n iH H U .

neJuiK)Ji03a npHJinnaeT k noßepxHocTH ceTKH h 3aTeM cHHMaeTcn c
Hee npn n oM om « BajiHKa ( 3 ) , oöraH yToro cyKHOM (rayq-BaJiHK).
CrymeHHaa Macca nona^aeT b öaccefiH äjih cryw eH H oro BOJioKna,
OTKy,a,a nepeKa^HBaeTCH Ha o 6 e 3 B O * H B a i o m y i o m a ui h h y
c cyniHJiKOH äjih nojiyqeHHH TOBapHOH n,ejiJH0Ji03H b BHÄe jihctob
0 6 e 3 B O * H B a i o m a a m a ui h h a cxoaHa no KOHCTpyKiWH c
ßyMaroÄejiaTejibHofl, cxeMa KOTopofi HaoöpajKeHa Ha pncyHKe 17.
OHa c o c to h t H3 Tpex qacTeö: ceTOHHOfi, npeccoBoß h cyrnnjibHofi. K o-
HeTOOH uejibio ee paöoTH HBjiaeTca noJiyqeHHe cy xo fi iiejuiioji03H0f?
nanKH.
U,ejuiK)ji03HaH M acca n ocT yn aeT b H a n y c K H o f i h i u h k hjih
JKejioö c e T O i H o ä q a c t h, rÄ e pasöaBjineTCH b o ä o ö ä o KOHHeHT-
pan,HH b 1 % , h OTClOÄa n o pe3HHOBOMy 4 )apTyK y BbiTeKaeT Ha öecK o-
HeqHyio M eTajuiH uecKyio c e t k y , ÄBHMcymyiocH c o C K opocrbio 2 0 —
4 0 m b MHHyTy. n p H ÄBHHceHHH H3 c jio h Maccbi CTeKaeT CKB03b c e r e y
ßojibiuaH qacTb b o ä h . Ä a J itH e fim e e o 6 e 3ß o*H B aH H e n p 0H3B0ÄHTcH
npn npoxojKÄeHHH JieHTbi HaÄ c o c y H H U M H a m h k a m H, b k o to -
pbix c o 3ÄaeTCH p a 3pe>KeHHe.
1 E cjih uejuii 0ji 03a Ha stom x e 3aBOjie nepepaöaTW ßaeTca Ha ßyMary, t o
Macca Ha 6apa6aHe OTHcuMaeTcss EaJiHKoM, ycTaHOBjieHHhiM Bnojib 6apa6aHa, ao
KOHueHTpaiiHH b 3— 6% . OT/Karaa Macca CHHMaeTCH c 6apa6aHa jjepeBHHHbiMH
cfcpeÖKaMH (rnaöepH) h HanpaB.iüercsi b OTp.ejienne /utn BLjpaöoTKH ßyM ar«.
t — H a n o p H tift hu\hk; 2 — ceT K a ; 3 — r p y ^ H o fl BaJi; 4 — perHCTpoßtie b b j i h k h ; 5 — OTca-
cfaiBaiou^He »u;hkh; 6 — paBHHTejibHtiift BajiHK; 7 — r a y q - n p e c c ; 8 — ceTKOBeflymiift BaJiHK;
t h f ^ n e p B H ß OTcacMBaiozmitt n p e c c ; 10 — B t o p o t t O TcacH B aiom H ä n p e c c ; t l — c r jia 3 K H B a io -
mpfl n p e c c ; 12 — cy K H o; 13 — cy K H O B eA vm n ß BaJiHK; 14 — HaTJijKHoft bhjihk; 15— npaBH-
teilb H b lft BajIHK: 16 — HHJKHHÖ CyiUHJIbHWÖ ItHJIHHÄp: 17 — BepXHHfl CyiUHJlbHblft UHJIHHflp;
1% r - cyKHOcyaiHjTbHUfl h h jih h a p ; 19—-c y K H o H M ».H ero H p y c a ;; 20 — cyKHO B e p x n e r o Hpy*
21 — x o j i o A H ^ b H H e U H J iH H A P b r; 22 — h h ä h h ü BaJi K a j i a H ^ p a ; 23 — B e p x H H f l e a j i K a J ia H A -
.Hv pa; 24 — uhjihhäp HaKata; 25 — HaMaTbJBaeMUft pyjiOH öyMaru.
B b ixoflH in ee H3 n p ecco B o ö q a c ™ u e ju iio ji03Hoe noJiOTHO coÄepJKHi
o r o jio 65— 55% b o ä h . XtajibH eihnee 0ße3B0)KHBaHHe np0H3B0ÄHTCH
EHiCyuiHJIbHOH qaCTH MaUIHHH.
-ctiC y m H J i b H a n q a c i b npeACTaBjiaeT c o ö o ö a s a psifla nyCTO-
Tejibix UHJiHHÄpoB, oöorp eB aeM b ix H3HyTpH napoM , KOTOpHe nocjieÄO -
aaTejibHo o r n d a e r nojioTHo aeÄÄK)jio3H. C nocjieÄHero unjiHHÄpa c x o -
neJuiK)ji03H0e nojioTHo c coÄepjKaHHeM BJiarn okojio 12%.
h H H o rÄ a cyu iK a np0H3B0ÄHTca ropn^HM B03Äyx0M, n oÄ aß ae-
oco6 b ie KaMepbi, b k o t o p h x nepeÄBHraeiCH iieju ii0Ä 03H0 e
IlOJIOTHO.
- 5; f l o BbixoÄe H3 cyniHJibHOH qacTH iiejuiK)ÄO 3H0e nojioTHo pa 3pe-
; 4 ^ t c h Ha jihcth pa3MepOM 80X100 cm. Bec K B aaparaoro MeTpa T a-
Koro jracTa 500— 700 z. JIhcth CKJiaÄHBaroTCH b KHnbi, npeccyioTCH,
^peBH3HBaioTCH *ejie3HOH npoBOJioKoä h ornpaBJiHioTCH Ha 6yMa>K-
4>a6pHKH hjih äjih nojiyqeHHH HCKyccTBeHHoro BOJiOKHa.

50 4*
51
 H C n 0 J lb 3 0 B A H H E nOBOMHblX nPOflYKTO B
H OTXOÄOB
H a n ö o jie e neHHbiMH noöoqHHMH npoAyKraM H npn np0H3B0ACTBe
üeaJii0Ji03bi n o cyjibcj)HTHOMy e n o c o ö y h b a h io tc h cyAb(})HTHHH w e n o k ,
t . e. jKH/iKOCTb, oTAejiniom ancH o t npOBapeHHOH apeeecH H bi, v cep -
hihcthh ra s, bxoah iu ,™ b cocTaB cA yßaeM bix m KOTJia ra30B b o BpeMH
BapKH.
TjiaBHbie cocraBH bie q a c rn m e/iona — KajibUHeBbie c o jih jim tho-
cyjib(J)OHOBbix k h c jio t, reKC03bi (rjii0 K 0 3 a, MaHH03a h ra jia K T 0 3 a ), neH-
T03U (KCHJi03a), yK cycH an h MypaBbHHaH k h c jio th , MeTHJioBbiH cnnpT
h a p y r n e opraHHqecKHe Bem ecTBa, non a e m e He HccAeaoBaHHbie.
MeTOÄOB noJiHioro Hcnojib30B aH H H m e jio K a e m e He hm cctch.
OßbraHO o h ompaBJiHeTCH Ha cnHpTOBbie 3aBOÄH, r a e noAßepraiO T
cßpaJKHBaHHK) c o Ä e p J K a m n e c H b hcm c a x a p a (cm. r jia B y o npoH3BOA-
c tb € c n H p T a ).
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ÄpoHCHieft. m e j i o « , ocTaioruHHCH n o c jie o t t o h k h cn n pTa, TaK Ha3bi-
BaeMan ö ä p A a , Hcnojib3yeTCH ä ä h noJiyqeHHH AyÖHTeJien hjih Kpenn-
TeJieß AJIH JIHTCHHblX (J)OpM.
H 3 1 t cyjibcjoHTHoro meJiOKa n o jiy q a e T c a 5 — 7 ji STHJioBoro
ciTHpTa, 0,5 k z k o p m o b h x ÄpoJKJKeH h 100 k z 80-npoiieH TH oro koh-
ueHTpaTa, npHMeHHeMoro ä jih KpeiuieHHH AHTefiHbix (J)opM.
CepHHCTbiö r a 3 yjiaßjiHBaeTCH H3 c a y ß a eM H x ra3 0 B nyTeM n o r jio -
meHHH CHaqajia k h c jio to h , H aym eü Ha BapK y, a 3aTeM b o ä o h b ö a K a x
h jih KOJiOHHax c H acaflK ofi. TenjioTa cayß aeM b ix ra3 0 B Hcnojib3yeTcn
ä jih n o flo rp e B a H H H ß a p o q H o ä k h c jio th .
O TXoaaM H npn BbipaßoTKe H,ejunojio3bi h b jih io tch cyqKH, HeAOßa-
pHBuinecH KycoqKH h rp y ö b ie B0Ji0KHa, yjiaßjiH BaeM bie cyqK oyjioßH Te-
JIHMH H COpTHpOBKaMH, H BOJIOKHO, yjiaBJIHBaeMOe H3 npOMBIBHHX BOA.
3 t h o t x o ä h n epepaöaT b iB aioT Ha o ö e p T o q H y io ö y M a fy h jih Ha KapTOH.
Cyjlb4>ATHA3 UEJ1J110J103A
r t o cyjib(j)aTHOM y c n o e o ö y , BnepBbie ocym ecTBjieHHOM y b 1884 ro -
A y, m en a BapHTCH c o meAoqHbiM pacTBopoM , b c o c ra B KO Toporo bxo-
ÄHT eAKHÖ H3Tp H CepHHCTblH HaTpHH. rioCAeAHHÖ B BOAHHX paCTBO-
p a x rHApoJiH3yeTCH no ypaBHeHHio:
N a 2S + H 20 r ! N a H S + N a O H .
T aK H M o 6 p a3 D M , a-KTHBBHMH XHMHqecKHMH p ea ren ra M H , A e HCT-
B yiom H M H Ha JlHrHHH h rcMHiie.JMi0Ji03H, h b a h io tch e A K a n m e A o q b H
rH Apocyjib(})H A HaTpHH. riocjieAH H H o ß p a 3yeT c ah th h h om ÄpeBecHHbi
npoAyKTH , A e r K o pacTBOpHMbie b m eA o q a x .
3 t h peareHTbi noAaiOTCH b b h ag b o a h o to pacTB opa — « ö e jio r o m e-
A O K a »,'k KOTOpoMy oÖ H qno AoßaBJiHercH «q e p H b ifl», t . e. OTpaöoTäH-
HlblH WfiJlOK.
O ö m e e KOAHqecTBo m ejio q n ( N a O H + N a 2S ) b n ep ecq eT e Ha N a 20
b öeJioM m ejioK e cocraßA H eT 2 0 — 25 % k Becy aöcoA ioTH o c y x o fi Ape-
52
BecHHH. E ak o to HaTpa coAepJKHTcn b m ejio K e b 3— 4 pa3a öoAbine,
qeM CyJIbt})HÄa HaTpHH.
ripouecc BapKH npoAOJiKaeTca o t 2,5 ao 5 qacoB. B TeqeHHe 1—
1,5 qaca TeMnepaTypa noAHHMaeTCH ao 165— 175° h noAÄep>KHBaeT-
cs Ha 3tom ypoBHe 1— 2,5 qaca. JXaBJieme 7,5 — 9 ar.
B KaqecTBe hcxoahoto CbipbH 3Aecb HapHAy c ejioBoö ApeBecHHoii
npHMeHHeTCH H COCHOBaH, CMOJIHCTOCTb KOTOpOÖ He HBAHeTCH 3AeCb
BpeAHOH, KaK npn cyAb(J)HTH>0M cnoco6e, TaK KaK cmojih pacTBopHioT-
ch B ineAoqax. C ycnexoM Hcn0Ab3yi0Tcn T3K>Ke o t x o ä h jieconnjib-
HHX 33BOAOB — TopÖblJIb H peHKa.
n o a n n a p a T y p H O M y otf)opM JieH H io nponecc BapKH h oqncTKH cyjib-
(})aTHOH neAAK)A03bi cxoAeH c nponeccaM H noAyqeHHH cyAb^HTHofl
neAAK)ji03bi. CyinecTBeHHbie pa3JinqHH hmciotch b npon eccax pereHe-
panHH h Hcn0Ab30BaHHH OTpaßoTaHHoro (q e p H o r o ) ineAOKa h Be­
mecTB, BHAeAHIOmHXCH npH CAyBKe.
HepHbift m eA O K noqT H n o jiH o e r b io p e re H e p H p y e T C H n y T e M e r o y n a -
pHBaHHH h 3aT eM c * H r a H H H op ra H H q e c K H X B em ecT B h n e p e p a ö o T K H
MHHepajIbHblX Bem eCTB. m e A O K AOJIJKeH B 03B pam aTbC H Ha npOH3BOA-
CTBa B B03M05KH0 ÖOAee KOHneHTpHpOB3HHOM BHÄe. ÜO 9T0ft npHqH-
He o ö o r p e B np0H3B0AHTCH He B BeAeH neM ocT p oro n a p a b B ap oqH H H
K oreji, a HarpeBaHHeM meAOKa b n o A orp eB a ieJ ie. III,ejiOK HenpepbiBHO
n n p K y jiH p y e T q e p e 3 n o A o r p e ß a T e A b h k o t c a .
H to Ö H He BBOAHTb MHOro BOAbl ß meAOK, npOMblBKa neAAI0A03H
np0H3B0AHTCH b ocoöbix a n n a p a T a x — A H ^ ^ y s o p a x hah b a k y-
y M-(p H J I b T p a X .
PereH epan H H meAOKa npoH3BOAHTCH CAeAyiomHM 0 Öpa30M. C H a-
qaAa e r o ynapH B aioT b BbinapHbix a n n a p a T a x a o coAepjKaHHH c y x o r o
o c T a ra a b 5 0 % . C rym eH H biii TaKHM 0Öpa30M meAOK cMeuiHßaiOT c
CyAb(})aTOM HaTpHH (OTCIOÄa H B03HHKAO Ha3ßaHHe e n o e o ö a ) H Ha-
npaBAHioT b ireqn, rue opraHHqecKHe Bem ecTBa npn nponycKaHHH
B03Ayxa cropaK )T, a MHHepajibHbie Bem ecTBa npeTepneßaiO T HHbie xh -
MHqecKHe npeßpameHHH. HaxoAHmnecH b meAOKax coeAHHeHHH HaT­
pHH AaiOT coA y ( N a 2C 0 3) , a cyA b ^aT HaTpHH BoccTaHaßAHßaeTCH
yrAep0A0M b CepHHCTblH HaTpHH:
; N a 2S 0 4 - f 2 C -> N a 2S + 2 C 0 2.
CoAa h CepHHCTblH HarpHfi nAaBHTCH npn TeMnepaType neqn
1100— 1200°. ÜAaB HenpepbiBHO cnycKaeTcn b cocya c b o ä o h hah
CAaßbiM meAOKOM. B noAyqeHHbifi pacTBop, TaK HasHBaeMHfi 3eAeHbifl
öieAOK, AoöaBAHeTCH H3BecTb, KOTOpaH npn HarpeßaiiHH nepeBOAHT
CoAy b eaKHH HaTp (n pon ecc KaycTH^HKannn) :
N a 2C 0 3+ C a ( O H )a -> 2 N a 0 H + C a C 0 3.
' yrAeKH CAbiö KaAbnHH o c e A a e T Ha a h o , a ocBeTAeHHbifl pacTBop
^npeACTaBAHer c o ö o fi öejibin m eA O K , K o ro p b iH chob3 n y c K a e r c n b n p o-
H3BOACTBO.
yrAeKH CAbiö KaAbnHH oöjKHraeTCH, h noAyqeH H aa H3BecTb CHOBa
HAeT Ha KaycTH(J)HKanHKD.
 n p H cyjib(})aTHOM cnocoöe nojiyqaroT em e HeK0T0pue ueHHbie no-
ßoHHbie npoflyKTbi. T a n , m ra30B, cayBaeMbix m KOTJia bo BpeMH 3a-
BapKH, BblÄejIHIOT CKHnHÄap II MeTHJIOBHH CnHpT. ü p H XpaHeHHH
cyjibtJjaTHoro m ejioKa oTÄeJinioTCH (BcruibraaiOT) OMHjieHHue cm ojih,
H3 KOTOpblX MOJKHO npHrOTOBJIHTb MHJIO, K3HH(J)OJIb H ÄpyrHe üpO-
ÄyKTbl.
H eß ejieH a n cyjib(}>HTHaH n eju ii0ji03a HMeeT öeJin fi c >KejiTOBaTbiM
OTTeHKOM UBeT, a cyjib(})aTHaH — KopHqHeBHfi.
Cyjib<f>aTHaH u e jy iio jio 3 a n o c p a B H era io c cyjib(j)HTHOH c o Ä e p * H T
MeHbuie cm oji H ö o jib m e reMHH,eji.üK>Jio3. B 33bhchm octh o t h c x o a h o fo
CbipbH H pejKHMa BHpaÖOTKH OHa ÖblBaeT pa3JIHHHOrO Ka^eCTBa— OT
MHrKofi ä o oqeu b JKecTKofi (c jia ß o npOBapeHHOß). TaKan K ecT K an
n ejiÄ io jio 3 a oTJimaeTCH ß ojib m efi MexaHHnecKoß npoHHOCTbro h npH­
MeHHeTCH ä ä h BbipaöoTKH cneunajibH bix b h äob ßyM arH — KaßejibHbix,
HaMOTOMHblX, npOnHTOqHblX H ÄPyrH X, a TaKJKe ÄJIH H3rOTOBJieHHH
öyM ajKHbix MeuiKOB — T a p u ä jih cb in yq n x MaTepnajiOB (ueMeHT, xh-
MHKaJIHH), ÄJIH BbipaÖOTKH K3pTOHHOH Tapbl, HCKyCCTBeHHOH KOJKH,
H3ÄejiHH H3 f3yMa?KHofl npHJKH h t . n. BejieHSH cyjib(})aTHaH uejijno-
Ji03a BecbMa npnroÄ H a ä jih b h a c jik h x o p o u in x neqaTHbix ö y M a r h
n p o M O K aT ejib H b ix Ö y M a r.
npOH3BOÄCTBO cyJIb(})aTHOH U,eJIJIK)JI03bI, K 0 T 0 p 0 e p aH b U ie
TejIbHO OTCTaBajIO OT npOH3BOÄCTBa CyjIb(J)HTHOH, ceß^ac
p a c T e T h n o KOJiH^ecTBy B b in y c K a e M o ä n p o Ä yK itH H H aqH H a eT Ä o ro H H T b
CyjIb(J)HTHOe npOH3BOÄCTBO.
TjiaBHbie o ß jia c T H npHM eneHHH ÄpeBecHoft n ,ejiju ojio3 b i— s t o no-
JiyqeHHe H3 Hee S yM a ra , ncKyccTBeH H oro BOjiOKHa h jiaKOB, Ha onn-
caHHH np0H3B0ÄCTBa KOTOpbix m h 0CT3H0BHMCH Ä a jiee.
H3JI0JKHM Kp3TKO CymHOCTb Ä p y rH X MCTOÄOB BbiÄejieHHH UejUIIO-
JI03H. r io H a T p o H H O M y m e t o ä y Ä p e ß e c H H a BapHTCH n o Ä Ä 3 B-
JieHHeM c 6 — 8 -n p o u eH T H U M p acT B O p oM e a K o r o ifa T p a n p « 1 6 5 — 170°
b T eqeH H e 4 — 6 q a c o B . J Ih th h h p a c T B o p n e T c n b m e jio q n , reM H uejijno-
Jio3bi TaKJKe q a c r a q H O p acT B opn ioT C H h rH Ä p o jiH 3yioTCH , c m o jih npe-
Bpam aiOTCH b pscTB O pH M bie b BOÄe H aT p n eB b ie c o jih c m o jih h h x k h c ­
j i o t . UI,eji0K n o c jie npoM biBKH u e jijn o ji0 3 bi c r y m a e T c n B binapHBaHHeM
h cjKH raeTO H . B c e c o Ä e p jK a m n e c H b m e jio q H o p ra H H q e c K H e B em ecT B a
npH 3T 0 M CrOpaiOT, OCTaBJIHH B OCTaTKe COÄy, H3 KOTOpOH 0 6 p 3 Ö0 TK0 fl
C a (O H ) 2 CHOBa nojiyqaioT eÄKHÖ H3Tp. H o H a rp oH H O M y cn ocoöy
nepepsßsTbiBaiO T t ä s b h h m 0ßpa30M c o jiO M y h JiHCTBeHHyio
CHHy.
ü o xjiop H O -m eJio^H O M y M eTO Ä y B b ia ejieH H e u e ju iio jio 3bi H3 Ä p e ß e -
CHHbl HJIH H3 COJIOMbl Iip0H3B0ÄHTCH B ÄB6 CT3ÄHH: CHaqajia ÄpeBe-
CHHa oöpaöaTbiBaeTCH x j io p o m c uejibio n o jiyq eH H H x jio p jm r H H H a , a
3 a ie M m eJ ioqb K ). O ö p a 3 0 B a B u iH fic H n pn Ä eöcT B H H x jio p a x jio p jra rH H H
jierqe pacTBopneTcn b pa3ÖaBJieHHOH mejioqH ( y » e npn 50— 6 0 °).
3 to t ^weTOÄ u e jie c o o 6 p a 3 H O npHM eHHTb npH B biÄejieHHH u ,eju ii0 ji0 3H
H3 COJIOMbl H Ä p y rH X CejIbCK0X03HHCTBeHHhIX OTXOÄOB.
f l o ß o j i b H o q a c T o , o c o ö e H H o ä j ih n o jiyq eH H H T aK H 33biB aeM bix nojiy-
IiejU II0 Ä 0 3 , IipHMeHHIOT HeÖTpSJIbHblH CyjIb(})HTHbIH CHOCOÖ, npH KOTO-
54
poH b KaqecTBe p eareH T a HcnoJib3yeTca pacTBop N a 2S 0 3 c ÄOÖaBKoft
N a H C 0 3 hjih N a 2C 0 3.
A 3 O T H O K 0 C J I O T H H Ü MeTOÄ SaKJIKD^aeTCH B OÖpaÖOTKe Äpe-
eeCHHH 7 — 10-npOII.eHTHbIM paCTBOpOM a30TH0H KHCJIOTH npH nOBH-
ineHHofi TeMnepaType. n pH stom nponcxoÄHT OKHCJieHHe h qacTH^Hoe
HHTpoBaHHe jiHrHHHa (o6pa30BaH H e HHTpocoeÄHHeHHä 3a cqeT 3 aMe-
meHHH HHTporpynnaMH aTOMOB BOÄOpOÄa b 6eH30ÄbHHX KOJibuax
MOÄeKyÄH JinrHHHa). TaKofi HHTpoBaHHbiö JinrHHH, KaK h xjiopnpo-
BaHHHÜ, Jierqe pacTBopneTcn b pa3ÖaBJieHH0H me^onH.
■ H 3 s t h x MeTOÄOB ö o jib u iee 3HaneHHe HMeioT HeflTpajibH0-cyjib4)HT-
HblH H XJIOpHO-meJIOTOOH.
IT P O H 3 B O A C T B O H H C F 1 0 J lb 3 0 B A H H E J ^ P E B E C H O H
M ACCbl
J\iih MHorHX H3ÄeJiHfi b KaqecTB e ä o ö s b k h k iieJiJiiOJio3e npH H3ro -
' TOBÄeHHH ö y M a ra npHMeHHeTCH Ä p e B e c H a n M a c c a , t . e.
«3M ejibqeH H an ÄpeßecHHa c ÄOÖaBKOH b o ä h h a p y r u x MaTepHajioB.
n p o n e c c noJiyqeHHH ÄpeBecH oß Maccbi HMeeT m h oto o ö m e r o c
npOH3BOÄCTBOM UejIJIK)JI03bI, HO TOp33ÄO n p om e, nOSTOMy Mbl JIHIHb
3 HaqH-
BKpaTU,e onnrneM raaBHeftuiHe CTaaHH 3 T o r o n p 0 H3B0 ACTBa Ha np w -
ÖbICTpO M epe nOÄyqeHHH ö e jio fi Ä peB ecH oä M accn .
flpeBeCHH3 XBOHHblX ÄepeBbeB — ejIH H nHXTbl, 3 HHOTÄ3 H JIHCT-
BeHHblX nopOÄ — B BHÄe Ö3JI3HC0B nOÄaeTCH B H ,ex Ä e ( J ) H Ö p H p O -
s a h h H. Ta,K Ha3biB3 eTCH n p o u ecc HCTHpaHHH ÄpeBecHHH nyTeM
npH*HMaHHH ö a jia H c a k B p am aiom eM ycn KaMHio. MauiHHH, Bbinoji-
1HHiomHe 3Ty paßoTy, Ha3biBaiOTCH Ä e ^ H ß p e p a M H .
H 3 -n oÄ KaMHH b h x o ä h t HCTepTaH ÄpeßecHHa, cMemaHHan C BOÄOH
(ÄpeB ecH aH M a c c a ) c co Ä ep ^ a H H eM o t 20 ä o 40 e c y x o ro BOjiOKHa Ha
jiHTp. 3 T a M acca onnmaeTCH o t rpyöbix ÄpeßecHbix qacTHH,: m enoK,
nyqKOB b o jio k o h h t . ä- (rp y ö a n cop ra p O B K a ) h 3aTeM h ä c t Ha an na-
'paTH ÄJIH TOHKOH COpTHpOBKH, KOTOpaH 3aKJIK)qaeTCH B OTÄeJieHHH
‘'CpeÄHHX H MeÄKHX BOJIOKOH OT TpyÖblX.
M eTO ÄH coprapoB K H Ä p eB ecH oö Maccbi c x o ä h h c onncaHHbiMH
‘t>aHee (cTp. 45) MeTOÄaMH c o p th p o b k h u;ejijii0Ä03H0H Maccbi.
' OTcopTHpoB 3 HH3 H ÄpeßecHaH Macca, coÄepscaman öojibm oe koäh-
'^eCTBO BOÄH, MeTOÄaMH, CXOÄHHMH C TeMH, K3 KHe npHMeHHIOTCH npH
Äpeße-
T3Öe3Bo>KHBaHHH uejijiK)ji03H, o6e3BOH<HBaeTCH Ha crycTHTejiHx ä o
"K0HUeHTp3UHH 40— 60 z/jl.
F p y ß n e ny^KH ÄonojiHHTejibHO p33MejibqaioTCH (b pa^H H epax) h
'-CHOBa n o c T y n a io T Ha cop T H p o B K y .
E c jih ÄpeßecHaH M acca npeÄHa3HaqeHa ä jih nepeB030K H3 3Haqn-
" te jlb H b ie paCCTOHHHH HJIH ÄOJIJKHa XpaHH TbCH Ä JIH TejIbH O e BpeMH, TO
« « iiOÄBepraiOT Ä^JibHeßineMy o6e3B o*H B aH H io Ha nanoqH bix MamHHax.
n a n o M H a n M aiiiHHa y c T p o e H a h p a ß o T a e T c jie Ä y io m H M 0 6 -
^pasoM (pnc. 18). B BaHHe (1 ) BpamaeTCH ceTqaTbiö öapaßaH (2 ) c
«pHeMHHM B3JIHK0M ( 3 ) , KOTOpHH 0XB3TbIBaeTCH ÖeCKOHeqHOH JieH-
Tog H3 cyKHa (4 ). n p H BpameHHH 6 a p a 6 a H a h BajiHKa k cyK H y Ha
55
MecTe e r o npHJKHMaHHH k ß sjraK y n p n jin n a eT t o h k h ö c jio ö BOJipKHa,
K0T0p0e no^aeTCH cyKHOM b n p ecc, c o c to h u ih h h3 Ä ß y x b 3 jih k ob ( 5 ) ,
r ^ e o h o OTJKHMaeTCH ä o KOHu,eHTpan,HH c y x o r o Bem ecTBa (2 5 — 3 0 %
B jia r n ). ü p o x o Ä H qep e3 n p ecc, c jio h b o jio k h s npHJinnaeT k BepxHeM y
B a jiy (4)opM aTH H fi b s ji) h HaMaTbiBaeTCH Ha H ero. K o r ^ a ÄOCTHrayTa
3aaaHHaH ranm H H a, 06pa30BaBm aHca n an n a pa3pe3aeTCH n o flJiHHe
Bajia, cHHMaeTCH c H ero h HanpaBJiHeTca Ha c k jis ä hjih Ha ynaKOBKy.
CyKH o, ocBoöoÄHBineecH o t b o jio k h s , cHOBa B03BpamaeTCH k ceT-
qaTOMy ö a p a ö a H y , n p eA B a p n iejib H o npoünH cyKHOMOHKy ( 6 ) , r a e oh o
npoMbißaeTCH h oTnpeccoBbiBaeTCH. TaKHM 0Öpa30M n o jiy q a io T jih ctm
t o jic t o h nanKH.
T oT O B an Ä peßecH aH M acca H M eeT K e j i T 0 B aT0 -cep b iH u ß eT ,
n p e jK a e qeM y n o T p e ß jiH T b ä jih B u p a ö o T K H ö y M a r n , e e H H o ra a OTÖejiH-
BaioT c noMoiUbio p acTB O -
poB nepeKH ca HaTpHH b
npHCyTCTBHH CepHOKHCJIOTO
MarHHH h KpeMHeKHCJioro
HaTpHH. JXjIH OTÖeJIKH npn-
MeHHIOT T3KJKe ÖHCyjIb^HT
HaTpHH H rHÄpOCyJIb(|)HT
n,HHKa ( Z n S 2 0 4) .
BeJieHan Ä p e ß e c H a a M a c ­
c a HBJIHeTCH UeHHOH ÄOÖaB-
KOH K nejIJIK)JI0 3 e npH B b l-
P hc. 18. nanotmaa MauiHHa.
I — B aH H a; 2 — c e m a T b i f i ß a p a ö a H ; 3 — n p H e M H b ift paßoTK e xo p o n iH x c o p T o e
BajiHK; 4 — jieH Ta H3 c y K H a ; 5 — n p e c c ; 6 — c y - n en aT H oft ö y M a rn .
K H O M O Ü K a.
y M e H b in a eT n p o sp aH H oeTb .
n,ejiJii0Ji03H0H ß y M a r n , n p a-
Ä a e T ß y M a r e 3H a r a T e jib H y io n y x jio c T b , h to o ö e g je H H B a e T -paBHOMep-
Hoe BnHTbiBaHHe THnorpac^cKofl KpacKH.
B e jia n ÄpeB ecH aa M acca b hh ctom BHÄe He MOjKeT öbiTb n cn ojib -
30BaHa ä jih nojiyqeHHH öyM a rn , TaK KaK OHa coÄepjKHT cjihihkom kö-
pOTKHe h xe c T K H e BOjiOKHa. rioHCKH cnocoöoB nojiyqeHHH ß yM arn «3:
OÄHOÖ TOJibKO ÄpeBeCHO« Maccbi npHBejIH K OTKpblTHIO npOH3BOÄCTB3
ß y p o fi ÄpeB ecH oä Maccbi, n p n roÄ H oä ä jih H3roxoBJieHHH npoHHoä
oö ep T oq H ofl ö y M a rn h KapTOHa. B s to m c jiy q a e ÄpeBecHHy n ep eÄ Ä e-
^HÖpHpoßaHHeM nponapH BaioT n o a ÄaßJieHHeM b 3— 5 a r b repM e-
THnecKH 3aKpMTOM KOTJie b TeqeHHe 6 — 8 qacoB. Ü 3 TaK oro npon apeH -
H oro ö a jia H ca n o jiyq a ex cH ÄpeßecHaH M acca c ß o jiee äJihhhhm h bo-
JI0 KH3 MH, ÖJIH3KaH n o CB0 H C IB 3 M K I ie jljll0 j l 0 3 e. 0 ä H 3 KO 3T a Ä p e ß e c -
H3H M 3 CCa O Ö JiaÄaeT KOpHHHeBblM IIBeTOM, HTO O rpaH H H H ßaeT OÖJiaCTb
e e npHMeHeHHH.
B nocjreÄHHe t o ä h ÖHCTpo pa3BHBaexcH np0H3B0ÄCTB0 TaK Ha3bi-
BaeMOÖ «XHMHHeCKOÖ ÄpeBeCHOft» Maccbi, H3r0T0BJIHeM0H ÄetJjHÖpH-
poßaHi^eM ßajiaHCOB (v s m e H3 JiHCTBeHHofi ÄpeBecHHbi) npeÄßapH-
TejibHO n p o ß a p e H H b ix , H an pH M ep , b p a c T ß o p e , c o a e p J K a m e M N 3 2C O s
h NaHCÖ 3. T a K a n M a c c a cpaBHHTejibHO JierKO oTÖejiHBaeTCH h o ß jia -
Ä a e T ÄOCTaTOHHOfl npOHHOCTblO.
nPOH 3BO ACTBO B Y M A rH
ByM ara npeÄCTaßjiHeT co öo fl t o h k h h c jio h b o j i o k h h c t o t o M a T e -
pnajis, c o c to h u ],h h H3 TecHo nepenjieTeHHbix M e K f ly co ö o ä h yn jiO T -
HeHHUX npn o ö p a ö o T K e p s c r a T e jib H H x b o jio k o h (b o c h o b h o m n e jijiic -
JI03bl) C ÄOÖaBJieHHbIMH K HHM ynjIOTHHIOIUHMH H n p 0 K ÄeH B3 K)in,HMH’
B em e c T B a mh.
Be3 sToro crajib oöbmHoro äjih Hac MaTepnajia HeB03M0* H 0 ceße
npeÄCTaBHTb KyabTypHoe cymecTBOBaHHe qejiOBeKa. r 33eTbi, khhth,
jKypHajibi, 4>oTorpa<|)HH, n jia K a ra , qepTeHCH, xeTpaan, o 6 oh , nannpo-
cbi, caji4>eTKH, ynaKOBO^Hbie KopoÖKH h o6epTKH — Bce s to CÄeJiaHO
h, H3 öyMarn.
KpoM e t o t o , ßyMara cneiiH3ÄbHoä Bbipaßoren npHMeHHeTCH: b
3JieKTp0np0MbimjieHH0CTH npH H3rOTOBJieHHH KOHÄeHCaTOpOB, TpaHC-
4>opM3TopoB, Kaßejiefl h SÄeKTpoÄBHraTejiefi, rÄe OHa nrpaeT n p e ^ a e
Bcero p o Ä b H30JiHUHOHHoro M a T e p a a jia ; K aK npoKJiaÄO H H biä, T e n jio -
H30JIHIIH0HHbIH H HiyMOnOrjIOmaiOmHH M 3 Tep H 3 Ä B 3BT0- H CyÄO-
CTpOeHHH; B CTpOHTeJIbHOÜ npOMblUIJieHHOCTH B K3HeCTBe KpOBeJIbHO-
ro, ÄGKOpaTHBHoro, Tenjio- h 3ByK0H30JiHu,H0HH0r0 MaTepH3jia; H3
ÖyMarH H3rOTOBJIHIOT MeUIKH ÄJIH IieMeHTa, yÄOÖpeHHÖ H p33JIHHHbIX
XHMHKaTOB.
Cnen,HajibHbie b h ä u ß yM a ra HainjiH b n ocjieÄ H ee BpeMH npHMeHe­
HHe B CejIbCKOM X03HHCTBe ÄJIH 3amHTbI OT COpHHKOB BCXOÄOB OBOIIieÖ
(ÖHTyM HpOBaHHaH BCX0Ä033HIHTH3H 6 y M 3 r a ) , qTO pe3KO CKa3bIBaeTCH
Ha noBbimeHHH y p o * a a h CHHJKaeT ä o MHHHMyMa 3 aTpaTbi Tp yÄ a Ha
O hs nponoJiKy h y x o Ä 3a n o ceB aM H .
O Ä H a K o r jia B H e ö m e e npH M eH eH H e ß y M a r s hsxoäht b neqaTH O M
Ä e jie H ä j ih n n c b M a .
B HCTopHH qejiOBeqecTBa nepBbiM cnocoöoM rpat^HHecKoro Btjps-
JKeHHS MbICJIH HBHJIOCb BbICeK3HHe pa3JIOTHbIX 3H3K0B H a K3MHHX n e-
iu e p , H3 n p e Ä M e T a x Ä O M a u iH e ro o ö n x o Ä a h Ä p y r n x n p e Ä M e T a x . rio3 > K e
CTajIH HHCSTb Ha TJIHHHHblX njiaCTHHK3X, nOKpblTblX BOCKOM, Ä e p e -
BHHHblX Ä O in eq K a X , Ha KOJKe H KJIblKaX JKHBOTHbIX.
ÜHTb TbicHH jieT TOMy Ha3aÄ nnc3ÄH Ha JiHCTbHx najibM . B ÄpeB-
HeM E r n n x e BouieÄ b ynoTpeöJieH ne n a n n p yc, KOTopbiü npnroTOBjiHji-
CH H3 CTeÖJiefi TpOCTHHKS nyTeM e r o p33pe33HHH H p 3 3 BepTbIB3 HHH, 3
.saieM CKJieHBaHHH HecKOjibKHx nojiyqeH H M x TaKHM 0Öpa30M njiacTH-
hok b yÄOÖHbie ä ä h nncbMa jih c tm ö o jib in e ro p a 3 M e p s . O ä h h H3 co-
'XpaHHBuraxcH ä o H au iero BpeMeHH nanH pycoB , H3roTOBjieHHbiH
3400 ÄeT TOMy Ha33Ä, HMeeT b ÄJiHHy 19 m h b niHpHHy 26 c m . ü a n H -
pyc HMeji m n p o K o e pacnpocTpaHeHHe. B V I I I BeKe oh H aqaji BbiTec-
HHTbcH n ep rsM eH T O M , BbiÄejibiBaBiiiHMCH npeHM ym ecTBeHiio H3 6 3 -
PaHbHX H K03bHX KOJK.
. H 3roToßjieH H e 6yM 3rn H a q sjio cb o k o jio 2000 JieT H333Ä b K « T 3 e.
K h t3 h ;ii,u roTOBHjiH ö y M a ry H3 b o jio k o h 6aM 6yK3 h ä y 6 a mejiKOBHUbi;
Hx HCKyCCTBO ÖblJIO nepeH H TO Ä p y rH M H 33H3TCKHMH H 3p0Ä aM H . O c -
-HOBHblM ChlpbeM CT3JI CJiy*H Tb XJIOnOK. H s BOCTOqHblX CTpaH HCKyC-
ctb o npHroTOBjieHHH 6 yM 3 TH b Hanajie X I I BeK3 npoHHKJio b Eßpony.

56 57
 B Pocch h öyM ara H3B eciH a c oqeHb aaßHHx nop, no-BHanMOMy,
paHbine, qeM c X I V B e m . EcTb ocHosaHHa cqniaTb, h to 6yMa>KHoe
npOH3BOflCTBO B03HHKJI0 b X V I BeKe B UapCXBOßaHHe HßaHa IV . O co-
6 eHHO ycHJieHHo oho pa3BHßajiocb npn Ile T p e I. P y c c r a e H3o 6 p exa-
xejiH c caMoro paH H ero nepnoaa bhochjih öoabiuoä BKJiaa b pa3BHxne
6 yMaJKHofi npoMbimjieHHocTH: co3aaBaan HOßbie MauiHHbi, bboähjih
HOßbie bh äh cbipbfl, co 3aaßajiH pa3H00Öpa3Hbie copxa S yM arn H Kap-
TOHa. B 1714— 1716 ro a a x pyccKHe Macxepa Ha HecKoabKo aecaraoB
j i e r paHbiue, qeM 3 a pyöeJKOM, ocßOHJiH xaKHe bh äh cu pba, KaK ot-
xoabi K a H a iH o ro h napycH oro npoH3BoacTßa h cojioMa.
Bnjioxb a o cepeaHHbi X I X cioaeiH H b P occhh h 3anaaHoft Eßpone
ß yM ary ßbipaöaxbißajiH rjiaBHbiM oöpasoM H3 xpanba.
r i p o H 3B o a c x B o S y M a r n y H ac a o peBOjiiou,HH ö h jio o x c x a a o ft o t -
p a c jib io H ap oa H oro x o 3 HHCiBa, H ecM oxp H Ha o r p o M H b ie c b ip b e ß b ie
p e c y p c w . P a 3 ßHTHe s t o t o npoH3Boacxßa 3 a a e p > K H B a a o c b H3-3a OTexa-
JIOCXH MaUIHHOCTpOHrejIbHOH H XHMHqecKOH npOMbimjieHHOCXH. n o c jie
BeJIHKOH OKXHÖpbCKOH COH,HajIHCXHqeCKÖH p e B 0 JI10U.HH, BbI3BaßUieH K
JKH3HH M H oroq H ca eH H b ie o x p a c a n npO M b iu iaeH H O ciH h o ß e c n e q H ß u ie fi
H eöbißaabiö K y a b x y p H b if t p o c T H a p o a o B H a m e ft c xp a H b i, n o x p e Ö H o c x b
B ö y M a r e B b ip o c a a a o K O Jioccaab H b ix p a 3 M e p o ß . 3 x a n o x p e Ö H o e T b H a-
q a a a n o cxen eH H O y a o B a e T B o p a x b C H H a u ie ö p a c x y m e f i u e a a io a o 3 H 0 -
^yM a jK H O H n p o M b im a e H H o c T b io .
B K opoxrae cp oK H ö b ijiH n e p e o ö o p y a o ß a H b i c i a p u e n p e a n p H a r a a
h n o c ip o e H H HOßbie M om H b ie i;e a a i0 a 0 3 H 0 -6 y M a }K H b ie KOMÖHHaxbi,
o c H a m e H H H e c a M o ä n ep e a o ß O H b M Hpe t c x h h k o h .
T aK H M 0 Ö p a 3 0 M, H an ta c x p a H a o ß a a a a e x a o c x a x o q H o ö 6 a 3 o ft aJW
a a jib H e H iu e r o p a 3BHXHH H ayK H h K y a b x y p ö . B b ip a ö o x K a ö y M a r a p a c -
T eT öb icT p biM H TeM naM H . T a K , b 1 9 55 r o a y Ö y M a rn B H p a 6 0 T aH 0 b
2 ,5 p a 3 a ß o a b rn e , qeM b 1 9 4 0 r o a y . üo naaH y m e c T o ft n a x H a e x K ii
a o a jK H o öbiTb B b ip a ö o x a H o b 1 9 60 r o a y 2 7 2 2 x h c . r ö y M a r n , h t o c o -
cxa ß H T 1 4 6 % k o ö 'b e M y n p o H 3 ß o a c x ß a b 1 9 55 r o a y .
B p a 3 p a ö o x K y xeo p H H h n p a K x n q e c K H x B o n p o c o B x e x H o a o rH H 6 y -
M a m ß o jib iiio H BKJiaa B iiec jiH K p y im u e p y c c K H e y q e H b ie h HHJKeHepw.
H 3 h h x ß n e p B y io o q e p e a b H yjK H o H a3 ß a T b n p o ^ e c c o p o ß : C . A . Ö o-
T H e ß a , H . H . H e n e H H H a , J L n . ) K e p e 6 o ß a , O . iK- T n a a e p a , 3 . T . X h h -
q n H a.
X U a B bip aß oxK H ö y M a r n npHM eHHiOTca B ojioK H H C ib ie M a x e p n a a b i
p a 3 a H q H o ro npoHCXOJKaeHHa. O c o 6 o ueH H bie c o p x a ö y M a r a B b ip a ö a -
T b iß aioxcsi H3 x p n n b fl, 6 o a e e a e iu e B b ie — H3 u e a a io a o 3 b i c a o ö a B K o fi
x p a n b a , a a e u ie ß b ie — H3 H ,eaaroao3 b i b c M e c n c a p e ß e c H o ft M a c c o ä h
« 3 q n c x o H a p eß ecH O H Maccbi. O k o j i o 9 5 % B ceä öyM arh B H paßaxw -
B aexcH H3 n ;e a a io a o 3 b r (a p e ß e c H o ft h c o a o M e H H o ft) h a p e B e c H o fi M ac­
cbi. J ly q u iH M M a x e p n a a o M a a a B bipaß oTK H ß yM arn H B a a e T ca a p e ß e -
CHHa e a n B c a e a c x ß H e n ecK O jib K o ö o a b u ie r o coaep >K an H H B Heft u e ji-
j i io a o 3 M ; H M e H b iu ero coaep *aH H H c m o jih c x h x B em ecxB , qeM b aeftcTBHa 3aMeHaioTCH 6 o a e e npoH3BoaHxeabHbiMH annapaxaM H He-
a p e B e c H H e a p y r n x n o p o a . C o c H a H a e x raaB H biM o ö p a s o M aJia npn-
roxo ß a eH H H c y a b ^ a T H o ft u e jijiio jio 3 b i h 6 y p o ö a p e ß e c H o ö M accw .
■ H c n o a b 3 y io x c a r a n x e iw x r a , j i HCTßeHHHua, K e a p h ocH H a.
58
XHMHqecKaa xapaKxepH cxH Ka apeßecH H U h u eaai0ji03bi aaH a b
n p eab iaym H x r a a ß a x (e x p . 9 ) .
ripoH3BoacTBo ßyM arH BK aioqaeT TpH 0CH0BHbie C T a m n : 1) n p «-
roxoBJieHHe 6 y M a *H o ft Maccbi, 2) npeßpam eH H e sxoft M a ccu b 6yM a-
r y h 3 ) o x a e jra y ßyM arn.
K a n a a n H3 sxh x exa a n ft co cxoh x b cb oio o q e p e a b H3 u e a o r o p a a a
n o c jie a o ß a ie jib H b ix on epau n ft, TaK q x o b neaoM npoH3BoacTßo ßyM arn
oqeH b c jio jk h o h T p eß y ex npHMeHeHHH ß o jib iiio ro K oan qecxB a MauiHH,
BbinoaHHiouxHX pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie h .n o a 'ia c ßecbM a TOHKne onepauHH.
FaaßH oft u eab io s t h x onepau H ß HBaneTca H3MeHeHHe ({)H3HqecKoro
h jih c{)H3HKo-XHMHqecKoro cocxoaHHH u eaaioa0 3 b i, qxoöbi oöecneqH Tb
'ö o J ie e npoqHyro CB33b BoaoKorien u eajn ojio3 b i Me>Kay co ö o h .
H a pncyH Ke 19 npHBeaeH n o p a a o K npoH3ßoacxBeHHbix onepauHH,
j H M eiom nx M ecxo n pn B bipaöoxK e ö y M a ra H3 u ,eaaioao3bi.
U ,e a a io a o 3 a npHB03HxcH Ha 6yMa>KHbie (})a6pHKH b BHae cyu ieH oö
jih c x o b o h u ea a ioa o3 b i h jih n o c T y n a e x HenocpeacTBeHHO H3 c o c e a H e ro
u exa b BHae ueaai0Ji03H0ä Maccbi c KOHiieHxpaHHeft 5 — 8 % . B nep-
bom c jiy q a e u e a a io a o 3 a n peaßapH xeabH o H 3M eabqaexca Ha cneuH ajib-
Hbix M auiH H ax — ö e r y H a x , p a 3 p b iß a ie jiH X , r H a p o p a s ß H B a T e a a x h a p y -
rn x — c u ejib io noayqeHHH paBHOMepHOH cycneHSHH. B o ßxopoM ca y -
q a e axa o n e p a u n a o xn a a a eT .
CycneH3Hio u eaaioao3 H b ix b o jio k o h b B oae H anpaßaarox Ha to h k h h
pa3M oa c n ea b io yBeanqeHHa noßepxHOcTH BoaoKHa h npnaaHHH
öoa b in eft MarKOCTH h aaacTHqHocTH. O ch o b h h m annapaTOM aJia p a 3-
w o a a a ß a a e r c a M a c c H b i f t p o j i j i (p n c . 20 h 21).
M accH bift p o a a c o c t o h t H3 meae3o6eTOHHOft BaHHbi h yKpenaeH -
H o ro b Heft p a sM a a b iß a io m ero MexaHH3Ma, c o c T o a m e r o b cb o io o q e ­
peab H3 pa3M ajib iB aiom ero ö a p a ö a H a h naaHKH (p n c . 22). B apaß aH
n oM eu iaeTca b oaH oft noaoBHHe BaHHbi, OTaeaeHHOß o t a p y r o ä n o a o -
BHHbi n p oaoab H oft n ep ero p o a K o ft, He a o x o a a m e ft a o CTeHOK BaHHbi.
n o HapyJKHofi noßepxHocTH ß a p a öa H a ß a oa b e r o och yKpenaeHbi
MaccHBHbie BbicTynbi — hojkh , caeaaH H bie H3 HepJKaBeiomeft CTaaH,
6poH3bi h jih 6a3aabT0B0fi aaßbi. B a a yK penaeH Ha noauiHnHHKax no-
n epeK p o a a a ; 6 ap a 6 a H n p n BpameHHH npnacHMaeT pa3M aabiB aeM yio
M accy cbohm h ho>k3mh k HOHcaM naaHKH, yK pen aeH H oä BHH3y 6 a p a -
6aHa y och ob 3 h h h ropKH, t . e. BbicTyna a » a . O ß p a S a ra ß a e M a a M ac­
ca , HaaHTaa b BaHHy, p a c ra p a e T c a MeJKay H O*aM H ö a p a ö a H a h n aaH ­
KH, B H TaaKH B aerca qepe3 CTeHKy ropKH k 3aaH efi cxeHKe BaHHbi, no-
n a a a e x b o B xop yio noaoBHHy (K a H a a ) BaHHbi h, aß H raacb n o HeMy,
CHoßa n o n a a a e x n o a 6 apa6aH . T a K o e aßn>KeHHe M a ccu npoH3ßoaHXca
ao n o a H o r o p a 3 M a a b iß a H H a M a c c H .
B aH e BaHHH y n ep ea H ero ee K p a a HM eioxca oTBepcTHH aJia c n y c -
Ka Maccbi h aJia c n y c K a rpa3H O H ß o a u npH npoMMBKe p o a a a .
B HacToam.ee ßpeM a rp0M 03aKHe MaccHbie p o a a b i nepH oaH qecK oro
npepbißH oro aencxBHa.
i l p H p a 3 M o a e B o a o K H a u e a a K )a o 3 b i qacTH qH o p a c m e n a a io T c a Ha
BoaoKQHua (c^HÖpHaJibt), KOTOpbie HecKoabKo H aöyxaiO T h rnapaTH -
59
 P hc. 20. OCuihh ehjj MaccHoro pojwa.

P hc . ' 2 t. MaccHbiS pojui ( bh^ CBepxy).

1 — BaHHa; 2 — EepTHKajifanaH r ie p e ro p o ;iK a ;4 — Bpau;aiou<Jiftcfl 6apa6aw ;
6 — KJianaH äjih cnycKa Maccbi; 7 — KJianan äjih cnycKa rpH3Hoft boäh;
9 — Baa pojijinoro 6apa6ana; 10 — nonuinnHuKu; 12 — npKBO£nofi ujkbb.

pyiotCH. B ce 3 t o o ö jie r q a e r n poaecc nepem ieieH n s B oji0K0Heu, h

0ßpa30BaHHH n jio ra o fi Maccbi.
U e jijiio jio 3 H o e bo jio kh o o ß jia Ä a e T cnocoÖ H ocxbio xop orn o cM a ra -
BaTbCJJ BOÄOH. 3 X 0 CBOHCTBO KCnOJIfa3yeTC5I npH H3rOTOBJieHHH (flHJIbT-
P hc. 19. 06maa npuHUHnHajibHaa cxeMa npouecca MroTOBjieHHH CyMarH. P 0BaabH 0H, npoMOKaTe^bHOH h noÄOÖHoft hm öyM ar, h o o h o He äojijk -
« o HMeTb Mecxa y ühchhx h Tnnorpa 4)CKHX ßyMar. Ä jih yHHHTOJKeHHH
enoeoöHoexH CMa^HEaxbca npuMCHsiioT npoKjieiiBam ie 6yM ara KaHH-
60

61
(JxwibHbiM KjieeM h cepHOKHCjiHM ajiioM H H u eM . IIocjie;iH H fi n o jiy q a e T -
ch b p e 3 y jib T a t e o ß p a ß o T K H ö o k c h t o b h jih KaojiHHa cepHofl k h c jio t o h .
Ilp H npoKJieäice Ha noßepxHocTH b o jio k o h OTJiaraeTca c jio h Hepac-
TBOpHMblX aJIIOMHHHeBfaIX COJiefi CMOJIHHblX KHCJIOT.
KaHH^ojibHbiä Kjieä npeacTaBjiaeT coöofi aHcnepcnio KaHH^JOJiH b
boähom pacTBope HaTpneBbix c o jieft,. bxoähluhx b cocTaB KaHHcJxwm,
CMOJIHHblX KHCJIOT H nojiyqaeTca nyTeM BapKH KaHH({)OJIH c coflofi hjih
5 16 75
P hc . 22. TopKa h pa3MajiMBaioiii.ee ycTpoftcTßo MaccHoro
3 — ropKa; 4 — 6apa6aH ; 5 — njiaHKa p o ju ia , coc-roHinasi H3 flß y x n a ie K H O * e ä ;
8 — GKpeÖKH fljis yaajieH H H npHJmnaiomeß k CTeHKaM M accbi; 1 3 — K ojinan ; 14 — 3a
ÄBHJKKa ä jih yMeHbiueHHH n e p e ö p o c a M accti oßpaTH o q e p e 3 6apa6aH ; 1 5 — k jih h ß,na
3 .iK p rn .ie »ii> i njiaHKH; 16 — ly r y H H a a Kopoßna.
e^KHM HaTpoM. B KanecTBe CTa6HjiH3aTopoB npHMeHHioT Ka3eHH h
jk h b o th h h KJiefi. K p o M e Toro, b ßyM ajKH yio M accy ÄOÖaBJiaiOT K pax-
Maji h >KHflKoe CTeKJio. 3 th Bem ecTBa yjiym natO T npoKJieÖKy, yMeHb-
uiaiOT nbijibHOCTb, yB ejinraB aiO T njiOTHOCTb. K p a x M a ji cnocoöcTB yeT
x o p o m e fl oT^ejiK e.
C u ejib io CHH^eHHA np03patiH0CTH ö y M a r n , oß jiem eH H a BnHTHBa-
HHH KpacOK, yBeJlH^eHHH rjia'ÄKOCTH H MHTKOCTH B 6yMa>KHyK) Maccy
ÄOÖaBJiaioT KaojiHH, rn n c, TajibK, Meji, öapHT h HeKOTOpbie a p yrn e Be-
m ecTBa. 3 t h Bem ecTBa Ha3biBaioTCH HanojiHHTejiHMH, a n p o u ecc h x
BBe^eHHH •— HanojiHeHHeM ßyM ajKH ofi Maccbi.
B öyMajKHyio Maccy Ä0 6 aBjiai0 T, ecjiH HyacHO, Kpacauwe BemecT­
Ba npeHM ym eciBeHHO H3 rp yn n b i opraHH^ecKHX aHHJiHHOBbix KpacH-
T ejiefi.
ByM'a'jKHaa Macca H3 p o jijio b n ocT yn aeT b öacceftH ßyM aroflejia-
TejibHOH MauiHHbi h A a n e e qepe3 oHHCTHTejibHbie h p a 3ÖaBHTejibHue
an napaTbi b uanopHbifi amHK ceT o q n o ä w a cra MauiHHbi.
B yM a roflejia T ejib H b ie MauiHHbi noaBHjiHCb b nepBon nojioBHHe
X IX crojieTHH. O h h HenpepbiBHO BHaoH3MeHaiOTCH h coB epu ieH cr-
ByioTca, h b HacToam.ee BpeMa h x cym ecTByeT HecKOJibKO thiiob .
FJiaBHaa M acca npo^yKUHH BHpaßaTHBaeTCH Ha TaK Ha3biBaeMbix
CTOJIOBblX (aJIHHHOCeTOqHUX) MaiUHHaX epeaHHX CKOpOCTeä. (C to jio -
BblMH OHH Ha3bIBaK)TCa B OTJIHMHe OT UHJIHHflpOBblX nOTOMy, HTO Ce-
T o r a a a jieHTa ßBHXeTCH no r0pH30HTajibH0ft njiocKocTH.) Cpe/iHHMH
CKOpOCTaMH /[BHÄeHHa ceTKH MaiUHHbl CTHTaiOTCH CKOpOCTH B 50—
200 m b MHHyTy. B HacToam.ee BpeMa HMeiOTcfl MauiHHH c o CKopocTbro
jto 600— 700 m b MHHyTy.
B pa3JiHqHbix O TÄejiax SyM arPÄejiaTejibHOH MauiHHH öyMaJKHaa
M acca npoxoAHT cjieayiom H e CTaflHH: $0pM0BaHHe SyMaJKHoro nojioT-
Ha (b ceTOHHofl q a cT H ), e r o n ep B H ra oe o6e3B oxH B aH H e (b MOKpbix
n p e c c a x ), BbicyuiHBaHHe (H a cym ujibH bix UHjiHHÄpax) h OT^ejiKy — b
OTflejIOHHOH HaCTH (xOJIOflHJIbHHK, K3JI3H,ZIp, np0fl0JIbH0-pe3ajIbHbIH
a n n apaT, yBjiaiKHHTejib h H aK aT ). C xeM a yc rp o ä c T B a c to jio b o A Ma-
iu h h h c p e^ H efi c k o p o c th n 3 0 Ö p a x e u a na pncyH Ke 17.
npHHUHnbl paÖOTM CeTOHHOfl qaCTH, MOKpbix npeCCOB H CyiUHJIb-
HHX UHJlHHflpOB OnHCaHbl B TJiaBe O UeJUIK)JI03e (cTp. 5 0 ).
ü p oftÄ H CHCTeMy OTJKHMaromHX H CrjlaHCHBaiOmHX (OCjlCeTHblx)
n peccoB h cym njibH bix u h jih h ä p o b , 6yMa>KHoe n o jio r a o n p e B p a m a e T -
ca yjK e b flocTaToqHO njiOTHyro ß yM ary, KOTopaa y x o m r c nocjie/tHero
a o c y u iH B a io m e ro unjiH H apa c T e M n e p a iy p o ft 80 — 95° h c Bjia>KH0cTbi0
o k o jio 6 % . T e n e p b OHa HanpaBJiaeTca b O TÄejioqH yio qacTb, r a e
npeJKfle Bcero oxjiaHcaaeTca nyTeM npHJKHMaHHa k CTeHKaM uHjiHHApa
(xOJIOÄHJIbHHKa), OXJiaJKflaeMOro H3HyTpH BOÄOH.
- Ilo c jie cyu iK H h oxjiaJK^eHHa ßyMara HMeeT HepoBHyio noBepx-
pojuia.
HoeTb. JQ,jia ynjioTHeHHH h npnaaHHa raa^KocTH SyM ary nponyc-
KaiOT qepe3 KajiaHÄp, t. e. Haöop ropH30HTaJibHbix qyryHHbix Ba-
jiob ( o t 3 a o I I ) , nocTaBJieHHbix oähh Haji, ApyrnM b BepTHKaJib-
HblH paa.
• r io c jie KajiaH Äpa 6 yM a ra HZteT Ha npofl0jibH0-pe3ajibHbiH an n apaT,
rfle OHa p a3 p e3 aeT ca Ha n ojiocb i T p eö yeM o fl mupHHbi, KOTOpbie ÄaJiee
HaM aTHBaioTca Ha B a jiu (H a K a T ).
■l riep e/ i HaKaTOM ö y M a ra HecKOJibKO y B jia ^ H a e T c a npH noM om n
OCoßblX yCTpofiC TB .
C H a K a ra u x BaJiOB ö y M a ra CHHMaeTCH b BH^e pyjiOHOB (b 3 jih k o b ) .
n p e jK fle qeM nonacTb k noTpeÖHTejno, ö y M a ra n poxoaH T Hepe3 OTae-
JioqHbiH n ex , r a e nyTeM AonojiHHTejibHbix onepauH H e ä npH ^aeTca
OKOHqaTejibHbiß jio c k h n jio ra o cT b , a T a K K e T p eö yeM a a (})opM a. O n e ­
pauHH 3 th cjiea y io m H e: yß jia x H eH H e n pn xpaHeHHH b3Jihkob b Teqe-
HHe HecKOJibKHx ÄHefl b o BJiaÄHbix KaM epax (c b ip n jiK a x ), ^onojiHH-
®®JibHoe KaJiaHApnpoBaHHe (Ha cy n ep K a J ia H flp a x ), pe3Ka h s jih c t h h
ynaKOBKa. O ö m e e q n cjio BbinycKaeMbix b h a o b 6 yM arn ä o x o a h t ^ o 200.
' H eT B03M0JKH0CTH OnHCblBaTb OCOÖeHHOCTH npOH3BOÄCTBa KaJKÄOH
»3 HHX. n p n Bcefi CJIOJKHOCTH MaUIHHHOro OÖOpyAOBaHHH npOH3BOÄ-
CTBa öyM arn caMbifl npouecc npeBpameHHa uejijnoji03H0ß Maccbi b
ÖyMary ^OBOJibHO npocT, h b HacxoameM nocoÖHH, CTaBameM ceöe
;fJiaBHofl uejibio onncaHHe XHMHqecKHx npoueccoB, mh orpaHHHHMca
63
äipHBeÄeHHMM Bbirne oim caHHeM caMWX o ö iu h x npaH nnnoB ßyMajKHO- K s p t o h o m H33HB3IOT ö y M a r y BecOM ö o jie e 2 5 0 s/m2. A j i h e r o H3-
roTOBJieHHH npHMeHHioTCH c a M b ie p a 3 H o o ö p a 3 H b ie M a ie p n a jib i: A p e -
r o np0H3B0ÄCTBa.
B K p a T u e O T M eraM ocoöeHHOCTH np0H 3B0ÄC TBa nepraMeHra h K a p ­ B ecH an M a c c a , neJun oJio3a, T p n n b e , c o jio M a , M 3 K y J i3 T yp a h cM ec n
3 t h x M 3 T ep H aji0 B , a TaKJKe in e p c T b h acöecT. npH H nnnH ero h sto to b-
TOHa.
O coöo ueuHbie öyM arn ä jih BHcoKOxyÄOJKecTBeHHHX H3ashhh, jieHHH Te * e ca M b ie, q T o h n p n B b ip a ö o T K e ö y M a r n , h o b c b h 3h c ero
jiy q m a H q e p T e jK H a n ß y M a r a h H eKOTOpHe A p y r n e bhah c n en n aJ ib H b ix ö o jib in o H TOJiinHHOH h n oH H ^ eH H H M H TpeöoB aH H H M H k K a q e c T B y h c-
•ö yM a r B b ip a ö a T H B a iO T c a c npH M eH eH H eM p y r a o r o B H qepn biB aH H H 6 y - x o A H o r o M a T e p n a jia , n p o n e c c e r o npoH3BOACTBa h npH M eH H eM bie M a-
uiHHbi HecKOJibKO HHbie, qeM n p n H3roTöBJieHHH ö y M a r n .
M aacH oft M accbi.
C a M y r o ö y M 3 Ä H y io M a c c y r0 T 0 ö S T H3 B H eo K O K s q e e T B e H H H x M aT e- n o c n o c o ö y npHroTOBJieHHH pa3 jraqaK >T KapTOHbi jiHCTOBbie h
p o jie B b ie , OAHOCjiOHHbie h M H orocjiO H H bie.
p n a jio B , H an pH M ep jibHa h jih x jio m c a .
M a c c y p33MaJiHBaiOT b M a ccH b ix p o ju ia x h nepeKaqHB3fOT b qep - JiHCTOBbie KapTOHbi BeCOM B 4 0 0 0 a/M2 BbipaÖSTblBaiOTCH H3 na-
najibHbie qsHbi, o r a y A a ee 3aqepnbiB3iOT B pyqH yio c noM om bio o c o ö h x noqHbix ManiHHax (CTp. 5 6 ) . H a (J)opMaTHbiH Baji npeccs h3M 3th-
4>opM. 3 t h ({iopmm npeftCTaBjiHiOT c o ö o fi o n p eflejieH H oro pa3M epa BaeTCH HecKOJibKO cjioeB nojiOTHa. H p n B H p a ö o T K e t o jic t o t o KapTO H a
paMbi c ÄHHmaMH H3 ceTOK. H epnajibinH K , b c tp h x h b s h M accy b ceTKe, H3M3THBaeTCH a o 4 0 cjioeB no 5 0 — 8 0 a/M2 K3>kahh. CHHTbie c nanoq-
AoÖHBaeTCH nojiyqeH H a poB H oro cjioh . n o c j i e a T oro ä3k>t c ie q b BOAe Hbix ManiHH JIHCTbl OÖe3BOJKHBaiOTCH OTHCHMaHHeM Ha THÄP3BJIHqe-
h 0 6 e 3B0>KHBai0 T M accy, cKJiaAbiBan jih c t h ee M e x A y cjiohm h cyKHa ckhx n peccsx, a 3aTeM BbicyniHBSiOTCH.
b BHAe CTonKH h n oA ßepraH s t h CTonKH CHjibHOMy npeccoßaH H io. P o jie B H fl KapTOH n jio T H o c T b io a o 1 2 0 0 a/M2 noJiyqaeTCH h jih b
’OKOHqaTejibHoe 06e3B0JKHBaHHe np0H3B0AHTca nyTeM MeA-neHHOro BHÄe O Ä H o e jio H H o r o K apTO H a n a c e T K a x c t o j io b h x M auiHH, h j ih Ha cn e-
BbicyniHBaHHH npn T e M n e p a T y p e 2 5 — 3 0 °. n p 0 K J ie H B a i0 T ö y M a r y y>Ke UHajIbHblX HHJIHHÄpOBblX K SpTO H O AejiaTeAbH blX M3HIHH3X B BHÄe
n o c jie npocyniHBaHHH, n p on ycK a a j i h c t h qepe3 BaHHy c pacTBopoM jKe- M H o r o c jio fiH o r o K apTO H a ( a o 8 C A O eß ).
JiaTHHa. rio c J ie 3 T oro ö y M a r y cn oB a noAcyniH BaioT h K ajiaH ApupyioT. H e K O T O p n e b h a h KapTOHOB npOKjieHBaiOTCH h nponHTHBaiOTCH
TaKHM n yT eM n o jiy q a iO T n jiD r a y io n n p o q H y io ö y M a ry , T aK K aK npH T3KHMH BeineCTBaM H, K aK KaHH(})OJIb, K33eHH, JKHÄKOe CTeKJIO, K 3 M eH '
pyqH O M qepnaHHH BOjiOKHa öyM aiKH ofi M a c c b i p a c n o jia r a io T C H b pa3- H oyroJib H 3 H CMOJia, H e^ T H H bie ÖHTyMbi h t. n., a TaK>Ke n oA B ep ra ioT C H
jiH qH b ix H anpaBJieH H H x, q T o h O T jin q a eT s t o t c n o c o ö o t <})o p m o b 3 h h h noBepXHOcTHOM y K p au ieH H io h M ejioB aH H io. B b ic o K H e c o p T a K spTO H a,
Ha MauiHHHOH c e T K e , K o r A a BOjiOKHa p a c n o jia r a io T C H BAOJib x o a a c eT - 0Ö paÖ 0T3H H bie M ejI0B3H H eM , HCnOJIb3yiOT AJIH XyAOJKeCTBeHHOH
neqsTH .
k h h ö y M a ra n o jiy q a e T c n c HeoAHHaKOBHM H c b o h c t b 3 m h b npoAOJib-

hom h n o n e p e q n o M HanpaBJieHHHx. O ö b iq H b ie h c n e n H a jib H H e c o p r a K apTO H a npHM eHHiOTcsi-. b n e p e -

PacTHTejibHbiH nepraM eH T n ojiyqaiO T nponycKaHHeM b ocoöhx njieTHOM AßJie; a j ih H 3roToB jieH H H K opoöoK , oöyBH, MaTpnn, pa3Hbix
B aH H ax qepe3 67,8— 70-nponeHTHbifi pacTBop cepH ofi k h c jio t h jih c to b ÖHjieTOB; b K a q e c T B e 3 J ie K T p 0 H 3 0 jiH p y K )in e r0 h C Tp oH Tejib H O ro M aT e-
nopncTOH öy M a rn (o c h o b h ), npHroTOBJiHeMoft h3 xjionK O B oro b ojiok - p n a jia h a j ih M H o rn x A p y r n x n e jie ä . H a h t h , H 3r0T0B jieH H bie H3 K a p ­
Ha hjih H3 x o p o u ie ß öejieHOH nejunojio3bi. ConpHKocHOBeHHe öyM arn TOHa c AO Ö aB Koft rn n ca , npH M eH H ioT b K a q e c T B e n iT y K a T y p K H npn
c k h c jio to h npoAO jm aeTC H 2,5 — 3 ceKyH AH n p n T eM n ep a T yp e 10— CTpOHTejIbCTBe MHOrOäTaJKHblX AOMOB.
15°. 3 a 3To BpeMH KHCJIOTa ycn eß a eT nponnTaTb Becb c jio ö p b ixjiofl n o c j i e BeAHKOH O K TH Ö pbC K oft conH ajiH CTH qecK O H peBOjironHH n o -
■SyMarH, n p e B p a m a a n ejijn oJio3y b pe3yjib T aT e rH ApojiH 3a b 3m hjioha JiyqHJIO p33BHTHe npOH3BOACTBO ApeBeCHO-BOJIOKHHCTblX nJIHT AJIH
(n ojiH ca xa p H A c MeHbuiHM MOJieKyjinpHbiM B ecoM ). riopbi öyM arn CTpOHTejIbHHX n e A e fi. H x TOTOBHT H3 ÄpeBecHHbi XBOHHblX H AHCT-
3anOJIHHIOTCH n p 0 3 p a q H b IM aMHJIOHAOM, B0JI0KHHCT3H C TpyK Typa BeHHbix A e p e B b e B , H3 o t x o ä o b A e p e B o o ö p a ö s T b iB s io in H x , A p eB ecH O -
H c q e 3 aeT , h n o jiyn a io T C H n o jiyn p o 3 p a q H H e j i h c t h . M3CCHHX H neJIJII0JI03HHX 3aB 0Ä 0B , H3 K aM blU ia, COJIOMbl, CTeÖJieft
C e p H y io KHCJioTy yfla A H iO T oracn M aH H eM H a n p e c c a x h npoM H B a- K y K y p y 3 b i h j n o ö o r o p a c T H T e jib H o r o M a T e p n a jia , K O TO pu ß MO>KeT Ö H Tb
HneM b o ä o h h p a c T B o p o M c o a h . n o A KOHen n e p ra M e H T a j ih yM eH b in e- n p e n p a in e H b B0A0KHHCTyi0 M accy. 3 ry M accy p 3 3 M 3 jib iB 3 K )T Ha
hhh JKecTKocTH n o rp y jK a e T C H b 10— 1 2 -n p o u e H T H H fi p a c T B o p r jr a n e - ÄHCKOBblX H Ä p y rH X MeJIbHHnaX, COpTHpyiOT H <|>OpMyK>T H.a cnenH aJIb -
pH H a HJIH B p a c T B o p rjII0 K 0 3 b I HJIH yKCyCHOKHCJIOrO K3JIHH. n o c j i e HblX M3IHHH3X TH na CTOAOBblX H UHJIHHApOBHX. H O C A e CyiUKH TeMH
•OTJKHM3HHH OT H3ÖHTK3 9TOTO paC TB O pa Iie p r a M e H T CyiUHTCH H h jih h h h m h c n o c o ö a M H n o jiy q a iO T T B ep A b ie, n o A y T B e p A b ie h jih n o p n -
H3K3TbIB3eTCH B pyjIO H bl. CTbie n jiH T b i. K s k C TpoH TejibH bifl M 3 T e p H 3 ji 3 t h njiH Tbi (o c o ö e H H O n o -
B jia ro A a p n cbohm ocoöhm K aqecrß aM — npo3paqHocTH, » n p o H e - p n c T H e ) B ecb M a neHHbi, T aK k s k o ö jia A 3 K )T bhcokh m h T en ji0 H 3 0 jiH -
n p oH H n aen iocTH , n0HH>KeHH0H B O A on poH H n aeM ocT H h ö o jib in efl y c T o ft- UHOHHblMH H 3ByK0n0rJI0UI,3I0inHM H CB0HCTB3MH. TenjIOnpOBOAHOCTb
qnBOCTH k e o A e n o cp aB H eH H io c ö y M a r o fi — pacTH TejibH biH nepraM eH T n o p n c T H x n jiH T b 2 ,5 — 3 p a 3 a M eH bin e, qeM y A e p e ß a , b 10 — 15 p s 3
H B JIH eT C H y A O Ö H b IM y n a K O B O q H H M M 3 T e p H 3 J I0 M A JIH n p O Ä y K T O B H n e H - M en b in e, qeM y K H p n n q a , h b 2 0 p 3 3 M eH bin e, qeM y öeTOH3.
hhx ff.eza.nei npK.6op.os. BojTOKHHCTbie n jiH T b i n p H M C H H IO T Ä Ä H O 0JIH U O B K H C T eH , n O T O A K O B

64 5 3aKa3 Ns 215 65
h HacTHjiKH n ojioß (o co ö eH H o b KOHuepTHbix h JieKUHOHHbix 3 a jia x ), 1 9 4 1 r o Ä y K p y n H b ie 3 3 b o ä h ö h j i h n ojm ocT b io p a 3 p y m e H b i b BOHHy
äjih ycTpoflcTB a BHyTpeHHHX neperopoÄO K, jy ia m roTO BJieuaH Ky30B0B 1 9 4 1 — 1 9 4 5 to ä o b . n o c jie b o h h h B ce x o 3 h h c tb o s t h x 3 3 b o ä o b ö h jio
n e p e c T p o e H o 3aH 0B0 Ha 0 CH0 B e h o b o h t c x h h k h . K p oM e T oro, ö h jih
aBTOMOÖHJieii.
n o c T p o e H H HOBHe M om H b ie npeÄnpHH TH H , KOTOpbie H enpepbiBH O y ß e -
HCKyCCTBEHHOE BOJIOKHO JIHMHB3IOT B bipaÖ O TKy pa3JIHqHblX BHÄOB HCKyCCTBeHHOrO H CHHTeTH-
q e c K o r o BOjiOKHa. B 1 9 5 5 r o Ä y H CKyccTBeH H H X h C H m eTH ’-iecKH x b o ­
H c K yc c r& e H H H M H Ha3WBaK)TCH BOjiOKHa, n o jiy q a io m H e c H n y ie M jio k o h ö h j i o B bipaÖ 0TaH 0 b 10 p 3 3 ö o jib iu e , qeMb 1940 ro Ä y . llo
n e p e p a ö o T K H n p n p o Ä H H x BbicoKO M O JieKyjiH pH bix B em ecTB (H a n p H M e p , n jia H y m ecToä nHTHJieTKH 1 9 6 0 r o Ä y H aM eqeH o B b ip a ö o T S T b
b
HCKyCCTBeHHblH H iejIK H3 UeJIJII0JI03bl). ripOH3BOÄCTBO HCKyCCTBeHHOrO 3 3 0 t h c . m HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJiOKHa, q T o cocT aßJineT 2 9 9 % k o ö -b eM y
BOJIOKHa HBJIHeTCH OÄHOft H3 CSMblX MOlUHblX OTpaCJiefi npOMblUIJieH- np0H3B0ÄCTB3 b 1 9 5 5 r o Ä y - (OÖTbeM np0H 3B0ÄCTB3 x J io n q a T o ö y M a * -
h o c t h , HMeiom ,Hx Ä e jio c n e p e p a ö o T K o fi op raH H qecK H X B em ecT B , h h h x T K aH efi, H aM eqeH H H H Ha 1 9 5 6 t o ä , cocTaBJineT 123% n o cpaB H e-
yC T V n S eT B CBOeM pa3BHTHH p a 3 B e TOJibKO npOH3BOÄCTBy CHHT€TMlie - h h k ) c 1 9 5 5 ro Ä O M .)
CKoro n ayqyK S . H 3 S T o r o b h ä h o , K 3 K o e ö o jib m o e 3 H a q e H iie npH ÄseTC H b H aiu eft
MHpoBoe np0H3B0ÄCTB0 HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOjiOKHa y ß ejiH qH J iocb 33 C T p a H e p3 3 B H T H K ) 3TOH O T p aC JIH npO M H LU JieH H O C TH .
n o c jie Ä H H e 20 j i c t ( 1 9 3 3 — 1953) b 6 p 3 3 h n p o a o j i x s e T p s c r a ö h - T a K H e BHCOKHe T eM n H pa3BHTHH npOMHIHJieHHOCTH HCKyCCTBeH-
c t p h m h TeM naM H . F Io M a c n iT a ö a M npOH3BOÄCTBa HCKyccTBeHHbie b o - HHX BOJIOKOH OÖ-bHCHHIOTCH HX UeHHblMH H p33HOOÖD33HHMH CROHCT-
jiO K H a 3 aH H M aioT B T o p o e MecTO (n o c jie x jio n K a ) c p eÄ H B cex b h ä o b B3MH, KOTOpbie m o >k h o O TqacTH 3 a p a H e e n p e Ä y c M o r p e T b , a T aiO K e
TeKCTHJIbHHX BOJIOKOH. I i 3 1200 THC. T TOÄOBOrO npOH3BOÄCTB3 HOBHX H a jin q n e M Ä O C T yn H oro c n p b H , m H p 0 K 0 p s c n p o c T p a H e H H o r o b npnpo-
XHMHqeCKHX BOJIOKOH 9 4 % npHXOÄHTCH H 3 ÄQJIIO HCKyCCTßeHHHX H Ä e h jih B b ip a ö a T H B s e M o r o b ö o jib iH H x K 0JiH qecTB 3x xH M H qecK ofi
n o K 3 em e TOJibKO 6 % Ha ä o j i i o CHHTeTHqecKHX b o jio k o h 1. npoM H iujieH H O C TbK ), K a K -T o: Ä p e ß e c H H a , JiHHTep ', Ka3eHH, a T3K>Ke
B T 3 ÖÄHn,e 5 n p H B e a e H H UHcJspoBHe Ä a H H H e o p o c T e np0H 3B0Ä- c e p H a n KHCJIOTa, K a y c r a q e c K a H c o a a h ä P-
CTB3 HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJIOKHa. H C K yccTB eH H b ie BOJIOKHa C J iy * 3 T HCXOÄHbIM CblpbeM h jih n o jiy -
•v T a ß J iH u a 5
npOÄyKTOM ÄJIH C03Ä3HHH BHCOKOKaqeCTßeHHblX TeKCTHJIbHHX H3Äe-
M H p o ß o e n p0H 3B 0A C TB 0 HCKyCCTBeHHOrO h H a r y p a j i b H o r o b o j io k h 3 b T b ic a n a x t o h h ( 5 ) JIHfl, KpaCHBblX, K aK U iejIK , H TenÄblX , K3K m epC Tb.
to « h H 3 HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJIOKHa H3rOTOBJIHIOT T3KJKG TeXHHqeCKHC
BHfl BOJIOKHa
H3ÄejIHH — KOPÄ 2 ÄJIH aßTOMOÖHJIbHblX UIHH, CneU,HajIbHbie CTOHKHe
192 9 1939 1944 1948 1951 1953
190 3 1913 1922 TK3HH pa3JIHqHOTO H33HaqeHHH.
T aK H M 0Ö pa30M , noÄOÖHO njiacTM accaM HCKyccTBeHHbie b o jio k h s
HcnyccTBeHHoe H3 3 3 M eH H T eÄ eä n p H p o Ä H b ix npO ÄyKTOB npeßpaTH JiH Cb b M aTepH aJibi
18 200 1035 965 1114 1911 OKOJIO
BOJIOKHO . . . 3 12
19402 caM O CTO H TejibH oro 3HaqeHHH, KOTOpHe h 3 x o ä h t ß c e ö o jib iu e e n p H M e­
HaTypaJibHbift
19 45 38 32 25 20 HeHHe Ö J ia ro Ä a p n n p o cT O T e h x H3r0T0BJieHHH h Ä em eß H 3 H e. H 3 1 m?
u i e j i K .................... 19 27
ÄpeB ecH H b i CpaßHHTejIbHO HeCJIOÄHHMH CnOCOÖaMH MOJKHO nOJiyqHTb
1 5 0 KS HCKyCCTBeHHOrO B0JI0KH3 B BHÄe HieJIKa HJIH mT3nejIH, H3
Ü 3 3THX Ä3H H H X BHÄHO, lITO ÄOJIH HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJIOKHa B K O T o p o ro m o ä h o C ÄeÄaTb 4 0 0 0 n a p m eJiKOßbix q y ^ o K h jih 1 5 0 0 m
np0H3B0ÄCTBe h noTpeöJieH H H c ro Ä a M H p a c T e T , ycnemHO KOHKypn- m ejlK O B o ö h jih m ia n e jib H O H t k 3 h h , H3 K O T op oö m o>kho cuiH Tb 475
Ä3MCKHX nJiaTbeß.
p yH Äa>K e c TeM n aM H np0H3B0ÄCTBa H a T y p a J ib H o ro x jio n q a T o ö y M a > K -
IK a K o e o r p o M H o e KOJiHqecTBO m ejiK o n p H Ä O ß ö h j io ö h H e o ö x o Ä H M o
HOrO BOJIOKHa.
B H a m e ii C TpaH e npoMbiuiJieHHOCTb HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOjiOKHa (JjaK- •ä j ih n o jiyq eH H H S T o ro KOJiHqecTBa BOJiOKiia, ecJiH o ä h h mejiKOBHH-
THqeCKH H 3 q a Ä a pa3BHBaTbCH TOJibKO n o c jie OKTHÖpbCKOH peBOJIIO- HHH q e p ß b 3 3 BCIO CBOIO JKH3Hb B bip3Ö aTbIB 3eT OÄHH KOKOH, B KOTO-
u h h . XI,o p e B 0 Ä i0 u,HH c y m e c T B O B a jia OÄHa H e ö o jib m a n n o J iy K y c T a p H a n pOM COÄep>KHTCH BCerO OKOJIO 0 ,5 2 UiejIKOBOH HHTH 3.

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1 JiHHTep — KopoTKOBOJioKHHCTbiö xJionoK (nyx), noJiy>iaeMUH b KaqecTBe

1 Ecjih nun nojiyqeHHH BOjiOKHa CHHTe3HpyioTCa HOBue BUCOKOMOJieKyjiap-
HUe COeaHHeHHH H3 MajIblX MOJieKyjI, TO TaKHG BOJIOKHa Ha3bIBaiOTCH CHHT6THMe-
ckhmh, HanpHMep KanpoH, HaftjiOH. Ilojiy^eH H e BbicoKOMOJieKyjiHpHbix coeÄHHeHHfi,
npHroAHbix'Jijih H3roTOBJieHHH CHHTeTHqecKHx bojiokoh, HBJIHeTCH npeÄMeTOM npo-
MbiuuieHHOcTH opramreecKoro CHHTe3a h paccMaTpHBaercH b cooTBeTCTByromefi
jiHTepaType. 3Ä ecb 6 y.neT h ä th pe^b jiHiub 06 ncKyccTBeHHbix BOJioKHax.
2 BMecTe c CHHTeTHnecKHM bojiokhom, no «aHHUM 3 . A. PoroBHHa (29).
otxoäob npn oiHCTKe xjiomcoBbix ceMHH Ha MacjioaaBOÄax. *
2 Kopji — njioTHaa, 0C060 npoHHan TKaHb, npuMenaeMan npH H3roTOBJieHHH
aBTonoKpbiuieK.
* HcOÖXOäHMO HanOMHHTb, qTO XHMHieCKHÖ COCTaB H CTpOCHHe HCKyCCTBeH­
HOrO BOJiOKHa h HaTypaJibHoro rnejiKa h h th m e.iKonpa/ia cOBepmeHHo p asjiH iH w .
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JIHaMHÄHUe B'OJIOKfia.

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66 67
n eH H oe b J ia ö o p a T o p H b ix y cjio B H H x m HHTpoKJieTqaTKH (H H T p oiu eJiK )
b o O p a H iiH H b 1884 r o f ly . B 1899 r o a y H a n a jra B b ip a S a T b rea T b h c-
c onymeHHbiMH b h h x nepcfjopH poB aH H H M H M eTajiJiH qecKH M H jiH CTa-
KyccTBeH H bift rneJiK H3 K jieTqaTK H n o M eaH oaM M H aqH O M y cnocoöy.
MH, pa3ÄejIHK3UI,HMH B3H H y Ha pHÄ y3KHX flq e e K (pHC. 23). B 3TH
B biJm CÄeJiaHbi nonbiTKH 0 p raH H 3 0 B aT b n p o M b in u ie H H o e np0H3B0ÄCT-
m e m h saKJiaÄHBaiOTCH B epTH KajibH O naqK H jih c t o b ixejijiiojio 3bi.
BO 3THX BOJIOKOH H T K aH efi, HO OHH nOJiyqaJIHCb OMeHb HH3KOrO K a-
J I h c t h o n n p a io T C H c b o h m h yuiKaMH Ha MeTajuinqecKHe öpycbH, npo-
q e c T B a h b TaKOM M a jio M K O jin qecT B e, ci t o He m o tjih HMeTb cepbe3-
x o Ä H m n e BAOJib BaHHbi, n o k o ro p M M o h h JierKO CK0Jib3HT n p « o k h -
HOTO H ap0ÄH 0X03HHCTBeHH0r0 3Ha*ieHHH.
M3HHH HX MeTaJIJIHqeCKOH nJIHToft. C jK H M aH H e npOH3BOÄHTCH n yT eM
ripcii3 B 0/ [C T B 0 HHTpom e.nKa n p e K p aT H J iocb e ip e ä o B T o p o S mh-
POBOH BOHHbl, BCJie,lCTBH3 OTHOCHTejIbHOH ÄOpOrOBH3HbI CbipbH
(x jio n K O B a n n e ju n o jio 3 a ) h x h m h k 3to b (a 3 o r a a H KHCJIOTa, cnnpT,
3(J)Hp) . riO STO M y B03HHKH0BeHHe npOMblLUJieHHOCTH HCKyCCTBeHHOrO
BOjiOKHa H a ^ o oTHecTH k H a ^ a jiy XX B eK a, a HMeHHO k 1905— 1906
r o ^ a M , K o r ^ a H a ^ a ji BbinycKaTbCH b h c K 03 h h h u ie jiK .
OcHOBHHM CbipbeM ÄJIH nOJiyHeHHH HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJIOKHa HB­
JIHeTCH ÄpeBecHan u eju n ojio3a. F lp n e e n ep ep a ö o T K e p a 3JmrabiMH
c n o c o 6 aMH b npoMbimjieHHocTH BbinycKaioTCH cjieÄ yrom n e Tpn BHÄa
HCKyCCTBeHHOrO B O jiO K H a: 1) BHCK03HHH, no KOTOpOMy npOH 3BOÄH T-
ch 84% B cero B b ip a ß a ra B a eM oro ( b MHpe) HCKyCCTBeHHOrO b o jio k -
Ha; 2 ) MeÄHoaMMHauHbiö, Ha ä o jiio KOToporo npnxoÄHTCH 2 % b h -
p aöaTbiB aeM oro BOjiOKHa h 3) au eTarabift (14% ).
CymHOCTb np0H3B0ÄCTBa nepBbix *SByx bhäob HCKyCCTBeHHOrO
BOJIOKHa 3aKJHOqaeTCH B H3M6HeHHH 4)H3H^eCKOH CTpyKTypbl ixejuiio-
Ji03bi: HHTeBHÄHbie M aKpoM'ojieKyjibi, KOTOpbie b n p H p o Ä H o ß u e ju iio jio -
3e HMejiH öecnopHÄO^Hoe pacnojiojK eH H e, p a c n o jia ra io T C H bo BHOBb
0ßpa30BaHH0M BOJioKHe ö o jie e h jih MeHee napaJuiejibHo BÄOJib o c h
BOJIOKIia. P hc . 23. MepcepH3aiiHOHHHfl npecc-BaHHa.
1 — nopmeHb rHÄpaBJiHqecKoro npecca; 2 — CTaJibHfcJe ^hctu; 3 — npHcnocoöjjeHHe
3 th H3M€HeHHH ÄOCTHraioTCH nyTeM nepeßeÄeHHH n,ejuii0ji03bi b
ÄJia 8birpy3KH oT>KaToä MepcepH30BaHH0fi u,e^jiiojio3bi.
pacTBop h BbiÄejieHHH ee H3 pacTB opa b BHÄe HHTeö n yreM o ö p a ö o T -
kh cooTBeTCTByiomHMH peareHTaM H h n yreM M exaH H ^ecKoro B03Äeö- : noÄa^H b o ä h b u h jih h ä P rHÄpaBJiHqecKoro n p ecca. ß n p ecc 3 arp y-
c t b h h . LIeJibio 3t h x onepauHH HBJIHeTCH nojiyqeH H e n p q q H tix HHTeö, i. JKaeTCH 250— 300 k s u,eJiJii0Ji03bi. 3 arp yjK eH H H ä n p e c c . 3an0jiHHi0T
npnroÄHHX ä j ih H3roTOBJieHHH TKaHefi. S1 pacTBopoM m e jio r a TaK, ’ ITOÖbl OH nOJIHOCTblO nOKpblBajI JIHCTbl.
PaCCMOTpHM, KaK 3TH OHepaUHH OCymeCTBJIHIOTCH B npOH3BOÄ- - ö p o u e c c MepcepH3an,HH BMecTe c BpeMeHeM HajiHBaHHH meJio^H
CTBe. np(uoji>K .ac; ch okojio 1,5 q a c a . T e M n ep a T y p a BaHHbi 17— 19°. n p n
■ 9tom ueJijnojio3a CHJibHO n a S y x a ex , H3 Hee yAajiHiOTCH pacTBopHM He
IT o jiy q e H H e BHCK03Horo BOjiOKHa
| b m e jio q n BemecTBa (b ochobhom reMHn,eJUiiojio 3 b i ) , u e jiÄ io jio 3 a
O ch ob h h m CbipbeM ä j ih nojiyqeHHH HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOjiOKHa no ■BCTynaeT b x H M m e c K o e B3ahmo jiq.k c tb h e c o meJioMbio, oöpa3yH m e-
BHCK03H0My cn o c o ß y HBJiHercH ÄpeßecHaH cyjib(})HTHaH n ejijii0ji03a, ; JiOMHyK) iiejuirc>ji03y (a jiK a jiH u e ju ii0 J i0 3 y );
h o npHMeHHiOTCH h Ä p yrH e b h ä h uejuii0ji03bi, Ä a * e cyjib<J)aTHaH co-
[CbH 70 2 (O H )3]Ä+ n NaOH H [C6H70 2 (O H ),O N a ]n+ n H 20 .
jiOMeHHan.
PeaKUHH HBJiaercH oöpaTH M oü: n o 3aKOHy ä s h c tb h h M acc c yBe-
U e ju iio jio 3 a npHB03HTCH Ha 33B0Ä b BHÄe jih c t o b o n p e Ä e jie H H b ix
tJlHqeHHeM KOHIXeHTpaiXHH meJIOTO B03paCTaeT KOJIK^eCTBO CBH3aHHOH
p a3 M ep o B h jih n o c T y n a e T H3 c o c e m e r o u e x a b m jx e iie jijn o jio 3 H 0 H i c iiejuiK)Ji030H uxeJiom.
He(j30pM0BaHH0H BOJIOKHHCTOH MaCCM.
*; n o 0K0HqaHHH n p o u ecca MepcepH3aiiHH CHJibHO H a ö yx m n e ueji-
JlncTbi iiejiJtoJio3bi pa3pe3aiOTCH Ha ö o jie e MejiKHe, cooTBeTCTByio-
3j»0JI03Hbie JIHCTbl1 OTÄHMaiOT ÄBHraiOmeHCH BÄOJib ÖpyCbeB njIHTOH
m n e pa3M epaM MepcepH3auH0HHbix npeccoB (6 0 X 8 0 c m hjih b ÄBa
fn p e c c a : nepBbifi pa3 He o n e n b CHJibHO, m o ö b i B bireK Jia m e jio n b , v.
p a3a i'M eH buine), h b TaKOM BHÄe noÄBepraioTCH MepcepH3auHH,
taaTeM BTopoft pa3 ä o äocth ^kch h h Beca meJiOMHOH uejuiiojio3bi, npe-
T. e. ÄeftcTBHio 18-npoueHTHoro pacTB opa eÄ K oro HaTpa c nocJieÄyio-
jB b iin a io m e ro b TpH p a3 a h c x o ä h h h Bec. n o jiy q e H H y io aÄKajiH itejuiio-
IH.HM OTKHMaHHeM. 3 T a onepauHH npOH3BOÄHTCH B MepCepH3aiI,HOH-
h h x npeccax-B aH H ax, npeÄCTaßjiHiomHx c o ö o ö MeTaJUinnecKHe BaHHbi ?, 1 r i p n Ä O C T a r o m o aJJUTejibaoM H a x o K A e H u n b p a c T B o p a x rH ^ p o o K H c e ft m e -
VltOHHbix MeTaJiJioB B ec H a ß y x u ie ft ueJuii0Ji03bi m o jk c t A O C TH rayTh 2 0 0 0 % o t Beca
,«CX02.H0ä U,eJUlI0JI03bI.
68

69
 iK c a H T o reH 3 T u e ju n o jio 3 b i n p eA C T 3 B jia eT c o ö o f l 3(|)Hp u e ju n o jio 3 b i
Ji0 3 y BbirpyacaioT, noÄH H M 3a c ^ a x u e j ih c t m h jih B biTajiK H B aa npec-
h K caiiToreH O B O K KHCJIOTbl, n p H c y rc T B y io m e H b aaHHOM c j i y q a e b
COM H3 BaHHbi OTCeKH C aJIKaJIHneJIJIK)JI030H. BHÄe COJIH1) .
U , e j u i K ) j i o 3 n y i o M a c c y h Ä p y r a e b h ä h o q e H b B J ia jK H o ü u e ju n o ji0 3 H
iK ca H T oreH H p o ß a H H e npoßO ÄH T b o c o ö h x a n n a p a T a x , T aK H a3biB äe-
M e p c e p H 3y i o T b M e m a j i K a x c n e u n a jib H H X K O H c rp y K iiH H , n pn qeM 6 e-
m h x B a K y y M - K c a H T a T M e m a j i K a x (p n c . 2 4 ) . 3 t o t a n n a p a T
pyT ß o j i e e K O H u e H T p H p o B a tiH u e p a c T B o p b i m e j i o q H ( ä o 250 s/ji ) ■
n p e Ä C T a B jia eT c o ö o h M eT a ju m q ecK H H c o c y Ä e M K o cT b io ä o 15 m 3 c n o -
OTpaßoTaHHbie pacTBopbi e ^ K o ro HaTpa cjiHBaioTca H3 BaHHbi h
jiyuH JiH H ÄpnqecK O H HHJKHefi q a c T b io h ih h p o k o h uH JiH H ÄpnqeckoH
orapaB^HioTCH Ha coÄOByio ct3hii,hio, r ^ e ohh n oÄ ß ep rsio T ca ÄnaJiH-
B e p x H e ä q a c T b io . B HH>KHe& qacT H , K y Ä a 3 a rp y > K a e rc 5 ! m e jio ^ H a n
3y fl,nn OTAeJieHHH o t reMHneJunoJio3, y K p en jia iO T c« ÄoßaBJieHHeM
n e jim o ji0 3 a , p a c n o jio jK e H b i Ä ß e M em ajiK H b BHÄe r 0 pH 3 0 HT3 ÄbH bix
CBe>Kero e^ K o ro HaTpa h CHOBa h ä v t Ha MepcepH3au,Hio.
K OJieHqaTbix B aJioß; b B e p x H e ä q a c T H ycraH O B J ieH a B ep T H K a jib H a a M e-
Cym ecTByiO T H enpepH BH ue c n o c o ö H M epcepH 3au,HH, KOTOpbie
in a jiK a . n o c jie t o t o K aK 3 a r p y H ie H a m e jio q H a H n,eÄJii0Ä03a, b a n n a -
3aKJii0 q a i0Tca b pa3M euiHBaHHH M a ccb i c p a c T B o p o M m e jio q H b r o p a -
paTe c 0 3 Ä a i0 T p a 3 p es c e H H e h bboäht c e p o y r jie p o Ä b KO ÄH qecTBe
30 HT3JIbHbIX B3 HH3 X C 3yßqaTbIMH B3JI3MH (rOJIJieHÄepbl) HJIH B Bep-
34— 36% k B e c y u e ju n o jio 3 b i. n p o u ,e c c B eÄ eT c a n p n noM eiiiH B aH H H c
THKaJibHHx c o c y ^ a x (M ep cep H 3 a T op a x) c MemajiKaMH b BHae ceTOK.
n o M o m b io r0pH 30H TaJibH H x BajiOB. P a 3 p e jK e H H e , KaK h n ep eM en iH B a -
M epcepH 30BaH H aa M a c c a o tjk h m a e T c a 3aTeM Ha c h t o b h x npeccax,
HHe, c n o c o ö c T B y e T J iy q in e M y p a c n p e Ä e J ie H H io c e p o y r a e p o Ä a b h c ju iio -
BaKyyM-(J)HJibTpax hjih qepBaqHbix n p eccax.
jiÖ 3 e. H h h c h h h q a c T b a n n a p a T a o x jia jK Ä a e T c a c n o M o m b ro b o ä h h o h
n o c j i e M epcepH3au,HH h ot>khm3hhh a jiK a jiH u e jijiio jio 3 a H 3M ejib--
p y ß a u iK H . T e M n e p a T y p a K caH ToreH H poB aH H H 21— 24°, a k KOHny n p o -
q a e T c a r j is i t o t o , MToßbi yßejinqHTb e e nQBepxHOCTb h TeM caMUM 0 6 -
u e c c a H eM H oro Bbiiue. IK caH T o reH H p oß aH H e n p oÄ O J iÄ aeT C H b T eqeH H e
jiernHTb b Ä aJib H efim eM n p o u e c c e e B3 aHM0ÄeHCTBHa c c e p o y r jie p o -
2— 3 qacoB .
ÄOM. ^
rOTOBbifi K c a H T o r e H a T n p e Ä C T a B jia e T c o ß o f i p b i x j i y i o M a c c y opaH-
H 3 M eJ ib qeH H yio m e jio q H y io u e ju iio jio 3 y BbiÄep>KHBaioT n p n onpe-
jK e B o r o u,BeTa. Ero p a c T B o p a io T , Ä O Ö a B jia n b s t o t m e a n n a p a T c jia -
Ä eJieH H ofi T e M n e p a T y p e ( o k o j io 2 6 — 3 0 ° ) b T eqeH H e 2 0 — 2 4 q a c o ß b
ö b iH pacTB op eÄ K oro H aTpa. PacTB opeH H e B eÄ yT npH H e n p e p b iB H O M
• M eTaJiJiHqecKHx T e jie K K a x - a m H K a x , ß y H K e p a x h jih Bpam 3K>m ,Hxca
nepeMeuiHBaHHH cM ecn c n oM om bio ropH30HTaji-bHbix h BepTHKajibHbix
T p y ö a x . B n o c jie/ m e M c jiy q a e npouecc aßJiaeTca HenpepHBHHM. 3 t o t
M e m a jiO K . TeM n epaTypa p eaK U H O H H O H cm sch 7— 12°: K ca H T oreH aT
npouecc hocht Ha3B3 HHe npeÄC03peßaHHa. B o BpeMH npeÄC03peßa-
jiy q in e p a c T B o p a e T c a n p n a o H H J K eH H o n T e M n e p a T y p e .
h h h n p o n c x o Ä H T OKHCjiHTejibHbie npoueccH (npn yqscTHH K H CJiopoaa
K c a H T o r e H a T n e ju u o ji0 3 H pacTB opaeTca b m e jio q H O M pacTB ope h
B03/iyxa), npnqeM ÄJiHHHbie nenn MaKpoMOJieKyji pacmenjiaiOTca Ha
oöpa3yeT B a 3 K y io > K eJ iT 0 B 3 T 0 r0 iiB e T a M a c c y , n o x o j K y i o H a M eÄ , k o -
ß o jie e k o p o t k h ^, q ra hcoöxoähm o ^ jih n o jiyq eH H H b Ä a jib H e ö iu e M
Topaa H a3H B aeTca b h c k 0 3O h (ot j ib t h h c k o t o c j io b s v is c o s u s , qTo
BHCK03HHX paCTBOpOB C ÄOCTaTOqHO BbICOKOH BH3KOCTbK>. 3H3qHT K A e Ü K U Ü ).
rio 0K0 HqaHHH n p o u ecca npeÄC03peB3HHa 3 JiKajiHuejunojio3a 0 6 - . ^ h c th h K ca H T oreH a T n e jijii0 ji0 3 b i öecu B eTeH . > K e .n T a a oK pacK a
p a 6 3 TUB3 eTCH cepoyrjiepoÄ O M ä jih nojiyqeHHH pacTBopH M oro b boa-
bhcko3h o ß y c jio B J iH B a e T c a H a jin q H e M b H eß T pH T H O K apöoH ara H a r-
H o-m ejioqH ofl c p e a e coeÄHHe.HHa — KcaHToreH3T3 u eju nojio3H .
p n a , B c e r Ä a n o jiy q a io m e r o c a b K 3 q ecT B e n o ß o q H o ro npoÄ yK TS b p e -
/ 0 C 6H 70 , ( 0 H ) 2
1 KcaHTOreHOBbIMH KHCJ10T3MH H33bIBaiOT CJIOJKHbie 9(j)Hpbt ^HTHOyrOJIbHOft
[C6H 70 2 (O H )2O N a ]„+ n C S 2 Z C = S OR
X SNa /
KHCJIOTbl, oömefi (})opMyjibi C=S , ra e R — 0CTaT0K cnnpTa. CaMa AHTHoyrojib-
KcaHToreHaT ueJi/uoJiosH1
\ h
1 CTeneHb noJiHMepH3au.HH ( « ) KcaHToreHaTa, o ö b ira o npHMeHaeMoro ajih OH
noJiy^eHHJi BHcK03Horo BOjiOKHa, paBHa 400— 500. /
npn KcaHToreHHpoBaHHH uejuiK)Ji03bi, T. e. npn nojiyqeHHH ee 3<f>HpoB, c KcaH- f «a a KHcjioTa C=S — o^CHb Henpo'iHoe coenm em e. 3<pupbi stoh khcjioth
ToreHOBOH k h cjio to h p earn pyeT b cpeaneM oäh 3 rHÄpoKCHJibHan rp yn n a Ha Käm­
m te Äßa rviK>K03Hbix ocTaTKa (o/iHa rHÄpoKCHjiMiaH rp yn n a H3 m ecTH), TaK n o
ypaBHeHHe peaKUHH 0Öpa30BaHHH K cam oreH aTa npaBHjibHee nncaTb TaKHM 06-
;T a K *e HeycToö^HBbi. Bojiee ycToiMHBbiMH hbjihiotch h x cojih (HanpHMep, HaTpne-
pa30M:
OC2H 6
.0 C bH 90 4•C6H 10O5 ' /
/ jf*aH cojib STHJiKcanToreHara C = S ), KOTOpbie h Hcnojib3yioTCH Ha npaKTHKe.
fC6H l0O5-C6H 9O4O N a ]„ + | C S 2 c=s 1 \
SNa
2 \
SNa
71
70
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nojiyqeHHH KcaHToreHaTa uejunojio3br.
/ S N a
3CS2+ 6 N a O H -> 2 C = S
X SNa
m ejio q b io
+ N a 2C 0 , + 3 H , 0
b n p ou ecce yMeHbiuaeTCH ee ycTOHqKBOcTb h yßejiHqHBaeTCH cnocoöHocTb k Koa-
ryJiH U H H .
B o BpeMH co3peB3H H H BHCK03y c jw jib T p yiO T TpH p a 3 a B paMHbix
4 )H J ib T p n p ecca x (p h c . 25), npHMeHHH b K a q e c T B e (J jH jib T p y io iu ero Ma-
T e p H a jia x jio n q a T o ö y M S jK H u e t k s h h , n o j i o r ä o H3 BOjiOKHa x jio p H H h
B aT y. n p H s t o m yÄajiHiOTCH H ep acTB op H B iiiH ecH qacTHqKH KcaHTore-
H aTa, BOÄOKHa u e ju n o jio 3 b i h n p o q n e H ep acT B op eH H b ie npHMecn.
C jie Ä y io m e H o n e p a u H e ö HBJineTCH y Ä a jie H H e B 0 3 Ä y x a H 3 b h c k o 3 m.
3 to M oryT 0 6-
H e o ö x o Ä H M o C Ä e jia T b n o T O M y , q T o n y 3 b ip b K H B 0 3 Ä y x a
pH B 3Tb HHTH BHCK03H npH npHÄeHHH H BbI3bIB3Tb 0 ß p a 30BaHHe Ha
BOÄO KH e T a K H a 3 b iB a e M o r o B o p c a . B o 3 Ä y x y Ä a jin e T C H n y T e M c o 3ÄaH H H
B3KyyM a b öa K a x , r Ä e fiaxoÄH TCH b h c k o 33.

Phc. 25. 0 6 iu ,h h b h ä (J w jib T p n p e c c a b pa30ÖpaHH0M c o c t o a h u h .

1 — njiHTa; 2 — paMa; 3 — 3a-/KKMHoft bhht .

*
C o 3 p e B iu a H h oqH iueH H SH b h c k 033 noÄaeTC H Ha npH ÄH JibH yio M a-
uiH H y, Ha K O T o p o ä oc y m e c T B jin e T C H npH ÄeH H e, t . e. (J)opM HpoBaHHe
h h t h h 3 npH ÄH JibH oro p a c T B o p a .
n p H H U H n H a jib H a n cxeM a npH ÄH Ä bH ofi M aaiH H U H 3 o 6 p a )K e H a Ha
pH cyiiKe 26.
BncK03a H3 p a ß o q n x 63kob n o c jie yÄajieHHH B03Äyxa h co3pe-
Ha 0 ß p a 30 BaHHe ra o K a p ö o H a T a 3 aTpaqHBaeTCH o k o jio 25% 0 6 - 3hhh noÄaeTCH no o ö m eM y T p y 6 0 np0 B0Äy-K 0JiJieKT0 p y b npaAHJib-
m e r o KOJiHHecTBa p a c x o Ä y e M o ro cep o y rjie p o fta . h h u ex, r ^ e P 3 3 b o ä h tch Ha npHÄHJibHbie MamHHbi no T p y ö o n p o ß o -
I l o J i y 'i a i o T BHCK0 3H H e pacT B opbi c c o jx e p x a H H e M u e ju ii0 ji03bi ot aM , npOXOÄHIIIHM BÄOJib K3JKÄ0H M aiUHHH, HM dOm efi Uejlblft pHÄ
8 ao 9% ( ä j ih iiiT a n e jib H o r o b o j io k h 3 ä o 9,5%) h c coÄepJKSHHeM , pHAHJIbHblX M6CT. HaCOCHKH, CBH33HHbie C BHCK03HbIM TpyÖOnpOBO-
eÄ K o ro H a T p a b 6 — 7 % . 3 t h p a c T B o p u n e p e Ä 3 io T B 6 a K H h ^B biAep- DM MaHIHHM, Ä03HpyiOT BHCK03y qepe3 CneUH3JIbHblÖ (|)HJIbTp B
jKHBaiOT b T e q e H H e 34— 45 q a c o B r ip n TeM nepaType 14 16°. 3 to t "eKJIHHHyiO HJIH BHHHnÄ3CT0Byro TpyÖKy (q e p B H K ), no KOTOPOÖ BHC-
n p o u e c c h o c h t H33B3HHe c 0 3 p e B 3 H H H b h c k o 3 U . 0 3 3 n o c T y n a e T b H H TeoöpasoBaTejib, TaK Ha3biBaeMyro tj)HJibepy
n p H c03peB aH H H K c a H T oreH a T noÄßepraeTCH qacTHHHOMy thäPO - ;|)Hc. 2 7 ) , npeÄCTaBJiHioiuyK) c o ö o h KopoTeHbKHH noÄbiü u h jih h äP h k
JIH3y (OMblJIHeTCH). CTeneHb 3TepH(j)HKaUHH CHHJKaeTCH, yM eH b - ÄOHbllUKOM C OäHOTO KOHUa, CÄeJiaHHblH H3 XHMHqeCKH CT0HKHX Me-
UiaeTCH KOJIHMeCTBO CBOÖOÄHOH mejIOTO, o 6 p a 3yiOTCH COJIH TpHTHO- ‘ jijio b , q a m e s c e r o H3 cn jia ß a njiaTHHbi c npHÄHeM, a HHorÄa H3
KapÖOHÖBOH KHCJIOTbl H Ä p y ™ e CepHHCTbie COeÄHHeHHH. BH3KOCTb ,'H T a jia . <E>HJibepbi, npeÄHa3HaqeHHbie ä jih npHÄeHHH m ejiK a, HMeioT
BHCK03bi. c H a q a jia noHHJKaeTCH (ß cjieÄ C T B H e qa'CTHqHofi Ä erH Ä p aT a- "a M eT p ÄOHbiuiKa 10 — 12 m m h Ha HeM 2 5 — 4 0 oTBepcTHfi ÄHaMeT-
u h h q a c T H ii), a 3aT eM B 0 3 p a c T a e T (B C J ie a c T B H e arpe'ra^n,HH. q a c r a u ). Oto 0 ,0 8 M M . BHCK03a npOÄ3BJIHB3eTCH q e p e 3 3TH OTBepCTHH H BHXC-
B c e 3TO npHBOÄHT K H3MeHeHHK) KOJIJIOHÄHblX CBOHCTB BHCK03H1 “ T TQHKHMH •CTpyHK3MH B OCaÄHTeJIbHyiO B3HHy, npeÄCT3BJIHIOIUyiO

72
COÖOH BOÄHHH p a c T B o p cepHOH KHCJIOTH ( 1 2 0 — 1 4 0 z /a ), cepH O ;
ö o jie e n p s B H jib H o e nojio>K eH H e, p a c n o jia r a n c b n s p s ju ie jib H O och
KHCJioro H a T p a a ( 2 2 0 — 2 4 0 z /a ) h cepHOKHCJioro u h h k 3 (1 5 — 20 z /a )
„ B0JI0KH3. P3CCTOHHHe M Ö K Ä y MaKpOMOJieKyjiaM'H HecKOJibKO COKpa-
h n o Ä o r p e T y io ä o 4 5 — 4 6 °.
m aeTCH, CBH3b M eJKÄy HHMH yCHJIHBaeTCH, H TaKHM 0 ß p a3 0 M BOÄOKHy
n P H COIipHKOCHOBeHHH C 3THM paCTBOpOM KCaHTOreHaT UeJIJIIOJI03bI
npHÄaeTCH H e o ß x o Ä H M a n n p o r a o c T b .
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n p H ueHTpH^yraÄbHOM cnocoße npHÄeHHH HHTb nojiyqaeTCH Kpy-
HblX HHTOqeK (SJieMeHTapHHX BOJIOKOH), qHCJIO KOTOpHX paBHO qHCJiy
q e H a n , a n p n ö o ö h h h o m OHa
c o c t o h t H3 oTÄejibHbix n a p a ju ie jib H H X
S Ä eM eH T ap H H X BOJIOKOHeU.
r JiaBHeHuiHM peareHTOM, ÄeficTByioiuHM b ocaÄHTejibHoS BaHHe,
HBJIHeTCH cepHaH KHcjioTa. O H a HeflTpajiH3yeT m ejion b h pa3JiaraeT
KcaHToreHaT, ocB oöojK Ä an u eju ii0ji03y:
x o c 8H9o 4
C =S + H 2S O 4 - ^ C 6H 10O 6+ C S 2+ N a H S O 4
\ ue^Jif0Ji03a
S N a

C epH an KHcjioTa TaKJKe pa3JiaraeT raoKapßoHaTH, cyjib(J)HÄH h

Ä pyrne cepH ncrae coeÄHHeHHH:
N a 2C S 3+ H 2S 0 4 - > N a 2S 0 4+ C S 2+ H 2S
N a 2S + H 2S 0 4 -> N a 2S 0 4+ H 2S
N a 2S 2- f- H 2S 0 4 N a 2S 0 4-f- H 2S + S
N a 2S 20 3 + H 2S Ö 4 - * N a 2S 0 4 + S 0 2 + S + H 20 .

C o jih , BxoÄHiuHe b cocTaB pacTB opa ocaÄHTejibHoS BaHHH, B H 3H -

B3I0T KOaryjIHUHIO BHXOÄHIUeft B BHÄe CTpyeK BHCK03H.
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A — 6o6HHHbift cnocoö npHÄeHHH; B — £;eHTpH4>yrajib- yßeJiHqeHHaa. '
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p a BHCK03H; 2 — npHÄHJIbHBIÄ HaCOCHK; 3 — 4>HJIbTp CTBOpe ÄOJI5KH3 0CT3B3TbCH nOCTOHHHOH, HH3He ÖyÄyT MeHHTbCH H
cßeH H oro THna; 4 — cxeKJiHHHaH T p y ö n a ; 5 — a teJ ioö ;
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9 — BOpoHKa; 20— neHTpH<i>yra. CTHraeTCH TeM, cit o pscTB op, HenpepbiBHO npoTeKaioiUHH no x e j i o ö y
(cm. pnc. 2 6 ), cofinpaeTCH b cn eu n ajibH H e 6aKH, OTKyÄa HacocaMH
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HHTb. H h t h BblTHrHBaiOTCH ÄHCKOM MauiHHH H yKJI3ÄbIB3IOTCH B na- OÖXOÄHMblX pe3reHT0B BHOBb HanpaBJIHeTCH Ha npHÄHJIbHHe MaiUH-
KeTbi (K yÄ H H H ) n p n n o M om H ueHTpHt|)yrH (oT Ö p a cH B a H H eM h h t h no h h . ^ a c T b pacTBopai pereHepnpyeTCH nyTeM BbinapHBaHHH jin u iH e fi
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CTByiOT BBOÄHMHe B p3CTB0p CyjIb[})3TbI (oCOÖeHHO CyjIb(j)3T UHHK3), CHHMaeTCH BMecTe c ö o ö h h o h . 3 t o b o jio k h o 3arpH3HeHO cepHOH KH­
KOTOpHe, OÖp33yH OÄHOHMeHHHe HOHH SO"4, U0HHJK3I0T CTeneHb ÄHC- CJIOTOH, COJIHMH H ÄPyTHMH npHMeCHMH. JXjlfl yÄ3JieHHH 3THX npHMe-
COUH3UHH cepHOH KHCJIOTbl H T3KHM nyTeM yMeHbHiaiOT KOHUeHTp3- cefi o h o CH3H3JI3 Tui,3TejibH0 npoMbiBseTCH boäoh , a 3aTeM o ß p a ö a -
UH10 BÖÄOpOÄHHX HOHOB, OT KOTOpOH 33BHCHT CKOpOCTb p33JI0JKeHHH THBaeTCH ^paCTBOpaMH, COÄepjKaiUHMH eÄKHH H3Tp, CyjIb(jDHT HJlH
KC3HT0reH3T3. . cepHHCTHH HaTpnfl, KOTOpHe CBH3HB3IOT c e p y (Ä ecyÄ btJjypau H H ):
B n p o u ecce npHÄeHHH h h th H3 rH ÄP3Tuejuuojio3bi HecKOJibKO Bbi-
6 N a O H + 4 S -> 2 N a 2S + N a 2S 20 3+ 3 H 20
THrHB3IOTCH. O pH 3TOM UenH M3Kp0M0JieKyjI UejIÄK)JI03H npHHHM3K)T
N a 2S 0 3+ S - > N a 2S 20 3.
74
75

F locJ ie s r o r o bojiokho oTM bißaeTCH ot a e c y jifa c fjH p y io m e r o pacTBO -
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ö'KHCJieHHH o p ra H H n e c K H x coeÄH H eH H fi, n p H a a io m H x ß o jio K H y » e j i T o -
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3 JIaCTHHHOCTb, qTO ßajKHO ÄJIH Ä a jIb H e filU e fi OÖpaßOTKH BOJIOKHa
TeKCTHJIbHblX MaiUHH3X.
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k o h K y jin q e fi. B o jio k h o , n o jiy q e H H o e n o ßoßHHHOM y M eTO Äy, npoM bi-
B3eTCH H3 Ö06HH3X. O tÄ e jIK a BOJIOKHa B MOTKax npOH3BOÄHTCH n o q -
t h HCKÄm HTeÄbHo KaK BcnoM oraTejibHaH onepauHH ä jih OTÄejiKH
OTÖpaKOBaHHHX K y jr a q e fi h jih 6 o 6 h h h jih ä jih B b in yc K a 6 e jie H o r o
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r o h x 0 T ^ H M a i0 T b ueHTpHtj)yr3x, p a c n p a ß jiH iO T h OTnpaßJiHioT Ha
c y u iK y .
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hoh o n e p a u H e fi. TjiaB H biM H ycjioBH H M H cyu iK H h b j ih io t c h paB H O M ep-
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nepeÄB H raeTC H n o u rap oK O M y K a n a jiy c >Kejie3HhiMH creHiKaM H
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tokom ^ k B o jio K H y n o K a H a jiy ÄßHjKeTCH n o Ä o r p e T b iö B 0 3 Ä yx. B b ix o -
ä h i u h h H3 cyuiHJiKH y x e noqTH c y x o f i M S T e p n a ji BCTpeqaeTCH c cyxH M
B 0 3 a y x o M . KOM'HaTHOH T e M n e p a T y p b i, h o n o M e p e n p o Ä ß H x e H H H B0 3 -
1 P a 3pbiBHbiM yaJiHHeHneM Ha3biBaeTca yBejim eHHe ßjiHHbi BOjiOKHa npn e ro
pacTnrHBaHHH a o MÖMeHTa pa3pbiBa. BejinqHHy yiyiHHeHHH o 6 o 3HanaioT 0TH0me-
HHeM yBejiH>ieHHH ä jih h h k h cxoäh oh ÄJiHHe, BbipaxeHHbiM b npoueHTax. OÖbmHo
OHa cocTaßjisieT oko jio 20 % .
76
Ä y x nocTeneHHO nporpeBaeTCH h BCTpeqaeT BJia>KHoe cßejKee b o jio k ­
ho, HMea T eM n ep aT yp y 75— 85° (n p u cyu iK e niTan ejibH oro BOjiOKHa
9 5— 1 0 0 °).
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CHMOCTH OT TOTO, B MKOM BHÄe H3X0ÄHTCH M3TepH3JI — B KyjIHHaX,
MOTKax hjih uiTaneÄbKax. r0T0B0e bojiokho coÄep*HT okojio
12% BJiaru h npeÄCTaBjiaeT c o ö o fi rH ÄpaTuejijn0Ä03y.
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CTHjibHbix (JjaöpHKax, uiejiKOBoe b o jio k h o ä o jijk h o 6 biTb cKpyqeHO.
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npOH3BOÄHTCH HenOCpeÄCTBeHHO Ha npHÄHJIbHblX M3UIHH3X. H H O rÄ a
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B 3eT npOHHOCTb CBH3H M e X Ä y OTÄejIbHbIMH SJieMeHTapHblMH BOJIOK-
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hhh, ho äjih 3aK pen jieH H H K pyTK H u ie jiK n o Ä B ep rs eT C H 33n3pHB3HHK>,
h ■t. e. BbiÄepÄHBseTCH b Teqeu n e HecKOjibKHX qacoB b c n e u n a jib H b ix
Ha noM eiu eH H H x c T e M n e p s T y p o fi 35 — 37° n p n OTHOCHTejibHofi bjisjkho-
CTH B 03ÄyX 3 9 5 % , HJIH OÖpSÖaTblBaeTCH B 33KpbITbIX KOTJI3X OCTpbIM
•n s p o M n o Ä ÄSBJieHHeM.
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; nepeMaTblBSeTCH H3 ÖOÖHHbl C KpeCTOBOH H3M0TK0H H OTnpSBJIHeTCfl
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IIlTaneÄbHHM b o j io k h o m H a3HBaeTCH ncKyccTBeHHoe bojiokho, bh-
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c kotophmh q a c T o npHMeHHeTCH uiTanejibHoe bojiokho.
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jio kh o n o jiy q a jio c b HH3Koro KaqeCTßa, h n o cjie b o A h m e ro np0H3B0Ä-
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HOCTH.
77
 r i o XHMHqeCKHM H (|>H3HqeCKHM npOUeCCaM np0H3B0ÄCTB0 UITa- n y c K a n BHCK03y b o c a A H T e A b H y io B aH H y q e p e 3 m ,cjieB H A H yio (JjHAb-
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HMeiOTCH OTAHqHH. 3 fle C b M o r y T ÖblTb HeCKOJIbKO HHbIMH OTHOCHTejIb- BncK 03a a jih np0H3B0ACTBa nAeHKH noAyqaeTCH TaKHM ace o ö p a ­
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AH AbH bix h O T Ä e jio q H b ix annapaTOB ö o jie e n p o c r a e h 0T A H qai 0T c a 33KAIOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO BHCK03y AOAbUie BblAepSCHBaiOT B BHCK03-
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u iT a n e jib H o ß M auiHHbi A a e T b o a o k h s b 40 — 60 pa3 6 o jib iu e , qeM pa- T y p e ^ MeHbine ß ep yT c e p o y rA e p o A s h eA K oro H3Tps.
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ao 5000. BaiOTCH- b pyAOHbi BecoM b 60 kz , 3aK Aioqaiom H e ß c e ö e AeHTy nin-
I ly q K H n 3 p 3 AAeAbH bIX 3AeM eH T3pH bIX BOAOKOH, BblXOÄHIUHX H3 pHHOH B 1,25 M H AAHHOH OKOAO 1500 M (1 M2 UeAAO(j)aHa BeCHT 35 s ) .
(})HJIbep, COeAHHHIOT B TOACTblH JKryT. HOBOH AOnOAHHTeAbHOH one- lI,eAJiocj)aH A erK o OKpauiHBaeTCH b a io ö o h UBeT. B A a roA a p H cbo-
p a u n e ß 3 A e c b HBAHeTCH p e 3 K a b o a o k h 3 Ha oTAeJibH bie n yqK H (u r r a - efl AerKOcrH, np03paqH 0C TH , KpacHBOMy BHeuiHeMy BHAy h HeBbico-
n eA b K H ) p33AHqHOH ÄJIHHbl (OT 40 AO
120 m m ) B 33BHCHM0CTH OT KOH CTOHMOCTH UeAAOCjiaH HBAHeTCH yAOÖHblM ynaKOBOqHblM MaTe-
H33H3qeHHH BOAÖKHa. BOAOKHO peJK yT B MOKpOM B H Äe C p 3 3 y ÜOCJIC pnaAOM AAH nnm eBHX npOÄyKTOB, MeAHKakeHTOB, OTAeAbHblX BHAOB
b h x o a 3 H3 npH A H A bH ofl M 3 u ih h h , h a h n o c A e OTAeAKH n e p e A c y u iK o fi, raAaH Tepeu h Apyrn x Toßapoß, KOTopbie HteAaTeAbHO paccMaTpHBaTb,
HAH nOCAe cyu iK H . He npHKacancb k hhm pyKaMH.
O T A e A K 3 npOH3BOAHTCH B JK iyT 3 X HAH B pe33H 0M BHAe. Ü T A e A O q - C y m e cT B e H H U M HeAOCTaTKOM ueAAO(|)aHa h b a h c tc h ero M aA an
HHe M3IUHHM ÖblBaiOT pa3AHqHOrO yCTpOHCTB3, OTAHqHOrO OT M3IUHH, cTOHKOCTb n o OTHouieHHio k BOAe. B npncyTCTBHH BAarH o h H a ß y x a -
npH M eH H eM bix npu O TAeAK e HCKyCCTBeHHOrO iu eA K 3 . eT h CT3 HOBHTCH H e n p o q H b iM . J J a h o cA S Ö A eH H H 3 T o r o H e a o c T 3TK3 u e j i -
IIlT s n e jib H o e b o a o k h o B b in y c K a e T c n A ö y x o c h o b h h x b h a o b : AJia J10(J)3H A3K H p yiO T , T. e. nOKpblBaiOT nOBepXHOCTb AHCTOB 3(j)HpaM H
xA onK onpH AeH H H , t. e. aah n epepsöoTK H H3 xjio n K on p H A H A b H oM UeA A K )A 03 bI, nO A H X JIO pBH H H A O M , M eT H A M eT 3 K p H A 3 T 0 M, BHHHA3UeT3T0M
o6 opyA O B 3H H H , B GMeCH C XAOnKOM HAH 6 e3 XAOnKa, H ÄJIH U iepC Te- H nOAOÖHHMH M aTepH 3A 3M H . ^ISIUe BCerO npHMeHHeTCH HHTpOUeJI-
npHASHHH, t . e. a a h n e p e p a ö o T K H b c M e c n c mepcTbio Ha uiepCTenpa- AI0A03a.
AHAbHOM OÖOpyAOBaHHH.
IIlT a n eA b H o e b o a o k h o o Ö A a ro p s jK H B a e T x a o h o k h u ie p c T b , t . e.
npHAseT hm npoqHocTb, H3HiuecTBO h cnoco6HOCTb A e rq e oö p a ö a T b i- TlpOH3BOACTBO HCKyCCTBeHHOrO B0A0K H 3 H nAeH O K nO BHCK03H0My
BaTbCH. JIoöaBAeH H e e r o b cM ecb b KOAHqecTBe a o 7 5 % n03B0Asier M eTO A y npH Aem eB O M HCXOAHOM C bipbe OTAHqSeTCH Cp3BHHTeAbHOfr
noJiyqaTb TKaHH BbicoKoro KaqecTBa H3 HH3KOCopTHoro XAonKa h npocTOTOH T e x H O A o rH q e c K o r o n p o u e c c a h He T p e ß y e T A o p o r n x h a g -
r p y ö o ö rnepcTH. TKaHH H3 q H cro ro n iT an ejib H oro b o a o k h 3 OTAHqaioT- 4>HUHTHbIX M 3TepH 3A0B . HpO AyKT nOAyq3eTCH AOCTaTOHHO BbICOKOrO
CH HCKAIOqHTeJIbHbIM pa3HOOÖpa3HeM — OT TOHKHX H3HIUHHX HieAKO- K a q e c T B a h H e B b ic oK o fi c t o h m o c t h . C ym ecTB eH H biM HeAOCTaTKOM s t o -
BHCTbix MaTepnaAOB a o ocoöo npoqHhix u a o t h h x TKaHeö, npnroAHbix r o c n o c o ß a HBJIHeTCH TO OÖCTÖHTeAbCTBO, qTO npH XO AH TCH n p H M e H H T b
AAH HIHTbH naAbTO. K p O M e TOTO, C ym eC T B yeT pHA COpTOB UITanejIb- q p e 3BbiqaHHO B p eA H o e B e iu e cT B o — c e p o y r A e p o A - >K0HeqH0 , p a ß o q n e
H oro BOAOKH3 AAH CneUHaAbHUX u ejieü — AAH KOBpOBHX H3ÄeAHfi, BceMH MepaMH npeAoxpaH H ioTCH o t a s h c t b h h 3T o ro B e m e c T B a , h o npH
a a h MeuiKOBHHbi, b o a o k h o TH na A * y i a h A pyrn e.' rp o M SA H bix p 33M e p s x n p o n 3BOACTB3 o ö p 3 iueHHe c cepoyrA epoA O M -
C03A 3 eT HeKOTOpbie HeyA0ÖCTB3.
n P O H 3 B O ,H C T B O H ÜPH M EH EH H E U .E J IJ IO O A H A

UeAJIO(j3aHOM H33bIB3eTCH np03p3qHaH nAeHKa H3 UeAAK)A03bI, n P O H 3 B O Ä C TB O H CK yCCTBE H H O TO BOJIOKHA

n o A y q e H H a n BHCK03HHM cnocoßoM *. T a n y io n A eH K y noAyqaiOT, npo-
n o MEÄHOAMMHAHHOMy CnOCOBY
1 rfpö3pat{Hbie njieHKH nojiyqaroT H3 uejunojio3bi h ÄpyrHMH cnocoßaMH. M a -
TepnaJi, nojiyqeHHbiä no MeAHOaMMHa>moMy cn o co öy, Ha3biBaeTca Kynp0<})aH0M; M eA H oaM M naqH H H c n o c o ß OTAnqseTCH o t b h c k o s h o to TeM, qTo
noJiyqeHHbiö no aueTaraoMy cnocoöy —- aueT0$aH0M hjih ucjijiohom (iwiCTbie ÄJIH npHrOTOBAeHHH npHÄHAbHOrO p3CTBOpa, T. e . ÄJIH pacTBopeH H H
JIHCTbl) . UeAAI0A03U, npHMeHHeTCH A p y ro fl paCTBOpHTeAb, a HMeHHO aMMHaq-

78 79'
H b lß p a C T B O p OKHCH M eA H , H COOTB 6TCTB 6 HHO H 3 M eH H eT C 3 npOUSCC B p a c T B o p H T e jib s a r p y a c a iO T 2 5-npoii.eH TH U H pacTB op aM M H aK a,
n pH Ä eH H H . oxjiajKAGHHbiH a o 2 °. n ycK a iO T M e m a jiK y h b T eqeH H e q a c a 3 a rp y-
H cxoah h m CbipbeM q a m e B cero HBJineTCH k o p o tk o b o jio k h h c th h »caiOT ocHOBHyro co jib MeAH H3 p a c q e T a 4 2 k z M eiaju im ecK O H MeAH
x jio iio k (J iH H T e p ). n p H M e H H e T C H T aK J K e o ö J ia r o p o jK e H H a n ApeßecH as Ha 100 k z c y x o fi u e ju ii0 ji0 3 b i. T e M n e p a T y p y n o A A e p x H B a io T He Bbirne
u eju n ojio3a c BbicoKHM coAepacaHHeM a -uejuuojio3bi (9 6 — 9 7 % ) . 12°. n o öKOHqaHHH 3arpy3KH pa3MeuiHBaHHe npoAOJixaeTCH e m e b
X jion K O B b ift n y x cH a q a J ia H a r p e B a io T c o m e jio q b io (ö y q e H H e ), a T eqeH H e q a c a .
3aTeM oT Ö ejiH B a ioT ä jih y Ä ajieH H H B peA H b ix n p H M e c eß (b o c k o b , 6e/i- npn B3aHMOAefiCTBHH OCHOBHOH CepHOKHCJIOH MeAH C aMMHaKOM
k o b h x B em ecT B , neKTHHOBbix h K p a c n m H X B em ecTB , n p o ^ K T O i i p a c - o 6 p a3 yeT C H M a jio y c T o fiq H B o e KO M njieKCH oe coeAH H eH H e no c jie A y io -
naa,a u e ju n o jio 3 b i, c m o ji ’h M H H epa jibH b ix n p H M e c e ß ). m e ft c x e M e :

CuS04•Cu (O H )2+ 8 NH3 -> [Cu (N H 3)4] (O H )2•[Cu (N H 3)41S 0 4

O e p e A 0 K 0 H H aH H eM n e p e M e n iH B a H H H b c M e c b A o ß a B jin iO T 10-npo-
ueH TH biö p a c T B o p c yjib tf)H T a HaTpHH, q T o 6 b i n p e A o x p a H H T b b A a jib -
H e ftu ie M u e j u i i o j i o 3 y o t O K n c jiH io iu e r o ä 6 h c t b h h K H C J io p o A a B 0 3 A y x a .
3aTeM npu H e n p e p b iB H O M n o M e u iH B a H H H b p a c T B o p H T e jib 3 a r p y jK a iO T
u e jiju o jio 3 y . nponcxoÄ H T H a ß y x a im e u e ju iK w i0 3 b i, KO TO poe n p o A O J i-
jK a e T C H b T e q e H H e q e r a p e x q a c o B . 3 a s t o B p eM H u e j u n o j i o 3 a AOJiJKHa
nojiH O CTbio H a ß yx H yT b , t . e . H e ä o j i j k h o o c T a T b c n b p a c T B o p e H e H a -
ÖyXUIHX BOJIOKOHeU.
H o OKOHH3HHH n p o u ecca HaöyxaHHH k cM ecn b pacTBopHTejib
npHÖaBjiHioT b TeqeHHe q e r a p e x qacoB npn H e n p e p b iB H O M noMeniH-
B3HHH O X JiajK A eH H blH AO 6 — 10° p aC T B O p eAKO TO H a T p a c K O H U e H T p a -
UHefi 110 z jji. E a k h h HaTp p a 3j i a r a e T K O M iu ie K C H y io co jib c
0Öpa30BaHHeM aMMHaqHoro pacTB opa okh ch MeAH cocTaBa
[Cu(NH3)J (O H )2 (m < 4).
H e p eM e u iH B a H H e n p o A O J ixa eT C H e iu e q a c . 0 6 p a 3 y e T C H M O jieK y jin p -
H oe coeAH H eH H e u e ju ii0 ji0 3 b i c KOMnjieKCHHM coeAH H eH H eM M eAH, k o -
T o p o e b m e jio q H o fi c p e A e npeAC TaBJineT c o ß o fi n p o 3 p a q H y io BH3Kyio
M a c c y HHTeHCHBHO-CHHerO UBeTa c (})HOJieTOBhIM OTTeHKOM.
B o n p o c o cocTaß e h C T p y K T y p e coeAHHeHHH u e ju u o jio 3 u c M eAH p-
np H A H J ib H b ie p a c T B o p bi M o r y T roTOBHTbCH q e p e 3 0CH0BHyK) y r jie -
aMMHaqHblM KOMnJieKCOM HejIb3H CHHTaTb BnOJIHe BbIHCHeHHbIM. M o -
KHCJiyiO COJIb MCÄH HJIH q e p e 3 THÄpOOKHCb Me/in.
K e T CMHTaTbCH BepOHTHbIM 0Öpa30BaHHe MOJieKyjIHpHUX CoeAHHeHHH
O n ra u e M o ä h h H3 BapnaHTOB b o a h o t o n p a a e H H a c npnroTOBJieHH-
no c jie A y io iu e ß cxeMe:
eM p a c T B o p a q e p e 3 0CH0BHyi0 c o j ib .
B c n e u H a jib H b ix a n n a p a T a x t o t O b b t c h 2 0 — 3 0 -n p ou eH T H b ift p a - /O H
c t b o p MeAHoro Kynopoca. B 3t o t pacTBop MeAJieHHO n p n pa3Meiun- CcH 70 2— OH-j-
B3HHH npHöaBJiHeTCH p a c T B o p c o a h h jih aM M H aK a. n p o n c x o Ä H T p e-
aKUHH, b p e s y jib T a T e K O T op oß noJiyqaeTCH ocHOBHan cepHOKHCJian ' X OH
M eAb b BHAe ocaA Ka rojiyöoB aToro UBeTa, npHMepHoro c o c T a B a :
2 C u S 0 4 • 5Cu (O H ) 2- - \ C u (N H ,)„ (O H )» +
H o 0 K 0 H qaH H H o c a jK A e H H H c o jib n p o M b iB a e T C H y M H r q e H H o ft b o - -fC u (N H 3)/B(0 H )2^ C 6H 70 2- 0 H / 1
AO H , O T(J)HJIbTpOBbIBaeTCH H H CnO JIb3yeTCH AJIH n o jiy q e H H H M eAH O -
X OH
a M M H a ^ H o r o p a c T B o p a . n o J iy q e H H e 3 T o r o pacTB opa h pacTB O peH H e b
H eM i3 ,e ju n o jio 3 b i n p 0 H 3B 0 AHTCH b o c o ß b ix annapaTax — pacTB O pH ; + ( m — n) N H 3.
T e jiH x ',' n p e A C T a B jiH io in H x c o ß o fi ö o j i b i u H e T 0 p H 3 0 H T a jib H 0 p a c n o jio -
m e H H b ie u h j i h h a p h c M e in a jiK a M H b BHAe H a c a > K e H H b ix H a B a a n jia - M e A H o a M M H a q H b ie p a c T B o p b i ueJiJiK W i03H ß o jie e y c T o fiq H B b i, qeM
c th h ( 6 h ji) h jih b BHÄe b h h t o b h x J io n a c T e fi (p H C . 2 8 ) . BH CK 03H bie, H npOUeCCa «C 0 3 p e B a H H H » 3AeCb H© npOHCXOÄHT. fO T O B b ia

80 6 3aKas Ns 216 81
pacTB op p a 3ÖaBJi5jK)T b o ä o h ä o nojiyqeHHH TpeÖyeMOH b 3 3 k octh OnHCaHHHfl MeTOÄ npHÄeHHH c BUTHJKKOH B BOpOHKaX HaXOÄHT
H KOHUeHTpaUHH H H3 H ero yaajIHIOT 3arpH3H6HHH, H3ÖHTOK aMMHa- HaHÖOÄbinee' npHMeHeHHe, TaK KaK Ä 3eT B03M0>KH0CTb nojiyqHTb
Ka H B03ÄyX. ^ TOHKOBOJIOKHHCTHÖ HieJIK BbICOKOrO KaqeCTBa H HCn0JIb30B 3Tb
OqHCTKa npHÄHJIbHHX paCTBOpOB OT 3arpH3HeHHfi npOH3BOÄHTCfl
pacTBopbi II,ejIJIK)JI03bI C BbICOKOH KOHHeHTpaUHefi (äo 12% u ejl-
n p n noM om n 4>HJibTpnpeccoB c HHKejiesHMH ceTKaMH hjih c ceTKaMH
JIKWI03bl) .
H3 cHHTeraqecKHx bojiokoh . IKOHCTPVKUHH M3HIHH, 06pa 6aTbIBaK>mHX BOJIOKHO nOCJie BbIXOÄa
TOTOBUH npHÄHJIbHblH paCTBOp COaepKHT 9— 10% UejIJIK)JI03bI,
H3 OCaÄHTeJIbHUX B3HH, HenpepbiBHO COBepineHCTByiOTCH.
5— 6 % aMMHaKa h okojio 4 % Me^H. Ba3KocTb b nya3ax 2900— 3200.
iKpyrca h nepeMOTKa ocymecTBJiaioTca oöbiqHbiMH cnocoöaMH.
JXjIH npHÄeHHH nO BOÄHOMy MeTo^y c BblTHJKKOH npHMeHHeTCH
MeÄHoaMMHaqHoe bojiokho oöjiaaaeT bhcokhmh KaqecTBaMH:
CTeKJiHHHaa BopoHKa (pn c. 2 9 ).
npoqH O C TblO , MHrKOCTbK), npH H TH H M BHeilIHHM BHÄOM (oTCyTCTBHe
B 3Ty BOpoHKy nocTynaeT npHÄHjib-
CTeKJisHHoro ÖJiecKa). O h o Menwue, qeM Äpyrae bhäh HcKyccTBeH-
Hbiä pacTB op qepe3 tymibep y c ä »
H o r o BOÄOKHa, TepaeT n p o q H o c T b h b m o k p o m c o c t o h h h h .
BOJIbHO KpynHblMH OTBepCTHHMH
y q H T b iB a a 3H aqH TejibH O M e H b in y io B p eA H o cT b ero np0H3B0ÄCTBa
(ÄHaMeTpOM 0,8— 1 m m ), KOTopaa
n o cp aB H eH H io c b h c k o 3 h h m c n o c o ö o M h npocTOTy T e x H O J io ra q e c K o ro
yKpenjifleTCH b BepxHeä ninpoKOH
n p o u e c c a , c jie Ä y e T >K ejiaTb ß o jib in e r o pacn p ocrrp aH eH H H a x o r o n p o -
q a c ra BopoHKH. C e e p x y ace qepe3
H3B0ÄCTB3. OÄH8KO ÄO nOCJieÄHerO BpeMeHH npOH3BOÄCTBO MeÄHO-
naTpyÖOK noÄaeTCH boas.
aMMHaqHoro b o jio k h s He n p e B b im a e T 4 % o 6inero K0JiHqecTB3 n p o -
riO Ä ÄeflCTBHeM b o ä h npoHcxo-
H3BOÄHMOrO HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJIOKHa. rjiaBHOH npHqHHOH 3T0T0
ä h t qacTH’iH oe pa3JioJKeHHe MeÄHO-
HBJineTCH H apH Äy c Ä p yrH M H npHqHHaM H H eÄO C TaToqH o n o jiH a a
u e ju iio ji 03Ho-aMMHaqHoro coeÄHHe-
pereHepanHH Ä o p o ro c T o n m e fi M e Ä «. (Ilo T e p H M eÄ« cocTaBÄHtor
HHH H KOaryjIHIIHH aejIJII0JI03bI.
40—50 KZ Ha TOHHy BOJIOKHa).
B jia ro Ä a p n y c K o p e H H io TeqeHHH, b h -
3WBaeMOMy cyxeHHeM BopoHKH, na-
qHHaiom He o(})opMJiaTbCH ajieMeH-
AUETATHblM UIEJIK
TapHbie BOjiOKHa BbvrarHBaiOTCH. 06 -
p a 3yeTCH nyqoK tcm h o -ch h h x b o jio -
K O H en, KOTOpblft BbIXOÄHT H3 HHJK- A n e T a T H b iö u ie jiK , b OTjiHqHe o t BHCK03H0rp h M eÄ H o a M M H a q n o ro ,
Hen qac™ b op oh k h . 3 t h nyqKH co- n p eÄ C T aB Ä n eT c o ö o h He p e re iie p H p O B a H u y io ne.jT,mo./io3y, a cjio>KHbm
ÖHpaiOTCH H3 Bcex BOpOHOK MauiHHbi 3(|)Hp yK cycH oä KHCJIOTH H UeJIJIK)Ä03H, TeXHHqeCKOe H33BaHHe KOTO-

b x r y T b i, KOTOpbie asik OKOHqaTejib- p o r o an eT H jm eJiJiio jio 3 a .

Cym ecTByiO T pa3JiHqHbie b h ä h a u e T a r a o r o rnejiKa. H nace S yaeT
1 - 4>HJibepa; 2 - naxpyfioK ?jia noffa«H HOrO 0(b0pM JieH H H HanpaBJIHIOTCH B
boäh; 3 — O TB epcTH e ä j ih Bbixofta h h t h ; ^ *» OHHCaHO npOH3BOÄCTBO OÄHOTO H3 OÖHqHblX BHÄOB, TaK Ha3blB3eMO-
4 — n pH cn oco6^eH H e, H anpaB jiaiom ee B3HHy C pSCTBO pO M CCpHOH K H C J IO -
ro H opM 3Ä bH oro su eT a T H o ro rnejiKa.
A — B — 30Ha“ TK0a(r y Ä (ycjiobho). ™> W H npOHCXOAHT OÖpaSOBaHHe n p e a c Ä e B cero npHroTOBÄHiOT au,CTHj\uejuiK)Jio3y. CbipbeM ÄJia ee
B — B — 30Ha pacTariiBaHHH hhth . rHÄpaTlI,ejIJIK)J103t>l. 3 T 0 T XipOUSCC
mojkho H3o6pa3HTb c jie Ä y io m e ö cxe-
H3r 0T0BJieHHH CÄyjKHT OTÖejieHHbiä XÄonKOBHÖ nyx, jieÄHHan yKcyc-
Haa KHcjioTa a yKcycHbifi aHrHÄpHÄ. B nocJieÄHee BpeMH yÄaaocb
moh:
nojiyqHTb an,eTHÄii,eJiÄK)ji03y ÄOCTaToqHO BbicoKoro KaqecTBa H3 06-
/ 0 H \ r u ( N H 3) s ( O H ) 2 JiaropojKeHHOH ÄpeBecHOH ije./ijii0ji 03bi c coÄepjKSHHeM a -uejuiiojio-
C 6H 70 2- 0 H / + 2 .H2S O 4 ^ C 6H 10O 6+ C u S O 4+ 3bl H e HHJKe 98%.
O p o u e c c aueTHJiHpoBaHHH ueJUiiojio3bi npoBOÄaT cjieÄyiom H M
x OH
o6pa30M . B cneunajibH bie a n n sp a T H — sneTHJiaTopbi, CÄejiaHHbie H3
- f ( N H 4) 2 S 0 4- f 2 H 20 .
4>0C4>0PHCT0H 6p0H3H HÄH H3 KHCJI0T0yn0pH0H CT3ÄH, nOMemaiOT
o k o jio 4 q a c r e fi jieÄHHoft yKcycHOH k h c jio t h h 0,05— 0,10 q a c r e fl
HojiyqeHHaH HHTb-jKryT npn noMomn Bpamafomuxca 6apa 6aHOB h cepHOH k h c jio th , npHMeHHeMoä b KaqecTBe KaT3JiH33Topa. CM ecb
nepeaaTotiHbix MexaHH3M0B (TpaHcnopTepoß) HanpaBjiHeTca b anna- oxjia*ÄaK)T ä o 0° h b h o c h t 1 qscTb H3MejibqeHHoä ueji.Tiojiosbi, a
p a r a äjih OTÄejiKH. saTeM 2,5— 4 q s c r a yK cycH oro anrHÄpHÄa. BemecTBa pa3MeuiHBaioT
O T Ä e JiK a 3a K jn o q a e T C H b n o B T o p H H x n p o M H B a H H a x b o ä o h , k h c j i o ­
b TeqeHHe HecKOJibKHX qacoB cHaqaÄa npn TeMnepaType 15— 20°, a
t o h H aMMHaKOM ÄJIH y Ä 3JieHHH CepHOÄ KHCJIOTbl H COJieft M e jH H B
noÄ Koneu npn 30°. F Ip o h c x o ä h t peaKHHa 3ü;eTHjiHpoB3HHa nejijiio-
OÖ paÖ OTKe MbUIbHUMH paC T B O paM H (M bU IO B K a). ■«oan:

82 6*
 OMHJieHHH aueTHJiueJiJii0Ji03H. CTa6HjiH3HpoBaHHaH h npoM biTaa au e-
THJiueÄjnojio3a 06e3B0?KHBaeTCH oTJKHMaHHeM Ha ueHTpH(|)yrax h b h -
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jie K y jia x . P a 3 JiHqHbiö co c ta B acJjnpoB u,eJiJii0Ji03bi oTpajK aeT ca Ha hx 3 arpyjK ai0T 800 — 900 tca cm€ch H3 3 3 o th o h h cepH ofi k h c jio t, coÄ ep -
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Typbi MaKpoMOAeKyjibi.

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Mep npn nojiyqeHHH kojijiokchjihhob a jih np0H3B0ACfßa KHHonjieHKH
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H H T p o n eju iio jio 3 bi npeACTaBAHiOT c o ö o h öejib ie hjih »cejiTOBaTbie
npoAyK TH BOJIOKHHCTOrO CTpoeHHH.
H c t h h h h h yAejibH bifi Bec h x KOJießAeTCH o t 1,56 ( c 11% a30Ta)
A o 1,65 (c 13% a30Ta). OmociiTejibHbiH yjjejibHbiü Bec b o jio k h h -
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n oro Beca 1,4.
npn 3aMeHe rHApoKCHJibHbix rp y n n b n,ejuiiojio3e cjio>kho-
s^H pH U M ji rpynnaMH pe3K0 H3MeHHK)TCH CBOHCTBa B em ecT B a —
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Be3AblMHbIH nopox
i H ah H3r0T0BjieHHH nnpoK CH A H H osoro n o p o x a 1 npHMeHHioTCH hh-

paCTBOpHMOCTb, OnTHHeCKHe CBOHCTBa, OTHOUieHHe K BOAe H K pa3-
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KOSt^HUHeHT II0JIH M epH 3aUH H . B OTJIHMHe OT UeJIJII0JI03bI, a30TH0-
92
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HOB HJIH nHpOKOAAOAHH.
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TejibHo 0 ße 3B0JKHBaeTca nyTeM npoMHB3HHa cnnpTOM h o 6 p a 6 a r a -
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C io ^ a H<e b b o ä h tc h Ä p y rn e cocTaBHbie n a c ra n o p o x a , HanpHMep c t s -
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6 HJiH3 aTopH . H n T p 0 i;ejijiK )ji0 3 a »ejia T H H H p y e T c a , n o jiy q a e T c a n o p o -
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(n p o B H J iH B a e T c a ) r jia y a a jie H H a jie T y q H X p a c T B o p H T e jie ff , 3 aTeM riHpOKCHJIHH . . . .
Kojijiokchjihh . . . .
95,5 95— 96
BHMaiqHBaeTCH b BO£e h O K om a T e jib m BHcyuiHBaeTca npn VMepeH- — — 58,5
HHTporjinaepHH . . . — 57,7
hom HarpeBaHHH. rio jiy ia e T C H tü k na3HBaeMHH nnpoKCHiiHHOBbifi UeHTpajiHT ...............
— 30 40
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7,5
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K a M () )o p a ........................ —. _
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Bajlbuax ÄJIH OCBOÖOXÄeHHS OT H36bITKa BOÄH. n p H 3T0 M OHa * e j i a - (J)0T 0rpa(|)HHecKHx njieHOK. E r o ä o c t o h h c t b 3 mh h b ä h io tch ÄerKocTb
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qHBaeTca n p o u ecc ero npnroTOBJieHHH. TexHOJiormecKHÖ npouecc ÖOÄbUIOH CKOpOCTbK).
3Äecb npome, TaK KaK ycrpaHHJOTCH ÄonöJiriHTejibHbie onepauHH yÄa-
n e H m Jierynnx pacTBopH Tejiefi, npHMBHaeMHX npn H3roTOBjieHHH ÜHTpOJiaKH H HHTpOSMäJIH
nHpOKCHJIHHOBHX nopOXOB. PaCTB0pHTeJl6 M 3ÄeCb HBJIHeTCH HHTpO- RnanojiyqeHHH TaK Ha3biBaeM HX h h t p o ä 3 k o b h H H TposM ajiefl
TÄHUepHH. Hcnojib3yeTCH H H TpouejiÄiojio3a c He6oJibuiHM coÄep>KainieM a30Ta.
BaÄÄHCTHTHbie n o p o x a BbinycKaiOTca b BHÄe njiacTHHOK, JieHT, O H a p acT B o p a e T c a b cM ecn pacTB opH Te^efi, b KaMecT.Be k o t o p h x n p n - 1
KOJieu, niHypoB h TpyÖoK h npHMenaioTCH ä jih CTpejib 6 bi H3 opyÄHÖ, MeHHlOTCa CJIOJKHbie 3^)HpbI yKCyCHOH KHCJIOTbl, enHpTbl, KeTOHH,
MHHOMeTOB H B peaKTHBHHX CHäpÄÄaX. 3cJ)HpH rjiHKOÄefl h ä P - B 3 t o t p acT B o p ä o6aBjiHK>TCH c m o j i bi, n jia -
B T a ö jm u e 9 npHBOÄflTca CBeÄeHHa ö co cra B e n op oxoB pasjrn q- CTH(|)HKaTOpH H nHrMeHTbl. CMOÄbl npHMeHHIOT eCTeCTBeHHbie (K aH H -
H blX THnOB. $O Ä b, 3(J)Hp r s p n n y c a , ureji^aK , Ä SM M ap 1 h ä P - ) h HCKyccTBeHHbie —
ajiK H Ä H bie (rÄ H (})T aJ ieB bie), t^eHOJiajibÄerHÄHbie, BHHHJioBHe (rjia B ­
HbiM o6p330M npOH3BOÄHbie B H H H ÄaueTaTS) H ÄP-
UeJuiyjiOHÄ
C m o j i h y B e jiH q «B a iO T T ß ep Ä O C T b h n o B H in a io T e n o e o Ö H o e T b c j io h
Ji a K a n p H jm n a T h k noßepxH ocTH . O h h 3 B ä h k )t c h TaKJKe njiacTH (J)H -
Ä tih nojiyqeHHH uejijiyjiOHÄa HHTpouejuiiojiosa ( kojijiokchjihh )
oöpaöaTHBaeTCa b MemaTejinx cnHpTOBbiM pacTBopoM KaM(f>opH.
1 KaHH(J)OJib — 0CTaT0K ot neperoH K H c m o j iu xboöhhx A epeB beB ;
n o Ä y ^ e 'H H a a BH3 K a a M acca ä jih O K o m a r e / ib H o r o tk o jis th h u -
w }w p r a p n n y c a — a^ in p rjiH iiepH H a h K a H H ^ ojiH ( t . e. c m o j ih h h x k h c j io t , b x o ä h -
iu ,h x b co cT a B KaHHtJiOJiH); m e jijia K — CMOJia, B b ia ejm eM a a HaceKOMhiMH (jia K O B u e
B o p frre jie , Ha3UBaroTCH KopjjHTaM H. H M e io T c a n o p o x a , H3roTOBjiHeMbie Ha H e/iery- «lepBeubi, oÖ H Taiom H e rjiaBHhiM 0Ö pa30M b H h a h h ) ; a s m m b p — CMOJia j ih c t b c h h h x
«jcm pa cT B op H T en e h co ß ceM 6e3 pacTBOpHTejra, h o o h h He nojiyM HjiH u iH p oK oro tp o n n q e c K H x AepeB beB .
p a cn p o c T p a H eiiH ü bbhäy T p y u n o cT H H3r0T0BJieHHsi.
95
94
K aT op aM H . T ß e p Ä H e c m o jih b b o ä o t b K O Jin^ecTB ax a o 100% k B e c y
cy x o ro KOJiJioKCHJMHa, jKHAKHe c m o jih — a o 200 — 250 % .
B K aqecTB e n J ia c™ cJ )H «aT op oB npHMOHHiOTCH p a c T H T e jiM b ie
MaCJia (jlbHHHOe, KäCTOpOBOe) H 3(|>HpbI 4>TaJieBOH, 4>OC(J)OpHOH H
A p y rn x k h c j i o t c ajiH ^ aT O T ecK H M H cn n p T aM H h Kpe3QjiaM H.
B K a q e c T B e rmrM eHTOB npHMeHHiOTCH: u,HHKOBbie öejiHJia, cyp H K ,
öKHCb x p o M a , y jib T p a M a p H H , ßep jiH H C K aa J ia3 yp b , ajn oM H H H eB aa
n yÄ p a, ra30Basi ca>Ka. JlaK H , b KO Topbie BBeAeHbi imrMeHTbi, Ha3bi- rjIA B A III
BaiOTCfl 3M3JIHMH.
D o c j i e H a iie c e H ira JiaK a « a K aK yio-JiH Ö o n o B e p x H o e rb pacTB opn-
T ejiH H cnapaiOTCH, a H H T p ou ,eju n ojio3 a c AoöaBJieHHbiM H k Heft B e­ r H flP O J !H 3 n O J IH C A X A P H Ä O B flP E B E C H H b l

m ecTB aM H o d a e T C H Ha n o ß e p x H o cT H b BHAe jia K O B ofi iuieHKH.

OBIUHE C B E Ä E H H »
B aeJie npHroTOBJieHHH B3pbiBHaTHX BemecTB a jih B3pbiBHHX
p a ö o T HiHTpoueJiJiioJiosa b H acTonm ee BpeMH noJiHocTbio BbrrecHeHa rHflp0JIH30M Ha3bIBaiOTCH peaKUHH pa3JIOJKeHHH BemecTB, npOHC-
ö o jie e AemeBbiMH h 6e3onacHHMH BspHB^aTbiMH BemecTBaMH — hh- xoflHmne c y^acTHeM b o ä h h conpoBOJKAaiomHeca 0Öpa30BaHHeM
TpOCOefl,HHeHH3MH apOMaTHHeCKOTO pHÄa, 3MM0HHTaMH (c o jih aMMO- h obh x BemecTB nyTeM npncoeAHHeHHH 3JieMeHTOB b o a h k qacrauaM,
HHH) H ÄpyrHMH. noJiyHHBmHMca npn pacna^e MOJieKyjiu n cxoA H oro BemecTBa.
HeOÖXOÄHMO OTMeTHTb, UTO 330TH0KHCJIHe 3(j}HpH H,eJIJIK>JI03H B oömeM BHae npouecc rHApoJiH3a M oxeT 6 h tb BHpajKeH cjie-
nOJIHOCTblO COXpaHHIOT CBOe SHa^eHHe TOJibKO ÄJIH npOH3BOÄCTBa Äyiom HM ypaBHeHHeM:
6 e 3Ä tiM H oro n o p o x a h HeMHornx ÄpyrH X THnoB B3pHBqaTHX BemecTB.
O p H M eH eH H e h x b A p y rn x o T p a c jia x n p 0MHmjieHH0CTH HenpepbiBHO AB+H O H ZTAH +BOH ,
yMeHbmaeTCH.
r^ e AB — rn£pojiH3yiomeecH BemecTBO, a AH h BOH — npoayK-
J IH T E P A T y P A t h rHApojiH3a.
T Io a TepMHHOM «rHApojiH3 ApsBecHHbi» üOHHMaiOT n pou eccn
1. H. H. HeneHHH, rip 0H3B0ÄCTB0 cyjib<}>HTHOH u,ejuiiöji03bi, TocjiecöyM-
npeßpameHHH coAepjKamHxcH b ApeBecHHe nojmcaxapHAOB — b oc-
H3ÄaT, 1956.
2. H. A. B a p a n ö B , TexHOJiörHH 6 yMa>KHoro np0H3B0ÄCTBa, IocjiecoyM - HOBHOM II,eJIJIK)JI03H H reMHIi;eJIJIK)JI03 — B MOHOCaxapHÄH, epe^H KO-
H3ÄaT, 1953. , Topbix n peoöjiaaaeT rjii0K03a
3. IX B. III y m h ji o b, TexHOJiorH« öyMarn, rocjiecoyMH 3/iaT, 1949. inojiyqHBiiiHecH b pe3yjibTaTe rH/ipojiH3 a caxapncTbie BemecTBa
4. 3. A. P o r o B H H , Xhmhh h TexHcwioniH HCKyccTBeHHbix bojiokoh, TH3- oöh h h o He Hcn0Jib3yi0TCfl KaK TaKOBHe, a qam e Bcero cßpajKHBaiOT*
jiernpoM, 1952.
5. A. H . P s i y 3 0 B, B. A. r p y 3 a e B , M. A. A p i e M e H K O , TexHOJiörHH
ch ^ a jiee Ha cnnpT, h KOHeqHOH uejibio rHApojiH3Horo np0H3B0ÄCTBa
HCKyccTBeHHbix bojiokoh, rH3JiernpoM, 1952. HBjineTca, TaKHM 0Öpa30M, nojiyqeHHe STHJioßoro cnnpTa.
6 . H. B. M h x a ft ji o b, H oßue bhäh bojiokoh. üyöJiH'raaH JieiomH, 1953. PeaKUHH p a c n a ^ a nojincaxapHAOB Ha MOHOcaxapH^H 6 biJia Bnep-
7 . M . A . B y Ä H U K O B , H. A. f l e B K O B H i , H. B. B u c T p o B H ap., B3Pmb- BHe ocymecTBJieHa b 1811 ro ^ y a^ronKTOM neTepöyprcKOH aKaÄe-
MaTbie BemecTBa h nopoxa, OöopoHrH3, 1955. MHH HayK iKoHCTaHTHHOM lKnpxrO(j)OM, KOTOpblß nOJiyqHJI rjII0K03y
8. A . n . 3 a K 0 m H K 0 B , HHTpouejuiK>jio3a, 06opoHrH3, 1950.
9. H. ü . A r p a H e H K O , IIp oh 3boäctbo HHTpoJiaKOB h HHTposMajieft, Toc- AGHCTBHeM Ha KpaXMajI pa36aBJieHHbIMH MHHepaJIbHbIMH KHCJIOTaMH
XHMH3aaT, 1948. npH HarpeBaHHH.
10. B. M . B o r o c ji o b c k h ö, h ä P-, Oßman xHMHTCCKaa TexHOJiörHH opra- rHflpojiH3 ueJuiiojio3H 6biji ocymecTBJieH BnepBbie b 1819— 1822
HH'ieCKHX BemecTB, rOCXHMH3A3T, 1955. roA ax no^TH OAHOBpeMeHHO (j)paHuy3CKHM yqeHHM BpaKOHHO h pyc-
ckhm yneHbiM H. OorejieM .
Ho3AHee ö h jio oÖHapyjKeHo, qTo coji;ep*am H ecfl b pacTeHHHX
reMHU,ejiJH0Ji03bi rHÄpojiH3yioTCH a o MOHocaxapHAOB nyTeM KHrome-

1 CTOJib uiHpoKo ynoTpeCjineMbifi b TexHHKe h ä a *e b HayqHoft JiHTepaType

TepMHH «rHÄpojiH3 apeBecHHbi» HBJineTCH no cymecTBy HenpaBHJibHbiM, TaK KaK
apeBecHHe, He HBJiHiom.eöcH HHÄHBHayajibHbiM BemecTBoM, a npeacVaBjiHiomeft
co6ofl cMecb BemecTB, Hejib3H npnnHCbiBaTb enoeoÖHoeTH BCTynaTb b KaKHe-jinöo
peaKiiHH. B peaKu,HH nupojiH3a, b nacTHoc™, BCTynaioT aajieKo He Bce cocTaB-
Hbie qacTH apeBeqHHU.

7 3aKa3 Ns 215 97
HHH C p a 36aBJieHHHMH MHHepaJIbHHMH KHCJIOTaMH, T0TA3 KaK u e ji-
JU0Ji03a rH AP0JiH3yeTCH b s t h x ycjioBHHx qpe3B bw aH H O MeAJieHHO.
Ä j i h n p eß p am eH H H b MOHOcaxapHAH ueJiJii0Ji03H h Ä p y rH X n ojin ca -
xapH AO B ÄpeB ecH H bi h c o ö x o ä h m o n p H M en a T b ko h ue HTp npo b a hh b ie
KHCJIOTH HJIH AeÖCTBOBaTb pa3ÖaBJieHHHMH KHCJIOTaMH npn HarpeBa-
h h h a o TeM nepaTypbi Bbirne 100° noA AaBJieHHeM.
P a 3BHTHe h npoMbiuiJieHHoe ocymecTBJieHHe s t h x HHTepecHux b
npaKTH^ecKOM oTHoineHHH n p ou eccoB sajiepxnBaJioch tcm h o ö cT o a -
TeJibCTBaMH, m o TpeöoBajiHCb ö o jib m n e KOJinqecTBa k h c jio t h . h
HaJiHMHe ycToflqH B oö k k h cjio t3 m a n n a p a T yp H . FlepB H e n0Jiy3aB0A-
CKHe yCTaHOBKH nOHBHJIHCb TOJibKO B CaMOM KOHHe X I X BeKa —
b 1898 r o a y b repinaHHH (n o n poeK Ty niBeACKoro xhm hk 3 3 . Chm oh-
c e H a ) h b 1899 r o A y b A pxaH rejibC K e (n o n poeK Ty p y c c K o ro xhmhk3
O . K . rH ju ie p a -B o M Ö H H s ); b 1905 — 1913 r o ^ a x ö h jih nocTpoeH H
He6 ojib iiiH e 3aBOAH b TepMaHHH h C I I I A .
B p33BUTHH 3 T0 H HOBOH OTpaCJIH npOMbllllJieHHOCTH rjI3BHyiO
poJib cbirpajiH paöoT b i pyccKH x y q e n u x h H H xeH epoB , k o to p h m npH-
HaAJie>KHT npnopHTeT b TeoperaqecK O M oöo ch o b 3 h h h rjiaBHefiuiHx
XHMHM6 CKHX np 0 U,eCC0 B H B p a 3 p a 6 0 TKe npOMHUIJieHHHX MSTOAOB rHA-
pojiH 3a. O A n aK o p e 3yAbTaTH s t h x p a ö o T He ö h jih Hcn0Jib30B3HH b
ycJiOBHHx u ap cK ofi P o c c h h . H ecM O Tpa Ha orpoM H H e JiecHhie öoraT-
CTB3 , rHApOJIH3 HOH H CyjIb(f)HTHO-CnHpTOBOH npOMHIIIJieHHOCTH B Uap-
ck oh P o c c h h He cymecTBOBaJio. B Jiecnofl npoMbiuuienHOCTH xhiuhh-
qeCKH X03HHHHqajIH HHOCTpaHHble (|)HpMH.
n o c jie OKTflöpbCKoft peBOjnouHH JiecHoe x o 3hhctbo b H aoiefi
CTpaHe B n e p B u e b MHpe ö h jio nocTpoeHO Ha H a y r a b ix HaqaJiax. H a -
TOHaa c 1933 — 1934 roAOB thapojih3 ApeßecHHbi nojiyqaeT b CoBeT-
ckom CoK) 3e mnpoKoe p a 3BHTHe.
n e p B H Ö THAPOJIH3HHH 3aBOA BCTynHJI B CTpOÖ B JleHHHrpsAß B
K oim e 1935 ro A a . B AaJibHefimeM ö h jih n ocTpoeH H rHApoJiH 3HHe
33b o a h b ApxaHreJibCKe, B o ö p y ö c K e , C/rajiHHrpaAe, KpacHonpCKe,
^>epraHe (nocjieAHHH a jih nepepaöoTKH x jio h k o b o ä in ejiyxn ) h A py-
th x ro p o A a x .
CoBeTCKaa rHApojiH3Haa npoMHiHJienHocTb no CBoefi m olh h octh
h coBepmeHCTBy TexHOJiörHH 33HHMaeT nepßoe Mecra b MHpe. OHa
pacnojiaraeT ö o ra T o fl cbipbeBoö Ö33ofl h HMeeT ninpoKHe nepcneKTH-
b h a jih CBoero pa3BHTHH. Pa3BHTHe ee oöecneraB aeT cTpaHy orpoM-
HblMH K0JIH*ieCTB3MH 3 THJI0 B0 T0 CnHpTa 3a CTeT HCn0JIb30B3HHH He-
n n m eß oro cn p b a .
B pemeHHHx X X cb e s A a iK n C C HaMe^eHo y B ejm ra T b 3a rnecToe
naTHjieTHe n p 0H3B0ACTB0 raApoJiH3Horo h cyjibtjiHTHoro cn npTa
2,3 p a 3a.
Ä $ H THAP0AH3a KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHblMH KHCJIOTaMH MOJKHO nOJIb-
30B3TbCH XJIOpHCTOBOAOpOAHOH, (f)TOpHCTOBOAOpOAHOH, 4>OC(J)OpHOH H
ApyrHMH'KHCJIOTaMH, ho qaui,e Bcero npHMeHaiOT cepH yio KHCJioTy.
MexaHH 3M paCTBOpeHHH n,eJIJII0JI03bI B KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHblX KHCJIO-
Tax 3aKJiioqaeTCH, no-BHAHMOMy, b tom , mto o ö p a s y r o ic a Henpo^HHe,
HenocTOHHHoro cocTaBa npoAyKTH B3aHMOAeficTBHa k h cjio t h h cjijiio-
98
A03H , coAep>Kaiii,He nojiH caxapH A, KHCJioTy h b o a y b pa3JiHqHHX
cooTHomeHHHx. TaK , HanpHMep, c cepH oß k h c jio to h o ö p a 3y eT ca c o e -
ÄHHeHHe cocTaB a ( C 6H ] 0O 5 4 H „ 0 • H 2S 0 4) n .
öoJiHcaxapHAbi npnoöpeTaiOT npo^Hyio rHApaTHyio oöojiOHKy,
KOTopaa cnocoöcTByeT nepexoAy h x MaKpoMOJieKyji b pacTBopHM oe
COCTOHHHe. OÖpa30BaHHe STHX THApaTOB, OCOÖeHHO npH HH3KOÖ
TeMnepaType, He conpoBOJKAaeTca 33M6THHM rHApojinsoM: uejunojio-
3a A erK o Mo>KeT öbiTb BbiAejiena H3 3 th x THApaTOB b cboöoah om
BHAe (HanpHMep, npn BHAHBaHHH pacTB opa b b o a y ) . ]Kp0Me Toro,
HCXOAHbie noJiHcaxapHAH h npoAyK TH raApoAinaa AaiOT c MHHepajib-
HbiMH KHCJIOTaMH cJi0JKHHe 3(|)HpH, cnocoÖHbie Jiereo p a 3 jia ra T b ca
b o a o h c 0Öpa30BaHHeM MOHOcaxapHAOB.
Ilp o u e c c b i THApaTauHH h 3TepH(|)HKaii,HH He HBJiaioTca nocjieAO-
BaTeJibHO HAymHMH npoueccaMH, noaTOMy pacTBopbi noAHcaxapn-
Aob b KoHneHTpnpoBaHHbix KHCJiOTax npeACTaBjiaiOT c o öo ö cMecn
yrjiesoA O B pa3AHqHOH c jio jk h o c th h npOÄyKTOB p a 3AH»iHOH CTeneHH
3TepHfj)HKaUHH 3THX yrjieBOAOB.
C ep H aa KHCJioTa HawHHaeT pacTBOpaTb iie ju n o jio 3y npn KOHueH-
TpauHH o k o jio 6 2 % . C noBbimeHHeM KOHixeHTpauHH k h c jio t h cko-
pocTb pacTBopeHHH yBeAH^HBaerca. B 100 m a 71-nponeHTHOH cepH oft
k h c jio th npH 15° pacTB opaeTca 42 s iiejuiK)Jio 3bi, npH 2 5 °— 48 z h
npn 35°— 53 m u,ejuiiojio 3bi. B pacTBOpe coAepJKaTca AeKCTpHHbi h
oJinrocaxapH Abi Ee3B0AHaa cep H aa KHCJiOTa noHTH MrHOBeHHo p s c -
TBopaeT ixeJiJiK>A03y, oöyrJiHBaa ee.
JJeücTBHe pa3ÖaBAeHHbix k h c jio t na ueAAi0Ji03y saK jn oqaeT ca b
TOM, tITO nOA K3T3JIHTHqeCKHM BJIHHHHeM HOHOB BOAOpOAa OT Ma-
Kp 0M0JieKyjibi n,ejijii0ji03bi OTiuenAHioTCH neiKWKH MeHee c a o jk h h x
nojiHcaxapHAOB, KOTOpbie nocTeneHHo rHApojiH 3yioTCH b mo-
HocaxapHAbi.
J im rHApOJIH3 a pa3Ö3BJieHHHMH KHCJIOTaMH HeOÖXOAHMO p a ö o -
TaTb n pn noBbiiueHHbix TeM n epaTypax, TaK KaK Ao, TeM nepaTypbi 160°
u,eJUiK>Ji03a rHApoJiH3yeTCa oMeitb MeAJieHHo; yAOBJieTBopHTejibHaa
cKopocTb AOCTHraeTca JiHinb npn T eM n ep aT yp ax okojio 180°. ^ t o ö h
HarpeBaTb BOAHbie p acT B op n kh c jio t a o yKa3aHHofi T eM n epaTypn ,
HeOÖXOAHMO npHMeHHTb noBbimeHHoe AaBJieHHe.
X h m h 3m rHApoAH3a b oöm eM BHAe BHpa»<aeTCH cjieAyiom HM H
ypaBHeHHHMH:
(C 6H 10O 5) n4 -n H 20 - > n C6H 13O s
reKco3aHu reKC03a
b
(C 5H 8O 4) „ + « H 2O - , n C 5H 10O 5
neHT03aHtd neHT03a
M 3 uejuiiojio3bi n o jiy ’qaeTca rJiK)K03a, H3 M3HH3Ha — M3HH03a, H3
rajiaKTaHa — rajiaKT03a, H3 KCHJiaHa — KCHJio3a h t . a .
1 noÄ ojiHrocaxapHAaMH noHHMaiOT pacTBopHMbie b Boae yr^eBoau, MQJie-
KyjIH KOTOpblX C0/tepiK3T OT 2 ÄO 6 OCTaTKOB MOHOCaXapHÄOB. '
 kh 3 peHHH. T aK , HanpHMep, oh h M oryT ÄerHÄparapOBaTbCH. neHT03bi
H a caMOM jie jie n p o u ecc npoTeK aeT ropa3ÄO cjiojK H ee c 0 6 p a 3 0 Ba-
npn s to m ßaiOT 4 >yp$ypoJi:
HHeM pa3^HHHbix npoM ejKyToqH bix npOÄyKTOB — uejiJii0Ji030ÄeKCTpH-
HOB H OJIHrOCaxapH/tOB. O o o
— CHOH c //° '/ / > //
— CH CH2OH -C H CH2OH I SH n H T\h
O I CHOH CHOH COH -c — c
CHOH -CH CHOH CH -H20 II — h 2o
I ! I ? CHOH — v C H O H ---- CH CH ------ ► CH
CHOH _CH O CHOH — CH + H -+ O H * o O I
O I CHOH CHOH CHOH CHOH CH
-o - 0 CHOH -CH 3 CHOH
I 1 2
— CH CH2OH CH2OH -ch 2 -CH
.Ah CHOH -CH CHOH Kojimeßan AjibÄerHßHaH npoMeÄyTo^Hbie npo^yKTbi <t>yp4>ypoji
I 4>opMa M O jie- 4>opMa M O jie- AerHlftpaTai;HH
CHaOH -CH Ö CH.OH - A „ K yjibi n e H - K y jiu neH T03u
T03bl

H 3 reiKcos TaKHM * e o ö p a s o M n o jiy q a e rc s i KpafiHe HeycToflqmBHfi

-CH CH2OH -CH CH2OH to-OKCHMeTHji(})yp4)y p o ji:
u o I
CHOH CH CHOH —CH O
i
I I reK cosa -► C H 2 O H — C = C H — C H = C — c f-
O CHOH CHOH CH
- 0_ -CH O CHOH
+o I
CHOH
I
iI
CHOH
1 0 I
u)-0KCHMeTHJi4)yp4)yp0Ji
V
H

-CH CHOH _CH CHOH »CH3— CO— c h 2 -CH2— COOH +

CHoOH CHOH CH.OH — CH +HCOOH + ryMHHOBbie B e m e c T B a

O y p ^ y p o ji h o)-oKCHMeTHji(J)yp(})ypoji, pa3JiaraHCb, ÄaioT khc -

jiotm h ryMHHOBbie BeiuecTBa — tcm ho OKpameHHbie, HepacTBopHMbie
n P H rH flpojiH 3e nojiHcaxapHÄOB pa3pHBaioTCH CBH3H m ö k ä Y
b BOße BemecTBa cJio}KHoro CTpoeHHH.
OTÄeJIbHbIMH 0CTaTK3MH I\JIIOK03bI nO KHCJlOpOÄHbIM M0CTHK3M H y OÄ­
Z lp y r n e cocTaBHbie q a c r a ÄpeBecHHbi: jinrHHH, neKTHHOBhie B em e­
HOH H3 BHOBb 06pa30BaBiUHxc3 MOJieKyji noHBJisieTCfl rp y n n a
cTBa, cm oji bi h 6ejiK 0Bbie BemecTBa — Ä a io r b ycjioBHHx rHÄpojiH3a
-— H O H (cnocoÖHaH npn H30MepH3auHH Ä asaT b ajibÄerH ^H yio
pa3jiHqHbie npoÄyKTbi; HenoTophie H3 h hx yTHJiH3HpyioTCH. TaK,
r p y n n y ), a y Ä p y r o fi rHÄpoKCHji.
HanpHMep, 3a cqeT OTiuenjieHHH MeTOKCHJibHHX ( — OCH3) rp yn n
06pa30BaBniH ecH noJiHMepHbie MOJieKyJIbl, yxce MeHee KpynHHe,
OT JIHTHHHa OÖpa3yeTCH MeTHJIOBblH CnHpT. JlHrHHH CJiyÄHT TaKJKe
<ieM MOJieKyJIbl ueJijiroJi03bi, b h o bb p a c n a ja ro rc H h , npncoeÄHHHH
HCTOqHHKOM 06pa30BaHHH «eKOTOpblX aJIbÄeriHAOB H KHCJIOT (M y-
a/ieMeHTH b o ä h , «a iO T b KOHeqHOM cqeTe MOJieKyJIbl MOHocaxapiiÄOB:
paBbHHOH, yKCyCHOH H Ä P -)-
-CH- CH2OH -CHOH CH2OH Ha noÄOÖHbie n oöoqH bie peaKUHH p a cx o Ä yeT cn 3HaqHrejibHaH
I H '+ O H - qacTb MOHocaxapHÄOB. TaK, HanpHMep, ÄpeßecHHa, coAepjKaman qko-
CHOH O -CH CHOH -A h jio 65% nojiHcaxapHÄOB, b npouecce rHÄpojiH3a pa36aBJieHHHMH khc-
I I I
O CHOH L -CH O CHOH CHOH JioTaMH npH 160— 180° ÄaeT He ö ojiee 50% MOHocaxapHÄOB o t Teo-
p eraqecK H B03M0>KH0r0. J\jih yMeHbmenHH noöoqH bix peaKUHH h yBe-
C^HOH CHOH CHOH + 0 CHOH JinqeHHH Bbixoaa caxapa HeoöxoÄHMo coKpaTHTb BpeMH npeöbmaHHH
I O caxap a b peaKUHOHHOH cpeÄe. S t o t o mojkho ÄOCTHrHyTb nyreM Beae-
— CH CHOH -CH CHOH
hhh npouecca no cryneHHM, t. e. npepbiBaHHH npouecca no Mepe Ha-
CH2OH — CH CH2OH -CHOH KonjieHHH caxapa h OTÄejieHHH ero pacTBopa o t He pa3Ji0JKHBiuHxcH
em e nojiHcaxapHÄOB. TaKHM 0Öpa30M, npn 5— 6-CTyneHqaTOM rHÄpo-
JiH3e bo CTOJibKO JKe pa3 yMeHbinaeTCH BpeMH npeÖHBaHHH ca x ap a b
^M oH ocaxap H Ä H b ycjioBHHx rHÄpojiH3a M oryT noÄB epraTbcn Ä ajib- peaKUHOHHOH cpeÄe h o6m ne Bbixo^bi MOHOcaxapHÄOB yBejinqHBaioTcsi
HeHniHM npeBpameHHHM, y>Ke HejKejiaTejibHHM c npaKTHqecKofi Toq- ä o 55— 60% Ha coÄepjKaiunecH b ÄpeßecHHe noÄHcaxapHÄbi.

•100 101
 n p e jy io jK e u b i h Ä p y r a e cn ocoÖ H bcächmh n p o u e c c a ä jih ÄOCTHJKe- 3 t o t p acT B o p (rH Ä p 0 Ä H 3 aT ) npöxOÄHT TenÄOOÖMeHHHK. a 3aTeM
hhh Jiyqmnx b h x o ä o b c a x a p a . H a u ß o jie e cOBepuieHHHM HBJIHeTCH noÄ3eTCH b HcnapH Te^H — e rajib H b ie u h jih h ä p h M eH biuero no cp3B -
COBeTCKHH MeTOÄ, pa3pa60TaHHbIH KOJIJieKTHBOM paÖOTHHKOB THflpO- HeHHio c THÄpojiH3epoM p33Mepa. B H cnspH TejiH x ß jia r o Ä a p n CHH>Ke-
JIH3HOH npoMbiuuieHHocTH, npHMeHeHHbiH BnepBbie Ha npaKTHKe n po- hhk) ÄaBÄeHHH ä o 1— 1,5 a r th ä P 0 ä H 3 3 t mscthmho ynapHBaeTCH. n s p n
4)eccopOM B. H. IIlapKOBbiM b 1934 r o ^ y h 3axeM 3H3qHTejibHo y c o - KOHAeHCHpyiOTCH, H3 K0HÄeHC3T0pa ny reM neperoHKH H3BjieKaeTCH
BepuieHCTBOBaHHbiH. CymHOCTb 3Toro MeTOÄa 3aKJuoqaeTCH b tom , 4)yp4>ypoji, CKHnHÄap h MeTHJioBbiH cnnpT. 3 sT eM th ä p o ä h 3 3 T Heft-
h to qepe3 c jio h H3MeJibqeHHoö ÄpeBecHHbi HenpepbiBHO npoTeK aeT Tp 3ÄH3yiOT Ä0Ö3BJieHHeM H3BeCTK0B0r0 M0JI0K3. HeHTpaÄH3aUHH
H a rp e ia n pa3ßaBJieHH3H k h c jio ts . Oöp33yioiuHHCH c a x a p pacTBO- np0H3B0ÄHTCH b UHJiHHÄpHqecKHX c o c y Ä a x — H eÖ TpajiH 3aT0pax, CHaß-
pneTCH b b o ä h o h K H cjio ie h HenpepbiBHO b h b o ä h tc h H3 peaKunoH H oro HceHHbix MeuiajiKaMH. B HeÖTp 3ÄH 3aTop noÄaioTCH nHTSTeÄbHue
cocyaa. c o ä h ä jih ÄpoJKJKefi — cyjib(j)3T aMMOHHH h cynep(J)oc4)3T.

n O J lY H E H H E 3 T H J I0 B 0 r 0 C I1 H P T A

CbipbeM äjih rnÄpoJiH3Horo npoHSBOÄCTBa CJiy>KHT o ö b ira o ÄpeBe-

CHHa xBOHHbix ÄepeBbeB (ejiH, c o c h m ) , KOTopaa coAep>KHT okojio 47%
Uejijnoji03bi, 20% reMHueÄJiK)Ä03, 28% JiHrHBHa h HeßöJibuiHe kojih -
qecTBa cmoji h Ä pyru x opraHHqecKHx BeiuecTB.
OcoßeHHo öojibinoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT t o oöcTOHTejibCTBO, q ro b
rHÄpOÄH3HOM npOH3BOÄCTBe HCnOJIb3yiOTCH OTXOÄH JieCOnHJIbHOrO
npOH3BOÄCTBa.
CyiuHOCTb n p o u ecca 3aKJnoqaeTCH b c jie Ä y io -
meM.
H c x o Ä H o e cbipbe b BHÄe M ejiKoft iuenbi h jih onu-

7 \ jiok3arpy>KaeTCH qepe3 BepxHHH jiiok b rHÄpojiH3HHH

an n ap aT (rHApoJiH3ep hjih nepKOJiHTop, pnc. 34),
npeÄCiaBJiHioiuHH coöoh crajibHOH u h j ih h ä p , b h j io -
JKeHHblfi BHyTpH KepaMHKOBbIMH KHCJIOTOynÖpHbIMH Phc. 35. CxeMa ycTaHOBKH ÄJia rHflpoJiH3a ÄpeBecHHH.
I — r n 4 P o jiH 3 e p b i (n e p K O J iH T o p u ); 2 — T e n jio o ß M e H H H K ; 3 — w c n a p H t e jib .
nÄHTaMH. B 3arpysceHHbiH ÄO Bepxy a n n a p a i noÄaiOT
rOpHMHÖ pacTB op cepHOH KHCJIOTbl KOHUeHTp 3UHH
o k o jio 1 % h ropnqHH boäh h oh n ap noÄ ÄaBjieHHeM OTÄeJieHHe BbinaBuiero 0C3ÄK3 rnnca (C aS 0 4 • 2H20 ) npoH3Bo-
10— 12 ar. T e M n e p a T y p y TaKHM oöpasoM n0ÄHHMai0T ä h tc h nyTeM o tc t3 h b 3 h h h >khäkocth b o tc to h h h k s x .
ä o 180— 190°. r i p 0fl0Ji}KHTejibH0CTb n p o u ecca rHÄpo- OTCT0HBUI35ICH B OTCTOHHHK3X >KHÄKOCTb, T3K Ha3bIB3eMbIH Heä-
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FIojiyqaeTCH H e jiT a n jKHÄKOCTb c o cneun^HqecKHM Ha cöp3>KHBaHHe, ero HyjKHo oxjiaAHTb ä o 30— 32°. Oxjia>KÄeHHe n p o -
3anaxoM , TaK Ha3biBaeMbift rHÄpojiH3aT, k o to p u h H3BOÄHTCH CH3qaÄa B rp3AHpHHX, T. e. B npOCTOpHHX KaMep3X c y c r -
coÄep>KHT MOHocaxapHÄH (rjiaBHbiM 0öpa30M rjiioKO- POHCTB3MH B BHÄe peeK H peUieTOK, CnOCOÖCTByiOIUHX p336pbI3n|ß3-
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ÄyKTbi p a cn a Ä a ca x a p o ß , jmrHHHa h neKTHHOB, cep - noTOKy >kh äkocth npoÄyBaercH B03Äyx. HacbiiueHHe HeflTpajiH3aTa
Phc. 34. CxeMa Hyio KHcjiOTy, opraHHqecKHe k h c jio th h hx cojih , He- B03Ayx0M HBJIHeTCH nojie3HbiM ä ä h oßecneqeHHH b ßyÄymeM Hop-
ycTpoöcTBa TH^pO KOTOpbie KOjiHqecTBa jiHrHHHa h öejiKOBbix BemecTB MajIbHOH >KH3HeÄeHTeÄbHOCTH ÄP0>K>KeH.
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l — KpuiuKa Bepx- H a pncyH Ke 35 H 3 o 6 p a *e H a cxeM a rH ÄpojiH 3Hofi oxÄa>KÄaeTCH b o äo h ä o 30 — 32°.
ujtyue*p a™« "nonavü ycTaHOBKH n o HenpepbiBHOMy c n o c o ö y . noJiyqeHHbifi ts k h m oöpa30M cäsäkhh pacTBop (c y c jio ) totob k
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M8aropnjioP8aH-?r?:3*- caxapaM H . H 3 n o cjieÄ H ero (n o x o Ä y p a cT B o p a ) an- 100 — 200m 3 c noMombio cneuHajibHbix bhäob A p o x x e ü , npncnocoö-
« r t r Ä ^ apF , a BbIX0/IHT KHCJIblfi pacTB op, COÄOpJKaiUHH
u T. « . 4— 6 % ca x a p o ß .
I O XHMH3Me cnHpTOBoro ßpoaceHHü cm. crp. 154.
y
102 103
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pocTb h npaBHJifaHoe HanpaßjieHHe n p o u ecca 6p o *eH H H 3 3 b h ch t o t
p acbi h KOJiHqecTBa A P o a o K e fi h o t BHeniHnx ycJiOBHÖ: TeM nepaTypbi,
peaKUHH cpeÄbi, HajinqHH npHM ecefi b c y c jie h ä P . 3 t h ycjio b h h ä o jijk -
h h cnocoßcTBOBaTb H an ß ojiee SHeprnqHOMy npoieK aH H io JKH3HeHHbix
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p acTaeT c yBejuraeHneM KOJiHqecTBS ÄpOHOKeö. OnTHM ajibHoö TeMne-
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jk h a k o c th ÄOji>KHa noAÄepKHBaTbCH b n p e a e jia x 3H3qeHHn 5— 6 .
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MeTOÄH c6pa>KHBaHHH n n m eß oro cbipbH OKa3ajiHCb M ajio npnroAH H -
mh ä jih cßpajKHBaHHH Ä p eß ecH oro cycjia. Ha ßojibinHHCTBe th ä P 0 ä h 3 -
h h x saBOÄOB npHMeHHeTCH HenpepbiBHO-cenapauHoHHbifi MeTOÄ cß pa-
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noÄseTCH cBe>Kee c y c jio h cMeuiHBaeTCH c nocTynaioiuHM H a p o jk jk s -
mh. CM ecb npoxoÄH T qepe3 ö a ia p e io qaHOB; c a x a p npn sto m ycn eß aeT
cßpOÄHTb. F IojiyqaeM aH 6 pa?KKa HanpaBJineTCH b cen apaTopbi, rA e
ä p o jk jk h OTÄejiHK)TCH o t 6 pa>KKH. üpO ÄJKH h ä Y t oßpaTH o Ha CMeme-
HHe CO CBejKHM CyCJIOM. TaKHM 0Öpa30M, ApOJKJKH Bce BpeMH H axo-
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yÄaeTC H c ö p o A H T b n o jiH o c r b io . O ß b iq H o cöp ajK H B aeTC H 9 7 — 9 8 % re K -
s o 3 , a n p n H enpaBH JibHofl p a ö o T e o k o jio 9 0 % . Ho h c6 po>K eH H H e reK-
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1— 1,2% S T H J io B o ro c n n p T a , o k o jio 0 ,0 0 3 % M e T H jio ß o r o cnn pTa,
0 ,0 0 4 % CHByuiHbix M a c e ji (b o c h o b h o m aMHJioBbie h H306yrHJi0BbiH
c n H p T b i), q a c T b . H ec6po>KeH H bix c a x a p o ß (n p e n M y m e c T B e H H o n e H T O 3 ),
H eöoÄbiuHe KOJinqecTBa aJibAernAOb, KeTOHos, op ra H H q ecK H x k h c jio t ,
TÄHU epHH a, 3(J)Hp0B H ÄP-
n oÄ yqeH H biü b pe3yjibTaTe öpojKeHHH pacTBop HeßojibuiHX k ojih -
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TpOHCTBO KOTOpblX MO>KeT ÖblTb HecKOJibKO p33ÄHqHbIM. H enpepH BH O
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th (})h k 3 t. H 3 1 t a6c0ÄK)TH0 c y x o ö ÄpeBecHHbi nojiyqaeTCH o k o jio
320 KZ CÖp3*HB3eMbIX C3X3P0B. EcJIH H3 HHX ÖyAeT CÖpOJKeHO 304 KZ
( 9 5 % ) , t o ÄOÄ5KHO noÄyqHTbCH 197 a cnnpTa. OöbiqHO nojiyqaeTCH
o k o jio 170 a, t . e. o k o jio 8 5 % o t TeopeTH qecK oro BbixoÄa cöpoAHB-
iu h x ca x a p o ß , hjih 13,3% k Becy c y x o ä ÄpeBecHHbi. O k o jio 15%
c6p3>KHB3eMbix ca x a p o ß p3cxoÄyeTCH Ha nocropoH H H e ßpojKeHHH, Ha
nHT3 HHe Äpo>K>Keä m H3 n o te p n . B cpeÄHeM iH3 100 kz c o Ä e p Ä 3iuHx-
ch b rHÄp0JiH33Te c 6p a *H B a eM b ix c a x s p o ß n o Ä y q s io T 50— 52 Ji
104
cnHpTa. B H3CTonmee BpeMH Ha m h oth x C0BeTCKHX 3aBOÄax n ojiy-
qaioT ä o 180— 200 a cnnpTa Ha TOHHy aßcojiroTHo cyxoS ÄpeßecHHbr,
r HÄpOÄH3HMH cnnpT (TOBapubiü npoÄYK T) c o Ä e p x H T 93,5— 9 4 %
STHjiOBoro cnnpTa, ä o 0,1 % M eTH jioßoro cnnpTa, cjieÄbi (jiyp tfiyp ojia h
oqeH b HeßoÄbiuHe KOÄnqecTBa (TbicnqHbie ä o jih n pou eH Ta) a^bA ern -
ÄOB, 3(J)HpOB H CHByuiHbix M3CCÄ H MOJKeT npHMeHHTbCH ä j ih T ex » e
u e jie ö , qTo h noJiyqeHHbin H3 n n iu eB oro CbipbH.
B ÖOÄbUIHX KOÄHqeCTB3X rHÄpOÄH3Hblfi CnHpT HÄeT ÄÄH BbipaÖOT-
kh CHHTeTHqecKoro K ayqyK a. O h npHMeHHeTCH TaKJKe ä jih nojiyqeHHH
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, jio t , yK cycH o ro ajibÄerH Äa h ä P- S t h ä o b h h cnnpT Hcnojib3yeTCH 6o-
Ä ee qeM b 150 OTpacÄHx npoMbiuiÄeHHOCTH. O h h 3 x o a h t Bce ßojib-
rnee npHMeHeHHe b K3qecTBe K0Mn0HeHT3 MOTopHoro TonjiHB3. T h ä -
POÄH3HHH cnnpT nocÄ e ÄonojiHHTejibHofi oqncTKH MOJKeT öbiTb npn-
MeHeH B ÄHKepO-BOÄOqHblX H3ÄejIHHX.
Ü O B O H H b lE n P O ^ y K T b l r H Ä P O J I H 3 H O r O
nPOH3BOACTBA
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npQH3BOÄCTBa h b jih io tc h MeTHÄOBufl cnnpT, (f)yp(j)ypOJI, CKHnHÄap,
ßeJIKOBbie KOpMOBbie ÄPOJKJKH, TpHOKCHTÄyTapOBSH KHCÄ0T3 (33Me-
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Ta. M o >k h o nojiyqH Tb T a K * e KpHCTajiÄHqecKyio rjiK)K03y h KCHJio3y.
C>H3HqecKHe CBOHCTBa BeiuecTB, nojiyqaioiUHXCH b t h ä P 0 ä H3H0m
np0H3B0ÄCTBe, npHBeÄeHbi b T3ÖJiHue 2.
MeTHJioBbiH cnnpT, k s k y x e ynoM H H ajiocb, BbiÄejineTCH nyTeM
OTiioHKH Ha peKTH(J)HKauHOHHbix annapSTax.
^yp4>ypoJi/K 3K ßbiJio ynoMHHyTO, noÄyqseTCH b pe3yjibTaTe t h ä -
pojiH 3a neHT03aH0B, b x o ä h iu h x b c o c t s b ÄpeBecHHbi, h n ocjieÄ yro-
iu efl ÄerH ÄparauH H noÄyqnBinnxcH neHT03:
+ H aO • —3H20
C 5H 80 4 ----- -*■ C 5H l0O 6 ----------> C 5H 40 2
neHTo3an neHT03a ^ypctjypoji
KOHUeHTpaUHH 4)y p (})y p 0 jia B rHÄpOJIH33Te COCT3BJIHer OKOJIO
0,45 z/a. r^ a B H a a e r o M acca yxoÄH T H3 rHÄP0ÄH3aT3 b ncnspHTe^Hx.
B KOHÄeHcaTe n a p a H3 HcnapHTe^efi coÄepJKHTCH o k o ä o 3,45 z (J»yp-
4>ypoÄa Ha jih tp KOHÄeHcaTa h, KpoM e T o ro , MeTaHOJi, cKHnHÄ3p,
a^bÄerHÄbi h opraH nqecKH e k h c jio th .
3 t h Bem ecTBa OTÄeÄHiOTCH Ä p y r o t Ä p y r a neperoH K ofl h npoMbi-
BaHHeM b oäoh . O y p ^ y p o Ä n ^ o x o pacTBopneTCH b x o ä o ä h o h BOÄe
^ b OTÄHqne o t CKHnHAapa). iKoÄHqecTBO $ y p (})y p o jia , BHÄe^HeM oro b
iHcnapHTeÄHx, c o c t s b ä h c t o k o jio 0 ,9 % k B ecy ÄpeBecHHbi.
f OyptJjypoÄ HaxoÄHT oqeHb rnnpoKoe npHMeHeHHe. B npoMHinJien-
h o c th n jiscTM acc oh 3aMeHHeT ä6(}>huhthhh (^opM a^bÄerHÄ, npHMe-
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•hom AeJie; b np0H3B0ACTBe AyßHTejiefi — b KOjKeBeHHOö npoMbiniJieH- TaKHM oß p asoM , a p o jk jk h h b jih io tch ueHHbiM, ÖoraTbiM ßejiKaMH h
HOCTH; B pe3HHOBOM npOH3BOflCTBe — ÄJIH yCKOpeHHa ByJIKaHH3an.HH BHTaMHHaMH nHT3T6JlbHbIM MäTepHBJlOM, KOTOpblH HcnOJIb3yeTCH ÄJIH
CKapMÄHBaHHH JKHBOTHbIM.
K ayqyxa h Ha6 yxaHHH pe3HHbi; b nap<})iOMepHH— ajih KOHcepBHpoßa-
HHH JKHpOB H M3CeJI (ß KO JIH qeCTBe 1 : 1000).
r HÄP0JIH3HbIH CKHnHAap npeÄCTaBJIH6T COÖOH CMeCb H3 BecbMa
O TX O A bl /lECOnHJlbHOW
pasjiHHHbix BemecTB, rjiaBHbiM 0ßpa30M yrJieBOAopoAOB h khcjiopoä-
M «AEPEBOOBPABATblBAIOLiJ,EM
h h x coeAHHeHHH h npOÄyKTOB hx noJiHMepH3an,HH. O ß J ia A a er HenpH-
HTHblM 3anaXOM. HBJIHeTCH XOpOIIIHM paCTBOpHTeJieM H npHMeHHeT­ nPOMblUJ/lEHHOCTU
CH B JiaKOKpaCOHHOH npOMbiniJieHHOCTH, B npOH3BOACTBe Cano>KHbIX
KpeMOB, MacTHKH ajih nojia H t. n.
JI hthhh nojiyqaeTCH b KOjinqecTBe 30% k Becy cyxofi ApeßecH-
Hbi. 3 to pbixjian Macca, H<ejiTOßaTO-ceporo iißeTa. npoÖJiei^a pau n o-
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KOJiHqecTBa npocTO cJKHraiOTCH b BHAe noponiKa hjih b BHÄe öpHKe-
tob ( b qacTHOCTH, BecbMa yAOÖHbix äjih rasoreH epaTopoß ). H3 Hero
MOJKHO H3rOTOBHTb 3KTHBHpOB3HHbIH. yrOJIb H JierKHe CTpOHTeJIbH'bie
H TenÄ0H30ÄHUH0HHbie nÄHTbl.
O a h 3 ko ÄHrHHH MOJKeT npn XHMHqecKoö n ep ep a öoT K e Ä3Tb m h o -
FHe UeHHbie XHMHHeCKHe npOAyKTbl, KOTOpbie MOryT ÖblTb HCn0Äb30-
B3HbI ÄÄH nOÄyqeHHH CHHTeTHqeCKHX CMOJI, ÜÄ3CTM3CC, AyÖHJIbHblX
BemecTB H, B03M0JKH0, HeKOTOpblX apOMaTHqeCKHX CoeAHHeHHH.
npH rHApoÄH3e coAepjKamnxcH b ApeBecHHe neHT033H0B o6 p 3 -
3yiOTCH neHT03H — apaÖHH03a H KCHJI033.

(C 5H 80 4)„-f-rt H 20 —>■n C sH 10O s

n eH T03aH neH T03a

neHT03bi OCTaiOTCH b 6 a p ä e, t . e. b o c T a m e n ocjie oTroHKH

-cnnpTa H3 6 pa>KKH. Ohh Hcnojib 3yioTCH b KaqecTBe nHTaTejibHofi cpe-
Äbl ÄJIH Bbip3IUHB3HHH ÖeJIKOBblX ApO>K>KeH. B Ö3pAy ÄOÖ3BJIHIOT nH-
TaTeÄbHbie cojih (cynepcJ)oc(J)aT, cyjib (})3 T smmohhh), oxjia>KÄaK>T
ee Ha rpaAHpHe, (fm jibTpyioT, n oM em aioT b qaHbi, AOÖaBjiHioT 3aceB-
Hbie APOÄJKH H HHTeHCHBHO nponyCK3K)T B03AyX H3 ÖapÖOTepOB, Ha-
xoAHiUHXcsf HeMHoro Bbirne ä h 3 qaHa, npH TeM n ep sT yp e 29— 30°.
XlpOHOKH ÖblCTpO p33MHO>K3IOTCH. H x OTAeJIHIOT OT 6p3>KKH, npOMbl-
B3IOT boäoh, KOHueHTpnpyiOT npn noMomH cen ap aT op oB h Bbicyura-
B3I0T. ri0Jiyq3I0TCH CyXHe ÄPOHOKH B BHAe nopoiHK3.
H a rHApoJiH 3HOH ß apA e M oryT BbipsmHBaTbcn He BCHKHe pacbi SrH/iOßbiü BenuoB^we f a3 o ren ep . C tpom t. £ p y p 4 jy -
ApOJKJKefl, a TOJibKO T3KHe, KOTOpbie CnOCOÖHbl HCn0Äb30B3Tb neHTO- c nw p t
T onnneo n/iMTbi pon
GwMnMflap MeTH/i
cn n p T
3bl, HSnpHMep H3 CeMeHCTB3 HeC3 X3 p 0 MHD,eT0 B.
B bixoAbi Apo>K}KeH AOCTHr3K)T 200% n o B ecy Ha peAyuH pyjom H e Phc. 36. CxeMa KOMiuieKCHOH nepepaöoTKH xböhhoh ÄpeBecHHH Me-
Bem ecTBa ßapAbi. C y x n e a p o h o k h c o A e p jK a i 46— 52% öejiKOBbix B e ­ TOAOM KHCJIOTHOrO THApO^H3a.
m ecT B H HeÖOÄbUIHe KOJIHqeCTBa rJIHKOreH3, H.eJIJII0JI03bI, JKHpOBblX H
A p y rn x opraH H qecK H x BemecTB h M HHepajibHbix coJieft (ocT ajib H oe OäHHM H3 OCHOBHUX npOÄyKTOB ÖpOJKeHHH HBJIHeTCH yrjieKHCJIblH
B J ia ra ). I I o CBoeMy aMHHOKHcJiOTHOMy c o cT aß y s t o nojiHoueHHbie ra3. n PH npaBHÄbHoft e r o y™ jiH 3auH H m ojkho no^y^H Tb Ha 1 m cnnp-
ÖeJIKH1^ 6jIH3KHe K JK^BOTHblM ÖejIKSM. OHH Ha 85 — 8 6 % yCB3HB3IOT- Ta a o 750 m yrÄeKHCÄOTH. H a npaKTHKe n o jiy q a io T o k o ä o 250 kz
CH 0pr3HH3M0M JKHBOTHbIX. /IpOJKJKH ÖOraTbl BHT3MHHaMH (oCOÖeHHO A ein eB oro c y x o r o ÄbAa Ha TOHHy cnnpTa. K p o M e t o t o , yrjieKHCJibifi
rp y n n b i B , coA epacaT b h t3 M h h A , n o c ji e oßjiyqeHHH h e h t s m u h J I ) . ^a3 m ojkbt 6 biTb Hcn0Äb30BaH a jih CHHTe3a opraHHqecKHx coeAH ­
HeHHH.
,106
 H a pncyHKe 36 npH BeÄeHa npHHii,HnH3JibH3H TexH OJiorH qecKa» /J,H 4)4)y3opM b o B p eM a p aöoT H 3 an o Ä H e H u Ä peßecH M M M a T e p n a -
c x e M a rHÄpoJiH3Horo npoH3BOÄCTßa c Hcn0Jib30BaHHeM B cex c o c t s b - j io m h k h c j io t o h . rio c jie A H H H MftÄJieHHo n e p e A a B jiH B a e T C H c n o M o m b io
HblX HaCTefl CbipbH. H a c o c o B H3 O Ä H o ro Ä H (J )(j)y 3 o p a b Ä p y r o f l.
Ü,ä h yAOÖCTBa oöcjiyjKHßaHHH annapaTOB k h c jio ts BMecTe c 0 6 -
THÄPOJ1H3 KO HUEH TPHPO BAH HbIM H KHCJIOTAMH pa3yiom,HMHCH 3aTeM npoÄyKTaM H rHÄpojiH3a n o c jie npoxo>KAeHHH
nepBO H öaTapen H3 Tpex ÄH <J)4)y3opoB (1 , 2, 3) H an p aB JiaeT C H b
B H arneö CTpaHe b HecKOJibKHx HayqHO-HccjieÄOBaTCJibCKHx hh- cöopHHK (4 ), H3 KOTOporo ysce nepeKaqHBaeTCH b c .ie Ä y io m y io , b t o -
cTHTyTax h Ha Ka<|)eÄpax b h c iu h x yqeÖHbix 3aBe,uemifi npOBeaeHbi p yio , ß aT ap eio, c o c T o a m y io T a K * e H3 T p ex annapaTOB (6, 7, 8). 3a
OÖUIHpHbie HCCJieÄ0B3HHH THÄpOJIH3a ÄpeBecHHbi CBepXKOHIXeHTpHpO- speM H npoxojKÄeHHH q e p e 3 Ä p e B e c H H y k h c ä o t 3 B c e ß o jie e oöo ra-
BaHHOÖ COJIHHOÖ KHCJIOTOH. 3 t h HCCJieAOBaHHH JierJlH B OCHOBy npH- maeTCH pacTBopaiom H M H ca b Heß yrjieBOÄaMH, npnqeM TeM nepaTypa
MeHHeMbix b H acT onm ee BpeMH np0H3B0ÄCTBeHHbix n pou eccoB . O co - h c h äko cth nocTeneHHo noBbiiuaeTca o t 0° b nepBOM ÄH(J)(J)y3ope äo
ÖeHHO UeHHbie p a ß o r a 6bIJIH BbinOJIHeHbl KOJIJieKTHBaMH paÖOTHHKOB 18° B UieCTOM.
n o Ä pyKOBOÄCTBOM n . H . O ä h h hob a b M ocK Be (1 9 3 3 — 1 9 3 9 ) »
H . B . J le ö e Ä e B a b JleH H H rpaÄ e (1 9 4 0 — 1 9 4 9 ). - ß
BoÄHbie p acT B opbi x jio p H c r o ro B O Ä opoÄ a ( t . e. q o jih h s h KHCJiOTa)
npH oöbiKHOBeHHOH TeM n ep aT y p e p acT B o p H io r u,ejuiiojio3y TOJibKO npH
KOHiieHTpaHHHx He HHsce 3 9 % . n p n s to m u e ju iio jio s a H a ß y x a e r h 06-
pa 3yeT c H C l HenpoqHoe coeÄHHeHHe. npoÄOfl}KHTejibHoe ÄeficTBHe
KOHH.eHTpHpOBaHHOÖ COJIHHOÖ KHCJIOTbl Ha U,eJIJH0JI03y npHBOÄHT K
06pa30BaHHK> TÄi0K03bi b peayJibTaTe niÄP0Jin 3a. C K op o cT b p acT B o p e -
■ Villi .! .~T l;ni:■,

hhh H,eÄJii0Ä03u B 03pacTaeT c yBeJiHweHHeM KOHueHTpaiiHH x jio p n - 1 ßamapeR n Bamapen

CTOrO BOÄOpOÄa. OcOÖeHHO S(})(})eKTHBHO ÄGÖCTByiOT CBepXKOHHeHTpH-
110
pOBaHHbie p acT B opbi COJIHHOÖ KHCJIOTbl. PaCTBOpbl C KOHUeHTpaUHeH •51// 2 )5
u
41— 41,5% H C l, n o jiy q aeM b ie nyTeM Äonacbim eH HH 37-npou.eHTHOH
COJIHHOÖ KHCJIOTbl XJIOpHCTHM BOÄOpOÄOM npH OXJia>KÄ6HHH, paCTBO- P hc . 37. BaTapea flH ^ y s o p o B .
pHiOT n;ejijii0ji03y b TeqeHHe HecKOJibKHx ceKyHÄ.
npH H U H nH aÄ bH aH cxeM a npoHSBOÄCTBeHHoro npou,ecca o c a x a p n -
n e p e Ä 3BÄHB3HHe jk h ä k o c th npoH 3BOÄHTCH nopiiHHMH h n ooq e-
B3HHH Ä peßecH bix MaTepH3JIOB c n o M om bio OOJIHHOH k h c ä o t h cbo-
ä h t c h k cjieÄ y iem eM y .
peÄH o: KOTÄ3 »HÄKOCTb nepeÄßHraeTCH n o nepB oß 6 aT3pee, t o bo
B T O p o fi OHa c t o h t HenoÄßHJKHO, h H soßopoT. ü ep eK Ä ioqeH H e Ö3T3peä
H c x o Ä H o e cbipbe (e jio B a a hjih cocHOBan ÄpeßecHHa, o t x o ä h Jie-
npOH3BOÄHTCH em eqacHO.
conHJieH — r o p ö tjjra , pefiKH h t . n .) cyniHTcn Ha B03Äyxe. n p n s to m
K a»<Ä H H ÄH(j)(J)y3op nocjieÄOBarejibHO öbißaeT roJioBHbiM ( 8 - ß ),
Bjia>KHOCTb c 4 0 — 4 5 % CHHxaeTCH ä o 3 0 — 3 5 % . 3aTeM ÄpeßecHHa
npoM ejKyroqH biM h xboctobm m ( 1- f l). n epeK Ä ioqeH H e Ä H ^ ^ y 30? 08
H3MeÄbqaeTCH Ha pyÖHJibHbix ManiHHax b m eny pa3MepoM
np0H3B0ÄHTcn qepe3 KajKÄbie 4 — 6 q sco ß . O ö m a n npOÄOÄ^cHTeÄb-
1 0 X 1 0 X 1 5 m m . n o jiy q e H H a n m e n s BbicyniHBaeTca b o ßpamaiomHXCH
HOCTb p aöoTbi Ä H ^ t^ yso p a b inecTHqÄeHHoH Ö3Tapee cocraB jiH eT
ö a p a ö a H a x TonoqHbiMH ra3aMH (npeÄßapHTejibHO oram eHHHM H o t
24— 36 q3C0B.
n u jiH ) ä o cOÄepacaHHH BJiarn 6— 8 % .
CpeAHHH npoH3BOÄHTeÄbHOCTb Bceft ö s T a p e n H3 rnecTH a n n sp a -
H p o iie c c rHÄP0JIH3a npOH3BOÄHTCH B UHÄHHÄpHqeCKHX CTaJIBHblX
TOB C0CT3BÄHeT 10 M? B q3C HÄH 240 M3 rHÄpOÄH33Ta B CyTKH.
c o c y Ä a x — Ä H ^ ^ y s o p a x , eMKOCTbio o k o jio 50jw3, Bbijio>KeHHbix BHy-
r HÄpoJiH3aT, nocTynaioiii,HH b cßopHHK 9 (pHC. 3 7 ), H cnoÄ b3yer-
TpH KHCÄOTOynopHbIMH nJIHTKaMH. 3 t H U.HÄHHÄPH B BepXHeÖ H HH>K-
ch ä ä h 3anoJiHeHHH ÄH(})(})y30pa c o cßejKefl, BHOßb 33rpy?KeHHofl Ä p e-
Hefi qaCTH CHSÖJKeHbl KpbllllKaMH H (J)HJIf)TpaMH.
BeCHHOH. nOCÄe 33nOÄHeHHH STOT ÄH4)4)y30p BKJIIOqaeTCH B Ö3T3peiO B
B c e BcnoM oraTeÄbHbie npncnocoßjieH H H (Tpyßbi, saTßopbi, (Jmjib-
KaqecTBe roÄOBHoro h bch ß aT sp en ocTaBJiHeTCH b noKoe Ha 1 qa c
Tpbl, BTyJIKH H T. Ä -) CÄeJiaHbl H3 KHCJIOTOynopHblX M3TepH3JI0B —
(H3CT3HB3HHe) . n p H B33HM0ÄeflCTBHH CO C B eÄ efl ÄPeßeCHHOH T3K0H
KepaMHKH, BHHHlijiaCTa (nOJIHXJIOpBHHHJl) HJIH Ö3KeJI HTOBblX H
THÄpOÄH3aT pacTBop^ieT em e HeKOTopoe k o jik ^ c c tb o nojiHcaxspHAOB.
ÄpyrH X CMOJI Ha JKHÄKOM CTeKJie HJIH BHJIOJKeHbl H3HyTpH STHMH
06or3m eH H bIH nOÄHC3XapHÄ3MH THÄP0ÄH3aT nOpHHHMH OTÖHpaeTCH
M aTepHajiaupi.
H3 SToro ÄH(|)4*y3op3 h HÄeT H3 Ä aÄ b H eöm yio oö p a ö o T K y .
ZlH4K})y3opbi o6"beÄHHHK)TC5i b ßaTapeH n o 3 — 6 b k s jk ä o h .
r OTOBblH THÄpOÄH3aT COÄep>KHT 30% yrjieBOÄOB, rJI3BHbIM o 6 p 3 -
PaccM OTpHM p a ß o T y ß a T a p e n , cocTonm eH H3 uiecTH ÄH (bd)y30-
30M B BHÄe 0ÄHr0C3X3pHÄ0B H Ä^KCTpHHOB, 34% XÄOpHCTOrO BOÄOpO-
pOB (pHC. 37).
Ä3, 3 T3K»ce H eßoÄbm ne KOJinqecTBs oprsH H qecKH x k h c ä o t (n o jin y p o -

109
108
hobmx, yK cycH oö, MypaBbHHofi, JieByjiHHOBOH), ryMHHOBbie BemecTBa Id3 1 m3 njioTHofi xbohhoh ApeßecHHbi nojiyqaeTCH b cpeAHeM
h cjieAbi MeTaHOJia h 4)yp4)ypoJia. O ö ih h h b h x o a c a x a p a b rH Apojra- 60 a cnnpTa.
3aTe KOJieöjieTca m c j k a y 58 h 6 5 ,7 % . K p o M e A p e ß e c H H b i, m c t o a o m r H A p o J iH 3 a n e p e p a ß a T b r a a io T C H h
rtopHAOK paöoTbi annapaTOB h yn paB jieH ne npou eccoM Ha caMO-M A p y rn e p a c T H T e j i b H b i e M aTepnajibi — o t x o ä h cejibC K oro x o 3 H H C T B a
A e jie cjiojKHee, qeM b onHcaHHofi cxeM e, TaK KaK a jih AOCTHxeHHH (c o jio M a , xJionKOßaa in e jiy x a , KyKypy3Hbie KoqepbiJKKH, Jiy3ra noA-
ö o jie e hjih MeHee paBHOMepHOH KOHueHTpau,HH KHCJIOTbl h ca x a p o ß COJIHeqHHKa, MajIO pa3JIO>KHBinHftCH TOp(J)).
b rH ApojiH 33Te, a jih k o h tp o jih HaA BbiAöJieHHeM ra 3 o o 6 p a 3 H o ro x jio - TaKH e o tx o äh C e jib C K o r o x o 3 H H C T ß a , K a K c o jio M a 3 J ia K O B , K y K y -
p n cT o ro BOÄopoÄa, a T a K K e c u ejib io H 3 6 ex a T b n e p e rp e s a >kha- p y 3 H b ie KoqepbiJKKH, noACOJiHeqHan Jiy3ra , x J i o n K O ß a n m e jiy x a h t . n.,
KOCTb Ha onpeAejieH H bix c t3 a h h x p a 6oTbi n-pHXOAHTCH nopunjiMH c o A e p * a n i , H e f i o j i b i n n e KOJinqecTBa neHT03aH0ß, q e M ÄpeßecHHa, ne*
nepeKaMHBaTb H3 annapaTOB b cöop h h k h h o ß p a ra o . jie c 0 0 Ö p a 3 H 0 H c n o jib 3 0 B a T b a j ih n o jiy q e H H H H apH Ay c 3 T H J iO B b iM
EIojiyqeHHbie npH rHApoJiH3e ApeßecHHbi c noM om bio KOHueHTpii- cn n pT O M 4 > y p 4 )y p o jia , K p n c T a J iJ iH q e c K o ö k ch jio3 h , K o p M O B b ix A p o > K -
poBaHHbix k h c jio t rycrae cnponbi H cnojib3yioT a jih nojiyqeHHH jK e n h aK T H B H oro y r jia .
KpHCTajuiHqecKHX ca x a p o ß — rjii0K03H h c a x a p o 3u C n p o n noAßep-
ra io T HHBepcHH ( t . e. HarpeBaHHio c 1— 2-npou;eHTHOH co jih h o h k h c jio ­ J IH T E P A T y P A
t o h c u ejib io pacm enjieHHH TpncaxapHAOB h ß o jie e cjiojk h m x npoAyK -
TOB Ha AHCaxapHAbl H MOHOCaXapiIAbl), HeHTpajIH3yiOT H3BeCTK0BbIM 1. B . A. C m h p h o b, TexH O florH H rH Ä p o^ H 3 H o ro np0H3B0ACTBa, r in m e -
npoM H 3ÄaT, 1948.
MOJIOKOM, HpHÖaBJIHIOT AJIH OqHCTKH aKTHBHp0B3HH0r0 yrJIH H (})HJIb-
2. B . H III a p k o b, rH Ä p ora 3 H oe np0H3B0ÄCTB0, q. 1, rocJ ie cT exH 3 Ä a T ,
TpyiOT Ha 4>HJibTpnpeccax. ripo3paqH biH cn p on noBTopHo o ö p a ß a t h - 1945; i . 2, 1948; q. 3, 1950.
BaercH yrjieM , yßapHßaeTCH a o b h c o k o h KOHneHTpan,HH h KpHCTaji- 3. f l . B . > K e j i T y x H H , C axap h cn n p T H3 Ä epeB a, rocJ iec6 yM H 3 Ä aT , 1952.
JiH3yeTCH. iKpHCTajuiu OTJKHMaiOTCH Ha H,eHTpH(|)yrax h BbicyuiHBa-
io tc h b 6apa6aH H bix cyniHJiKax to-kom T e n jio ro BOSAyxa.
H 3 o ö m e r o KOjraqecTBa yrJieBOAOB, nojiyqeH H bix npn THApojiH3e
ApeßecHHbi h coeraBJiHiomHx 6 6 % ee Beca, TOJibKO 2 0 % BbiAejineTCH
b BHAe KpHCTajuiHqecKOH rjiK)K03bi, a 46 % ocTaeTcn b MaToqHbix
pacTB opax.
rJHOK03a HaXOAHT npHMeHeHHe B KOHAHTepCKOM npOH3BOACTBe
(AJIH BblpaÖOTKH AHeTHqeCKHX ÖHCKBHTOB, nOMaAOK, UIOKOJiaAa
h t . A .), b np0H3B0ACTBe Mopo>KeHoro, crym eH H oro M0Ji0Ka, (JjpyKTO-
Bbix KOHcepBOB. O Ha AoöaBJiaeTCH b x jieö o ß y jio q H b ie h sacjih h , nHBO,
BHHorpaAHHe BHHa h pa3JinqHbie 6 e3 ajiK orojibH H e HanHTKH. rjiK )K 03a
3HäqHTejibHo MeHee cjiaAK a, qeM ca x a p o 3 a .
rJIK)K03a BbICOKOH CTeneHH OqHCTKH npHMeHHeTCH B MeAHUHHe
AJIH BHyTpHBeHHOrO BBeAeHHH b opraHH3M.
TaKHM oöp a soM , nyTeM raA pojiH 3a noJincaxapHAOB ApeßecHHbi
m ojkho nojiyqH Tb p a 3JiHqHbie TOBapHbie npoAyKTH . O a h 3 k o o ch ob h oö
3 aA a q efi rHApojiH3Hofi npoMbiuiJieHHocTH HBjiaeTCH b H acTonm ee B pe­
MH noJiyqeHHe STHjioBoro cnnpTa. B 3aKJiioqeHHe npHBeAeM cpaBHH-
TejibHbie UH(})piOBbie AanHbie o B bixoAax cnnpTa.
H 3 pas^jinqHbix bh aob pacTHTeJibHOro cbipba nojiyqaioTCH c jieA yio -
m n e KOJinqecTBa STHJioBoro cnnpTa ( b jiH Tpax Ha TOHHy c b ip b n ):
3 ep H o xjieÖHbix 3JiaKOB ( b cpeAHeM ) . . . . 260— 270
I K a p T O ( }) e j i b .................................................................... 93— 117
XlpeBecHHa (a ö co jiio T H o c y x a n ) ....................... 170— 200

1 CaxapoM h apyrae Bbiciime caxapa HaKanjiHBaioTCfl b rHÄpojiH3aTe BCJien-

CTBHe peBephnii, t. e. ynjioTHeHHa o6pa3yiomnxcH BHanajie MOHocaxapHÄOB, hjih
BCJieACTBHe HenoJiHoro (He äo MOHOcaxapHÄOB) rHÄpojM3a bhcihhx ncuiHcaxapH-
aoB ÄpeBecHHbi. B pe3yjibTaTe H30MepH3auHH o6pa3yeTCH 4>pyKT03a h ap y raa
MOHOcaxapHAU.

110
 ITojiyqeHMe K p axM ajia m KapTO(j)ejia

n epB ofi 3aaaqeß KpaxMajio-naToqHofi npOMblUIJieHHOCTH HBJIHeTCH

t BbiaejieHHe no bo 3mo >khocth b toctom BHae n pH poa«oro nojincaxa-
pnaa — KpaxMajia H3 öoraTbix KpaxMajioM pacTHTejibHbix npoayKTOB
■ (KapTot})ejiH hjih KyKypy3bi).
KJiyöHH KapToc})ejiH coaepjKaT b cpeaHeM 73 — 8 0 % Boati, 14—
r JI A E^A IV 2 4 % K p a x M a jia , okojio 2 % öejiKOB, okojio 1% n,ejuuojio3bi, okojio
| 0 ,1 5 % ÄH pa, okojio 1% 30Jibi. KpaxMaJi coaep^HTCH b pacTeHHHX b
n P 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B 0 C A X A P H C T b lX B E IU E C T B |BHae KpaxMajibHux 3epeH h b TaKOM BHae h BbiaejineTca b npoH3Boa-
IcTBe
KPAXMAJIO-ITATOHHOE nPOH3BOÄCTBO I ZlocTaBjieHHbiH Ha 3aBoa KapToc{)eJib npoMbiBaeTCH Boaoö h qepe3
laBTOMaTHqecKHe Becbi nocTynaeT Ha KapTotJjejieTepKy, ra e npeBpa-
H a K p a x M a J io - n a T o q H b ix 3aBoaax o ö -beaH H H iO T C H a e a T ec H O cbh-
r maeTCH b Kainnuy. H 3 sto h KauiHUbi HeoßxoaHMO yaajiHTb KjieToq-
■3aHHbix M e jK fly c o ö o ft, ho 3 H a q H T e jib H o p a 3 J iH q a io iii,H x c H no CBoeMy
l ’ Hblft COK, TaK KaK QH COaep^KHT ÖejIKH, KOTOpbie 3aTpyaHHIOT o c a * -
xapaKTepy npoHSBoacTBa: 1) BbiaeJieHHe K p axM ajia H3 pacTHTejib-
I aenne h oqHCTKy K paxM ajia, a TaiKJKe yaajinrrb BcneiHHiBaioiiiiHie «
h h x MaTepnajiOB h 2) rHap0JiH3 n ojiyqeH H oro K p axM ajia a o a^K-
I jierKo oKHCJiHiomHecH BemecTBa. H a jiH q n e s t h x BemecTB cjiyscHT npn-
CTpHHOB HJIH rJIK>K03bI.
t ^HHOH TeMH'OrO OKpaiUHBaHHH KapTO(J)eJIbHOfl Maccbi, TaK KaK npoayK-
nepßoe H3 s t h x np0H3B0ÄCTB « e coaepjK H T b c e ö e HHKaKHX c y -
Tbl OKHCJieHHH OKpaiHeHbl B TeMHblH HBeT. (HanpHMep, THP03HH, OKHC-
mecTBeHHbix xHMHqecKHX n poiieccoB h nosTOMy ß y a eT on n can o
jiHHCb KHCJiopoaoM B03ayxa, aaeT TeMHOOKpameHHbie MejiaHHHH.)
oqeHb KpaTKO. B T o p o e B KjnoqaeT b ceö n q a c r a B crpeqaiom H ecH b
OÖbiaeHHOH >KH3HH XHMHMeCKHe npOUeCCbl H HBJIHeTCH C 3TOH TOqKH
i O TaejieH n e KjieToqHoro coKa h BbiaejieHne K paxM ajia npoH3Bo-
aHTcn b annapaTax pa3JiHqHoro ycTpoficTBa. 3 a nocjieanHe roau
3peHHH ö o jie e HHTepecHHM.
n o jiy q e H H e H3 K p axM ajia rjH0K03bi b mhctom BHae TaK »ce hbjihct- iKpaxMajioi-naToqHaa npOMbiiujieHHOCTb ocBanBaeT HOBeHinne MeToaw
ch cneunajibH oß OTpacjibK) npOMblUIJieHHOCTH, ho He HMeeT öojib -
, npoH3BoacTBa, n epeoöopyayn KopeHHbiM 0Öpa30M npeanpHHTHH.
TaK, -HanpHMep, erapbie MeToabi npoMbiBaHHH KaiuKH Ha cn rax h
m o ro 3HaqeHH3 , Tan KaK noTpeÖHoeTb b mhctoh rjii0K03e HeBe-
OTCTaHBaHHe nojiyqeHHoro TaKHM oöpasoM KpaxMajibHoro M0Ji0Ka
jiH Ka.
^a-MeHHioTCH HOBbiMH MeTOaaMH c npHMeHeHHeM annapaTOB h ob h x
TjiaBHbiMH noTpeßHTeJiHMH K p axM ajia h b jih io tch TeKCTHJibHan h
iKOHCTpyKUHH. OnnuieM BbiaejieHHe KpaxMajia H3 KapTO(J)ejiH no oa-
nHCTe6yMa>KHaH npOMbiiujieHHOCTb, h caM oe K p a xM a jib a oe npoH3Boa-
jHQH H3 COBpeMeHHblX cxeM.
c tb o 3apoji,Hjiocb y Hac b P o c c h h 0aH0BpeMeHH0 c noHBjieHHeM no-
; n o cxeMe, pa3pa6oTaHHoö cobctckhmh HHJKeHepaMH, Bbiaejie-
jio th h h h x (J)a6pHK (o k o jio 1720 r o a a ) , npnqeM KpaxMaJi aoßbi-
;HHe KpaxMajia H3 KapTot})ejiH np0H3B0aHTCH cjieayromnM oöpasoM
BajiH H3 nmeHHHbi. B HaqaJie XIX B e x a b KaqecTBe n cx oa H oro
(pnc. 3 8 ).
C bipbH HaqajiH npHMeHHTb K a p T O (})e jib , a c c e p e a H H b i XIX B e x a —
O tm m th h h nepeTepTbiä Ha cooTBeTCTByiouiHx ManiHHax KapTO-
K yK yp ysy.
.^ejib b BHae pa36aBaeHHoß B o a o ö KaniKH nepeKaqnBaeTCH na poTa-
n e p B b iö naToqHbiH 3aBoa ü ohbhjich b P o c c h h b '1 8 1 2 r o a y b 5Ipo-
‘"HOHHOe CHTO, BbiaejIHIOmee H3 K an iK H KJieTOHHblH COK. PoTaHHOH-
c jia B C K o ft r y ö e p H H H ( 3 a B o a Y c T H H O B a ). O'cHOBaHHHfi b 1836 roay
,.öe. ch to — Sto inecTHrpaHHbiH SapaßaH , rpaHH KOToporo npeacTaB-
BoJIJKCKHH naTOMHblH 3aBOÄ ( H . IlO H H S O B K H H a ) ÄOJiroe B p eM H
!f e iO T c o ö o fi CHTa c OTBepcraHMH B 0,6 mm. K a p T o ^ e jib H y io KaniKy
6 bui c a M M M KpynHbiM b M H p e . OK H an ajiy n e p B o ß m h p o b o ö b o h h h
ponycKaiOT n aa chtoboh noßepxHOCTbio, oßHJibHO opom an bo-
b P o c c h h HacqHTbraajiocb o k o jio 1900 KpaxM ajio-naToqH bix npea-
sflofl c aapyjKH oö CTopoHbi. BapaöaH BpamaercH, a e jia n 26 o 6 opotob
npHHTHH.
Jb MHHyTy. B o a a , npoTeKan qepe3 CHTa, yBJieKaer 3a co 6 oh Kpax-
n o c jie OKTHÖpbCKOH peBOJIIOHHH 3TH OTpaCJIH npOMblHIJieHHOCTH
|;ajibHbie 3epHa, KOTOpbie npocKaKHBaioT nepe3 HqefiKH cht, a Me3ra
n p 0fl0Ji>Kai0T pa3BHBaTbCH h ocHamaioTCH ß o jie e coBepm eHHoß Tex-
aaep*H B aeTC H Ha cHTax.
hhkoh. CaM biß KpyriHbiH b CCCP BecjiaHOBCKHH KyKypy3 HO-iKpax-
.ÖTMbiTan o t coKa K a n iK a , b 3HaqHTejibHofl CTeneHH ocBoßojKaeH-
M ajio-naTöqH biS kom6hh3t HMeHH A . H . M.HKO»Ha BbinycKaeT He
,r an o t K paxM ajia, nocTynaeT Ha meToqHbiö SKCTpaKTop, npeacTan-
TOJibKO KpaxMaJi h naTOKy, ho h K pH C Taju im ecK yio rjii0K03y, K yK y -
py3Hoe xiac.no h cyxne KopMa H3 OTxoaoB.. 1 B H a c T o s im e e B peM a H M e io T c a cn ocoöu n o jiy q e H H H K p a x M a jia b J ia ß o p a -
B 1938 r o a y K p axM ajio-n aToqH an npOMbiiujieHHOCTb CCCP aaJia Phh cHHTeTHMecKHM n yT eM . T a K o jt K paxM aJ i iih ^cm He OTjiHnaeTCH ot H aTy-
C Bbirne 300 t h c . t KpaxM ajionpoayKTO B h 3aHHJia n ep ß oe MecTO b Eb- ;ajib H o ro n p o a y K T a , 3a HCK.'uoqeim eM T oro, mto o h He HM eeT r p a n y ,i H p 0 B a n H 0 -

p o n e h BTopoe M ecro b M H p e . cTpoeHH H, x a p a K T e p H o r o ä ji h npo^yK Ta p a c T H T e jib H o ro n p o H cx o jK a e H H H .

112 8 3aKas N» 215 113

jis u o u x h h c o ß o fi n o jiyu H J iH H Ä P H 'ie c K oe c h t o . FIo o c h n o jiy m u iH H jip a B O f l a ) . XIjih yÄOÖCTBa Hcn0jib30BaHHH h nepeB030K Me3r y 0 6 e 3B0 JKn-
n p o x o A H T B a ji c Haca>KeHHbiMH Ha H ero qyryH H b iM H KOJibuaMH. Ha BaiOT nyTeM npeccoßaHHH, h Tor/ia coÄepjKaHHe c y x n x BemecTB noBbi-
o ß o a a x KOJien yKpenjieHbi np0A0JibH bie m eTK H H3 m eTHHbi, M o p c K o ä maeTCH m,o 1 5 % , a H H o r a a e e em e B b ic y n iH B a io T . B cße^KeM h jih c h -
Tpaßbi h jih H3 KanpoHOBOTO h jih a p y r o r o BOjiOKHa ( B c e r o 36 m e T O K ). JI0C0B3HH0M B H Ä e OHa H fleT H a KOpM CKOTy.
B HH3y Bajia HMeiOTCH nOJiyUHJIHHJipHMeCKHe paMKH, OÖHTbie CeTKOH.
B o BpeMH BpameHHH Bajia meTKH oqnmaiOT noBepXHoeTb c h t 3 , nepe-
n ojiyn eH H e K p a xM a jia H3 K yK yp yaw
B op a ^ H B a ioT , HecKOJibKO OTKH M aiO T Kam Ky h nepeÄBHraiOT ee BÄOJib
CHTa. B T o p b iM n o c jie K a p T O fp e jifi b h a o m c u p t a , n e p e p a ß a r a e a e M o r o Ha
B 3RCTp aKTope npoHcxoÄHT OKOH^aTejibHaa öTMbiBKa KpaxMajia K p a x M a ji o - n a T o r a b i x 3 aB O ü ,ax, h b j i h i o t c h K y K y p y 3 « b i e noqaTKH. 3 e p -
o t KamKH. K paxM aJi npoxoAH T qepe3 c h t s h omernercn b bh jie Kpax- H a K y K y p y 3 u c o flep J K a T ropa3ÄO ß o jib in e K p a x M a ji a , q eM K ap T oi^eJ ib.
MaJibHoro MOJiOKa, a M e 3 r a , cocToam aH b o c h o b h o m H3 b o j i o k o h KjieT- npn o ö p a ß o T K e n o ^aT K O B , K p o M e K p a x M a ji a , m o jk h o nojiyqH Tb e m e
uaTKH, 3aAepJKHBaeTCH Ha cHTe h nepeaaeTCH b M e3roByio HMy. K y K y p y s H o e M a c jio h c y x o ä K o pM , ö o ra T b iö ß ejiK O M H a pncyHKe 39
n p e Ä C T a ß J ie H o C T p o e H H e K y K y p y 3 H o r o 3 e p H a h b C K O Ö K ax n e p e q n c J ie -
h h rjiaBHenm He n p o / iy K T b i, n ojiyqaeM b ie H3 H ero b KpaxMajibHOM
npO H 3BO ÄCTB e.
X H M H qecK H H cocTaB K y K yp y 3 H o ro
3 e p H a 3aBHCHT OT CO pTa paCTeH H H , KJIH-
MaTHHeCKOH 30HbI H Ä p yrH X yCJIOBHH
n p O H 3 p a cT aH H H . B c p e a H e M b 3 e p H e Ky-
K y p y 3 b l COAepJKHTCH % K aÖCOJIIOT-
(b
h o c y x o M y B e m e c T B y ) 60 — 6 6 ,2 % K p a x ­
M a jia , 11— 14% 6 eJiKOB, 4 — 8 % >kh-
p o B , H e ö o jib iiiH e KO JinqecTBa u e ju i i o jio -

roTOBbiM npoflyKT Ha CK/iafl 3bl (OKOJIO 1 ,7 % ), neH T 0 3 aH 0 B ( o k o ji o

4 % ) H 30JIbI (OKOJIO 0 , 7 % ) . B o ^ b l B
TO BapH O M 3 e p H e K y K y p y 3 u C0 Ä ep *:H T C H
Phc. 38. KapTOf^ejenepepaßaraBaioiHHH arperaT cncTeMbi ria 3 npyKa-MyÄHHOBa. o t 12 a o 2 0 % .
1 — uiHeK BJia noflaiH KapTO(J)ejiH; 2 — KapToctejieMoßKa; 3 — KapTo4>ejieTepKa; 4 — K a u i- B o jie e CJIOXCHblH X H M H qeCK H H co-
K 0 B 0 e p0Tai;H0HHoe chto; 5 — meToiHtift SKctpaKTop; 7 — 1-a ocaaoqHaa iteHTpH4>yra; 8 — Phc. 39. KyKypy 3Hoe 3epno.
poxaijHOHHOe pa4>HHHpo8aHHOe chto; 9 — 2-a ocanoiHaa ueHTpH<)>yra; 10 — komohhHpoßaH- CT3B K y K y p y 3 H o r o 3epHa B b i3 b m a e T H e- 1 — aJieftpoHOBbift cjioö (r^ioTeH,
Haa neBTPH^iyra, 11 — 1-a jioByuwa; 12 — 2- a jioByuiKa. M ejiKaH M e ^ r a , K p a x M a ji); 2 — -
0 6 x 0 A H M 0 CTb b ü o n o jiH H T e jib H b ix one- shäo
cnepM (npaxMaJi, rvnoTeH, Me^Kan
pau ,H H x n o yflajieH H io SeJiKOB, SKCTpaK- Me3ra» SKCTpaKT); 3—oöojioqKa (Kpyn-:
K p a x M a jib H o e m ojiok o H3 SK crpaK Topa H c h t n o c ry n a e T caMOTe- • TH B H H X (p aC T B O p H IO m H X C H B B O ^ e ) B e -
nan Me3ra); 4 — 3apoÄbiiu (MacjioV
HCMblX, SKCTpaKT).
kom b n e p s y io o ca a o q H y io n,eHTpHc})yry, 3aTeM n a poTaunoH H oe pa- m e c T B h n p H M e c e fi, p a c T B o p H M b ix b BOfle.
4)HHHpoBajibHoe c h to h Ha BTOpyio o c a flo q H y io H,eHTpH<|)yry. B ueH-
Onnm eH H oe 3epHo C H a n a jia 3aM aqnBaioT b T en jio fl BOfle c pacTBo-
Tpncjiyrax npoHcxoÄHT ocajKfleH H e K paxM ajia h npoMbiBKa e ro boäoh. pe»HbIM B H efi CepHHCTbIM Ta30M. 3aTeM npOMblBaiOT BOflOH H H a-
Pa(})HHHpOBajIbHOe CHTO CJiyJKHT flJIH OTaeJieHHH H npOMblBKH MejIKOÖ npäBJIHIOT H a ApOÖHJIKH H C e n a p a T O p b l flJIH OTflejieHHH pOCTKOB. n o -
Me3rn. npoM biTbift K paxM aji CHOBa pa3ßaBJiHeTC5i mhctoh b oaoh , ne- Jiyqaror KpaxMajib-Hyio K am K y h p o c tk h , b k o to p h x coAepjKHTca
peKa^HBaeTCH Ha KOMÖHHHpoBaHHyio n,eHTpH({)yry, Ha KOTopofl k p ax- rjiaBH35I M3CCa ßeJIKOB H HiHpOB. K 3IIIK3 n o cjie OTfleJieHHH pOCTKOB
M aji em e p a 3 npoMbraaeTCH h 06e3B0JKHBaeTCH a o coflepjKaHHH BJia- noÄBepraeTCH TOHKOMy n0M0Jiy Ha xep H O B ax, a 3aTeM n o cjieflo ß a -
r a b KOJiHiiecTBe 4 0 % . OTcro,n,a roTOBbiö n poayK T nepe^aeTCH na
ckji aß. 1 KpoM e T o ro , npn nepepaßoTK e c T e ö a e fl n o c B o ß o s if le H H u x ot 3epH a n o -,
H 3 npoMMBHbix Boa, npe>K,n,e tcm hx BbißpacbiBaTb, H3BJieKaioT laTKOB B XHMHieCKOÜ H CTpOHTGJlbHOpL npOMUUlJlCHUOCTH BHpaßaTblBalOT MHOPO'
pa3jiHmibix npoayKTOB.
KpaxM aji b o c o 6bix JioBymKax.
B c e an n a p a rb i cocTaBJiniOT HenpepbiBHO paöoTaiom H H a rp eraT , Ä- K- 3n6opoB b CBoeft khhtg, BbimeÄUiefl b 1931 roziy, npnBOÄHT Ha3BaHna
180 pa3JiHHHbix npe^MeTOB, H3r0T0BjiHeMbix H3 KyKypy3bi. AMepnKaHCKne aBTo-
npH noM opm KOTOporo H3BJieKaeTCH okojio 8 0 % coflep jK am erocH b
pu f . yojuiec h E. BpeccMaH (Kirnra «K yK ypy3a h ee B03ÄejibiBaHHe», HJI,
KapTO (})ejie K paxM ajia. 1955) nepe»mcjiHK)T O K ßjio 200 BemecTB, XHMHqecKHX npenapaTOB h npOMbinuien-
M e 3ra, Bbixofl KOTopofi cocTaB jineT o k o jio 80— 9 0 % k B ecy cbi- hhx npoayKTOB, KpoMe nmneßbix, H3r0T0BJiaeMbrx H3 KyKypysbi h npOÄyKTOB ee
p o r o K apTO ^ejia, co,nep}KHT o k o jio 5 % cyxn x Bem ecrB (o c ra jib H o e nepepaöoTKH hjjh tbkhx, rae KyKypy3a hjih npoAyKTH ee nepepaöoTKH hbjihiot­
ch C0CT3BH0H qaCTbJO.

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TejibHbiMH npoMbmaHHHMH nojiyqaioT KpaxMajibHoe mojioko ,- K orop oe ycjioBHHMH ßbiC Tpefim ero npoTeKaHHH s t h x peaKUHH h b jih io tch :
TmaTejibHO patJjHHHpyeTCH nyTeM nponycKaHHa qepe3 rycTbie rneji- HaJiHMHe ÄOCTaToqHoro KOJiHqecTBa b o ä h , H arpesaHHe, npHcyrcTBHe
KOBbie CHTa. n o c jie 3T oro KpaxMaji oca>KÄaeTca Ha »c e jio ö a x h 3a- k h c jio t (TOMHee h oh ob B 0Ä 0p0Ä a) b KaqecTBe KaTajiH 3 a ro p a .
TeM npoMbißaeTCH boäoö « a BaKyyM(f)HjibTpax. KpOM e rjI10K03bI, MaJIbT03bI H ÄeKCTpHHOB, B npOÄyKTaX peaKUHH
n p H oöpaöoTKe boäoh Ha x e jio ö a x h (|)HjibTpax o t K paxM ajia HaxoÄHTca npoÄyKTbl peBepcHH rjiK)K03bi, t. e. cjiojKHbie npoÄyKTbi
OTMblBaeTCH CMeCb paCTBOpHMblX B BOÄe ÖejIKOB, TaK Ha3bI'BaeMbIH B3aHM0ÄeÜCTBHH MOJieKyJI
TJHOT6H. HcnapeHneM b o ä h H3 SToro pacTB opa n ojiyqaioT öejiKOBHH rjuoK03bi MeJKfly c o ö o h .
ocraroK , k o to p h h li/ ier ua o n m p M cK o ra . OcaxapHBaHHe KpaxM a-
IIp o M b iT b iH K paxM aÄ HanpaBJiaeTca Ha cyu iK y h jih b uexa ÄJia jia c u ejib io nojiyqeHHH na-
n ep ep a öo T K H Ha naTO Ky. TOKH HJIH qHCTOH TJII0K03H
M 3 100 k z aöeojnoTH o c y x o r o 3epHa n o jiy q a e T c a b cpeÄHeM npOH3BOÄHTCH nO nepHOÄH-
64,3 k z K p a x M a jia , K p y n H o fl M e3rn 6,6 k z, m c jik o h M e3rn 3,8 k z, t m o - qecKOMy c n o c o ö y hjih no
T eH a 9,9 k z , p o c t k o b 7,4 k z h SKCTpaKTHBHbix B em ecT B 7,8 k z. n o i e p n HenpepbiBHOMy c n o c o ö y .
COCTaBJIHIOT 0,2 KZ (h jih 0 , 2 % ) . B nepBOM c jiy q a e n p o ­
iKaK y>Ke y K a 3 b iB a jio c b , npeÄnpHHTHH, n e p e p a ö a T b iß a io m H e KyKy- u ecc npOBOÄHT B aBTOKJia-
py3y, BbinycKaiOT, K p o M e K paxM ajia, p a Ä Ä p y r n x npOÄyKTOB: K yK y- Bax — rHÄpoÄH 3 aTopax,
py3HOe M3CJI0, KOHUeHTpHpOBaHHHH KopM ÄJIH CKOT3 H ÄP- üpeÄCTaBJiaiomHX co öoh
KyKypy3Hoe Macjio ÄOÖbißaeTca nyTeM oTXHMaHHa Hä npeccax MeÄHbie HJIH Öp0H30Bbie UH-
Poctkob, oTÄeÄeHHUx o t ceMHH KyKypy3H nep eÄ h x n e p e p a ö o T K o ii ÄHHÄpnqecKHe c o c y Ä H c no-
Ha K p a x M a ji, h jih nyTeM SKCTparapoBaHHa 6eH3HHOM. CpeÄHHe b h x o - jiycc^epHqecKHMH ÄHHmaMH
ä h TexHHqecKoro Macjia cocTaßJiaioT 2,2 — 2 ,5 % k Becy a6cojnoT- (pHC. 4 0 ). Bbißaio t r a K x e
h o cyxnx CeMHH. >KeÄe3Hbie rHApOÄH3aTOpbi
K y K y p y s H o e M a c jio npH M eH aeTC H ä j ih n o jiy q e H H H M biJia h o j ih i Jj c KepaM HqecKofi (J)yTepoB-
( b c M e c n c Ä p y r H M H M a c Ä a M H ). O h o ci>eAOÖHO. KOH BHyTpH. BHyTpH THÄ-
H jia np0H3B0ÄCTBa KopMOB Hcnojib3yioTca cne/vyiomHe o tx o ä h : pOdTHsaropa HMeeTca KOJib-
Me3ra (t . e. B carae HepacTBopHMtie o c T a rK H ), rjnoTeH, sKCTpaKT 3a- ueBOH ö a p ö o T e p ä j ih n oÄ a-
moiikh 3epHa h jkm hx, nojiyqatoiUHHca npn OTJKHMaHHH Macjia H3 qH r o p a q e r o n ap a.
pOCTKOB. B a n n a p a T HajiHBaeTca
ÜJIH nOÄyqeHHH • KOpMOBblX KOHHeHTpaiOB KHÄKHe SKCTpaKTbl noÄKHCJieHHaa BOAa hjih
oöe3Bo>KHBaioTCH, crym aiO Tca, a ÄJia u ejieft TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHa em e qncTbie npoMbiBHbie b o ä h ,
H BHcymHBaroTca. 1 * c o A e p ^ a m n e H eK orop H e ko-
ÄHqecTBa K paxM a^a. Ily c K a -
npOH3BOÄCTBO IläTOKH
kdt nap b ö a p ö o T e p h ä o -
X hm h 3m npoH3B0ÄCTBa naTOKH 3aKJHoqaeTca b pa3jio>KeHHH n y ­ BOÄaT ÄHÄKOCTb ÄO KHne-
hhh. Ilo c J ie SToro n o Ä a ro r b P hc . 40. FimpojiH3aTop.
TeM rHApoJiH3a cjiojK'Horo nojw caxapH Äa KpaxMajia Ha ö o jiee n p o -
1 - ö a p ö o T e p ; 2 — T p y ö a ;ijih B U A y BaH HH H3 a n n a -
CTbie yrjieBOÄH — AeKCTpHHH, MajibT03y h rjiK)K03y, t . e. b ocaxapH- an n ap aT KpaxM aÄbH oe mo- paTa ocaxap eH H o ro cn pon a; 3 — Tpy6a ä j i » n o ^ a q «
B3HHH KpaxMajia. OcaxapHBaHHe HHKorÄa « e öbiBaeT öo jih h m , h no ÄOKO, nOÄKHCJftHHOe COÄH- K paxM aJibH oro MOjjoKa; 4 — T p y 6 a a jih nOÄa^H n o a -
KHCJieHHOfi BO^bi; 5 — T p y ß a .äjih o T B O Ä a B 0 3 ,ayxa
CBoeMy cocTaBy naTOKa aBJiaeTCH cMecbio rjnoK03H, MajibT03bi h ÄeK- HOH HJIH cepHOH KHCJIOTOH ‘ . n n a p a ; 6 — MaHOMeTp; 7 — npeAO X paH H TejibH bift
K jia n a H ; 8 — Tpyöa n0,a;B0,aa n a p a ; 9 h 10 —
CTpHHOB pa3JIHqHOH CJIOXHOCTH. 3aTeM yBejinqHBaiOT no- T p y Ö K a H K paH B351TH51 HpOÖfaJ.
PeaKUHH niÄ poÄ H 3a K p axM ajia cyMMapHO B bipascaioTca cjieÄ'yK>- CTynjieHHe n a p a q e p e 3 ö a p ­
mHMH ypaBHeHHHMH; 4 öoT ep , AOBOAa ÄaBÄeHHe ä o 2,8 a r. B b i* Ä a ß 3— 4 MHHyrw, H a m -
HaioT öpaTb n p o ö y Ha icreneHb ocaxapH B aH H «; n poayK T He ÄQJi>Keii
ÄaßaTb CHHero OKpamHBaHHH c hoäom , a OKpacKa ÄOJi^Ha c o o tb c t-
(C 6H l0O 5) TO— — ^ (C g H jo O g ^ -f(C 6H l0O 5) tt- f ( C eH i 0O 5) p 'j- H ÄP-
KpaxMaji AeKCTpHHbl CTBOBarb ycTaH 0BÄeHH0ft n o CTaHÄapTy ä ä h sa Ä a H eofl CTeneHH o c a -
XapHBaHHH.
(C 6H i 0O 5)„-|-n/2 H oO —>- n/2 C 12 H 22O 11
ÄeKCTpHHbi ^ MäJlbT03a.
1 KaTaJiHTH'iecKaa aKTHBHOCTb cojihhoh khcjioth Bbiuie, qeM cepnofl: 0,5 N
(C eH ]0O 5) „ + « H äO - > n C 6H 120 6 pacTBopu H C l no^Tii BÄßoe öbicTpee ocaxapHBaioT KpaxMaji, yeM pacTBopu
AeK CTpH H U rJIK>K03a CepHofl KHCJIOTH TOH Hee K0HU,eHTpaUHH.

116
117
 n o « A aß jieH H eM , npn TeM nepaType o k o jio 100°, b npncyTCTBHH OprSHHMeCKHX 330THCTHX CoeAHHeHHH H MHHepajIbHHX COJieft (N3C1,
c o jih h o h k h c j i o t h K p a x M a ji o cax ap H B a eT C H oq eH b 6 biCTpo: B ecb n p o ­ C a C 03 , 4>oc(J)3t h ) .
u ecc b n m ;p oJ iH 3 aT op e, H aqH H aa c 3 3 jih b k h ö a p ö o T e p a b o a o h h ao ^H CTaa naTOKa npeACTaBJiaeT c o ß o fi Ba3Kyio, ß ecu B era yio h npo-
BHAyßaHHH C H pon a b HeÖTpajiH3aTop, npoAOJi>KaeTca 14 MHHyT. 3paqH yio M accy c jia A K o ro BKyca, y A ejib H o ro Beca 1,4 h p H o k o jio 4,5.
rH A p oJ in 3 aT O p oß-beMOM b 4 ,6 m z n e p e p a ö a T H ß a e T 3a oA H y B ap K y O H a HaxoAHT npHMeHeHHe b KOHAHTepcKOM h xjieöoneKapHOM
3 m z K p a x M a jib H o r o M 0j i 0 Ka. npOH3BOACTBe, B npOH3BOACTBe BapeHba, JIHKepOB H 6e33JIKOrOJIbHbIX
K o r ^ a n p oß a a s c t T p eö yeM yio OKpacKy, cn p on n oA A 3BJieHHeM HanHTKOB. O H a H cnojib3yeTca TaKjKe b TeKCTHJibHOM h KOJKeBeHHOM
BH^yBaiOT H3 a n n ap aT a b HeÖTpajiH3aTop, t . e. b AepeBaHHbiö qaH c np0H3B0ACTBe, b JiHTeiiHOM A e jie b KaqecTBe KpenHTejia CTepjKHefl,
MemaJIKOH, B KOTOpOM npOH3BOAHTCa HeÖTpaJIH3aUHH KHCJIOTbl ÄO npn H3roTOBJieHHH pacTH TejibH oro nepraM eHTS h b HeKOTOpbix A p y-
pH — 4 ,5 — 4,6. C o jia H y io KHCJiory HeiiTpaJiHsyiOT c o a o h (o ö p a a y io - THX npOH3BOACTBaX. '
iuhhch N a C l ocT aeT ca b pacTB ope, ho oh He B p eA eH ), a cepH yio kh-
c jio T y — MeJiOM (oöpa3yioiuHHCH rn n c B b in a ^ a e T b o c s a o k ) . IlpOH3BOACTBO ACKCTpHHOB
n o c j i e HeÖTp ajiH 3auH H cn pon < })H jib T p yeT ca Ha paM H H X (})HJibTp-
n p e c c a x . JXjih o ß jie rq e H H a n p o u ecca (})HJibTpauHH b cn pon A oöa ß - KpOMe n3TÖKH, H3 Kp3XM3JI006p363TbIB3IOmHX npeAnpHHTHHX
jiaiO T n o p o m o K KH3ejibrypa (a n a T O M H T a ) b KOJinqecTße 0 ,2 — 0 ,4 % k n o jiy q s io T TexH H iecK yio h nHm eByio rjiK)K03y h AeKCTpHHbi. H o c jle A -
Be c y c u p o n a . I l p u c{)HJibTpauHH cnponoB , n o jiy q e H H b ix H3 KyKypy3- HHe aBJiaiOTca npoAyKT3MH H enojiH oro rHApoJiH3a K paxM ajia.
H oro K p a x M a jia , K p o M e ßejiK O B bix BeiuecTB, (Jm jibTpauHH M em aiOT ZleKCTpHHH nojiyqaioTca nyTeM HarpeBaHHa KpaxM3Jia («noA>Ka-
e m e >KHpH, KOTOpHe n p eA ß sp H T ejib H O HeOÖXOAHMO OTAeJiHTb. PHB3HHH») B npHcyTCTBHH Heßojlbmoro K0JIHqeCTB3 KHCJIOTH. B 3a-
r io c jie nponycKaHHH qepe3 (})HjibTpbi n aToqH b rä cn pon cTaHOBHTca BHCHMOCTH OT TeMnep3TypH, npOAOJUKHTejIbHOCTH H3rpeB3HHH H
n p o 3paqHHM, ho e m e HMeeT JKeJiTyio OKpacKy. X I jih e r o o ß e c u B e q n - KOJiHqecTBa khcjioth CTeneHb pacnsAa Kpsxna.Ta (cTeneHb AeKCTpHHH-
BaHHH, a TaKJKe äjih OTÄejieHHa cojieft (4)0C(J)aT0B, ra n c a ), ycTpaHe- 33uhh) öyAeT p33jiHqH3 h 6yAyT nojiyqsTbca pa3JiHqHoro KaqecTBa
HHa 3 a n a xa h noHHJKeHHa k h c j io t h o c t h cn p on nponycK am qepe? AeKCTpHHbi. O a h h H3 cnocoßoB nojiyqeHHa AeKCTpHHOB cßOAHTca k
KOJIOHHbl C KOCTaHblM HJIH ApeßeCHblM aKTHBHp0B3HHHM yrJieM. i j j i a TOMy, *ito ixopomKOO’6p33HbiH KpaxMaji nepeMeuiHBseTca c Heßojib-
CHHJKeHHa B33K0CTH cn p on n ep eA nponycK3HHeM qepe3 y r o jib noAO- uihm KOjiHqecTBOM cojiaHOH KHejiOTbl, BbiAep*H'B3eTca HeKOTopoe Bpe­
rpeB 3 iO T ä o 6 5 — 7 5 °. Ma, noAcymHBseTca h 33TeM noAKapHBseTca b ocoöhx >K3poBHax
F lo c jie n p o x o s c fle H H a K O C T eyrp jib H b ix (Jm jibTpoß cnpon ynapn- npn TeMnepsType ot 120 ao 200° b TeqeHHe BpeMeHH ot 2,5 ao 9 na -
B s e T c a n o A BSKyyM OM . n o J iy q e H H b ifi r y c T o f i c n p o n cHOBa (Jm jibTpyeT- cob. CTeneHb AeKCTpHHH3auHH, a 3HaqHT, h npoAOji^HTejibHOCTb Ha­
c a q e p e 3 k o c t h h o h y r o jib h 3aTeM OKOHqaTejibHO yB ap H B aeT ca b rpeBaHHa ycTaHaBjiHBaioTca no ueeTy npoAyKTa: cjiaßo-ÄejiTbiö AeK-
B a K y y M -a n n sp a T a x ä o coA ep jK aH H H c y x n x B em ecTB 80% . YB apeH - cTpHH pacTBopHM Ha 8 6 % , a BnojiHe pacTBOpHMbiö npOAyKT HMeeT
Hyio n aTO K y ß n c T p o o x jia jK / o iO T a o 4 0 — 5 0 ° b cneuH ajfibH H X
x o jio - JKeJITHH UBeT.
ÄHJibHHK3X, o t k y ä 3 pa3JiH BaioT b ßoqK H h H an pa B JiaioT noTpeÖ H T eju o. ZleKCTpHHbi H cnojib3yioTca AJia H3roTOBjieHHa KJiea, npHMeHaeMO-
B hxoah 6 e 3B 0ÄH 0 H naTOKn ÄO C TH raioT Ha xopom o p a ß o T a io m H x ro npn OTAejiKe TKaHeS, b np0H3B0ACTBe o ö o fiH o ro KJiea, öyM arn ,
33BOÄaX 1 0 0 % K B e c y 6e3BOAHOrO Kp3XM 3JI3. KpacoK, k o ä h , a TaKJKe b nnpoTexHHKe h M eTaju iyp ran .
ü p « HenpepbiBHOM cnocoße OCaxapiHBaHHH IIOÄKHCJieilHOe KP3X-
MajibHoe m o j io k o nponycK3ioT n oA AaßJieHHeM qepe3 n a r p e T b ie T p y - IlpOH3BOÄCTBO rJIK)K03bI
6 h , r^ e nponcxoÄHT peaK u n a rHApoJiH3a (ocaxapHBaHHa). n o jiy q e H -
hhh CHpon AaJiee HenpepHBHO npoxoAH T annapaTH A-fla HeÖTpajiH3a- rjiK )K 03a n o jiy q a e T c a tcm h sce cnocoöaM H , q ra h naTOKa, ho TOJib-
UHH, OqHCTKH 3KTHBHpOB3HHHM yrjieM , 4)HJIbTpnpeCCH H BbUiapHbie Ko n o c jie AOCTHjKeHHa b o 3M o ä h o ö o jie e n ojiH oro rHApoJiH3a KpaxM a-
3nn3p3TbI. n p o u e c c MOJKeT ßblTb nOJIHOCTblO aßTOMaTH3HpOßaH. Jia npOH3BOAHTCa n p ou ecc KpHCTajuiH3auHH; cn p o n yßapHBaiOT a o
F Ip e A n p n a T H e cpe/iH eft M om H oeTH , o ö o p y A O B a H H o e AJia n p o B e A e n n a ö o jib u in x kohueH Tpauh ö h b H ero A oöaß jiaiO T 3aTpaBKy b BHAe Kpn-
HenpepHBHoro cnocoös, HMeeT np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTb 20 r nsTOKH CT3JIJIHKOB TJII0K03H.
BHcoKoro KanecTBS b cyTKH. H eKO TO pne A p y r a e oeoöeHHoeTH b n pneM ax np0H3B0ACTBa tjiio k o -
iKp3XM3jibH3a n3TOKa BH nycK aeTca T p ex THnoB: KapaM ejibH aa, 3H — KaqecTBo h c x o a h o to cbipba, TmaTejibHOCTb oqHCTKH h t . a . —
rjii0K03Haa h naTOKa AJia B a p eH b a . iK a p a M e J ib H a a naTOKa coAepjKHT 3aßHcaT o t Toro, KaKoro KaqecTBa npOAyKT jKejiaiOT nojiyqHTb. B h -
4 0 — 3 5 % A eKCTP HHOB, 3 5 — 4 0 % M ajibT03H h 2 0 — 2 5 % rjii0K03H. nycKaiOTca cjieA yiou iH e cop T a rjiK>K03bi: 1) TexHHqecKaa, 2 ) nn m eß aa
r ju 0 K 0 3 H a a naTÖ K3 h naTO K a AJia B a p eH b a coA ep >K 3 T M eH bm e A eK - h 3 ) KpHCTajijiHqecKaa rjii0K03a.
CTpnHOB, h o ß ojibiu e TJII0K03H h M 3 jib T 0 3 H . K yrjieBOAaM n p H M eu m - TexH H qecK yio rjii0K 03y n o jiy q a io T rjiaßHHM 0öpa30M Ha KapTo-
BaiOTca HeSojibrnne KOJiHqecTBa npOÄyKTOB npeßpam eH H a rjii0K03bi, (JieJienepepaöaTHBaiom HX 3aBOAax. C u p b eM aBJiaiOTca HH3KHe copTa

118 119
K paxM ajia. Koneu, ocaxapnBaHHH onpeÄejineTCH no OTcyTCTBHK) bo
B3htoh n p o ö e AeKCTpHHOB (oTeyTeTBHe M y ra npn pacTBopeHHH npoöbi
b 96-npoueHTHOM cn H p xe).
TexH H qecK aa rjii0K03a coAepjKHT o k o jio 7 0 % peayuH pyrom H x Be­
mecTB h 10— 12% b o ä h . O Ha HMeeT JKejiTbifi neeT, c jis ä k s h , ho c
ropbKOBaTbiM npHBKycoM. JXäh TpaHcnopTHpoßaHHH o n a p33JiHB3eTCH
B ÖOTOH HJIH HIIIHIKH iBMeCTHMOCTblO ä o 15 KZ, TÄe OHa SaCTblBaeT B
cnjiou iH ofl KycoK. TexHHHecKan rjiK)K03a h s x o ä h t orpaHHneHHoe npH­
MeHeHHe.
rinmeBaH rjnoK03a nojiyqseTCH H3 KpaxMajia ßojiee BbicoKoro
KaqecTBa, KaK KapTo^ejibHoro, TaK h KyKypy3Horo. Cnpon noÄBep-
raiOT ö ojiee TmaTejibHoä oqHCTKe kocthhhm hjih ÄpeßecHbiM 3kthbh-
poBaHHbiM yrjieM. yßapeHHHfi cnpon oxjiajK^aeTCH ä o 4 0 ° h k HeMy
ÄOöaBjiHeTCH 3aTpaBKa H3 to to b o h rjiK)K03bi. M a c c y nepeMeniHBaioT,
nocTeneHHo oxjia>KÄaK>T n pa3jiHBaiOT b hiuhkh H3 ouHHKOBaHHoro
^ ejie3 a , no 45 — 50 k z b huuik. H o HCTeqeHHH Äßyx cyTOK 3acTHBinafl
rjii0K03a H3BJieKaeTCH H3 hiuhkob h nocTynaeT k noTpeßHTejno b BH­
Äe nJIHT HJIH B H3MeJIbH6HHOM BHÄe.
ÜHmeBaH rjiK)K03a npHMeHHeTCH B KOHflHTepcKOH npoMbinuieHHO-
CTH npH H3rOTOBJieHHH KOH(JjeT, neqeHHH, nHpOJKHblX H T. Ä- H B XJie-
öoßyjiOHHbix H3ÄejiHHx. O H a c o ^ e p ^ H T okojio 8 5 % p eÄ yu n p yiom H x
BemecTB h MeHee cjia ^ K a , qeM ca x a p o 3 a .
OqHmeHHaH K pncTajijm qecK aH rjii0K03a BbinycKaeTcn b BHÄe oqeHb
qHCToro KpncTajiJiHqecKoro npo^yK Ta, c o A ep jK a m ero 9 9 ,5 — 9 9 ,7 %
rjii0K03bi. CbipbeM ä jih ee nojiyqeHHH cjiy>KHT rjiaBHbiM 0Öpa30M
KyKypy3Hbifi K paxM aji, oqeHb xopom o oqHmeHHbifi ( 0 C06 eHH0 OTÖeji-
kob) .
M era^bi paöoTbi npHHimnHajibHO Te >Ke, qTo h npn nojiyqeHHH
naTOKH, HO, KOHeqHO, np0H3B0ÄCTB0 CHJibHO yCJIOJKHHeTCH onepanHH-
mh no oqHCTKe (Tm aTejibH hie äpujihTpannn, noB Topöbie OÖpaßOTKH
aKTHBHpoBaHHbiM yrjieM , oTÄejieHHe bch kh x npnM ecefi h HecopTHofl
MaCCH, HanpHMep KOMOqKOB HJIH MaCCH c JK6JITH3HOH, KpHCTaJIJIH3a-
iih h ). B b ixoflb i ee cocTaßjiniOT o k o jio 70% k B ecy c y x o r o K paxM ajia.
iKpncTajiJiHqecKaH rjii0K03a npe^cTaBJiHeT c o ö o ö öejiH H nopom oK .
lKpHCTajUIH3yeTCH C OÄHOH MOJieKyjIOH BOÄH. n p H BbICymHBaHHH ä o
coÄepHcaHHH B jia ra okojio 8 ,5 % KpHCTajiÄH3aimoHH3H Bo^a q a cfH q -
ho y^ajineTCH.
KpHCTajiJiHqecKan rjii0K03a HcnoJib3yeTCH ä j ih noÄyqeHHH acK op-
ÖHHOBOH KHCJIOTbl (BHT3MHH C ) npH H3TOTOBJieHHH nHmeBblX npO­
ÄyKTOB: M opojKeH oro, crym eH H oro M0Ji0Ka, (ppyKTOBbix KOHcepBOB,
iu o k o jis ä s , ÄHeTHqecKHX ö h ck b h to b . B MeÄHUHHe npHMeHHeTCH
TÄK)K03a HaHBbicmeö oqHCTKH, co Ä ep jK a m a n 9 9 ,9 % qHCTOH rjiroK03b!.
CBEKJTO CAXAPH O E n PO H 3 B O Ä C T B O
HcTopHqecKHe cbcächmh
Caxap03a ( C 12 H 22 O n ) , Ha3biBaeMaH T 3 K * e CBeKjiOBHqHbiM ca-
xapoM h TpocTHHKOBbiM csx a p o M , H3BecTHa qejiOBeqecTBy c rjiyöoKOH
120
ÄpeaHocTH. B 327 n w y ä o h. 3. b o h h 3mh AjieKcaiHÄP'a MaKeÄOHCKoro
6biJin CÄejiaHbi nepBbie HsßjiiOÄeHHH o H3JinqHH caxapa b TpocTHHKe.
O h h cooömHÄH, qTo b H h ä h h tp o c th h k «npoH3B0ÄHT MeÄ 6e3 noMo-
m n n q e ji». H h ä h h h b ä h ctch poähhoh np0H3B0ÄCTB3 caxapa H3
TpocTHHKa. B 200-x roÄ ax ä o h. a. caxapHbiö tp o c t h h k KyjibTHßnpo-
BajiCH b KHTae.
B CTpaHbi cpeÄH3eMH0M0pcK0r0 n o 6epe>KbH c a x a p npoHHK b
V II — VIII CTOJieTHHX OT apaÖOB, nO-BHÄHMOMy, 3aHMCTBOBaBmHX
ero o t nepcoB, KOTopbie nepBHMH (h jih b q n c jie nepB bix) n ojiyqajiH
c a x a p b BHÄe TBepÄOH Maccbi. B H effrpajibH O H Eßpone ca x a p H aqaji
pacnpocTpaHHTbCH b s n o x y KpecTOBbix noxoÄOß (c 1096 r o Ä a ) h B H a ­
q a jie 6h ji npeÄMeTOM p ocK om n hjih Hcn0Jib30B3ÄCH KaK ÄeKapcTßo.
B03M0JKH0CTb noÄyqeHHH c a x a p a H3 cßeKÄbi öbuia ycTaHOBÄeHa
ß 1747 roÄ y HeMenKHM xhmhkom A. MapKrpatJ)OM, x o th HMeioTCH
CßeÄeHHH, qTo npncyTCTBKe c a x a p a b CBeKJie 6 h ä o oßnapyjKeHO
4)paHity30M OjiHBepoM Äe C s p okoäo 1600 roÄa.
yqeHHKOM M apK rpa(J)a A m a p o M 6 h ä o t k p m t b 1799 ro Ä y nepBbifi
cßeKJiocaxapHbiH 3aeoÄ, ÄeHTeÄbHocTb KOToporo ßbi^a no npnqHHe
HecoBepmeHCTBa TexHOJiörHH He B nojm e yÄ aqH ofi h k o to p h h noaTO-
My CKOpO 33KpbIÄCH.
B P o c c h h nepBbift cßeKJiocax3pHbiH 33Boä 6h ji nocTpoeH b 1802
ro Ä y . npHMepHO b 3 to ^ e BpeMH HaqaÄH p3Ö0T3Tb 33boäh b T e p -
M3HHH h r o p a 3ÄO n o s ^ e b Ä p y rn x CTpaHax Eßponbi. JXo a r a r o p a 6o-
ts jih caxapo-pa4)H H 3ÄH bie 33boäh (c 1719 ro Ä a b lü e T e p ö y p re h c
1723 ro fla b M o c K B e ), KOTopbie nepepaßaTbiBaÄH npHB03H0H TpocT-
HHKOBblH C3X3p-Cbipen. PyCCKHe HHJKeHepbl H np3KTHKH np0KJI3ÄHBa-
jih caMocTOHTejibHbie nyTH b opraHH3anHH CBeKÄOC3X3pnoro npoH3-
BOÄCTBa. OnbiT, HaKonÄeHHbifi pyccKHMH cneim ajracTaM H , 0Ka3aji
ö o jib in o e 'BÄHHHHe Ha pa3BHTHe ca x a p H o ö npoMbimjieHHOCTH 33 rp a -
HHnefi (ocoß eH H o b A h t ä h h h A M ep H K e).
B0CCTaH0BÄeHH3H nocjie BeJIHKOH ÖKTHÖpbCKOH COUHajIHCTHqe-
CKOH peBOÄIOIXHH H3 OOHOBe HOBOH TeXHHKH CaxapHaH npOMbimjieH-
HOCTb CCCP y * e b 1935— 1936 to ä s x Bbimjis Ha nepßoe MecTO b
MHpe no KOÄHqecTBy BbipaßoTaHHoro cßeKJioBHqHoro caxapa, ä sb
CTpaHe 23,4 mäh. s t o to npoÄyKTa. 3 s roÄbi nHTHJieTOK 6h äh peKOH-
CTpynpoBSHbi cTapue 33boäh h nocTpoeHH HOBbie. Oähh h3 KpynHeö-
mHX 33BOÄOB H3mefi C T p3 H b I E jI3 H b -lK 0 Ä e H 0 B C K H H nepep3Ö3TbIB3eT 33
cyTKH 200 B3T0H0B CBeKÄbi h ÄaeT 30 BaroHOB csxapa. Co3ä3h h ho-
Bbie caxap0np0H3B0ÄHmne paöoHbi b Ka33xcT3He, iKHprH3HH, y3Öe-
KHCTaHe, Ha Ä ^Tae, b IIpHMopcKOM Kpae, b Tpy3HH h ApMeHHH.
iKoJinqecTBO Ä oß biToro b 1955 r o Ä y c a x a p a cocTaBJineT 3,4 mjih . t.
I l o n jis n y mecTOH nHTHjieTKH b 1960 iroÄy 6y Ä e r n o ^ y q e n o 6,53 m ä h . t
caxapa-necK3, qTo cocTaBÄHeT 191% k BbipaßoTKe 1955 to ä 3.
HsyqHO-HCCÄeÄOBaTejibCKHe HHCTHTyra CTpaHbi p s ß o T sio T He
T0ÄbK0 HaÄ TexHHqecKHM ycoBepmencTBOBaHHeM np0H3B0ÄCTBa, ho h
h 3 ä y^yquieH H eM .copT3 CBeKÄbi b cm u cä c yßeÄHqeHHH C0Ä e p * 3 HHH b
Hefi c s x a p a , ctohkocth no OTHOmeHHIO k BpeÄHTeÄHM h k KJiHMara-
qecKHM ycÄOBHHM. T aK , HanpHMep, ecÄH b H aqa^e n p o m ^ o ro CTOÄe-
121
th h c ß e K jia c o Ä e p jK a jia o k o jio 6% caxapa, to k 1842 r o ^ y c a x a p n - rijiaBHTCH HeneTKo npn TeM n epaType o k o jio 180°, pa3Jiarancb c
cTocTb e e ö o jie e weM y A B O H J ia c b , a b H a c T o n m e e B p eM H B b ip a m n B a io T 0Öpa30BaHHeM oKpam eHHbix npOÄyKTOB. OnTH^ecKH aKTHBHa h o ß jia -
C B e K jiy c c o f l e p ^ a H H e M c a x a p a o k o j io 2 0 % . ÄaeT yÄeJibHbiM BpameHHeM, paBHHM + 6 6 ,5 ° *.
B o jib in e e K0 JiH H ecTB 0 c a x a p a b m h pobom M a c u r r a ö e AO Ö W B aeTC H n o KOJiHtiecTBy ynoTpeßjiH eM bix qeJiOBeKOM yrjieBOÄOB (c y T o q u a a
b H a cT O H in .ee B p eM H H3 c a x a p H o r o T p o c T H H K a h J in u ib o k o j i o V 3 ß ce- HopMa 450 — 600 z ) c a x a p o 3 a c t o h t Ha b top om MecTe n o cjie KpaxM a-
r o K O J in q e c T B a m CBeKJibi. jia . n o CBoefi KajiopHHHoeTH OHa ycT yn a eT TOJibKO >KHpaM h JierKO
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BbiAejieHHe caxap a H3 cb ck jiw
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v u lg a r is ) h c T a jia b p e 3 y jib T a T e cejieK U H H ÄByJieTHHM pacTeH H eM . 3aÄ aqeH CBeKJiocaxapHoro np0H3B0ÄCTBa HBJIHeTCH BbiÄeJieHHe
iKopeHb CBeKJIbl COCTOHT H3 MHKOTH, T. e. CTeHOK KJieTOK H npHJie- coÄepjKaiueHCH b cBeKJie caxap o3 b i no b o 3m o>khocth b H an ß ojiee ra -
raiom HX k hhm 6 ejiK O B bix h Ä p y rn x BemecTB, h K JieT o qH oro coK a . CTOM BHÄe H C HaHMeHbUIHMH UOTepHMH. npOH3BOÄCTBO HBJIHeTCH
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c a x a p o 3 b i b c o K e KOJieöJieTCH o t 18 ä o 2 2 % , t . e. coÄep>K 3H H e c a x a - cob: ÄH(J)(J)y3HH, aÄCopßuHH, KoaryÄHUHH, npoueccoB K0HueHTpHp0Ba-
po3 b i cocTaB JiH eT b c p ea H eM 16— 20 % k B ecy cbipoß CBeKJibi (H H o r ^ a hhh pacTBopoB h KpHCTajuiH3auHH c a x a p a .
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CH CJieÄyiOIUHMH OpeÄHHMH UH(J)paiMHi (b% K B e c y Cbip'OH CBeKJIbl) : 3 ) ÄH(J)c|>y3HH caxap a (n ojiyqeH H e ÄH<t)4)y 3H0HH0r0 c o K a ). 4 ) oqncTKa
ÄH4)cf)y3HOH«oro coKa, 5 ) KOHueHTpnpoBaHHe coKa (ynapH B aH H e),
BemecTBa, coaepscauiHeca b coKe
6 ) yBapHBaHHe cnpona h KpHCTajuiH3auHH c a x a p a .
B ofla C B O Ö O Ä H a a ........................................... 72 H a pncyH Ke 41 npeÄCTaBJieHa npHHUHnnajibHaH cxeM a n ojiyieH H H
Bofla CBH3aHHaH 1 ............................. .... 3
caxapa.
PacTBopaMHe c a x a p a 2 ........................................... 17,5
noAroTO BKa cupbfl. .ZIocraBJieHHyro Ha 3aBOÄ HenocpeÄCTBeHHo
Zlpyrne pacTBopHMue BemecTBa3 ........................ 7,5
c noJiH hjih c o CBeKÄ03ar0T0BHTeÄbHbix nyHKTOB CBeKjiy o^H iuaioT
BemecTBa, conepscai^Heca b m j k o t h o t np'HMema'HHbix b e e ft cojioM bi, necKa,. KaMHefi h t . n. h x o p o m o
ü ,e ju iK )ji0 3 a ........................................................... f" 1,2 OTMblBaiOT OT npHJIHnmeH K Hefi 3eMJIH. npOMblBaHHe CBeKJIbl H o t -
reMHaeJIJIKWI03bI................... ........................ 1,1 Ä eJieH H e o t Hee T H x e jib ix h jierK H X npHMeceß np0H3B0AHTCH Ha
rieKTHHOBbie B e m e c T B a ........................................ 2,4 CBeKJioMofiKax. H a n ö o J i e e p acn pocTpaH eH H oroTH n a CBeKJi0M0ÖKa (ch -
B e J i K H ..........................................................................0,1
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CanoHHH4....................... ................................................0,1
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iö ö %
ÄHaÄbHo yK p en jieH b i n p o ^ H b ie CTepjKHH, TaK Ha3biBaeMbie K y jia K H ,
h äh 6 m ia. CBeKÄa HenpepbiBHO n ocTyn aeT b KopbiTo h npn Bpaiue-
hhh K y jia K O B nepeÄBHraeTCH b ä ojib Hero. H a B C T p e q y CBeKJie n pony-
Caxap03a n o x H M m e c K O M y c o c T a B y npeÄCTaBJineT c o ö o f i ÄH ca-
CKaeTCH BOAa. n p n TpeHHH cBeKJiOBHqubix KopHeß 0 K y jia K H h Ä p y r 0
X apH Ä, COCTOHIUHH H3 OCTaTKa MOJieKyJIbl rjII0 K 0 3 b I H OCTaTKa MÖJie-
Ä p y r a npHCTaBman k hhm 3eMjiH OTMbiBaeTCH. Tn scejibie nacTHUbi
K yjlb l 4>PyKT03U ( T a ö jl. 2 ).
npoxoÄH T qepe3 pem eT qaT oe ä h o Ha cnÄoniH oe ä h o h OTTyna yÄajin-
KpiHCTaJijiHayeTCH b BHÄe ßjiecTHiuiHx M H ororp aHUHKOB. YA ejib H u ft
io tc h qepe3 jiiokh . JlerKH e npHMecn BcnÄbiBaioT Ha noBepxHocTb bo-
Bec KpncTajiÄOB 1,5879. OH a x o p o m o pacTBopneTcn b B oae: b 100 a
ä h h y Ä a Ä H io T C H npn C Ä H B a H H H BOÄbi. B p a i u a n c b , Kyji 3 KH nocTeneH-
boäm npn 0° pacTBopHeTCH 179 z c a x a p o 3H, a npn 100° — 487 s.

1 n 0Ä CBH3aHHOÖ BOÄOH HMeeTCfl B BHÄY B0Ä3, BXOÄflmasi B COCTaB yCTOH- > O n T H q e c K o fi aKTHBHOCTbro Ha3breaeTCH c rio c o ö n o c T b Bem ecTBa b KpHCTa.n-
qHBblX KOJIJIOHÄHblX CHCTeM. JIH^eCKOM BH Ä e HÄH B paC T B O paX B pam aTb njIOCKOCTb nOJlapH3ailH H CBeTOBOI'O
2 B o c h o b H o m caxapo3a. ji y ^ a , KOJieöaHHH K O T o p o ro c o B e p m a io T C H b oähoü nji0CK0CTH (t . e. no.isipH -
3 A30THCtue coeÄHHeHHH— 1,1%, 6e3a30THcTbie opraHHiecKHe BemecTBa — 30B 3 H H 0 r0 Ä y ^ a ) . Y Ä e J ib H U M B p a m e H H e M (a )H a 3 b iB a e T C H BeJiH^HHa n o B o p o T a n jio -
0,9%, MHHepaiibHue BemecTBa — 0,5%. ck o cth n o J u ip H s a u H » B n p a B o (+ ) h jih BJieBo (— ), B H p a jK e H H a a b rp a Ä y c a x
4 CanoHHHaMH Ha3UBai0T BemecTBa, noerpoeHHue no THny tjiiokoshäoe, b Äyrn, n p n n p o x o ac Ä eH H H M O H o x p o M a T H ^ e c K o ro CBeTa nepe3 pacTBop Bem ecTBa,
KOTOpblX c rJIK)K030H CBH33HbI COeÄHHeHHfl THna CTepHHOB. CanoHHHH BecbMa H axoÄ am ero ca b T pyÖ K e ä J ih h o h b 1 öm h c o a e p iK a m n ii 1 a Bem ecTBa b 1 mj 1
SÄOBHTbl. pacTBopa npn 20°.

122 123
 ho n e p e A B H r a io T cßeKJiy b o B T o p o e o T Ä e jieH H e , H3 K O T o p o ro qepna-
KaM H, H aca ac eH H H M H H a s a j i , OHa n e p e ö p a c b iB a e T C H b T p e T b e o T Ä e jie -
HHe, O TK yfla t s k h m h ace n e p n a K 3 M H B b iö p a c b iB a e T c n H a s jie ß a T o p .
C n o M o m b io K O B u ie B o ro a jie ß a T O p a c s e K jia noÄ H H M aeTca Ha b h -
coTy 16— 18 m, H Toßbi 3 aT eM caM OTeKOM Ä B H raT bC H Ä a J ib in e (HH Hce)
n a aB T O M aT H ^ecK H e B ecbi, 3aT eM H a CBeKJiope3Ky h H a Ä H (f)4)y3H 0H H yi0
ö a T a p e io .
H 3 M ejibH eH H e CBeKJibi. H 3 M e jib q e H H e CBeKJibi h j ih , n p aB H JibH ee
C K a sa T b , p e 3 K a e e H a t o h k h c j ic h t o h r h (c r p y > K K y ) np0H 3B0ÄH TCH Ha
AHCKOBblX HJIH UeH TpoßeSCH blX CBeKJIOpe3KaX.
B cß e K J io p e 3 K a x n e p B o ro r a n a CBeKJia H3 npneM H H X öyH K epoB
CHJIOH COÖCTBeHHOH THJKeCTH OnyCKaeTCH H a B p am a iO m H H C H T0pH30H-
TajIbHblH CTajIbHOH AHCK C HOJK3MH, yK pen JieH H blfi H a BepTHKaJIbHOM
B a jiy . H o>K H ÄHCK3 n p H CBOeM ÄBHJKeHHH H3pe3bIB3IOT CBeKJiy B
dpy>K K y.
rip H H U H n AeÖCTBHH CBeKJIOpe3KH BTOpOrO THna 3 aKJUOMaeTCH B
TOM, HTO CBeKJia H3 npH eM H H K 3 0nyCK3eTCH H a ÖbICTpO Bp3IH3IOIH,HH-
CH AHCK C H 3 0 ray T bIM H JIOnaCTHMH H a HeM (y jIH T K y ) H AefiCTBH eM
UeHTpOÖejKHOH CHJIbl OTÖ paCblBaeTC H K H0JK3M, 3 aK p e n jie H H bIM B B bl-
p e 3 a x cTeHOK H e n o flB H jK H o ro HHJiHHÄpa, o K p y jK a io m e r o 3 T y B p a m a io -
myrocn yjiH TK y.
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TOJHHHHy OT 0,5 ÄO 1 MM H IHHpHHy OKOJIO 2— 3 MM. O o p M a CTpy>KKH
npHMoyroÄbHaH hjih jKejioÖqaTan.
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TepOB n o Ä aeT C H Ha ÄH<j)(J>y3HOHHyK) ß a T a p e io ä j ih H3BJieHeHHH c a ­
xapa.
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HOM COKe CBeKJIOBHHHOrO KOpHH.
H a n ö o jie e n p o c T b iM c n o c o ö o M H3BJieHeHHH c a x a p a ö h j io 6 h , Ka-
.s a jio c b , M e x a H H ^ e c K o e p a 3 p y u ie H H e o ö o jio n e K k j ic t o k , htoöh BblTeK
c o Ä ep jK a iH H H C H b H h x c o k . T aK H M H M eTOÄaM H n o jib 3 0 B a jiH C b b n p e s c -
«e e B peM H : H 3M ejibH eH H yio b M e 3 r y CB eK jiy n p e c c o B a jin h c o ö n p a jiH
cok . H o T a K o fl c n o c o ö 0 K a 3 a jic a H eB biro Ä H biM : b ?KOMe (o c T a T K a x
•CBeKJibi) o c T a ß a ji o c b em e m hofo caxapy, h cok n o ji y q a ji c n H eÄOCTa-
TOHHO HHCTbIM.
B H acToam ee BpeMH H3BjieHeHHe c a x a p a np0H3B0ÄHTCH nyTeM
pacTBopeHHH e r o b BOÄe (BbimejiaHHBaHHH) na och ob3h h h HBjieHHÖ
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CTBa HBJIHeTCH C03Ä3HHe T3KHX yCJIOBHH, MTo6bI 9TH HBJieHHH npO-
’HCXOÄHJIH KaK MOJKHO Jiyqiue.

J[H<})4)y3HeH Ha3biBaeTcs npouecc nepeMemeHHH m c t h u BemecTBa b

l Ha-
-n p a B J ie H H H cpeflH c M e H b i n e f t K O H i i e H T p a u H e f t . H a n p a K T H K e q a m e B c e r o Ha6jno-
a a e T c a Ä H ( }) < } ) y 3 H H p a c T B Ö p e H H b i x q a c T H i ; b p a c T B o p H T e j i b h j i h b p a c T B o p c M e H b -
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p a 3 H O C T b K O H iie H T p a it H H B em ecTB Ha rpaH H u e conpH K O C H O B eH H H Ä B yx pacTB opoB
P hc. 41. npHHmirmaJibHafl TexHcwioriraecKafl cxeMa npoH3BoacTBa caxapHoro
h jih raaos.
necKa.
114 125
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4>y3HH 6bIJia B03M0ZKH3, HaÄO HapyiUHTb UeJIOCTHOCTb IUieHKH npOTO-
iuia3Mbi, oKpyjKaiomeH KjieToqHbiii cok . 3 t o ÄOCTHraeTCH H a rp e B a -
HiieM CTpyjKKH ä o 70— 80°. ü p n 3tom npoTonjia3Ma cBepTHBaeicn,
t . e. ee ßejiKH npeßpamaiOTCH b oTÄeJibHbie crycTKH, y>Ke He Mernaio-
riTHP AH4)(J)y3HH. iKJieToqHbie CTeHKH nponycKaroT caxap h ÄpyrHe
pacTBOpeHHHe BemecTBa, ho b 3HaqHTejibHO MeHbinefl CTeneHH koji-
jioHÄHue BemecTBa (ßejiKH, neKTHHOßne BemecTBa h ä P-).
TaKHM 06pa30M, H3MejibHan CBeKJiy, yßejiHHHBaiOT noBepxHocTb
h oßecneqHBaroT HaHöojiee TecHbifi KOHTaKT b o ä h h ctp vjk k h ; cko-
pocTb Ä H ^ ^ y 31111 yßeÄHMHBaeTCH BCÄeÄCTBHe yßejimeHHH ckopocth
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koh, coÄepjKamefi HaHMeHbrnne KOjraqecTBa caxapa, a boä3, ya<e
coÄepxKain,3H HeKOTopoe KOJinnecTBo caxap a (ÄH4>4>y3noHHbiH c o k ),
OMbißaeT cßejKyio CBeKJiy, coÄepJKamyio MHoro caxapa (npHHimn n p o -
THBOTOKa).
öpou ,ecc ÄH(J)(|)y3HH ocymecTBÄHeTCH b Än4)4)y 30P ax HenpepbiBHO
hjih nep hoähh ecKH. IlepHOÄH^ecKH ÄeficTByioiiiHe Ä H ^^ysopbi, t . e.
annspsTW c nepHOAH^iccKOH 33rpy3K0ft h p33rpy3Kofi, npeÄCTaßJiaioT
coßoß >Kejie3Hbie co cyn n co cpeÄHeä itHjiHHÄpimecKOH wacTbio (1 ) h
KOHycoo6pa3HbiMH B epxH eö (2 ) n HHJKHeft (4 ) nacTHMH (pnc. 4 2 ).
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HUMH KpbllUKaMH (3 H 5 ) C npHCnOCOÖJieHHHMH B BHÄe MeTaÄJIH'qe-
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b KaxÄOH, oöpa3yioiuHe eÄHHyio u,enb, CBH3aHHyio HeoöxoAHMbiMH
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paTypbi.
OßeccaxapeHHaa CTpyjKKa, hjih TaK Ha3HB3eMbiß * o m , b k o to -
pOM* ocTaeTca caxapa o k o jio 0,2% k B ecy CBeKJibi, BbirpyjKaeTCH H3
äh 4>^y3opoB . B o Ä a , BbirpyjKaeM an BMecTe c jkomom — ä h 4) y-
3 h o h h a h b o ä a coÄepjKHT 0,1% caxapa (k Becy cßtKJibi).

flH (J )(})y 3 H H p a c T B o p H T e jib qepe3 n o J iy n p o H H iia e M y io n ep ero p o Ä K y , t . e. ne-

penoHKy, n p o n y c K a io m y io pacTBopHTejib h He nponycKaiom yro pacTBopeii-
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peaBHraeTCH b CTopoHy öojibiueft KOHiieHTpaiiHH. 1 — nHJiH H ÄpnqecKaH m c j b ' , 2 h 4 — K OH H ^ecKne q acT H ; 3 h 5 — k p h i u k h ; 6 — cn o ß a
JX a a m 3 — p ä 3 ,n e jie H H e B em ecTB, naxoÄH m H xca b k o jijio h ä h o m c o cto ü h h h , h ÄJIH O T K p b lB a H H fl K p blU J K H ; 7 — M aX O B H H O K flJ lH IIp H J K H M aH H H K p b lü IK H ; 8 — npOTH-
BOBeC H 9 — K p lO M O K AJIH S a K p H B a H H H H H 3 K H e fi K p b llU K H ; 1 0 H 1 1 B e H T H J lH £-715!
Bem ecTB , H axc>Ä5iiij,H xcH b H C T H H H 0 -p a c T B 0 p e H H 0 M co cto ü h h h , c n o M o m b io nepe- coeAHHeHHH K a^ o p H 3 aT o p a c A H ^ y s o p o M ; 12 h 1 5 — K a^opH 3aTO p; 1 6 — Kpbiixi-
rop oÄ K H , nponycKaiomefl H C T H H H o -p a c T B o p e H H b ie BemecTBa h ne n p o n y c K a io m e ft n a KajiQpH3aTOpa c n a T p y ö K O M .
Bem ecTB b k o .i.io h ä h o m co cto h h h h .
127
126
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boh AH<}>4>y3o p , T . e. t o t , b K0T0pbifl n o cT y n a jia CBencaH BOAa h b MOnOKO
KOTOPOM 3aKOHHHJICH npOUeCC ÄH4«J)y3HH. XßOCTOBblM CTailOBHTCH CO-
ceflHHH c hhm AH(j)4)y3op (b KOTOpbiH noÄaeTCH B O Aa), a rOJIOBHbIM
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qncjia AH(|)4)y3opoB b öaTapee.
rioTepn caxapa b >KOMe h b AH4>cj)y3HOHHOH BOAe cocTaBJinioT
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C Tp y^K H ) HanpaBJIHIOT B MepHHKH.
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ABH^teTCH c npoTHBonojiojKHoro KOHna ßapaöaHa gaBCTpeqy abhjkc-
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ch H3 roJioBHoß qscTH annapaTa b npneMHHK. TeM nepaTypa b anna-
paTe okojio 78°. noTepH caxapa c o ctsb jih io t 0,2— 0,3% k Becy
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n penM ym ecTB aM H s t o to c n o c o ö a no cpaBHeHHio c nepnoAH^ecKHM
HBjiaeTCH OTeyTeTBHe 3arpy3KH h Bbirpy3KH o t Ae ji b h bix annapaTOB
(M eHbinan noTpeßHOCTb b paßoneft c n jie ), MeHbniHH p a c x o A b o a h ,
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Ao^aTejibH o, h noTepb caxapa b Hefi. T eM bi H o r a q e B C K o r o .
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11 — u iK a jia ; 1 2 — M e m a jw a .
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n oM om a b h h t o b (uiHeKOß) noAHHM3eTCH hjih o n ycK aeT ca c r p y x K a KH,^ neKTHHOBble Bem ecTBa, CanOHHHbl, aMHHOKHCJIOTbl, COJIH 4>0c4>0p-
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128 9 Sasa3 Ni 215 129

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n p e a n e ^ e K a u H H 3aKJiioqaeTCH b to m , m o H a r p e r a ö ä o 80 — 85° + n h 3+ h 2o
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jibi. CM ecb nepeMeuiHsaeTCH b TeqeHHe pacTBopHMbie, TpyÄH o y Ä a j i n e M u e c o jih .
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cocTOHHHe. 3 t h npou,eccbi CJieÄyioiuHe:
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coÄ epjK aiu eficH b coK e n e p B o ft c3Typ3UHH, ä o c th ts io t 3HaneHHH
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p H = l l , qTO COOTBeTCTByeT yCÄOBHHM OnTHMaJIbHOH K O aryÄ H U H H KOJI­
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2 . PeaKUHH ÄBOHHoro oÖMeHa h pa3Jio}KeHHH coÄepjK aiunxcH b yBeÄH^HBaeTCH c o Ä e p *a H H e pacTBopHMbix coeÄHHeHHft KajibUHsi. 3 t h
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oca^oK y * e He nepexoÄHT.

130 9*
131
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THHOBHX KHCJIOT. HpOÄyKTbl HX p a c n a fla — KapÖOHOBbie KHCJIOTH H KHÄaeT caT yp a T op qepe3 KOHTpojibHbifi h iu h k ( ). 6
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x a p a (o h 3aÄep>KHBaeTCH b
KOpMOBOH naTO Ke). C a ( 0 H ) 2+ C 0 2 -> C a C 0 3+ H 20
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H 3 KOTJia och ob h oh ,zie<!)eK-
JSjm OÖpaÖOTaHHHH H3 B6 CTbfO 2 ) yÄajieHHH H3 coKa rjiaB H ofi Maccbi pacTBopeHHbix H ecaxapH -
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naeT Ha caTypau H io, t . e. Ha- h o cth KpHCTajuiOB C a C 0 3.
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CaTypaiiH H npoHBBOÄHTCH TaK- 80— 85°. lUejioHHOCTb e r o cHH^aeTCH ä o 0,06— 0 ,0 8 % C a O ( p H = l l ) .
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jiom hocth b 0,015— 0,0 2 5 % C a O . O ch o b h o h saÄ aqeft 3Äecb HBJIHeTCH
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nponcxoÄH T CJieÄyioiuHe peaKUHH:
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2K 0H +C 02 K 2C 0 3- f H 20 (o n p o H C x o *Ä eHHH K O H cm. CTp. 130,

peaKUHH ). 2
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Uioe KOJIHqeCTBO H3BeCTH. M yTH H H COK n o cjie BTopoft caTypau u u CHO-
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HOHOOÖMeHHHKOB — K3TH0HHT0B HÄH 3 HH0HHT0B.
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rHÄpOKCHJIbHHMH HOHaMH.

132 133
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HoHOOÖMeHHHKH TOTOBHTCH H3 CHHTeTHqeCKHX CMOJI — npOÄyKTOB Maccbi b ÄaJibHeflmeM BbmejiHiOT K pH craju iH qncToro caxapa.
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nh 2
x o p o m o n o rjio m a io m H e aHHOHbi.
E c jih nponycTHTb c o k qepe 3 ctioö k 3 t h o h h t ^ THna R — S 0 3H , t o
K3TH0HH, BXOAHmne B COCT3B HeCSXapOB COKa, OÖMeHHBaiOTCH Ha
HOHbl BOAOpOfl,a K3TH0HHT3.
CxeM y peaKUHH mojkho H3o6pa3HTb cjieÄyioiuHM 0Öpa30M:

r — S O 3H + K 'c r r r r — s O g K + H c r
KaTHOHHT H ecaxap

TaKHM oöpasoM k sth oh cßH3ajicH K3TH0HHT0M, a 3HHOH n ep em eji

b KHCJioTy. JXjix. norjiomeHHH khcjiotm cok nponycK3iOT qepe3 3hhoho-
oÖMeHHHKH, c yqacTHeM KOTOpbix nponcxoÄHT pesKUHH n o cjieAyromefl
cx,eMe:

R— N H 2+ H ’C r ^ R— N H 2-HC1 (3)
OqniuaeMbie cokh nponycKaioT qepe3 kojiohkh, 3anojiHeHHbie
HOHOOÖMeHHHKaMH, 3 33TeM em e qepe3 aKTHBHpOBaHHHH yrojib. n o -
P hc. 47. BbinapHOÖ a n n a p a T P o ß e p T a .
CJle T3K0H OÖpSÖOTKH COK CT3H0BHTCH COBepiHeHHO ÖeCUBeTHHM H CO-
J — Kopnyc; 2 — JiOByniKH; 3 - - Tenji0H30Ji*mHfl; 4 — HHpKyjia-
ÄepÄHT 98— 99% caxapoß k Becy pacTBopeHHbix BemecTB. B h x o ä c a ­ ilHOHHan Tpyöa; 5 — aMMHaqHaa oTTHÄKa; 6 — napOBaa KaMepa;
7 — TpyöK a; 8 — jiio k ; 9 — M aH O M eTp; 10 — M a c j i e H K a ; 1 1 — T e p -
xapa yBejinqHBaeTCH H3 10% k Becy coÄepjK3BiuerocH b CBeKJie. M O M eTp; 12 — c M O T p o ß o e C T e K jio ; 13 — c o K o y K a 3 a T e j i b H o e C T e K j i o ;
14 — b xo ä coK a; 15 — b x o ä n apa; 1 6 — c n y c K H a a K O M M y H H K a ijH H ;
J7 — b h x o ä coK a; 18 — h h jk h h ü jiio k ; 19 — b o a o o t b o a ^ h k ;
20 — n o r u ia B O K .
KoHueHTpHpoßaHHe coK a (BbinapHBaHHe b o ä m )

OqHiuSHHbiH co k cojcepjKHT o t 13,5 ä o 16,0% c s x s p a c npHMecbio BbinapHBaHHe b o ä h np0H3B0ÄHT n yreM

HarpeBaHHH coKa b b h -
y x e He3HaqHTejibHoro KOJinqecTBS H ecsxspoB . /lajibH efim eH 3aÄ aqefi napHHX annapaTax (p n c. 4 7 ). B HacTonmee BpeMH äjih 3Toä uejiH
HBJIHeTCH Bbm ejieHHe H3 H ero c a x a p a b KpHCTajuiHqecKOM BHÄe. ih npHMeHHiofCH BHnapHbie a n n a p a r a , npeÄCTaBJiaiomHe coöoh * e j i e 3-

134 135
Hbie KOTJIbl, B HHJKHeH qSCTH KOTOpHX BepTHK3JIbHO yCT3H0BJieHH UH0HH3H T p y ö a . BHyTpH Tpyß UHpKyjinpyeT yBapHBseMbiö cn p on , a
TpyÖKH, orapH TH M H kohii,3mh pa3BajibixoB3HHbie b o T B ep cra a x ßepx- M ejKÄy TpyÖ 3 MH — rp e io m n ö n sp . Bo BpeMH P 3 6 o t h s n n s p s T a yB3-
H ero h HHjKHero äh h iu . B H yTpn s t h x T p y 6oK im pK yjiH pyeT KHnainnö pHB3eM3H M acca n n p K yjin pyeT, ÄBHrancb no KHnHTHJibHMM TpyÖKaM
cok, a Me>KÄy TpyÖKaMH HaxoÄHTCH r p e io m n ö nap. B binapH aa ycT a- Bßepx h o n ycK a a cb BHH3 no uHpKyjianHOHHOH T p yß e h KOJib-
HOBKa c o c t o h t H3 öa T a p en TaKHx BbmapHbix annapaTOB, paßoTaiom H X neBOMy n p o M e x y m y Me>KÄy ctch k sm h annapara n nspOBOH K3-
n0C»iefl0BaTeJibH0. CoKOBbie napH , KOTopbie o tb o ä h tc h H3 npeÄhW ym e- M e p o fi.
r o a n n a p a ra , H^yT Ha o ö o rp eB cJiextyiom ero an n apaTa. A c o k Henpe-
pMBHo nepeTeK aeT H3 a n n ap aT a b an n apaT, nocTeneHHo c ry m a a cb .
M t o ö h t s k o h n p o n ecc 6 h ji B03M0JKeH, He06x 0ÄHM0, qToöbi TeM n epa­
T y p a KHneHHH coKa b nocjieÄ yJonm x a n n a p a T a x öbijia Hn?Ke, qeM b
n p eab m ym n x. E c jih b OÄHy uenb coe^HHeHo q e r a p e an n apaTa, t o b
nepBOM a n n ap aT e cok k h h h t npn 116— 118°, a b qeTBepTOM o k o jio
60° npn BaKyyM e 600 mm pT. c t. B k 3jkäom nocJieÄyiom eM an n apaTe
c o k k h iih t npn ß o jie e hh3koh TeM nepaType, qeM b n p ea tiA ym eM , 3a
cqeT CHH»teHHH ßaBJieHHH. P a ß o T a no 3T0My npHHim ny aß jiaeT ca
BecbMa skohom hhhoh: b 4-K0pnycH0M annapaTe c noM oinbio 1 kz n apa
BbinapHBaeTca 3,8 kz b o ä h . •
OxueJieHHe 33B0Äa, rfl,e cocpeÄOToqeHbi BbinapHbie ännapaTbi, hs-
3HBaeTCH BbinapHOÖ CTaHUHefi. H a BbinapHofi ctshuhh cok, nepe^BH-
raacb nocjieÄOB3TejibHO H3 annapaTa b annapaT, KOHueHTpHpyeTca ä o
coÄepscaHHsi 65% cyxn x BemecTB (b ochobhom, KOHerao, c a x a p a ).
H 3 nocjieÄHero annapaTa cnpon OTKaqHßseTca Ha cyjib^HTannro.
n p H BbmapnBaHHH nponcxoÄH T xHMHnecKHe n pou eccbi c BemecT­
BaMH, coÄepscam HM Hca b oqnmeHHOM coK e; npn pa3Jio*eH H H 3 m hho -
khcjiot BüflejiaeTCH yrjieK ncjibiH ra 3 h aMMjjaK; o ö p a s y io m n e c a npn
stom oprsHHqecKHe khcjioth chhjksiot o ß m y io meJioqHocTb, B H naaa-
K)T B 0C3Ä0K HeKOTOpbie COJIH, C3X3p He3H3qHTejIbHO K3paMejIH3yeTCa
(n pH ropaeT), ycHJiHBaeTca oK p scK a c o k s . n03T0My nojiyqeHHbift c h -
p on (o ß b im o c Äoß3BJieHHbiM k HeMy pacTBopoM H iejiT oro c a x s p a —
KJiepOBKOH) o6paÖ3TbIB3K)T CepHHCTbIM T330M C nejIblO CHH>KeHHH
UBeTHOCTH H (|)HJIbTpyiOT H3 MeX3HHqeCKHX (J)HJIbTp3X.
06ecn.BeHHB3HHe COK3 OßtHCHaeTCH B0CCT3H3BJIHB3I0mHM Äeft-
C-TBHeM CepHHCTOH KHCJIOTbl, 0Öp33yi0meHCH npH B3aHMOÄ6HCTBHH
cepHHCToro ra3 a c b oäoh .

yßapHBaHHe CHpona h KpHCTaJiJiH3auHfl c a x a p a

OqnmeHHaa cMecb CHpona h KJiepoBKH nocTynaeT H3 npoÄyKrofiyio
CTaHnmo, t . e. Ha yßapHBaHHe h KpncTajiJiH33nnio c uejibio nojiyqeH H a
roTOBoro npoÄyKTa — c a x a p H o ro necK3.
yB3pHB3HHe npOH3BOÄHTCH B B3KyyM-annap3T3X pa3JIHqHOrO
ycTpoficTBa. TmioBbiM annapaTOM b Haeroam ee BpeMH HBjineTCH Bep-
THKaÄbHbifi B3KyyM-3nnapaT (pnc. 48 h 4 9 ).
A n n s p s T MeHee qeM h s 3/4 o ß ^ eM S 33 JiHB3 eTCH cn p o n o M . H s r p e ß a -
HHe e ro ;np0H3B0ÄHTca n p n n o M o m n BepraKajibH bix T p y ß , p s c n o jio -
jKeHHbix b HHjKHeß qacTH an n ap aT a h o 6-beÄHHeHHbix b Äße KOJibne-
o 6 p a 3 «b ie cckuhh, BCTaBJieHHbie OÄHa b Ä p y r y io (n a p o ß a a K a M ep a ).
B cepeÄHHe ueHTpajibHOH KaMepbi ycTaHOBjieHa rnnpoKsn nnpKyjiH-
Phc. 48. BaKyyM-annapaT c noflBecHofi KaMepofi.
1 — ii ; h t ; 2 — JiOBym ka; 3 — B031
a y u JHbIß BeHTHJib; 4 — MaKCHMajibHbiö
ypoßenb yx4)ejiH; 5 — aMMHaqHan OTTflKKa; 6 — uiHÖep; 7 3MeeBHK;
8 — HarpeBaTejibHue Tpyßbi; 9 — UHpKyjismHOHHan Tpy6a.
YBapHBaHHe np0H3B0AHTca n oÄ p33pe>KeHHeM 640— 700 mm pT. ct.,
KOTopoMy cooTBeTCTßyeT TeM nep3Typ3 KHneHHa c iip o n s 75— 78°. H p o -
ÄOÄJKHTeJIbHOCTb yB3pHB3HHH 2,5 — 3 q3C 3. B pe3yjIbT3Te y B 3 p U B 3-
hhh cn p on 3 noJiyqseTca TaK Ha3biBaeMbifi y ti^ eÄ b — cMecb k p h c ts ji-
JIOB c a x a p a C MOKKpHCTaJIbHOH JKHÄKOCTblO.
yßapHBSHHe cn p o n s b B aK yyM -an n spaTe HßjiaeTca nepHOÄHqecKHM
n pou eccoM h co c to h t H3 HecKOÄbKHx CT3ÄHH. BHaq3Jie cn p on c ry -

136 137
m aeT ca ä o nojiyqeHHH n ep ecn m eH H o ro pacTB opa. 3aTeM b BaKyyM-
a n n a p a T A a eT ca qepe3 npo6Hbift KpaH 100 z caxapH oft n yÄ P H (b 1 z
caxap H ofi n yÄ p H coÄepJKHTcn o k o jio 15 mjih. KpHCTajuiHKOB). rip n
sto m b cH pone b TeqeHHe 2 — 5 MHHyT, KpoMe 3aÄaHHbix c n yÄ p o fi
KpHCTaÄÄOB, o6pa3yeTCH MHoro h o b h x neHTpoB KpHCTajuiH3aii,HH. H a -
pam,HBaHHe K pH craju ia BeÄßTCH npn yMeHbiueHHoö CTeneHH nepecH -
meHHoeTH, h to ÄOCTHraeTCH npHÖaßjieHHeM b an n ap aT hobm x nopn,Hfi
cn p on a. O p « s to m HOBfaie KpncTajuibi He o6pa3yioTCH, a 0Öpa30BaB-
niHecfl KpncTaJUibi pacT yT ö o jie e paBHOMepHO h ä o 6 o jie e h jih MeHee
OAHHaKOBHx p a 3MepoB. H apam H BaH H e KpncTaJiJia BeÄyT, non a BaKy-
yM -an n ap aT He 3 anojiHHTCH. n o c jie Ä H e ft e ia Ä H e fi BapKH nmaetca
crym eH H e («o T B a p K a », «CTHrHBaHHe») y T ^ e jia ; nyTeM BbinapHBaHHSi
b o ä h coÄep>KaHHe c y x n x BemecTB b
yT(j)ejie ä o b o ä h t ä o 92— 92,5 % . T a K o f t
npoÄyKT, c o Ä e p * a m H H npHMepHO 84%
caxap a h 7 % H e c a x a p n c r a x B e m e c T B ,
Ha 3biBaeTCH yi-cfja/ieM nepBofi KpHCTaji-
JIH3aUHH (CM. CXeMy-npOH3BOÄCTBa Ha
c rp . 124). E r o HanpaBjiHioT Ha ueHTpn-
4>yrn ä jih oTÄejieHHH MemKpHCTajibHO-
ro (M aToqHoro) pacTBopa. 3 w r npo­
u ecc Ha 3bifeaeTCH (j)y r 0BK0H. M ai-oq-
HblH pacTBop, npone>KHBaHCb CKB03b
c h to u,eHTpH4)yrH, cTeKaeT b BHÄe o t -
TeKa Ha 3biBaeM oro 3ejieHofl naTOKOH.
C a x a p b BHÄe KpncTajuioB ocTaeTcn b
u,eHTpH(J)yre. ^ t o ö h nojiyqH Tb ßejibifl
caxapH bifi necoK, ocTasiiiHHCH b ueH-
Tpncjjyre c a x a p c npuranniH M k e ro
K p H C T a ju ia M O T reK O M ,
paöoTbi neHTpH^yrn, npoMbmaiOT b o ­
ä o h h nponapHBaioT napoM (n p o -
ÖejIHBaiOT) . n p H 3T 0M npHJIHnUIHH K KpHCTaJIJiaM OTTeK CMblBaeTCH
h pacTBopneTCH qacTb caxapa. H 3 neHTpHcfjyrH CHOBa B H TeK aer OTTeK,
KOTopbifl Ha 3biBaeTCH ß e jio fi naTOKOH. E e HanpaBJisnoT b BaKyyM-
an n ap aT nepB ofi KpHCTajuiH3aii,HH Ha nocjieÄHHe noÄKaqKH (BMecTo
c n p o n a ) , a npoMbiTbin c a x a p nepeÄaeTCH 3JieBaTopoM b cymHJibHHft
öapaöaH , rÄ e B b ic y u iH B a e T C H äo c o ä g p jk s h h h
B jiarn 0,15% .
B b ic y m e H H b iH caxapH bifi necoK c o p r a p y e r c H no -pa3MepaM KpH-
C T a ju io B h n o c j i e 3 T o r o ynaKOBbiBaeTcsi b MeniKH n HanpaBJineTCH n o -
TpeÖHTejno.
CaxapHbifi necoK nepBoro cop T a AOJiJKeH coÄepJKaTb Ha c y x o e Be-
mecTBO He MeHee 99,75% caxapo3bi h He ö o jie e 0,15% b o ä h , 0,03%
MHöepajibHbix BemecTB h 0,05% peÄynupyromHX BemecTB (rjii0K03bi,
(})p y K T 0 3 b I H T. n.) H ÄOJISCeH HMeTb He3HaqHTeÄbHyiO UBeTHOCTb.
3 ejieH a n naTOKa, n o jiy q H B in a H c a n p n c f)y r o B K e n e p B o r o y T ^ e jiH ,
n ocT yn aeT H a noBTopH oe y ß a p H B a H H e h K p H C T a ju in 3 a m « o b o c o ö b i x
138
B aK yyM -an n apaTax. Ilo J iyq a eM H fi npn s t o m npoÄyKT H33HBaeTCH
yT(})eÄeM BTOpOH KpHCTajUIH3aUHH, KOTOpblH nOCJie 20-qaCOBOH *KpH-
CT3JIJIH33UHH B MeUI3ÄKaX-KpHCT3JIÄH33T0p3X npH OXJiaJKÄeHHH nOÄ‘
BepraeTCH (})yroBKe H3 ueHTpHcJjyrax; npn sto m nojiyqaeTCH jK e jir a fi
c a x a p h maToqHbifi pacTB op— KopMOBan n3TOK3. >KejiTbifi c s x s p pac-
TBOpneTCH COKOM BTOpOH CaTyp3U,HH, H nOJiyqHBHIHHCH pacTBop
(K jiep o ß K a ) H3np3BÄ5ieTCH BMecTe c cn pon oM c BbinapKH Ha cyjib -
(|)HTaU,HIO.
B h x o ä c s x a p a H3 CBeKJibi, coÄepJKaBineH okojio 18% c a x a p a , co-
CTaBjiaeT 13— 15 % k B ecy CBeKJibi.
C a x a p H a a npOMbiiujieHHOCTb, KpoMe c a x a p H o ro necKa, H3r0T0BjiHeT
T a K ^ e pa(|)HH3Ä (KyCKOBOÖ c a x a p ). iKyCKOBOfi c a x 3 p Ha3bIBaeTCH P3-
(J)hh3äom noTOMy, qTo oh noÄyqaeTCH H3 c a x s p H o ro necK3 a o h o ä h h -
TejibHOÖ e r o oqncTKOH (p3(J)HHHpoB3HHeM) nyTeM MHoroKpaTHofi
( 0 6 HqH 0 nflTHKp3THOH) nepeKpHCTaÄJIH33UHH H 0ÖeCUBeqHB3HHH H3-
cbimeHHbix b o ä h h x pacTBopoB ca x a p H o ro necKa aKTHBHpoBaHHbiM
yrjieM .
ÜOÄyqeHHe caxsp3-p34)H H 3Äa h äh HBJiaeTCfl caMOCTOHTeÄbHbiM
npOH3BOÄCTBOM H OCymeCTBÄHeTCH Ha OCOÖblX pa4>HHaÄHHX 3aBOÄaX,
hjih np0H3B0ÄHTca Ha cß eK jiocaxapH bix 3aBOÄax nyTeM y r jiy 6 jiejiHOH
oqncTKH cn p on a. B nocJieÄHeM c ^ y q a e 3aB0Äbi Ha3biBaiOTCH cßeKÄO-
pacjjHHaÄHbiMH. B c jiy q a e noÄyqeH H a pat})HHaÄa na o co ö b ix 3aBOÄax
ca x a p H H ä n ecoK npeBpaui,aeTCH b KycKOBOH pa(J)HHaÄ ÄßyMH nyTHMH:
1) o tjih b k o h b (J)opMbi oqHiueHHoro cn p on a, noÄ yqeH H oro pacTBope-
HneM necKa h noBTopHUM yBapHBaHHeM ä o yT(J)eÄH, h 2 ) n p eccoß a-
HHeM n ojiyqeH H oro H3 yT(J)eÄH BÄa>KUoro ca xa p a -n ecK a .
OcHOBHaa 3aÄ aqa npH nojiyqeHHH pa4)HHaÄa 3aKjnoqaeTCH b tom ,
qT oß u noÄ B eprayTb noBTOpHOH oqHCTKe c a x a p -n eco K h npeßpaTHTb
e r o b cn jiou iH yio, ÄOCTaToqHo n poqH yio M accy.
He n p eK p a m a n 3 T a 3 a Ä a q a ocym ecT B jiH eT C H cjic /iv io l u h m 0Ö pa30M . C a x a p - n e c o K
p a c T B o p jn o T b BOÄe h n o jiyq eH H b ift c n p o n cfiHjibTpyiOT q e p e 3 r y c T y io
TK3Hb HÄH rpaBH H , O ÖpaÖaTblBaiOT KOCTHbIM HÄH ÄpeBeCHbIM aKTHBH-
poB aH H biM y r ^ e M h nepeKpH CT3JiÄH 30BbiB3i0T n p n yB3pHB3HHH y T (})e -
j ihb B 3 K y y M -a n n a p a T a x . y B a p e H H b rä p3t})HH3ÄHbiH yT<|)ejib, c o Ä e p * 3 -
iu ,h h 92,5 — 9 3 % c y x n x B em ecT B , p 33 j ih b 3 io t b {jjopM b i. YT(J)eÄ b b cjjop-
M ax OXJia>KÄ3eTCH H 33CTbIB3eT B MeJIKOnopHCTyro M3CCy. 33CTbIBIUHH
y T ^ e Ä b npoßeÄHBaeTCH nyTeM 3ajiHBaHHa KÄepcoM , t . e. HacbimeHHbiM
p a c T B o p o M q n c T o r o p at})H H aÄ a. Ilp n 3ajiH B K e M ejKK pH C TajibH an n a -
0 CTaT0 qH 0 H
TOKa BbiTecHHeTCfl M e p c o M , K0T0pbifi 3anojiHneT npoMe>KyTKH Me>KAy
KpH CTajiÄaM H c a x a p a h 3aKpHCTajuiH30BbiBaeTC5i. IIo jiy q e H H b iH TaKHM
o 6 p a 3 0 M c b ip o fl pa(J)HH3Ä B bicyuiH BaeTCHb K3MepHbix cyniH ÄKax n o Ä
B3KyyMOM ÄO COÄepJK3HHH B HeM BÄ3TH B 0 ,1 5 % .
n o c jie OXÄ3JKÄeHH5I c y x o ß C3X3p-pa4)HHaÄ BbIHHM3eTCH H3 (})OpM H
n o cT yn seT b pa3ÄeJioqHoe OTÄejieHHe, rÄ e e r o pacnHJMBaiOT Ha KycKH
ycTaHOBJieHHoro pa3M epa. TaKHM nyTeM n o jiy q a io T TaK Ha 3 UBaeMbifl
JIHTOH pa(J)HHaÄ.
ripeccoB aH bifi pat})HHaÄ n o jiy q a e T c a npeccoßaHHeM b o co ö b ix
n p ecca x pa4)HHaÄHofi KaniKH (oqHm eHHbiä BJia>KHbm caxapH biö ne-
139
c o k ) . IIpH 3tom nojiyqaroTCH öpycKH caxapa, KOTOpHe BbicyniHBaioT- OTÄeÄHTeÄH (pem eTK H ) h n o c jie OTÄejieHHH b o ä h cBajiHBaeTcn b
ch ö BaKyyMHbix K aM epax hjih b TOHHejibHbix cyniHJiKax to k o m ropn- ÄOMOByro HMy ( h m 3 b 3eM jie, BbiÄO *eH H aa KaMHeM h C H a6*eH H an
nero B03Ayxa, oxjiajKÄaiOTCH h pacKajibiBaioTCH Ha aBTOMaTHHecKHX cnen,HaÄbHbiMH KaHaBaMH äjih OTBOÄa b o ä h ) .
CTaHKax Ha KyconKH TpeöyeM oro pa3M epa. } K o m npeÄCTaBÄHeT c o ö o h ueHHbiö KopM ä jih c k o t 3. E ro mojkho
M eTO Ä nojiyqeHHH p a ^ H H a ^ a nyTeM npeccoBaHHH oqeHb yzioßeH, CKapMJIHB3Tb CKOTy B CBeJKeM BHÄe HJIH nocjie 3aKHC3HH5I, KOTOpoe
TaK KaK ,nonycKaeT BbicoKyio CTeneHb MexaHH3au,HH; oh BecbMa npo- nponcxoÄH T npn xpaHeHHH b HMax ( k h c j ih h j k o m ) . H a HeK0T0p u x 3a-
H3BOflHTejieH h ß o jie e rHraeHHHeH. llo T e p H c a x a p a npn oöp a ö o T K e BOÄax jkom cyrnaT b cneu,HajibHbix cyn rajiK ax, nojiyqan b h c o k o k o h -
3flecb He6 ojibuiHe, h b h x o ä h pa<|)HHaÄa b h co k h c . UeHTpHpOBaHHHH, TpaHCnopTaßeÄbHblH H yÄOÖHblH ÄJIH xpaHeHHH
ripeocoB aH bift pacjDHHaÄ HH^eM He oTjraqaeTCH no CBoeMy xhmh- KopM. Bji3^tH0CTb cym eHoro *O M a 10— ^12%. iKojraqecTBo a6c0ÄK)TH0
qecKOMy cocTaB y o t JiHToro caxapa-pa(J)H H afla h BecbMa M ajio o tjih - cy xo ro JKOMa cocTaBJiHeT okojio 5 % k Becy CBeKJiH. O kojio 50 % cyxo-
qaeTCH o t n e ro no cbohm 4)H3HKO-MexaHHtiecKHM cb oh ctb sm ro Bem ecTBa >KOMa cocTaBJiHK)T neKTHHOBue BemecTBa, »it o n03B0ÄHeT
HCn0JIb30BaTb JKOM T3KJKe ÄJIH nOÄyqeHHH neKTHHOBOrO KJieH.
ÜH(J)(J)y3HOHHaH B0Ä3, BHrpyjKaeM aH BMecTe C >KOMOM H3 ÄH(J)4)y-
Hcn0Jib30ßaHHe otxoäob
3opoB, c o Ä e p x H T o k o jio 0,1 % c a x a p a h He H cnojib3yeTcn.
iKopMOBaH naTOKa (M ejiacca) HBJIHeTCH ueHHbiM otxoäo m np0H3- OHJIbTpnpeCCHaH rpH 3b C O Äep^H T COJIH (JjOCCjpopHOH KHCJIOTbl,
BOÄCTBa: oHa coÄep>KHT 82% c y x n x BemecTB, H3 ko to p ^ix 48— 50% HMeeT m eÄ o q H y io peaK UHio h npHMeHHeTCH b K aqecTBe yÄOÖpeHHH Ha
npeÄCTaBJiHiOT coöoh caxap h 32 — 3 4 % Hecaxapa. E e HcnoJib3yioT b KHCJIblX TOp(J)HHHCTbIX nOHBaX.
KaqecTBe CbipbH Ha cnnpTOBbix hjih ÄpoHöKeBHx 3aBOÄax äjih nojiy- H 3 (J)HÄbTpnpeCCHOH rpH3H MOHiHO TaKSCe nojiyqH Tb H3BeCTb (p e -
neHHH cnnpTa hjih ÄpoHOKeß. H3 M ejiacctj npn ocoöhx ycjioBHHx öpo- reH epanH H ^H JibT pnpeccH oö rpH3H) nyTeM oßjK H ra ee öpHKeTOB b
JKeHHH MOMHO HapHÄy CO CnHpTOM nojiyqHTb TaK5Ke H rJIHII.epHH. ocoöm xKOÄbueBH x H 3BecTK 0B0-0Ö ÄH raTeÄbH bix n e n a x h CHOBa n p n -
B HacTOHmee BpeMH Ha H ainnx 3aBOÄ3x KopMOBan naTOKa hc- MeHHTb ÄJIH Äe(})eKanHH ÄH(})4)y3HOHHOrO COKa.
noÄb3yeTCH ä jih H3BjieHeHHH H3 Hee c a x a p a . ,Hjih s t o h n ejin KopMOBan P ereH ep a iiH io 4>HJibTpnpeccHofl rpH3H npHMeHHioT npn HeÄOCTaT-
naTOKa pa3ÖaBjineTCH b oäoh h nojiyqeHHbiä pacTBop oöp aöaT b i- Ke H3BecTHHKa, H3 KOToporo Ha caxapH bix 3aBOÄax o ö h h h o n o ^ y -
BaeTCH H3B6CTbio. 06pa3yeTC H ocaÄOK — TpH K ajibim ä ca x a p a T a : naiOT H3BecTb h ÄByoKHCb yrjiep O Ä a npn oßjKHre e r o b m axTH U x H3-
BecTKOBO-oÖHcnraTeÄbHbix nenax.
C i 2H 220 u + 3 C a O —*• C 12H 22O xl •3 C a O ,

KOTOpblH OT(J)HÄbTpOBbIBaeTCH, npOMblBaeTCH H paCTBOp,HeTCH B ÄH(J)- JIH T E P A T yP A

(})y3H0HH0M COKe.
1. A. C . C a n n r H ® h Ä p. TexiH ojiorH a K p a x M a .io -n a T o m io ro n p 0 H3B0 ÄCTBa,
n ojiyqeH H bift pacTBop ä jih H3Bjie*ieHHH H3 Hero c a x a p a HanpaB- riH m en p oM H 3AaT, 1950.
jih io t Ha Äe4>eKan,Hio C B eK jiocaxapH oro 3aBOÄa h o öp a ösT b rea ioT 2 . A. H . B o c t o k o b h H . ü. JleneuiKHH, n p 0 H3B0 ÄCTB0 caxapa H3
Ä ajibin e, KaK oöbnm o. CBeKjiH, FlH m enp oM H 3Ä aT , 1955.
3. H . M . JI h t b a k, TexHOJiörHH C B eK jio ca x a p H o ro n p oH 3B oacTB a, r o c T e x H 3 -
T a K a n o6 p a6 oT K a KOpMOBOH naTOKH Ä aeT Ä’O nojiHHTejibHO SHa^H-
Ä3T y c c p , K n e ß , 1956.
TejibHbie KOJin^ecTBa c a x a p a . 4. E. B O p H C O B H H. n fl T H 0 B a, O CaMOM 0 6 HKH0 BeHH0 M, H3fl. «M o jiO Ä a a
K p o M e KOpMOBOH naTOKH hjih M ejiaccbi, o tx o ä 3 m h cß em io ca x a p - rB a p Ä H fl», 1955.
H oro npOH3BOÄCTBa HBJIHIOTCH )KOM, ÄH(})(J)y3HOHHaH B0Ä3 H (J)HÄbTp- 5. ü . M . C h j i h h , Bonpocbi TexHOJiörHH caxapncTux BemecTB, IlH iu e n p o M -
H3^HT, 1950.
npeccH an rpasb. >Kom coäsp>kh t o k o jio 6 % c y x n x BemecTB h 9 4 %
b o ä h . O h CMeniHBaeTCH c b oä oh , oTKaqHBaeTCH no TpyöaM Ha b o ä o -

1 B HacT0Huu.ee BpeMH npoBOÄHTCH pa6oTa n o opraHH3au,HH Ha YnpaHHe

np0H3B0ÄCTB n o B bip a6 oTK e n n iu eB oft <})pyKT03bi. B K a q ecT B e CHpbfl HaMeqeHO
Hcn0Jib30BaTb 3eMJiHHyio r p y m y (T o riH n aM Ö yp ) h e e raÖ pH Ä c no,ncoJiHeqHH-
KOM — TOnHHCOJIHe^HHK. B KJiyÖHHX 3eMJIHHOH rpyUJH COÄ6p5KaTCH n ojiH c a x a p H -
äh 4>pyKT03aHbi (HHyjiHH h Ä p .), npH raflpoJiH 3 e KÖ Topbix n ojiyq aeTC H 4>pyKTO-
3a. ü p o u e c c np0H3B0ÄCTBa 4>pyKT03bi c x o a e n c n p o u e c c o M n ojiyqeH H H ca xa p o3 h i
H3 CBeKJIbl.
O p y K T 0 3 a HBJineTCH ueHHbiM nnm eBbiM cu p b eM . O H a o ß jia Ä a e T 3HaiHTeJibHO
6 o jie e pe3Ko Bbipa>KeHHbiM cjiaÄKHM BKycoM , qeM c a x a p o 3 a ; npnöaBJieHHe e e b
B ap eH b e h b KOH^eTbi n p e Ä y n p e * Ä a e T h x 3acaxapHBaHHe, a ÄOÖaBKa e e b no-
M aabi, n n p oscH oe h xjieÖ H bie H3,nejiHH n p e flo x p a n n e T h x o t 3acbixaHHH h qep-
CTBeHHH. C>pyKT03a npHflaeT npHHTHbift BKyc jiHKepaM.

140
 Ha npaKTHKe q a iu e B cero Hcnojib3yK>TCH 4>epMeHTbi, BbiAejineMbie
OÄHOKJieTOHHUMH OpraHH3M3MH — ÖaKTepHHMH HJIH TpHÖKaMH. B ßH -
Ä y pa3H ooßpa3H H s t h x <popM 0praHH3M0B h MHKpoÖHOJiormecKHe
n p o u ec cbi o tjik ^ s io t c h k psh h h m p33H ooöpa3H eM h hsxoaht BecbM a
niHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe b npoMbiuiJieHHocTH h b npaKTH ^ecKoß jkh 3h h :
nojiyneH H e cn n p T a ; H3r0T0BjieHne pa3JiHHHbix m o j io h h h x npOÄyKTOB:
npOCTOKBaUIH, Ke(J)Hpa, aUHÄO^HÄHHOBOrO M0JI0K3, Cbip3 H T. n.; KB3-
rjIABA V nieHHe KanycTbi; nojiyneH H e yK cycH oß, ä h m o h h o h h MOJioqHofi k h c ­
jio t , aueT0H 3, öyTHÄOBoro cnn pT a. 3 th n p o u ec cb i HMeiOT MecTO np n
n P 0 H 3 B 0 Z I,C T B A , O C H O B A H H b lE H3rOTOBÄeHHH BOJIOKOH JlbHa H KOHOnjIH. O hh Hrp3IOT ÖOJIbUiyiO pOJIb
B CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0H np3KTHKe: CHJI0C0B3HHe p3CTHTeJIbHbIX M a-
H A 4> E P M E H T A T H B H b I X Ü PO U E C C A X
T ep n ajioB , npnroTOBJieHHe HeKOTopbix cn eu n ajib H b ix k o p m o b ä j ih jkh -
bothhx (H an p H M ep , auHAO(|)HJibHbix), o ß o ra iu e H H e kopm ob h yAoöpe-
BPO)KEHHJI H HX POJlfa B nPOMblUlJIEHHOCTH HHH 330THCTbIMH COeÄHHeHHHMH.

C pe^H xuMHMecKHx npoueccoB , npOTeKaK)iu,HX b n pu poA e, BCTpe- M H o rn e H3 ^epMeHTaTHBHbix npoueccoB , HanpHMep, 0Öpa30BaHHe
qaeTCH ÖOJIbUIOe KOJIH^eCTBO T3KHX, B KOTOpHX npHHHMaiOT yHflCTHe cnnpTa H3 c a x a p a h y K c y c a H3 cnHpTa, eKHeaHHe MOJiOKa, 6 h ä h h s -
MHKpOOpraHH3MbI. O p H nOMOIUH MHKpOOpraHH3MOB npOHCXOÄHT 3C- BecTHbi 3aÄOJiro ä o b o 3h h k h o b 6 h h h x h m h h KaK HayKH. O ä h 3 k o noHa-
CHMHJIHUHH 3 TM0 C(|)epH0r 0 a30Ta KJiyÖeHbKOBHMH H nOHBeHHbIMH ÄOÖHÄOCb BecbMa ÄÄHTejIbHOe BpeMH, HTOÖbl BbIHCHHTb npHpOÄy
s t h x HBjieHHH. TaHHCTBeHHbie npou eccbi npeßpaiueHHH o ä h h x Be-
ßaKTepHHMH, p a 3pyiueHHe öejiKOBbix BeiuecTB (ra n e H H e ), p33Jio>Ke-
HHe KJieT^aTKH OTMHparomHX pacTeHHÖ, oKHCJieHHe ceßoBOÄOpOÄa h mecTB b Ä p yrH e 6e 3 ynacTHH K aK H x-jinöo b h ä h m h x B03ÄeflcTBHÖ
ÄpyrHX CepHHCTblX CO§ÄHHeHHH (CepOÖaKTepHHMH) , OKHCJieHHe 33KHC- ’C03ÄajiH n o^B y ääh p a s jm ^ H b ix npeÄn0Ä0>KeHHH. C ^ H T a ^ o c b , H anpH ­
Hbix coeÄHHeHHfi x e jie 3 3 (>Kejie3o 6 aKTepHHMH), OKHCJieHHe opraHH- Mep, MTo BHHorpaAHbiß co k b CHJiy npHcyiuHx eM y c b o h c t p caM onpo-
^ecKHX BemecTB b c to h h u x BOAax, npHBOAamee k h x o racT K e, h t . ä . H3BOJIbHO O^HIUaeTCH C 06pa30BaHHeM HCTHHHOro «Ä y x a BH H3» (cnHp-
CpeÄH s t h x 6 H0XHMHqecKHX n p ou eccoB B biÄ aiom ajica p o jib npH- T a ^ H C BbiÄe^eHneM SKCKpeMeHTOB b BHÄe ocaÄ K a (Ä p o * J K e fl). ü a j i b -
HeHuiHe HaÖÄiOÄeHHH noKa3ajiH , i t o s t o t ocaÄOK o ß jia Ä a e T c b o h c t -
H3ÄJie>KHT Ö p O J K e H H H M .
BOM^ BbI3bIB3Tb SHeprHWHOe ÖpOKeHHe CJiaAKHX p3CTB0p0B. B eÄ brH H -
Bpo>KeHHeM Ha3biBaeTCH n p o u ecc rjiy ö o K o ro . p a cn a Ä a o p ra rom e-
c k h x BemecTB, npeHMymecTßeHHO yrjieBOAOß, npoTeKaioiUHH noÄ CKHH y'ieHblfi B 3 H reÄbM OHT (1648) H33B3JI 3T0T OC3ÄOK (|)epMeHTOM.
BÄHHHHeM MHKpOOpr3HH3MOB, T. e. npH KaTaÄHTHqeCKOM ÄeÖCTBHH roÄÄaHACKHH yneH biö A htohhh JleB eH ryK b 1680 ro Ä y noK a3aÄ , mto

OCOÖblX ÖeJIKOBblX BeiUeCTB, CHHTe3HpyeMbIX MHKpOOpraHH3M3MH H
Ha3bIBaeMbIX 4>epMeHT3MH.
TepMHH «ÖpOJKeHHe» npHMeHHIOT OÖbIHHO K aH33pOÖHHM npo-
ueccaM , t . e. k TaKHM, KOTOpHe coßepm aioTCH 6e3 ÄOCTyna k h cjio-
pOÄ3 H3 BHeniHeft cpeAbi. AspoÖ H bie n p o u e c c u p a cn a A a opraHHne-
ckh x coeÄHHeHHH b opraHH3M3x, t . e. npou eccbi p s c n s Ä a , HAym ne
c y^acTHeM KHCjiopoAa, o t h o c h t k rp y n n e AbixaTejibHbix n p ou eccoB .
llp o u e c c 6 po>KeHHH h n p o u ecc ÄtixaHHH c jiy x a T o ä h o h h t o h x e
uejra — Ä 3Tb opraHH3My SHeprnio, H eoöxoAH M yio ÄJia e r o }KH3He-
ÄeHTeÄbHocTH. BpojKeHHe h AbixaHHe HaxoAHTCH b caM oß TecH oö h<
rJiyÖOKOH CBH3H. n o CBOeMy XHMH3My 06a OHH BKJIKmiOT B c e ö ff
OKHCJIHTejIbHO-BOCCT3HOBHTeJIbHbie peSKUHH, HO npH ÖpOJKeHHH, B OT-
jiHHHe o t ÄbixaTejibHbix npoueccoB , p a cn a Ä opraH H ^ecK oro Berue-
CTB3 He ÄOXOÄHT ÄO KOHCTHblX npOÄyKTOB OKHCJieHHH — yrjieKHCJIOTbl'
H BOÄbl, a 0CT3H3BJIHB3eTCH H3 CT3ÄHH 0Öpa30BaHHH ö o jie e CJIO>K-
h h x coeÄHHeHHH, e m e ß o r s r a x SHeprneß. S H ep rera q ecK H npouecc-
ßpojKeHHH MeHee BbiroÄeH, neM n p ou ecc AbixaHHH.
BonpOCH npaKTHMeCKOrO HCn0JIb30B3HHH MHKpOÖHOJIOrmieCKHX:
n p ou eccoB c t s jih npeAMeTOM o c o ö o ü oTpacjiH HayKH — T ex a m ecn o m
MHKpoÖHOÄOrHH.
OcaÄOK coctoht H3 MeÄKHx T ejieu, h onHC3Ji pssÄ H ^H bie nopoAH
ÄpOJKJKeß. HoHBHJiaCb BHT3JIHCTHHeCKaH TeOpHH ÖpOJKeHHH, yTBepjK-
Ä aB iu aH , hto xHMHnecKHe npeßpaiueHHH b a 3 h h o m c jiy q a e HenocpeÄ-
CTBeHHO CBH33HbI C ÄH3HeÄeHTejIbHOCTbK) 0pr3HH3M0B H OÖyCJIOBÄH-
ß3K>TCH yH3CTHeM OCOÖOH ÄH3HeHHOÜ CHJIbl. J l3B y33be (1789) H3
0CH0B3HHH KOJIHMeCTBeHIIblX HCCJieÄOB3HHH OTßeprSeT 3Ty TeOpHIO.
O h p3ccM3TpHB3eT npouecc npeßpaiueHHH caxspa b cnnpT, KaK xh-
MHnecKyio pesKUHio c ynscTHeM Äpo>K*eH b KsqecTBe peareHTa.
H 3yqeHHe ßonpoca npHÖÄH3HJiocb k npsBHÄbHoß TO'iKe 3peHHH,
KOrÄa CT3JIH CHHT3Tb, »ITO B npouecce 6pO>KeHHH HrpSIOT pOJIb He ca-
mh ä P O ä jk h , a ocoöbie BemecTBa, hmh BbiÄeÄHeMbie. O ä h s k o uccÄe-
ÄOBaHHH n a c T ep s (1 8 5 7 ), noKa3aßmero h s MHoro^HCÄeHHbix npH-
Mep3X, MTO 6pO>KeHHe CBH3aHO C >KH3HeÄeHTeJIbHOCTbK> 0pr3HH3M0B,
npHBejiH k n oß eÄ e BHTajiHCTHnecKHx B3rÄHÄOB h k hx rocnoÄCTßy
e iu e b T eqeH H e Ä ß y x a c c h t k o b ÄeT.
n ep B b ie t|)aKTbi, HaHocHiune peniHTeÄbHbifi yA a p BHTajiHCTHMecKofl
TeopHH 6po>KeHHH, 6biJiH ycTaHOBJieHbi pyccKHM BpaHOM M . M . M a -
HacceHHofi, KOTopan b 1871— 1872 ro A a x onyöjiHKOBaÄa p e 3yjibTa-
TH CBOHX OnblTOB. H yTeM paCTHpaHHH APO>K>KeH c TOpiIHM XpyCTa-
JleM H (})HJIbTpOBaHHH M3CCbI OH3 nOJiyqHJI3 COK, B KOTOpOM H e ÖblJIO

142 143
5KHBHX ÄpOJKJKeBblX KJieTOK, HO KOTOpblH BbI3HBaJI cßpaÄHBaHHe ßeJIKH Ha aMHHOKHCJIOTbl HÄH >KHpbI H3 TJIHUepHH H KHCJIOTbl, HaÄO
ca x a p o ß B cnHpT h y rjieia icjiO T y. CnycTH 25 jieT (b 1897) s t h onbi- H arp eB aT b c boäoh sth Bem ecTBa b npHCyTCTBHH CHjibHbix khcäot, b

Tbi ö h jih nöBTopeHbi HeMeu,KHM yneHHM 3 . B yxH epoM c TeMH >Ke pe- TO BpeMH KaK B OpraHH3MaX 3TH peaKUHH OCymeCTBJIHIOTCH OHeHt
3yjibTaTaMH. H o 3ÄHee npo<f)eccop A . H . JleßeÄeB (1 9 1 1 ) p 33p a ö o T a ji ÖHCTpo H B ÖOJiee MHrKHX yCJIOBHHX.
n p o c r a e h HaÄe>KHbie MeTOflH BbiÄejieHHH (JjepMeHTOB b to c t o m 3. J3.0CT3T0HH0 npHCyTCTBHH BeCbMa HeÖOJIblUHX K0ÄHH6CTB ^ G P '
BH^e h n p oß eji MHoro onbiTOB no öecKJieToqHOMy öpoHteHHio. MeHTa, h t o 6h pe3Ko yBeÄH^HTb cKopocTb peaKUHH. TaK , HanpHMep,
P a ö o T H MaHacceHHOH, B yx H ep a h J leö eÄ eß a nojioxH JiH KOHeu (JjepMeHT 3MHJI333, 0CaxapHB3K)IUHH KpSXMSJI, 0ßH3pyjKHB3eT 3aMeT-
BHTajIHCTHUeCKOH TeopHH ÖpOJKeHHH. Hyio KaTSÄHTH^eCKyiO SKTHBHOCTb npH p33BeÄeHHH 1:1 000 000.
TaKHM 0Öpa30M, c r a jia hchoh p ojib (JjepMeHTOB KaK KaTajiH33- nepOKCHÄ'333 — (J)epMeHT, K3T3JIH3HpyipiUHH OKHCJieHHe MH0r03T0M-
TOpOB, BHÄeÄHeMMX >KHBbIMH 0praHH3M3MH. H a p H Ä y C TepMHHOM Hbix (})eHOÄOB (n n porajicu i, rBanKOÄ h ä P - ), OKa3biBaeT 3aMeTHoe
« 4)epM eH T» ( o t jis t h h c k o t o fe r m e n ta tio — TaK o 6o 3HaHajra n p o ­ ÄeöcTBHe npn p a 3BeAeHHH 1:5 000 000.
ueccbi, H Äym ne c BbiÄejieHHeM ra 3 0 ß ), npeÄJiosceHHHM n a c T e p o M , 4. BaJKHOH OCOÖeHHOCTblO (J)epMeHTOB HBJIHeTCH HX nOBbIUieHH3H
noHBHJicH He ß o jiee yÄa^HbiH TepMHH <OH3HM» (rp en . « b Ä p o j K * a x » ) , lyBCTBHTeÄbHOCTb K ÄeHCTBHK) BHeUIHHX yCÄOBHH (jiaÖ H Ä bH O C T b):
0 6 a s t h TepMHHa c e iw a c hbjihk>tch p sb h osh sh h h m h . TCM nep3TypH, KOHUeHTpaUHH BOÄOpOÄHblX HOHOB, ÄeHCTBHH OKHCJIH-
B HacT 0Hiu.ee BpeMH n p o r a o ycT3HOBHJiocb MHeHHe, ^ t o (|)epMeH- TeJiefl h BoccTaHOBHTejieö, HHMTojKHbix npH M eceß Ä pyrn x BeiuecTB.
Tbl HBJIHIOTCH ÖHOÄOrH^eCKHMH K3T3JIH33T0p3MH, AeHCTBHe KOTOpblX 3 t o CT3HOBHTCH nOHHTHblM, eCÄH yneCTb, MTO (|)epMeHTbI HBJIHIOTCH
noA'iHHHeTCH o 6 iu,hm 33KOHaM ä jih KaTajiHTHqccKHX npoueccoB . H e - öeJiKaMH. H ax o Ä H C b b k o j ij io h a h o m c o c t o h h h h , MOJieKyJIbl öejiKOB
OÖXOÄHMO, 0ÄH3K0, CTHTSTbCH C HeKOTOpbIMH OCOÖeHHOCTHMH K3T3- OCOÖeHHO MyBCTBHTeÄbHbl K BJIHHHHK) BHeUIHefi CpeÄH.
ÄHTH^eCKOrO AeftCTBHH 3TH-X BeiH,eCTB, HBJIHIOIUHXCH ff OTJIKTOe OT OnTHMajibHOH T eM nepaT ypoH ä jih ä 6h c t b h h 4>epMeHTOB HBJineTCH-
ÄpyrH X K3T3JIH33T0p0B CJIOJKHHMH ÖeJIKOBHMH qaCTHUaMH (oÖbUIHO 40— 50°. U p H ö o Ä e e h h 3k h x
ö o ^ e e b b ic o k h x T e M n e p a T y p sx HHTeH-
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CBH33HHbIMH ein e C ÄpyrHMH BeiU0CTB3MH HeÖeJIKOBOTO X3p3K- CHBH0CTb ÄeficTBHH ^epM eHTOB cHH>K3eTCH. rip n T eM n ep 3T yp ax,
T e p a ). 6 jih 3k h x k 100°, nponcxoÄ H T ÄeH aTypauH H ßejiK a h n ojiH oe n p eK p a-
rViaBHefiuiHe o co ö eH H o cra ÄeficTBHH (J)epMeHTOB, OTJinnaioiuHe h x m eöH e ÄenTeÄbHOCTH (JjepMeHTa. B c y x n x pscTHTejibHBix h jkhbothhx

o t HeopraHHqecKHx KaT3JiH33T0p0B, 33KJiKmioTCH b CÄeÄyiom eM.
1. JJeHCTBHe h x BecbMa cneuH(j)H'iHo: K a a m n ä (jaepMei-rr KaTajra-
3HpyeT OÄHy KSKyio-HHÖyÄb peaKUHio h npHMeHHTeJibHo k oqeHb y3K0-
My K p y ry BemecTB. TaK , HanpHMep, th ä P 0 ä h 3 o ä h h s k o b h x no co-
CTaBy H ÖJIH3KHX n o CTpoeHHK) ÄHCaX3pHÄ0B C3xap03bl H M3JIbT03bI
B M0H0C3X3pHÄH npOHCXOÄHT C nOMOIUblO pa3JIHHHbIX (J)epMeHTOB
(COOTBeTCTBeHHO C3X3p33U H M 3ÄbT33bl). O o BbIpa>KeHHI0 HeMeUKO-
r o yn eH o ro 3 . Ö n u ie p a , 4>epMeHT ä o jd k c h noÄXOÄHTb k BemecTBy,
K3K KJHOM K 33MKy. OÄHOKJieTO'IHbie MHKp00pr3HH3MH, CnOCOÖHbie
MaT ep ij3 Ä 3 x (JjepMeHTbi MeHee qyBCTBHTejibHbi k Ä en ciB H io T eM nep3-
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CHJibHO ÄeHCTByiOIUHM (jjaKTOpOM HBÄHeTCH 3KTHBH3H KHCJIOT-.
HocTb cpeÄbi. K s jk ä h h (})epMeHT, KaK npaBHJio, npoHBJineT CBoe Äefi-
CTBHe B ÄOBOJIbHO y3KHX npeÄeJI3X 3H3HeHHH p H . P33ÄH qH bie 4>ep-
MeHTbl CHJibHO OTJIK^SIOTCH Ä p y r OT Ä P y r3 nO OnTHM3JIbHbIM ÄÄH HHX
BeJIHHHH3M p H .
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- 3epHO, .noMemeHHoe b qaH, CHaqajia. n p oM b iB aeica b o ä o h , npOTe- MenTHbie hiuhkh c JiOÄHbiM CHTOBbiM ahom , qepe3 KOTopoe b M accy
kaiom cH cHH3 y BBepx. B o BpeMH npoMbiBaHHa 3epno nepeMeniH- 3epHa b aniHKe nepnoAHqecKH n p o n ycK a eT ca oxjia>KÄeHHbiH n yBÄa>K-
B äeTca cT p yeii .B0 3 A y x a , HanpaBJiaeMofl Taum e cHH3y BBepx. H p o M H - HeHHbiü' (KOHAHUHOHHpOBaHHbifl) B03Ayx. TTepeMeuiHBaHHe äepua
B a H H e n p o ii3 B O Ä H T ä o T e x n o p , n o K a H e ö y A e T B b n e K a T b q n c T a a B O A a. npOH3BOAHTCH c noM om bio MexaHHqecKHX BopoiuHTefleft.
, . 1 IIoJiy'ieHHe cnnpTa c 6pajKmsaHneM riiApojiH 3aTa (n pöayK T a rn ap ojiK 3a no- BapaöaH H bie nHeBMarHqecKHe c o jio a o b h h npeACTaBJiaioT co ö o h
jiiicaxapH^OB apeßecHHbi) ABJiaeTca npejmeTOM oeoßoft oTpac.in npoMbim/ieHno- Bpam aiom necH MeTajiÄHqecKHe öapaöaH bi, BHyTpH KOTOpbix noMe-
CTH<----rH-apCMIH3HOft npOMHUIJieHHOCTH. , : . ...... m aeT ca 3epHO, q,epe3 cä o h KOToporo TeM hjih hhhm cn o co ö o M n p o 1

148 149
 AyßaeTCH K0 H/umH0 HHp0 BaHHbw bo3ävx. IlepeM euiH BaH H e 3epHa KpHBaiOT BepXHHH BeHTHJIb H HaHHHaiOT nOÄSBaTb CHH3y ropH ^H Ö n a p
AOCTnräeTca BpameHHeM öap aß aH a. H3 napoßoro KOTJia. 3 a 10— 15 MHHyT noAHHMaioT AaBjieHHe äo
n o HCTe^eHHH cpoKa npopacTaHHH y 3epea oöpa3yioTCH TaK Ha-
3UBaeMbie poctkh, t. e. nyTOK KopHeö, ajihhoh b 1,5— 2 pa3a npe-
BHinaiomHfi: AJMHy 3epH3, h 33*i3 tok creÖJiH (3apoAHiueBbift jih -
CTOK), KOTOpHH OÖbMHO He BbIXOÄHT. H3-H0A OÖOJIOTOH. TaKOe npO-
pociuee 3epHo, HaKonHBinee aMHjia3y (AHacT33) h A pyrne 4>epMeHTbi,
a T a K * e HeKOTopoe KOJinqecTBO ca xap a 3a c w t rHApoJiH3a KpaxMa­
jia h noaTOMy cJiaAKOBaToe Ha BKyc, h och t H33B3HHe 3ejieHoro
cojioaa K
fljIH 0CaX3pHB3HHH KapTO({)ejIbHOfi Maccbi npHMeHHeTCH, KaK npa-
BHJIO, CMeCb H3 HMMeHHOTO, OBCHHOrO H npOCHHOTO COJIOAOB HJIH
pjK aH oro, OBCHHoro h npocHHoro. 100 kz XJieÖHoro 3epH3^ a a io T b
cpeflHeM 140 kz 3ejieHoro cojioaa, KOTOpHH b pa3M0ji0T0M BHÄe h c -
noJibayeTCH Ha cjieÄyrom eö c t 3 ä h h np0H3B0ACTBa äjih gcaxapHBaHH«
KpaxMajia h c x o a h o to CbipbH (KapTO ^ejiH ).

O caxa p H B aH H e K p ax M a jia

noÄroTOBKa HcxoÄHoro cbipbH (KapTo^jejiH) k ocaxapHBaHHio

3aKÄK)HaeTCH b t o m , h to e r o TinaTejibH o 0TMbiBai0T o t rpH3H h pa3~
BapHBaiOT.
TenjiO Ban o 6 p a 6 oTKa KpaxM ajiH CToro CbipbH noepeAeTBOM boah -
H oro n a p a Hi^teeT u ejib io pa3pyuiHTb c tc h k h k jic t o k KjiyÖHH KapTO-
(|>ejiH, nepeßecTH K paxM ajibH yio M accy b pacTB op, h t o ö h ö h ji b Han-
ö o jib in eft cien eH H o ö jie n ie H ÄOCTyn aMHJi33H cojiO Aa k KpaxM3Jiy.
Ha öojibiHHHCTBe OTenecTBeHHbix cnn pT O B U x 33BOÄOB TenjiOBan
o ß p aß o T K a K a p T o ^ e jiH ( a TaK>Ke h Ä p y r o r o KpaxM ajiH CToro CbipbH)
np0H3B0ÄHTCH b TpH c t 3 ä h h . n e p B a H c t 3 ä » h — 3anapH B aH H e, T. e.
H arp eB aH Ü e ä o 6 0 — 9 5 ° b TeqeHHe 30 — 35 MHHyT, ocymecTBJiHeTCH b
n p eA p a3 B ap H H K ax — cTajibH bix i^hjih h apH ^ecK H x c o c y Ä a x c KOHyco-
o ö p a3 H o fi HHJKHefi n a c T b i o . H arp eß a H H e KapT0(J)eJibH0ä M accbi n po-
«3BOÄHTCH nocpeACTBOM BBeÄeHHH b a n n a p a T BOÄHHoro n a p a . n p n
3anapHB3HHH K p ax M a Ä H aö y xaeT . B jia ro A 3 p H AeHTejibHocTH sm h jio -
JiHTHqecKHX (|)epMeHTOB o6pa3yeTCH HeKOTopoe KOJraqecTBO ca x a p o ß .
H 3 npeÄpa3BapHHKa K a p ro^ ejib H a H M acca HenocpeÄCTBeHHo ^e-
pe3 KOpoTKHH n a T p yö o K n e p e rp y x a e T C H b o ch o b h o h annapaT —
p33BapHHK, TAe npOHCXOÄHT CJieAyiOIUaH CTaAHH — p33BapHB3HHe.
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(pHC. 5 0 ) eMKOCTblO B 2,4, HJIH 3,6, HJIH 4,8 M3, BMemaiOIUHe COOTBeT-
CTBeHHo 1,65, hjih 2,5, hjih 3,3 r KapToejja/iH. C tc h k h c o c y A 3 cAeJi3 Hbi Phc. 50. Pa3BapHHK.
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n „7 kopoSkh; 1 3- K oam ecK H Ü K jIan ° H ; ' 14 - S ™ d v 6 o k
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H aKoniiöm eficH b pa3BapHHKe b o a h . 17 npoöooTßopH H K ; 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 -u e H T H jffl. P’

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HHIOT H3 pa3BapHHK3 B03AyX np0AyB3HHeM n3p3 CHH3y BBepX, 33- 2 -2 ,5 ar h T eM n ep aT yp y a o 1 2 0 -1 3 5 °, a sa reM öbicrpo h oa -
hhm 3K)t ÄSBJieHHe a o 3,5 — 4 ar h TeM n ep aT yp y a o 145__ 155° u
1 3eJieHoro He b cMbicjie liBeta, a b CMHC.ie ero c b o k b c t h , Hejospe.iocTH. noAAepjKHBaiOT s th vcjio b h h b TeqeHHe 20— 30 MHHyT.
150
151
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4>eJie, a BH0B b 0 6 p a 30BaBmHecH c a x a p a (rJii0K033, (J jp y im m h c a x a - c o ö o ß UHÄHHÄpHqeCKHfi q3H CO C(J)epHqeCKHM ÄHOM, CH3Ö>KeHHblß
po3a) n peTepneßaioT p33jraqHbie xHMHqecKHe npeßpaiueHHH — MeinajIKOä (3 ) H TpyßqSTbIM 3MeeBHKOM — XOJIOÄHJIbHHKOM. ClOÄB
H30M epn3auHH, ÄerHÄparauHH, b pe3yjibTaTe q e ro o 6 p 33yioTCH okch - >Ke noÄaeTCH nepB35i nopunn c o jio ä s b BHÄe M ojioKa ( t . e. b BHÄe
MeTHJi(|)yp4)yp0Ji h Ä p yrH e BemecTBa, npncyTOTBKe k o t o p h x HejKejia- B3BeCH TOHKO H3MejIbqeHHOrO COJIOÄa B BOÄe). Oc3X3pHB3HHe npOHC­
TejibHo. r ip n B3aHM0ÄeHCTBHH tjjypcjjypbjia h 0KCHMeTHji<|>yp(})ypoji3 c XOÄHT npn TeM nepaType 6 0 — 6 1 ° b TeqeHHe 15 — 20 MHHyT.
3MHH0KHCJI0T3MH OÖpa3yiOTCH T3K Ha3bIBaeMbie MejiaHOHÄHHbl —
TeMHOOKpameHHbie BemecTBa, npH Äatom ne CBapeHHofi M acce cßeT-
JTO-KOpHqHeBblH HJIH TeMHO-KOpHqHeBblfi UBeT.
ü o OKOHqaHHH pa3BapHBaHHH M accy H3 p33BapHHKa ÄaBJieHHeM
n a p s nepeBOÄHT (Bbm yBaiOT) b BbiÄep>KHBaTejib. H axoÄH iuancH
n oÄ ÄaBJieHHeM b p a 3BapHHKe M3CC3 npn o tk p h b s h h h Kjm naHa c c h ­
jio h y cT p eM J iH eT ca q e p e 3 y3K yio m e jib ; B C T p eqsn h s cB oeM 'n y r a pe-
nieTKy, pscnoÄOXceHHyio b BhmyBHOH K op oÖ K e hh>ks o T B e p c r a a k jis-
n 3 H 3 , K3pT0(})ejIbH3H M3CC3 p33MeJIbq3eTCH H OCBOÖOJKÄaeTCH OT
n o c T o p o H H H x n p H M e c eß . npOHHKiuaH p s H e e noÄ ÄaBJieHHeM B H yTpb
KJieTOK BOÄa BCJieÄCTBHe CHHJKeHHH ÄaBÄeHHH npH BUÄyBaHHH ÖbICTpO
npeBpsm seTCH b n s p , B3puBaH H3HyTpn oöojioqKy- KJie'TKH. n o Ä B e p r-
HyBiiiHflcH qacTHqHofl KJießcTepH33UHH K paxM aji BbiTeKaeT H3 k jic to k ,
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BemecTB BHÄyBaeTCH H3 33BapHHKa B BblÄepjKHBaTejIH — UHJIHHÄPH-
qecKHe cocyÄ to c KOHycoo6pa3HbiM ÄHHineM, cnycKHbiM ycTpoficTBOM
H COOTBeTCTByiOmHMH KJI3U3H3MH, BeHTHJIHMH H Tpy60np0B 0Ä!3MH.
3 Ä ecb oH a ÄOBapHBaeTCH npn ÄaBJieHHH 0,2— 0,5 a r h T eM nepaType
105— 107° b TeneHHe 4 0 -— 50 MHiiyT. K p o M e Toro, BbiÄepjKHBaTejib bm- ____ \Boda
noÄHHeT p o jib 33nacH oro pe3epB yapa ä jih HaiconjieHHH pa3BapeHHoii 3 a rn o p k H a co cy
M accbi, p o jib CMeCHTeÄH pa3HbIX n s p r a ß CbipbH H pOJIb C enap3T0p3,
Phc. 51. OcaxapHBaTejik I CTyneHH
t . e. npHcnocoÖJieHHH ä jih OTÄejieHHH n 3 p s o t pa3BapeHH0ß M accu.
n o jiy m H Ä K a a M acca H3 BbiÄepJKHBaiejiH HanpaBjiHeTCH Ha 33 t h -
H 3 ocax-ap-HBaTejiH I CTyneHH 3aTop noÄaeTCH b ocaxapH B ai.ejib
paHne. •
I I CTyneim, npeÄCTaBÄHiomHH c o ö o « TpyöqaTbift 3MeeBHK. C io ä s >Ke no-
3arHpaHHeM 1 Ha3biBaiOT n p ou ecc CMenieHHH KpsxMaJiHCTofi Mac-
ÄaeTCH BTOpan nopuHH coÄOÄOBoro m oäok s (7 0 — 90% B cero KOJinqe-
Cbi c cojioäom , t . e. npnroTOBJieHHe T3K Ha3biBaeM oro 3aTopa. B 6o-
c t b 3 ) . 3 3 T op UH pKyjinpyeT n o T p y ö s M npn TeM nep3Typ e 56— 58°. n p o -
jie e niHpoKOM CMbicjie noÄ 33THpaHHeM noHHMaioT Becb n p ou ecc
ÄOÄJKHTeJIbHOCTb 0C3X3pHBaHHH B 3T0M ann3p3Te OKOJIO ÄByX MHHyT.
OÖpaßOTKH KpaXM3ÄHCTOH M3CCbH COÖCTBeHHO 33THp3HHe, 0C3^3pH-
n O Ä ÄefiCTBHeM COÄOÄa KpaXM3JIbHbIH KJieflCTep p33>KHJK3eTCH.
B3HHe h ÄaJibHefiinyio o ö p a ö o T K y c ji3 ä k o to 3aTopa, t . e. Bce on ep a-
AMH.na3a COJIOÄa.rHÄpojiH3yeT KpaxM aji, n peB psm sH e r o b M3JibT03v.
UHH ÄO 33Ä3B3HHH ÄP0>K}Kefl.
3 t H OnepSUHH OCyiUeCTBJIHIOTCH B :B3p0qH0-33T0pH0M OTÄejieHHH, 2 (C 8H 10O6),,+/iH 2O - > n C 1!Ha2O 11
rjisB H ofl u ejib io p söoT b i KOT-oporo HBÄHeTCH npeBpsm eHHe K paxM ajia KpaxMaji müjit>T03a

b M ajibT03y noÄ b jih h h h c m (JjepMeHTa aM H jiasu , HSKonjieHHoro b O äH 3 k o TaKoe npeBpam,eHHe HBjiHeTCsi nenojiHbiM: TOJibKO
c.o jio äc . 75 — 8 0 % K p a xM a jis npeBp3iu3eTC5i b M3JibT03y, ocTSÄbHbie 25 — 2 0 %
B cnHpTOBOfl npoMbimÄCHHocTH CCCP npHHHTS nojiyH enpepH B - K p ax M a jia rHÄpojiH3yiOTCsi jinuib ä o ä c k c t p h r o b , K o ro p bie o c a x a p n -
H3H cxe.Mä paooTbi B3poqHO-3aTopHoro OTÄeneHHH, no K o ra p o ß oca - B3IOTCH b öpoÄHÄbHbix q a n a x . ä j i h T o ro qxoöbi OcaxapHBaHHe M orjio
t3m HpoHsoßTH, HeoßxoÄHMO, qToöbi o c a x ap eH H b iö pacT B op, n o a a -
1 TepMHH «3aTHpaHHe» ocTaJica ot cTaporo enocoöa pacrapaniM Myras c bo­ BaeM biH .H a ßpojKeHHe, eiue C0Ä ep )K a ji Ä0CTaT0qH.o s k th b h h h 4>ep-
äoh Bpyimyio ÄepeBäHHHMH rpeÖKaMH,. npHMeasBiiierocH b BHHaitypeHHH. MeHT — aMHjia3y.

152 1-53
 npouecc ocaxap H B a H H H b u e jio M HBJIHeTCH n o jiyH e n p e p H B H b iM , Tai< ö o jie e CÄOJKHHe c a x a p a ä o j i ä h h c H aqajia npeßpaTHTbCH b M OH O caxa-
KaK pa 3BapHBaHHe np0H3B0ÄHTCH nepHOAmecKH, a sarapaHHe Henpe­ Phäm , c K O T o p w x h HaqHHaeTCH coöcTBeHHo 6 p o * e H H e , t . e. n p e ß p a -
pbiBHO. Ha pHcyHKe 52 npeÄCTaBjieHa o 6 m a H cxeM a 9Toro n p o u ecca. meHHe c a x a p a b cnnpT. B 3aTOpH0M waHe coÄepjKHTcn b o c h o b h o m
Ä H c a x a p H Ä MajTbT03a, K o ro p a n n oÄ BJiHHHHeM tjjepMeHTa MajrbT03w
npeßpaiuaeTCH b rjiK>K03y.
n e p B o ö p eaK u n efi b uenn npeßpaiueHHH, HM eioiunx MecTO b cn ap-
TOBOM 6 pO*eH H H , HBJIHeTCH OÖpa30ßaHHe 3({)Hpa rjIt0K03M H (J)OC<j}Op-
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CHOH CHOH
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1 — n pe,n p a3 B ap H H K ; 2 — pa3B apH H K ; 3 — B M fle p * H B a T e jib : 4 — oca-
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B BHÄe CoeÄHHeHHH C aÄeH03HH0M, KOTOpHH CnOCOÖeH CBH3bIB3Tb
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3MeeBHK0Bbift TenjiooöMeHHHK, a o r r y A a nepeKa*iHBaeTCH nacocaMH JIHTb.
b öpoAHJibHoe oTflejieHHe, r ^ e ocyiuecTBJiaeTCH rjiaBHHH n p ou ecc
TaKHM 0Öpa30M , acjwpbi aÄ6H03HHa h b jih io tc h aK uenTopaM H
cnnpTOBoro np0H3B0ACTßa — cnnpTOBoe 6 p o *e H H e .
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CnHpTOBoe SpojKeHHe BemecTBaMH, nOCTaBIUHKaMH) (jjOCCjDOpHOfl KHCJIOTbl

n y re M n a jib H e n m u x n p o u ec co B <j)oc<})opHjiHpoBaHHH h H30Mepn-
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c h c^e^yioiu H M ypaBHeHHeM:
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h m x XHMH3M cnupTOBoro öpokeH H H npeflCTaBJiHeTCH b HacTonm ee
BpeMH B ÄOCTaTO^HO ÄOCTOBepHOM BHÄe. n /a C. N
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n oÄ ß ep raio T csi. AA6H03HH

154 155
 MeHTOB, COAepJKamHXCH B ApOJKJKaX H K3TaJIH3HpyiOmHX KaJKAblH
30BaHHeM flß y x BemecTB c TpeMH yrjiepoflH U M H aTOMaiym b MOJieKyAe
cboio cneuHtJjHqecKyio peaKUHio *.
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mecTBa B pe3yJIbTaTe OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTejIbHblX npou eccoB
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AaioT (^occjiopHOKHCJibie acjmpbi rjinuepHHa h rjinuepHHOBOH KHCJioTbi. CTBe 28 KKaA/e-MOA rjii0K03bi. 3Ta TenjioTa Hcnojib3yeTCH apojkjk3mh
FlepBblH H3 3THX BeiU,eCTB Ae<j)OC(j)OpHJIHpyeT.CH H flaeT TJIHUepHH, KO­
ajih noAAep^aHHH >KH3HeHHbix npoueccoB. B stom 3 aK,nioqaeTCH 6ho-
TOpblH yx<e fla jib iu e He yqacT B yeT b n p o u ecce cnHpTOBoro 6po>KeHHH, jiornqecKHH cm hcji npouecca cnHpTOBoro öpoJKeHHH caxapOB.
a HaXOAHTCH B ÖpOflHJIbHOH /KIHKOCTH B BHfl6 nOÖOHHOrO IipO.'IVKTa,
üpOJKJKH, KaK H3BeCTHO, HBJIHIOTCH OÄHOKJieTOHHbIMH paCTHTejIb-
a BTOpOÖ ((f)OC(J)OpHOKHCJIbIH 3(J)Hp rjIHUepHHOBOH KHCJIOTbl) npeB'pa- HblMH MHKp00praHH3M3MH, OTHOCHIUHMHCH K Kjiaccy rpHÖOB. Ohh He
maeTCH b nHpoBHHorpaAHyK) KHCJioTy, KOTOpan b p esyjib T aT e AeKap-
oöjiaAaiOT cnocoÖHOCTbio CHHTe3HpoBaTb opraHH^ecKHe BemecTBa,
öoKCHJiHpoßaHHH pacm enjineTCH Ha yKcycH biö ajibAerH A h ABVOKHCb KaK 3 to AeJiaioT 3ejieHbie pacTeiiHH, a KHByT h pa3MHo>KaioTCH na
y rjie p o A a . roTOBbix nHTaTejibHbix cpeAax, coAepjKaiuHx caxapa. CymecTByioT
O pa3JIHqHbie BHAbl H paCbl ApOJKJKeH, OT.HHqaiOmHeCH BHeiUHHM BHAOM,
C H S— C O - C O O H - > C 0 2+ C H 3— c ; ' pa3JiHMHbiM AeflcTBHeM Ha caxapa, t . e. BbipaßaTbiBaioiUHe pa3JiHq-
\ Hbie KO'MnjieKCbl (|)epMeHTOB, H pa3JIHqHbIMH TpeÖOBaHHHMH K ycjio-
H
nHpoBHHorpa,fl;HaH yncycHbiH ajib,n;erHA BHHM CymeCTBOBaHHH (KHCJIOTHOCTb, COCTaB nHTaTejIbHOH cpeAbi
KHCJIOT a
H t . a .)» T- e - pa3BHBaioiUHecH Ha pa3jraqHbix cpeAax. TaK Ha3biBae-
ÄByoKHCb y r jie p o A a HBJIHeTCH KOHeqHbiM npoayKTOM öpoJKeHHH, Mbie AHKHe apojkjkh qacTO BCTpeqaiOTCH b npnpoAe. H x 3apoAbiuin
a yKcycHbift ajibAerH A BOCCTaHaBJiHBaeTCH b s t h j io b h h cnnpT ( b t o - BcerAa HaxoAflTCH b B03Ayxe ( b nbuin), h cnapTOBoe öpo^eH H e npo-
p o ö KOHeHHblH npOAyKT ÖpOJKeHHH) I h c x o a h t TaK qacTO, qTo cjieAbi cnnpTa B cerAa HaxoAHTCH b B03Ayxe
( b BHAe n apoß) h b noqßeHHbix BOAax.
/ ° H a cnupTOBbix 3aB0Aax npHMeHHioT pa3jinqHbie pacbi ApoJK>Kefi
C H S— c f + H 2 -> C H 8— C H .O H BHAa S acch arom yces cerevisia e. 3 t o KyjibTypnbie apojkjkh, t, e.
\
H <J)opMbi, B^iBeAeHHbie HCKyccTBeHHbiM n yieM h npHcnocoßjieHHbie k
^ BOAOpOA, KOHeqHO, He HaXOAHTCH B OpraHH3M aX B CBOÖOAHOM BbipaöoTKe 6ojibmHx KOJinqecTB (JjepMeHTOB b npoH3BOACTBeHHbix yc-
BHAe, a nepeAaeTCH npn noMomn 4)e PMeHT°B ot cooTBeTCTByiomnx JIOBHHX.
coeAHHeHHH npH OKncjiHTejibHO-BOCCTaHOBHTejibHbix npoueccax, Hr- KpoM e caxap a, a p o ^ ä h ajih CBoero nHTaHHH nyjKAaiOTCH em e b
paiom nx öojibuiyio pojib b npouecce 6po*eHHH. asoTHCTbix BemecTBax, TaK KaK ok ojio nojioBHHbi Beca cy xo ro Beme­
B 3toh cjiojkhoh uenH npeBpameHHfi y^acTByeT uejibin pHA (j3eP_ cTBa ApOJKJKefi npHXOAHTCH Ha 6eJIKH. OÖH3aTejIbHbIM HBJIHeTCH
A ajiee npncyTCTBHe b nHTaTejibHofi cpeAe MHHepajibHbix cojiefl.
flp o > K *H cnocoÖHbi npoHBjiHTb >KH3HeAeHTejibHocTb npn TeMnepa­
a;j.eH03HHM0H0(j)0C(J)aT (AM<J>), aÄeno3HHÄH<|)oc(}>aT (A,H<E>) h aÄeH03HHTpHc[)0c4>aT
(A T O ). CipoeHHe M0H03(J)Hpa (A M ® ), BbiÄejieiiHoro H3 ApoaoKeö, Bbipa/KaeTcsi
Typax o t 3 a o 40°, OnTHMajibHofi hbjihbtch TeMnepaTypa b 33°. Ohh
(fiopMyjioö: Jiyqme pa3MH0*ai0TCH b cJiaöoKHCJioß cpeAe ( p H = 4 — 5 ) , npncyT-
dB H e m ejioqn hx CHJibHO yraeTaeT.
NH., npHeyTeTBHe cnnpTa T a K x e AeßcTByeT na A p o » }« H ym eia ip m e .
npH KOHUeHTpaUHH CnHpTa B 5 % ApOXÖKH nepeCTaiOT pa3MH0JK3Tb-
C N- ch. HaHÖojiee aKTHBHbie A p o * * H h- npHMeHHeMbix b cnnpTOBOM
N npoH3BöACTBe cnocoÖHbi BbiHOCHTb KOHueHTpauHH cnHpTa B 15— -1 6 % .
—O — ü aAbH efim ee noBbimeHHe coAep^aHHH cnnpTa AeftcTByeT h Ha sth
HC CH H H
A p o * * H ryÖHTe^bHO.
N C:N- -C— C— C— C— CH,OH
! I I ‘ ' 1 M H TepecH O O TM eTH Tb, q T o n pou eccu , H M e io iim e M ecTO npn cn iip T O B O M 6 p o -
OHO H
*eSHH, Hamnaa c rJH0K03bi h KOH^asi o ß p a s o B a im e M nHpoBHHorpaÄHOii khcjio-
tn , npOHCXOÄHT aHajiormHbiM 0Öpa30M b Mbiiuuax »hbothmx h HejiOBeKa h cjiv-
PO (O H )ä
XCaT HCTOqHHKOM SHepTHH ÄJIH paÖOTbl MblUIU. 3 TOT npOIieCC HOCHT Ha3B3HHe r.TH-
KOJiHsa h 3aKaHmiBaeTC>i 06pa30BaHHei.i mojioiihoh khcjioth:
3 tot M0Hö3(J)np, nasbiBaeMbiö aÄeHHJioBoft khcjiotoh, CB5i3biBasi eme oähh hjih
ÄBa OCTaTKa tj)OC(})OpHOH KHCJIOTbl, H aBJIHeTCfl, COÖCTBeHHO, aKUenTopOM fJ)OC(j)Op-
hoh KHCJioTbi. 06pa3yiomHecii npH nocjieAOBaTejibHofi sTepHtjmKauHH aÄeH03HH- C H ,— CO— COOH-i-H, - CHg—CHOH—COOH
ÄH(j)oci|)aT (A/IO ) h aAeH03HHTpH(})0C(j)aT (AT<J>) cnocoÖHM OTiuenjisiTb ocraTKii n n p 0 B H H 0 rp a Ä H 3 H MOJICWHaH KHCJ10T8
' ................. .................. • - '' KHC JIÖTS--
({joctfiopHofi KHCJioTbi, siBJifiHCb, TaKHM o6pa3oM, ÄOnopoM nocjieAiieii.
157
.156
 Ä P o ä j k h b b o a h t c h b öpoflHJibHfaiH qaH b B H ae cyen eH 3 H H , t . e. B
cMecn c b o ä o h h jih b c axa p H O M 3aTOpe. 3 a T o p , n o a y q e H H U fi H3 Kap-
T O ^ e jIH HJIH 3e p H a , COflepjKHT 11 — 1 3 % M ajIbT 0 3 M H 3 — 4 % ÄeK CTpH -
H0B — n p o ayK T O B H e n o jiH o r o o c a x a p H B a H H a K p a x M a jia . K p o M e T o r o ,
b HeM c o a e p * H T c a o k o jio 3 — 5 % H epacTB O pH M bix B eiu ecT B K JieTqaT-
kh (K O JK ypa h n p . ) , ßejiKOB, k h p o b h a p .
S a a a q e ft cöpajKHßaHHa aB aaeTca npeßpam eH H e aeKcrpHHOB b
MajibT03y, npeßpameHHe MajibT03bi b rjii0K03y, h , rjiaßHoe^ npeßpa^
meHHe rjiK>K03bi b cnnpT.
ÄoocaxapHßaHHe aeKCTpHHOB n p o u c x o a H T b öpoflHjibHOM q a H e
n'oa aeöcTBHeM SMHJia3bi c o a o a a , H M eiom eroca b 3aTope, rH flp o jiH 3
MajibT03bi ä o rjiK)K03bi — n o a ÄeHCTBHeM c o a e p jK a iu e ö c a TaM » e
MaJibT03bi. O öpa30ßaH H e a ra n o B o ro c n n p T a H3 rjiK)K03bi nponcxoaHT
n o a BJiHsiHHeM KOMnjieKca (J)epMeHTOB, H 3 B ecT H oro n o a Ha3BaHHeM
3HM33U H BUpaÖaTblBaeMOrO apOJKJK3MH.
M e T o a b i cöpaÄHBaHHH no annapaTypHOM y o(})opM aeHHio p33ae-
aaiOTca H3 nepHOflH^ecKHe, n oa yH en p ep u B H u e h H enpepuBH ue.
n p H nepHOÄHqecKOM cn o co ß e Becb n p o u ecc 6po?KeHHa npoßoaHT-
c a b oähom c o c y a e — 6poauabHOM naHe, KOTOpblH n o c jie oKOHqaHHH
6 po*eH H 5i onopa^H H BaeTCH h 3 a ieM CHOBa 3anoaH aeTca.
rjia B H o e T peöoß aH n e k ycT p oflcT ß y h o 6cjiy>KHBaHHfo öpoaHJib-
h h x MaHOß 3aKJiioqaeTC5i b tom , qToöbi o ö e c n e ra T b H3HayqniHe y c jio -
BHH aJIH paSBHTHH B HHX apOJKXeft. 3 tH TpeÖOBaHHH CBOaHTCH K CJie-
a y io m e M y : H aannne ra a a K o ft, a era o npoM U ßaeM ofi BHyTpeHHefi
noßepxHocTH, m to ö h b ee HepOBHOcrax He M oran p a 3MH0>KaTbca 6 aK-
TepHH; oöecne^HBaHHe b03M0>kh0cth n o a a ep x H B a H H a nocToaHHofi
TeM nepaTypbi, qeM y cn o co ö cT ß yeT n a o x a a T en a on p oöoa H oeT b c tc h o k
h äh H30aauH0HHbie npHcnocoöaeHHH h n p n cn ocoöaeH H a a-na p e ry a H -
poBaHHa TeM nepaTypbi.
Maiue Bcero npHMeHaioTca BepTHKaabHue, repMeTH^ecKH 3 aK p u -
Baromneca qaHbi, caeaaH H bie H3 cTaan, eMKOCTbio- ao 225 m 3, unaHHa-
pHqecKofi 4>opMbi co ctJjepuqecKHMH aHHiueM h KpuuiKOH (pnc. 5 3 ).
KpoM e npHcnocoöaeHHa a a a 3arpy3KH 3aT0pa, Burpy3KH n e p e -
Ö p o a H B m efi JKHaKOCTH (6pa>KKH) h 0 TB0aa y r a e K H c a o r o r a 3 a , y 6 p o -
a n a b H o r o 'la n a ycTaHaßaHBaeTca annapaT, b k o to p o m n a p H cnnpTa,
yxoaaiu n e BMecTe c yrjieKH cabiM ra30M, noraomaiOTca Boaofi (c n n p -
TOBaa aoB yu iK a). BHyTpH qaHa noMemaroTca 3MeeBHKH äjih peryaH-
poßaHHa TeM nepaTypbi, a Ha aHe ö a p ö o T e p a a a nepeMeuiHBaHHa
Maccu B03a y x 0 M. TeM nepaTypa 3aTOpa a o Haqaaa 6 po*eH H a o k o ­
jio 20°.
B H a n a a e y ra e K H c a u fi ra3 B u a e a a e T c a c a a ö o . (I le p B u e n o p iiw *
e ro p acTB opaioTca b öpoaH abH ofi JKHaKOCTH.) T eM n ep a T yp a M ea-
aeHHo noaHHM aeTca a o 24 — 25°. 3 t o t nepB u ß , cnoKoiiHUH, n e p n o a
öpojKeH na fla3U B aeTca B3ÖpajKHBaHHeM. TaaBHUM npou eccoM 3aeci>
a B aaeTca pa3M ^o*C H H e apoJKJKefi (KOHe^HO, Ha^HHaioTca h XHMH^e-
CKHe n p o u e c c u ). npoaoaJK H TeabH ocTb n e p n o a a B36pa>KHBaHHa mo-
jKeT 6u T b pa3aH^Ha b 33BHCHMOCTH o t nepBOH3qaabHOH T eM n epaTy­
pbi 3a T op a. E c a « 3Ta T eM n epaTypa H B aaaacb 18 — 20°, t o cnOKOHHuS
158
n ep n o a 6po>KeHHa n poaoa>K aeTca OKoao 12 qacoB. n o c jie T o ro KaK
T eM n ep aT yp s noaHHMeTca a o 27— 28°, HaqHHaeTca raaB H oe öp ojK e-
HHe, KOTOpoe no BHeuiHHM npH3HaK3M (HHTeHCHBHocTb h HanpaBJie-
HHe aBHJKeHHa pacTB opa, KoaHqecTBo neHU h ee BHa) MoaceT Bbiraa-
aeTb pa3JiHiiHO. r ip n xop om eM , 3aöp0B0M BHae öpojKeHHa B biaeaaio-
iUHHca b öoabiu oM KOJinqecTBe h noaHHM3ioiUHÖca y ra e K H c a u ä r a 3
npHBoaHT 6 p a * K y b asH K eH H e. C ß epxy BHaHO, KaK n oß ep xH O crau e
cjio h 6p a » K H n ep eaß H raioT ca H3 c t o p o h u b CTopoHy ( « ö p o a a T » ) ,
3 t o aBaeHHe h n ocayjK H ao n oß oaoM ä jih HanMeHOBaHHa B cero n p o ­
u ecca 6p o *eH H eM . H a noßepxHocTH n oaB aaeT ca neHa H3 aceaTOBaTO-
ö e a u x ny3bipeH, coaep>Kaui,Hx apoJKJKeBue KaeTKH.
B n ep n o a ra a B H oro 6po?KeHHa nponcxoaHT SHeprHMHoe npeBpa-
meHHe M aabT03u b cnnpT. B u a e a a e T c a T en ao, h pacTBop H eoöxo-
aHMO oxaaH caaTb, m o ö u coxpaHHTb onTHM aabHyio T eM n epaTypy
(2 7 ,5 ° ). TaaB H oe öpoaceHHe n p o a o a * a e T c a b TeqeHHe 20— 24 qacoB
npn TeM n ep aT yp e 27— 29°.
ü o c a e n e p n o a a 6yp H o ro ßpoaceHHa HacTynaeT T p e r a i n ep n o a — -
a o 6p a *H ß a H H e, b o BpeMa K o ro p o ro nponcxoaHT O K O H ^TeabH oe o c s -
xapHBaHHe aeKCTpHHOß h aoßpajKHBaHHe ocT aab H oro KoannecTBa
rai0K 03u . XloßpascHBaHHe aJiHTca 24 — 36 qacoB npn TeMnepaType
25— 27 .
K o r a a ß ö p o a a m eM pacTB ope c o a e p x a H H e cnnpTa aocTH rH er
5 % , pa3MH0JKeHHe apoJKJKefi n peK p aiu aeT ca. O aH aK o HaKonHBuiHeca
apo>K}KH npoaoa^K aioT * H T b , h KOHueHTpauHH cn n pTa b 6pa«£K e a o -
x o ä h t a o 7— 1 0 % . n p H KOHueHTpauHH cn n pTa b 11% *H 3 H e a e a -
xeabHoCTb a p o jK K e ft noaHOCTbK) n peK paiu aeTca.
Bpom eH H e c^HTaeTca 3 aKOHqeHHUM, eca n b TeueHHe 4 qacoB He
H a ö a io a a e T c a 3aM eTHoro yMeHbiueHHa coaepjK aH H a H ecß p oK eH H u x
BeiuecTB h 3 a M e ™ o ro yBean^eHHa coaep staH H a cnnpTa.
B n p o u ecce cöp axH B aH H a c s x a p HHKoraa He Hcqe3aeT H3 pacTBo-
pa noaHoeTbK): b 6pa?KKe B cera a ocT aioT ca Hec6p o * e H H u e c a x a p a r
aeKCTpHHU ß KOJiHMecTße a o 1 a Ha 100 m a ö p a x K R .
B nocaeaHee BpeMa a a a c 6pa?KHBaHHa naTOKH, cyab(J)HTHUx m e-
aoKOB h ap yrH X c a x a p n c T u x pacTBopoB, a TaKJKe K p a x M a a n cT u x 3a-
TopoB HanHHSioT npHMeHaTb n oayH en pepu B H bie h H en pepu B H u e
M eT oau .
n o a y H e n p e p u B H b ie M eToau 33KaK>«i3iOTca b tom , mto n p ou ecc
ra s B H o ro 6p o * e H H a npoßoaH Tca HenpepuBHO, t . e. 6e3 pa3rpy3KH
ö p o a n a b H u x »ish o b (6p3?KKa nepejiH B aeTca H3 o a H o ro qaH3 b a p y -
r o fi) a n p o u ecc a o 6p a*H B aH H a nepHoanqecKH. r ip n sto m coK pa-
iu aioTca cpoKH 6p o * e H H a 3a cqeT ycTpaHeHHa n e p n o a a B 3 6 p a *H B a -
HHa h MeHbiueft a a H T ea b H ocra ra a B H o ro ß p o ^ e H u a . 3 a e c b H eoßxo-
äk m o npHMeHeHHe aHTHcenTHKOB, TaK k s k HMeeTca ß o a b u ia a B03-
MOJKHOCTb 3aHeceHHa nOCTOpOHHHX MHKp00pT3HH3M0B. ‘
B H enpepuB H U x M eToaax Bce CTaaHH öpoJKeHna ocym ecTBaaioTCH
HenpepuBHO. n p o u e c c p acq a eH a eT ca Ha O TaejibH ue 3Tan u , K a x a u f l
H3 k o t o p u x n poßoaH Tca b O TaeabH u x a n n a p a T a x . 3aTop n ep ean -
BaeTca H3 o a H o ro c o c y a a b a p y r o fi.
 n o jiy q e H H H f t n o c jie cöpaJKHBaHHsi MyxHbifi pacTBop Ha3faiBaeTC5i XHM HqecKaa oqHCTKa 3aKJiioqaeTCH b o 6p a 6oTKe cn n pTa-cbipu a c jia -
6pa>KK0H. CocTaB öpajKKH oqeHb cjicwKem. I I o m h m o ocHOBHoro npo- ÖblM paCTBOpOM MapraHUOBOKHCJIOrO K3JIHH ÄJIH OKHCJieHHH ajibÄ erH ­
f ly KTa — sfH jio B o ro cnn pTa, b hch coaepjKaTCH MHorHe Ä p yrH e B em e­ ÄOB h HenpeÄejibH bix coeÄHHeHHH h pacTBopoM iu ejio q n ä jih OMbiJie-
cTBa — n o ö o u H H e n pO Ä yK T bi n p o u e c c a , a TaK>Ke o ö p a 3 0 B a B ix iH e c H b HHH CJIOJKHblX 3(})Hp0B H yÄ3JieHHH k h c jio t. 3aTeM cbipeu neperoHHeTCH
pe3yÄbTaTe napajiJieJibHo n p o T e K a r o iu n x caMocTOHTejibHHx X H M n qe- Ha neperoH H bix a n n a p a T a x , ycT p oöcT B o KOTOpux ÄOCTnrjio BecbMa
c kh x peaKUHH. . ^ ö o Ä b in o ro coBepuieHCTBa. TaKHM 06pa30M n o jiy q a io T cnHpT-peKTH(j)H-
K p o M e STHÄOBoro cnnpTa, cpeÄH npOÄyKTOB öpoJKeHHH h 3 xo ä h tc h KaT, coÄepjKaiUHH 95,5— 9 6 ,2 % ( 06'beMHbix) cnnpTa h oqeHb HeMHoro
ÖyTHJlOBblH H aMHJIOBblÖ OIHpTbl, rJIHUepHH, HHTapHaH KHCJlOTa, npHMeceft. ä j i h nojiyqeHHH eiu e ö o jie e qn cT oro cn npTa (HanpHMep,
yKcycHbifl a^bÄerHÄ, HHamne OÄHoocHOBHbie tcap 6 0 H0 B bie k h c ä o t h , äjih BOÄoqHbix H3Ä ejiH fi) peKTH(|)HKaT noÄBepraiOT noBTopHbiM n epe-
hx CÄOJKHbie 3(J)Hpbi h Ä pyrH e BemecTBa. roHKaM. T a K n o jiy q a io T cnnpT Bbiciuefl oqncTKH.
O K O Ä H ii e c T B a x r j i a B H e f i m n x B e m e c T B , c o Ä e p > K a iu H X C H b 6pa>K K e, Be3B0ÄHbifi ( a 6coÄK)THbiß) cnnpT neperoH K ofi b oäh m x pacTBopoB
ÄaeT npeÄCTaBJieHHe T a ö jin u a 10, noÄyqHTb Hejib3H, TaK KaK cnnpT c b o ä o h o 6 p a 3 y io T a3eoTponH yio
T a 6 ji h u a 10
CHCTeMy: cM ecb H3 9 5 ,6 % cnnpTa h 4 ,4 % b o ä h (n o B e c y ) BbiKHnaeT
rjiaBHefiuwe B em ecTBa, o S p a s y io m n e c H npn c im p to b o m SpoxetutH rjiK)K03bi
npn TeM n epaType 78,15° (Hepa3ÄeJibHO KHnniuaH c M e c b ). Ilo K a
TeMne­ b neperoHHeM ofl >khäkocth C0Äep}KaTCH h cnnpT h b o ä 3 , 6yÄ eT nepe-
paTypa KojiHqecTBo b
.Na Ha3BaHHe ®opMyjia Kwne- 2 Ha 1000 mji roHHTbCH b n epB yio o q ep eÄ b cM ecb s t h x BeiuecTB.
[HHH °C öpaKKH
Hepa3ÄeJibHO KHnHiueä cm cch He nojiyqaeTCH npn neperoH K e n o a
1 STHJIOBblH CIlHpT c h , c h 2o h . 78,3 70— 100 r jiy 6oKHM BaKyyMOM (0 ,0 5 2 5 a r a ), ho s t o t MeTOÄ HeyÄOÖeH ä jih npo-
2 FjIHUepHH CH 2OH — C H O H — CH 2OH 290 5 -6 MblUIJieHHOrO HCn0JIb30B3HHH.
3 H30aMHJI0BbIH CnHpT C H 3— CH — C H a— CH 2OH 132,1
] 0,194— npHMeHeHHe Harnes MeTOÄ TpoÜHbix, Hepa3ÄejibHo KHnniuHx cMe-
1 | — 0,207
CH, cefi. K peKTH(J)HKaTy Ä o 6 aBÄHeTCH 6eH30Ä. n p H n eperoH K e TaKoS
4 BTOpH^HO — ÖyTHJl-KapÖH- C H 2O H — C H — C H 2— C H 3 129,4 cM ecn c n a q a ^ a o t x o ä h t nap, coÄepjKaiUHH 18,5% (B ecoB bix) s th jio b o -
HOJI I ro cn n pTa, 7 4 % 6eH30Äa h 7 ,5 % BOÄbi. C sthm napoM y x o ä h t b c *
3ch
5 H306yTHJIOBbIH CnHpT C H 3— C H — C H 2OH BOÄa, a 3aTeM neperoHHeTCH a 6 coÄK)THUH (6e3BOÄHbifi) cnapT.
108,1 0,068— 0,072 AßcojuoTHbiH aTHÄOBbiö cnnpT npeÄCTaBÄHeT c o 6 oh npo3paqH yio
CH3 97,2 0,018— 0,021
6 npOnHJIOBblä cnnpT
öecußeTHyio KHÄKOcTb c o cneuH<})HqecKHM 3anaxoM h octpmm, K r y -
c h 3— c h 2— c h 2o h 20,8
7 YK cycH bift aJibaerna C H ,— CHO qnM BKycoM. O h *a Ä H o npHTHrHBaeT boäY h3 OKpy>KaK)iueH cpeÄH,
' 8 H m apH aH KHCJlOTa H O O C -C H o -C H a -C O O H Rna- — qeM h oö'bHCHHeTCH ero oßjKHraioiuee ÄeHCTBHe Ha CÄH3HCTbie o 6 oäo>i-
BHTCH
npn kh noÄoeTH pTa h jKejiyÄKa. Oh ÄeäcTByeT KaK hä Ha >KHBbie cym ecTB a
182° H HBJIHeTCH n0.3T0My XOpOUIHM aHTHCenTHKOM. npn CMeilIHBaHHH
cnnpTa c boäoh nponcxoÄHT CHjibHoe pa3orpeBaHHe cMecn h yMeHb-
BbiÄejieHHe h oqHCTKa cim pTa
iueHHe oöijeM a: 50 o 6T>eMHbix qacTefi: 6e3B0ÄH0ro cnnpTa h 50 qacTefl
K a k ö b ijio yk a3aH O , coÄep>KaHHe a m n o B o ro cnnpTa b nepeßpoÄHB- BOÄM ÄaiOT npH CMeuiHBaHHH 96,4 o 6T>eMa; C0Äep>KaHHe cnnpTa b
uieM p a c T B o p e (b 6 pa>K K e) cocTaB JiH eT 7— 10% 0 6 'beM Hbix. B b iÄ e jie - TaKOH CMeCH öyÄeT 5 1 ,9 % 06'beMHbix. CMecn cnnpTa c boäoh HMeiOT
HHe e r o np0H3B0ÄHTCH nyTeM neperoHKH 6 pa>K.KH b cneunajibH bix 6 pa- MeHbiHHH yÄejibHHH Bec, qeM BOÄa, npnqeM onpeÄeJieHHOMy yÄ ejit-
roneperoH H bix a n n a p a T a x ÄOBOJibHO cjio>KHoro ycTpoftcTBa. ü p « sto m - HOMy B ecy cMecn cooTBeTCTByeT onpeÄeÄeHHbifl npoueHTHHfi cocTaB h
n ojiyqaroT cnnpT-cbipeu, t . e. JKHÄKOCTb, coÄep>K am yio 8 8 % ( 0 6 'b eM ­ T eM n ep aT yp a KHneHHH. H a stom 0CH0BaH cnocoö onpeÄeÄeHHH coÄßp-
Hbix) CnnpTä h n p H M ecn BbicüiHX cnnpTOB (cHByuiHbie M a c jia ) h neKO- ÄaHHH KOÄHqecTBa cnnpTa b cM ecn c boäoh npn noMOiua cneuna^bHO
T o p b ix KOjinq'ecTB ajibÄerHÄOB, scJjhp'ob, a TaKJKe MeTHJiOBOro cnnpTa OTrpaÄyHpOBaHHHx cnnpTOMepoB. (H ajiH qn e b cMecn cnnpTa c b oä oh
(He 6 o j i e e 0 ,1 3 % ). . Ä p y rn x BemecTB, KOHeqHO, HCKamaeT noK33aHHH cnnpTO M epa.)
C ym ecTB yroT ö p a r o n e p e r o H H b ie annapaTbi, BHÄeJiHioiUHe cH B ym - KaqecTBeHHofl peaKUHeft Ha STHÄOBbifl cnnpT h b ä h ctch hoäO(J)op-
Hbie M a c jia h Ä a io iU H e 94— 95-npoueHTHbiH cnnpT-cbipeu. CnnpT-cbi- MeHHan peaKUHH: 0Öpa30BaHHe k p h c t 3ä ä h k o b H0Ä 0(J)0pMa n pn Ä efi-
peu MOJKeT HCn0JIb30BaTbCH ÄJIH TeXHHieCKHX u e jie ö (b npOH3BOÄCTBe ctb h h fioÄ a b iu ejioqH oß cp eÄ e (H eoöxoÄH M o OTMeTHTb, qTo 3T y peaK-
c H H T e r a q e c K o r o K ayqyK a, ä jih CJKnraHHH b r o p e jiK a x , b KaqecTBe pac- UPK) ä 3 io t TaKJKe aueTOH, ajibÄ erH Ä H h HeKOTopue Ä p y rn e B em ecT B a ).
T B op n T ejiH ir tT- ä -) . a TaK>Ke noÄBepraeTCH o q n c T K e c u e jib io n o jiy q e - STHJIOBblH cnnpT HBÄHeTCH Ba^HeHUIHM npOÄyKTOM, UIHpOKO HC-
HHH CIIHpTa-peKTH(J)HKaTa. noÄb3yeMbiM b npoMbiuiÄeHHOCTH h b öbiTy. O h noTpeöjineTCH ö o jie e
O^HCTKa cn u pTa-cbipu a npoH3BOÄHTCH nyTeM neperoHKH Ha peKTH- qeM b 100 O Tpacjiax H apoÄ H oro X03HficTBa. O h c ä y jk h t o ch o b h h m
c})HKauHOHHHx a n n a p a T a x c npeÄBapHTeJikHoö XHMHqecKOH oqHCTKOft. CbipbeM ä jih u e Ä o ro pHÄa xnM nqecKHx np0H3B0ÄCTB — cHHTe3 K a yq y-

l§0
11 3aKa3 JV“ 2 15 161
Ka, ÄHSTHJioBoro stjttipa, pacTB opH Tejiefi (c jio jk h u e st^n p u , x jio p o - CHByuiHHe Macjia n aHTapHaa kh cjiot3 He aBJiaiOTca b CTporoM
(|>opM), yK cycH ofi k h c jio t h . C n n p T Hcnojib3yeTCH n p n H3roTOBJieHHB CMHCJie noßoHHbiMH npOÄyKTaMH cnHpTOBoro 6 poJKeHna caxapoß. ü o ä
6e3ÄbiM Horo n o p o x a , HCKyCCTBeHHOrO rnejiKa, b nap(|)iOMepHH, JiaKO- CHByiUHHMH M3CJI3MH nOHHM3IOT CMeCb CnHpTOB — H303MHÄOBOrO,
K pacoqH oö npOMblUIJieHHOCTH, jiHKepo-BOAoraoM np0H3B0ACTBe, (J)ap- BTopH^HO-ßyTHÄKapÖHHOÄa, H3o6yTHJioBoro H nponnjiOBoro h hckoto-
MaueBTH^eCKOH npOMblUIJieHHOCTH. pbix KOÄHqeCTB yKCyCHOH, MaCJIHHOH, KanpOHOBOH H KanpHÄOBOH KHC­
TeOpeTHMCCKH H3 KaJKÄblX 100 KZ rJIK)K03bI flOJIÄHO OÖpa30BaTbCH JIOT H HX 3(J)HpOB. yKa3aHHbie CnHpTbl 0Öpa3yK)TCa H3 3 MHHOKHCJIOT,
51,14 k z (6 4 ,8 a ) cnnpTa (cqH Taa Ha 6e3BOÄHbm), aH 3 100 k z K p a x ­ B03HHKai0IUHX B CBOIO OqepeÄb npH pa3ÄOÄeHHH paCTHTeÄbHblX 6 eJI-
M ajia — 72 a cnnpTa. Ha npaKTHKe n o jiy q a io T 60— 65 a , t . e. o k o jio kob h ÄpOÄJKen npn ÄeficTBHH (J)epMeHTOB, coÄepJKaiunxca b Äposc-
80— 9 0 % o t Teop era^ecK H B03M 0XH0r0. E c jih cqH Tatb, mto KapTO- » a x . CxeM y npouecca mojkho H3o6pa3HTb Ha npHMepe 06 p a 30BaHna
4>ejib c o a e p K H T b cpeaHeM 2 0 % K p axM ajia, to , 3HaqnT, cpe/iHHe b h - H303MHÄ0B0T0 cnnpTa H3 ÄefiuHHa:
x o ä h cnnpTa H3 100 k z KapTO(|)ejia cocTaBJiaioT n paK raqecK H Ha 3aB0-
Ä a x 11 — 13 a (cHHTaH Ha aöcoju oTH H n c n n p T ). CH3— CH— CH 2— CH— C 0 0 H + H 20 NH3+ C 0 2+
I I
üoSOHHbie npO^yKTbl H OTXOäW CHg NH2
a — a M H H o H 3O K a n p o H 0B a a
yrjieKHCJibifl ra3 (ÄByoKHCb y r jie p o Ä a ) b tb x h o Jior HqecKOm cMbic/ie K H C J lO T a H J IH J ie ft H H H

HBjiaeTCJi TaKHM JKe o ch o b h h m npoayKTOM, KaK h s th jio b h h cnnpT. Ha + C H 3— C H — C H ,— CH2OH

K a ^ Ä t ie 100 k z c a x a p a (rjiK )K 03bi) o6pa3yeTCH 48,86 k z y r jie K n c jio r o I
ra3 a. CH 3
H a KpynHHX 3aBOÄax HMeioTca cneunajibH bie ycTaHOBKH ä jih B 3 0 3 M H JlOBblÖ C IlH p T

yjiaßjiHBaHHH ä b y o k h c h y r jie p o A a . H 3 öpoÄHJibHbix qaHOB ee HanpaB-

JIHIOT B CÖOpHHKH (ra3rOJIbJ],epbl), npOMblBaiOT BOÄOH, O^HIUaiOT npn C H B y m H o e M acÄO H c n o Ä b 3 y e T c a b BHÄe C M ecn (H a n p H M e p , npn
noMom,H aKTHBnpoßaHHoro y r jia , pacTB opa MapraHUOBOKHCJioro K ajina onpeÄejieHHH JKHpa b MOÄOKe), a TaKJKe m ojkct öbiTb p a 3ÄeÄeHo n e p e -
n CJKaTHeM c noM om bio KOMnpeccopoB crym aiO T b >KHÄKOCTb, KOTOpaH ro H K o fi Ha H H ÄH B H ÄyajibH bie c n n p r a . H 3 3 t h x cnnpTO B n o Ä y q a iO T
HaKa^HBaeTCH b CTajibHbie öajuioH bi h n ocT yn a eT norpeÖHrejiHM . cjio>KH bie stjjnpbi, K O Topbie y n o T p e Ö Ä a iO T c a b K a q e c T B e p a c T B o p H T e ^ e fi
n p n OTKpbiBaHHH BeHTHJiH öajuiOHa BbiTeKaiom aa C TpyfiKoä ÄJBy- h HÄyT Ha npnroTOBjieHHe jiaKOB h acceHUHÖ. H 3 ä s y x o c h o b h u x
O K n c b yrjiep O Ä a TepaeT TaK MHoro T en jia Ha n p o u ecc ncnapeH na, qTo 3MHH0KHCJI0T noÄOÖHbiM 0Öpa30M nojiyqaioTCH ÄßyxocHOBHbie khcjio-
3acTbiBaeT b noÄCTaBjieHHOM-cocyÄe b C H eroo6pa3H yio M accy, H3BecT- t h , H an pH M ep H H T ap H aa:
Hyio n oÄ Ha3B3HHeM c y x o r o jibÄ a, KOTOpbiö TaK rnnpoKo HcnoJib3yeTca
ÄJia. u e jie fi o x jia Ä Ä e H H a b nnm eB ofl npoMbiinjieHHOCTH n b Ä p y r n x 06 - HQOC— CH 2— CH3— CH— C O O H ~~NHi)’ ~~CQ2
jia c T a x . K p o M e t o t o , ÄßyoK ncb y r jie p o Ä a H cnojib3yeTca p KaqecTBe I + o 2
H cxoÄ H oro npoÄ yK Ta b HeKOTOpbix opraH H qecK nx cHHTe3ax. nh 2
r jiy T a M H H O B a a K H c jio T a
H 3 noöoqH U X npOÄyKTOB b ß o jiee 3aMeTHbix KOJinqecTBax n o jiy -
qaiOTca rjiHuepHH n yKcycH bin ajibjiem ji. HOOC— CH 2- C H 3— COOH
06pa30B aH H i0 rjinuepH H a cn ocoöcT B yeT iu ejioqH aa cp eÄ a h Ä ° 6 aB- H H TapH aa K H c jio T a

jieH n e b ßpoÄHJibHbin pacTB op cepiiHCTOKHCJioro HaTpHH. E c jih npn

HHTapHofi k h c ä o t h o6 p a 3 yeT ca okojio 0,5— 0,7% , k Becy cö p o -
oßbi^HOM cnnpTOBOM öpoaceHHH rjinuepHH o 6 p a 3 yeT ca b KOJinqecTBe
ÄHBinero c a x a p a .
2— 3 % , cuHTaa Ha c 6poxceHHHÖ c a x a p , t o b npHCyTCTBHH cepHHCTO-
OcTaTOK o t ßpajKKH n ocÄ e o tto h k h H3 Hee cnnpTa Ha3biBaeTca
KHCÄoro HaTpna BbixoÄbi e ro ä o x o ä h t ä o 2 3 % o t TeopHH. ypaB H eH ne
ß a p Ä O H . O Ha c o c t o h t H3 91— 93% b o ä h h 7 — 9% c y x o r o o era T K a ,
peaK u nn 06p a 30BaHna rjinuepH H a b oöm eM BHÄe m ojkho H3o6pa3HTb
B COCTaB KOToporo BXOÄHT UeHHbie KOpMOBbie a30THCTbie H JKHpOBbie
CÄeÄyiomHM oöp a soM : BemecTB a.
C6H 130 6+ N a 2S03- f H aO -> C8H80 8+ C 2H 40 .N a H S 0 3+ N a H C 0 , B ce cocTaBHbie qacTH 6 apÄbi, 3 a HCKJiioqeHHeM uejuiiojio3H, noÄ-
r jiH u e p H H 6 H c y j i b 4 >H T H oe coeAH H eH H e
yn cycH o ro a jib A e m A a HOCTblO yCBailBaiOTCH JKHBOTHbIMH, nOSTOMy 6apÄa HBÄHeTCa UeHHUM
3 to HanpaßjieHHe n p o u ecca 6po>KeiiHa ncn oÄ b3yeTca b npoM bim - kopmom. HeÄOCTaTKOM 6apÄbi KaK KopMa aBJiaeTCa Ma^aa KOHueH-
ÄeHHOCTH Ä ^ a nojiyqeH H a rjinuepHHa. TpauHH b Hen TiRTaTejibHbix BemecTB; nroöbi n o jiy w T b ÄOcraToqHoe
B iu ejio q H o n c p e Ä e n p o n c x o Ä a T cjieÄ yrom H e p eaK u n n : nnTaHHe, ähboth m m npnxoÄHTca npHHHMaTb mhoto b o ä h , a s to BpeÄ-
ho OTpaJKaeTca Ha 3ÄopoBbe jkh both oto, a HHorÄa h npocTo HeÄony-
2 C 6H l20 6+ H 20 ^ 2 C 0 2+ C 2H S0 H + C H 3C 0 0 H + 2 C 3H803
yK C ycH a» kh c- r cthmo. (KoHeqHo, napaÄJieÄbHo c 6apÄoß jkhbothhm ÄaioT n cyxne
jio t ü
KopMa.) noßbicHTb coÄ epsoH H e nnTaTejibHbix BeiuecTB (c y x o ro

162 11* 163

OCTaTKa) b 6 ap,ne mo>kho nyxeM ee 4>HJibTpoBaHHH h BbicyuiHBaHHH.
OHJibTpoßaHHeM b o c o ö b ix a n n a p a T a x o r a e m io T x n a x y i o qacTb o t
uiejiyxH . <&HJibTpaT ynapaß aiO T a o oöpasoBaHHH ry c T o ä Maccbi, k o to -
p y io CMeuiHBafOT c m ejiyx o H h BHcyuiHBaiOT. TaKHM 0Öpa30M n o jiy -
q a io T c y x y io 6 a p Ä y c BJia>KH0CTbi0 10% h c coaep>KaHHeM 35— 3 7 %
330THCTbix BeiuecTB. T a n a a 6 a p M h b -m ctch BecbMa ueuHbiM kopmom.
H H oraa CKOTy CKapMJiHBaiOT h MeHee KOHueHTpnpoBaHHyio 6 apny
c coßepJKaHHeM cy x o ro o c r a m a b 30— 3 5 % . E e nojiyqaioT y^aJieHHeM
3H3 qHTejIbHOH qaCTH BOflbI H3 CyXOH Öapflbl nyTeM (|)HJIbTpaUHH (ko-
He^HO, npH stom xepniOTCH pacTBopeHHbie b BO^e nHTaTejibHbie Be­
m ecTBa).
B 3 aKJnoqeHHe mojkho OTMeTHTb, qTo c SKOHOMHqecKOÖ to^kh 3pe-
HHH npOH3BOÄCTBO CnHpTa H3 nnmeBOTO CbipbH HBJIHeTCH H eu ejiecooö-
pa3HbiM. f l . H . MeHAeJieeB 6 h ji npaB, K o r^ a roB opn ji, qTo «x jieÖ H o e
BHHOKypeHHe, othhm3h nniuy o t JiKweii, « a e T ee ckot3M b ncnopqeH -
hom B H fle» h «HCTHHHbiM ycn exoM BHHOKypeHHH» HBJIHeTCH nojiyqeH H e
cnnpTa H3 HennmeBoro CbipbH.
B ^HpeKTHBax no mecTOMy nHTHJieTHeMy njiaHy X X cbesÄ napran
nocTaBHJi sa a a q y nojiHOCTbio npeKpaTHTb Hcn0Jib30BaHHe nnmeßoro
cupbH b np 0H3B0ÄCTBe cnHpTa äjih TexHHqecKHX uejiefi.
nHBOBAPEHHE ^ —
OcHOBHue XHMHqecKHe npoueccbi, HM eiom ne mccto npH npoH 3Boa-
CTBe nHBa, Te JKe caMbie, qTo h npH np0H3B0ÄCTBe sth jio b o to cnnpTa
H3 KpaxMajiHCTbix BemecTB. H o TaK KaK u ejib io nHBOBapeHHoro npoH3-
BOACTBa, B npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOCTb CnHpTOBOMy npOH3BOÄCTBy, HBJIHeT­
CH He nojiyqeH H e onpeÄejieHHoro BemecTBa, npnqeM no bosmojkhocth
b HanöoJiee ^hctom BHÄe, a HanHTKa, b kotopom 06 H3 aTejibH 0 coÄep-
jkhtch cMecb BemecTB, t o sth npoueccbi äoh ojihh iotch ÄpyrHMH h b
uejiOM ohh ö o jie e pa3H00Öpa3HU.
3 t o p 3 3 H 0 0 Ö p a 3 H e o ö y c jio B J iH B a e T c n n p e ^ a e B c e r o cjio k h h m
XHMHqecKHM cocTaBOM 3epHa — ochobhoto HCXoflHoro n p oa yK T a äjih
nojiyqeHHH nHBa. XHMHnecKHö cocTaB 3epHa 33bhcht o t c o p x a , n p o n c -
X05KÄ6HHH H KJIHMaTHqeCKHX yCJIOBHH npOH3p3CT3HHH TOrO HJIH HHOTO
3jiaKa. B cocxaB 3epHa HqMeHH, Hanßojiee qaQTo ynoTpeßjifleM oro b
np 0 H 3 B 0 Ä C T B e n H B a , b x oä h t C JieÄ y ioiu H e B e m e c T B a ( b c p e Ä H e M b %
k Becy 3 ep H a):
b o ä s .................................. 14,5 KJieTqaTKa ...........................5
KpaXMaj i ............................. 54,0 MHHepajibHue BemecTBa . 2,5
ßeJiOK .................................. 9,5 nporae 6e3a30THCTHe h skc-
j k h p ....................................... 2,5 TpaKTHBHue BemecTBa . . 12,0
KpoM e Toirö, b cocTaB 3epHa b x o ä h t b Heßojiburax KOjiHqecTBax
ryMMHo6 pa 3 HMe, neKTHHOBbie, ÄyÖHJibHbie h ropbKHe BemecTBa. npH
C0Äep>KaHHH Bjiara MeHtme 10% 3epHo xepneT cboio >KH3Hecnoco 6 -
HOCTb.
164
Pa3ÖepeM npoueccbi npOH3BOÄCTBa nHBa b toh nocjieaoBaTejib-
HOCTH, B KaKOH OHH OCymeCTBJIHIOTCH Ha npOH3BO£CTBe.
IlpHroTOBjieHHe cojiOAa
iKaqecTBO cojio^a HMeeT peuiaioiuee 3H3qeHne äjih npHÄ3 HHH nHBy
HeoßxoÄHMHx cbohctb: BKyca, UBera, ctoh kocth , netiHCTOCTH, co^ep-
JKaHHH 3KCTpaKTHBHbIX BemeCTB H T. Ä-
n p o u e c c npHFOTOBjieHHH 3ejieHoro c o jio a a onncaH b pa3Äejie o
np0H3B0Ä‘CTBe cnnpTa (CTp. 148). B nHBOBapeHHOM np 0H3B0ÄCTBe
3ejieHHH cojioä no^BepraeTCH ÄonojiHHTejibHoft oßpaßoTKe.
n o OKOHqaHHH cpoK a npopacTaHHH c o jio ä BbicymHBaeTCH. H,ejibio
cyuiKH HBjiaeTCH y ja jie H H e HeKQTopHX cneuH(l)HqecKHX 3 a n aYr»p
CTBeHHbix 3ejieHOMy c o jio fly , npHg a H He eMy GojibmeH c to h k o c x h npn
xpaH eH inir r"a_TaK}Ke HaKonüeHHe HeK0T0pbix a p o M a ra b ix n _KpacHmHX
BemecTB, oöpaSyKJLUHl.cH ~ Ije a y jib fa T e XHMHqecKHx n pou eccoB , n po-
Hcx©Ä5jmnr njTw“cyuiKe.
CyUIKa npOH3BOflHTCH B OCOÖblX BepTHKajIbHblX KaMepaX B JXBa hjih
Tpn s T a x a , Ha3biBaeMbix cojiOÄOcyuiHJiKaMH, hjih OBHHaMH. 3 t h Ka­
Mepbi neperopoJKeHbi flByMH hjih TpeMH ropH30HTajibHHMH peuieT^a-
thm h neperopoÄKaMH h CHaöjKeHbi HarpeBaTejibHbiMH npHcnocoßjie-
hhhmh (nenn, KajiopH(|)epbi, T p y 6 b i). H a peiueTKH HacbinaeTcn cojioa
cjiohmh TOJimHHOH 15— 30 cm, KOTOpblH MexaHH^ecKH nepe^aeTCH C
BepXHHX pemeTOK Ha HHJKHHe. CHH3y BBepx qepe3 peuieTKH n p o ^ y -
BaeTCH noflorpeTbiH B03flyx.
TeM nepaTypa Ha n epB oi, BepxHefl, pemeTKe okojio 30°, a Ha no-
cjieflHeö, HH*Heft, o k ojio 75°. n p n Bbirpy3Ke cojioMa KaMepa oxJiasi-
iiaeTCH h cojioä, nocTynußiuHH Ha ocBoöoziHBmyiocH h h ä h ioio pem eT­
Ky, TaKJKe oxjiaiKAaeTCH ä o 32°. S^ecb oh nocTeneHHo nporpeßaeTCH
ä o 75— 80°. H epes KaatÄbie 12 nacoB s t o t uhkji (oxJia>KÄeHHe h no-
CTeneHHbift noÄ'fceM TeMnepaTypbi) noBTopneTCH, TaK ^ to Ha KajKÄofi
pemeTKe cojioä H 3xoähtch b TeqeHHe 12 qacoB, npaqeM oh Bce BpeMH
MexaHHqecKH nepeMeuiHB3eTCH.
CyuiKa cojiüÄa HBjineTCH oähoh H3 BaJKHefimHx cTaÄHä np0H3B0Ä-
CTBa, TaK KaK KaqecTBO cojiOÄa onpeÄejineT KaqecTBO h BKyc nHBa.
n p n noBbiiuem iu TeMnepaTypbi (npH cyuiKe) h npn yÄajieHHH BJiarn
b npopocmeM 3epHe nponcxoÄHT 3HaqHTejibHbie H3MeHeHHH. B jia K -
HocTb cojioR a nocxeneHHo yM eubmaercn o t 45 a o 4 % . Oh H3MeHHer
cboö oöiieM, Bec, uBeT, 3 an ax h BKyc.
B H aqajie b 3epHe npn noBbiuieHHH TeMnepaTypbi HHTeHCHBHO hä>’T
pa3ÄHqHbie ^epMeHTaTHBHbie npoueccbi: KpaxMa.Ti npp.RpajiiaeTpg r ^
caxap, HaqHHaiQT pacm enjigTbca ßejiKH. h o fip a.^veTr.a HeKPTopnp v n -
JIHqeCTBQ aMHHOKHCJIOT. a TaKHCe MOrVT TH7ID0JIH30BaTbCH JKHpM H
>K H ponoÄ o6Hbie Bem ecTBa ( HanpHMep. (|)oc-4>aTHnbi,>. n p n noBbiineHHH
TeMnepaTypbi ä o 70° 4>epMeHTaTHBHbie npoueccbi npeKpamaiOTCH, ho
3aTO ycHJieHHo nponcxoÄHT peaKUHH B3aHMOÄeflcTBHH Me>KÄy npoÄyK-
TaMH pacnaÄa yKa3aHHMx c j io ä h h x BemecTB — MQHOcaxann7iaMHT
aMHHOKHCJIOTaMH H OPraHHqeCKHMH KHCJIOTaMH. B pe3yjIbTaTe sth x
peaKUHÖ H Oßp^3yiOTCH BKVCOBbie H KPaCHHIHe BemeCTRa o KOTOpHX
165
ynoM H H ajiocb Bbirne h KOTOpbie onpeÄeJiaiOT KaqecTBO nHBa. Ba^KHoe
3HaqeHHe hmciot (j)H3HK0-XHMHqecKHe H3MeHeHHa yrjieBOÄOB h öejiKOB
3epHa. HacTH^HaH K o s ry jia u n a öejiKOBbix BemecTB n p M a e T cojiO Äy
Heo6xoÄHM yro npoqHocTb, ho ö o jib iu o e KOjraqecTBo kojijiohäob (ö e ji-
KOBaH cieKJioBHflHocTb) He>KejiaTejibHO, TaK n a x 3aTpyÄHHeT Äajib-
HeßniHe onepauHH c cojioäom.
ripn cyu iK e SHa^HTejibHO CHHJKaeTca (JjepMeHTaTHBHaa cn o c o ö -
HOCTb c o jio A a (flH acraTH qecKasi CHJia).
A n n a p a T b i a jih cyuiKH cojiO Äa MoryT öbiTb pa3 jraqH oro ycTpoftcT-
Ba, OTJiuqHoro o t onncaH H oro. PejKHM cyuiKH TaK>Ke HecKOJibK©
H 3 MeHSieTC5! B 3 3 BHCHMOCTH OT COpTa npHrOTOBJiaeMOrO COJIOÄa, a CJie-
ÄOBaTeJibHO, h ot cop T a noJiyqaeMoro H3 Hero nH B a.
BbicyuieH H biö c o jio ä n ocT yn aeT b >Kejie3Hbie öapaöaH bi, r ^ e npH
nOMOIUH OCOÖblX npHCnOCOÖJieHHH «OTÖHBaiOTCa» pOCTKH. YÄaJieHHe
h x He 06 x 0ÄHM0 , TaK KaK ohh npH/i,aK)T nHBy ropbKHH, HenpHHTHbiä
BKyc *.
C o j io ä , jiHmeHHbiH poctkob, n o Ä B e p ra e T c a «BbuieJKKe» b TeqeHHe
M ecH ua. 3 a s to BpeMH n poncxoÄ H T n p o u ec cb i «Ä 0 3 p eB a H H H » cojiO Ä a:
noBbim aeTCH cnocoÖHQCTb k H a ö vxaH H io. V M eH biuaeTca x p y nKOCTb,
VBeJlHHHBaeTCfl KOJlHqeCTBO parTRnpH M M Y aan in r.T H x h MHHepaJibHUX
Bem ecTB , noBbimaeTCH KHCJiOTHOCTb, t. e. Hcqe3aiOT cneuHcjjHqecKHe
H eaocT aT K H r CBOHCTß'SHHbie cBeäKeBHcymeHHOMy cojiOÄy. Bjia>KHOCTb
cojioAa noBbimaeTCH a o 5— 6 % . Bojibinee noBbimeHHe bji3>khocth, a
TaKJKe ö o jie e HHTeHCHBHoe pa3BHTHe 4)e PMeHTaTHBHbIX npoueccoB
(<>COÖeHHO OKHCJIHTejIbHHX) He}KejiaTejIbHO.
BbuiejKaBiiiHHCH co jioä ÄaeT b ÄaJibHefimeM ö o jie e puxJibie ÄpoÖH-
Hbi, qepe3 KOTopbie jiyqrn e 4>HJibTpyeTca c y c jio .
H 3 100 kz cop ra p oB a H H oro aqMeHa n o jiy q a e T c a 75— 80 kz to to -
B oro c y x o r o c o jio fla , Bec KOToporo npn xpaHeHHH -yBejinqHBaeTca ä o
78 — 83 kz.
3aTHpaHHe
Cyxoä, BbuiejKaBiHHHCH co jioä pa3MajiuBaeTca Ha BajibUOBbix
MejibHHii,ax h noÄaeTCH 3aTeM b 3aTopHbie qaHbi, r^e CMeuiHBaeTca c
boäoh. CMecb b o ä h h cojioAa — oflHopoflHaa TecToo6pa3Haa Macca —
Ha3biBaeTca 3aTopoM, a caMbiä npouecc npHroTOBjieHna 3aTopa h e ro
BMAep*HBaHHe b onpeflejieHHbix ycjioBHHx — 3aTHpaHHeM. LIejibio
3aTHpaHua aBjiaeTca pacTBOpeHHe HMeioiunxca b cojinTTs nar.TRnpH-
M H x'BeiuecTB, OKQHqaTejibHoe (bepMeHTaraBHoe pacmenjieHHe Kpax-
alajia (öcaxapHBaHHe) h öejiKOB h H3BjieqeHHe b bqähh h par.TBop
Bcex cnocoOHbix pacTBopaTLCM BOLUeCTB "(TaK Ha3bmaeMoro SKCTpak-
T a ). TjiaBHbiMH npoueccaMH aBJiaiOTca OcaxapHBaHHe KpaxMajia noÄ
AeficTBHeM aMHJia3bi h pacTBOpeHHe oöpasyioiuH xca caxapoß.
1 Poctkh coi^epKäT okojio 30% ÖejiKOBbix BemecTB h 3H3HHTejibHbie KOJiime-
CTB3 BHT3MHH0B H HBJIHIOTCH BeCbMa nOJie3HbIM KOpMOM ÄJIH CK0T3. OHH HCÜOJIb-
3yiOTCH K3K IlHTSTejIbHblH M3TepH3JI flJIH ÄPOJK/Keü B ÄpOJKHCeBOM H CIIHpTOBOM
np0H3B0ÄCTBe, a T3Kxe äjih BbipaöoTKH uejieÖHbix BHTaMHHHbix npenapaTOB.
166
n p o u e c c 33THpaHHH npOH3BOÄHTCa CJieayiOUI,HM 0Öpa30M. Pa3MO-
jiOTbiö c o j io ä 3acbinaeTca b 3aT0pHbie qaHH, b KOTOpbie HajiHTa Boaa
H3 p a cq eT a 4 z k a b o ä h Ha 100 kz cojiOÄa.
3 a T o p H bie qaH bi npeflC T aßjiaioT co ö o fi ß o jib iu n e » e jie 3 H b ie u h -
JiHHflpHqecKHe c o c y a u c h j io c k h m hjih c jie rK a BorHyTbiM jühom . C M ec b
(3 a T o p ) nepeM euiH B aeT ca n p n h o m o iu h n p o n eju ie p H o fi Mem ajiKH. 3 a -
Top H a rp e B a e T c a b q a H a x ä o 50 — 52° n p n n oM oiun n a p o B b ix p y ö a u ie K
hjih oßorp eB aioiU H X 3MeeBHKOB, n o k otopum U H pK yjinpyeT ropa^H H
nap.
3 a i o p H axoflH Tca b 33T0pH0M qaH e oko jio q e m p e x q aco B . B T eq e­
HHe ST o ro BpeMeHH T e M n e p a T y p y 33 T opa ä o b o ä h t nocTeneH H o ao 75°
nyTeM K unaqeH H a OT^ejibHOH n o p u n n 3 a T o p a b o c o ö b ix OTBapoqHbix
KOTjiax h BJiHBaHHa ee 3aTeM b ocT ajibH yio (H eK H n am y io ) q acT b 3 a -
T o p a. TaKHX OTBapoK ÄejiaiOT o ö u q H o ^B e, a H H o ra a Tpn hjih oflHy.
npn H arpeBaH H H 3 a T o p a npOHCXOÄHT Ba?KHbie n p o u ec cb i. O chob-
hhm H3 hhx aB jia e T c a KJieftcTepH 3auH a K p a x M a jia : npn noBbiuieHHH
T eM nep aT yp bi pa3pbiB aiO Tca oöojioqK H K p axM ajibH bix 3epeH, K p ax M aji
H a ö y x a e T h o ß p a 3 y e T c a K p axM ajibH bifi K jie ö c T e p ^ B TaKOM B H je Kpax_-
M a jljY )p a 3 rrn rrprirp n n nBep ra e T C a jeHCTBHIO aMHJlä3bI. K p o M e To ro ,
n p o H c x o jH T K o a r y j i a u M O e jiK O B H x ^ e lu e c tB h pa3JinqHbie peaKUHH
MeS cay Qjj raHHqecKHMH coejtHHeHHaMH, np^BOJ^müS K uöpü5QBgHHio
K p acaiu H X H BKycOBbix B e m e c m : ~K H im q cn 'He n o qacT aM npoH3BOÄHTca
c T o tT i^ jib io , qTOöbi He yHHqTOJKHTb c p a 3 y sk th bh o cth B ceß aMHJia3bi
h Ä p y r u x (J)epMeHTOB.
i l o OKOHqaHHH 0 T B ap 0 K Becb 3aTop, H arpeTbiö ä o 70 — 75°, n ep e-
KaqHBaeTca b (JjHjibTpauHOHHHH qaH ÄJia pa3ÄejieH H a 3aTopa Ha pac-
TBopHMyio b BOÄe qacTb ( ä P o 6 h h u ) h n o q ra npo3paqHbiH pscTB op —
cycÄO.
OHÄbTpauHOHHbie qaH H npeÄCTaBJiaioT coöoh >Kejie3Hbie u h j ih h ä -
puqecKHe cocyÄ b i c h ä o c k h m ä h o m . H a Ä oöbiqHbiM ä h o m Ha p a ccT o a -
h h h 30— 40 mm o t H ero p a c n o jio x e H o jio ^ H o e ä h o b BHÄe CHTa c m e-
JieBHÄHblMH HJIH KpyrjIbIMH OTBepCTHaMH T3KOrO p33M ep3, qTOÖbl OHH
n p on ycK ajiH qepe3 c e ö a «CHÄKOCTb, h o 3aÄepa<HBajiH ÄpoÖHHbi. O c e -
Äarom H e Ha CHTe ÄpoÖHHbi 0Öpa3yi0T (JiHjibTpauHOHHbiH cjioh , qepe3
KOTOpblH (J)HjibTpyeTca c y c jio noÄ ÄaBJieHHeM c jio a jk h ä k o c th . n p o ­
u e c c (J)HJibTpauHH Ä onoÄ H aeTca npoMbiBaHHeM äPO Ö hhh ro p a q e ft b o ­
ä o h c u ejib io H3Bjieqb H3 Hee nocJieÄHne o c t 3 t k h BeiuecTB, M orym n x
pacTBopHTbca b BOÄe. Ä J ia npoMbiBaHHa ä P o ö h h ö e p e T c a noJioBHHHoe
KOÄHqeCTBO BO Äbl OT B3HTOTO ÄJia npHTOTOBJieHHa 3aTOpa.
C y c jio n peÄ C TaßjiaeT c o ö o h boähm h p acT B o p c s x a p o B , öejiKOBbix
h Ä p y r n x oprsH H qecKH x, a Taxxe h MHHepajibHbix BeiuecTB.
B a p K a c y c jia
% OT^HJibTpoBaHHoe nHBHoe c y c jio n ocT yn a eT n o TpyöaM b c y c jio -
BapoqHbift KOTeÄ, rÄ e n o Ä B e p ra e rc a KHnaqeHHio b T eqen n e Ä ß y x qacoB
B npH CyTCTBH H XMejIH.
C m m c ä npHM eneHHa XM ejia 3aKJiioqaeTca b SK C TparnpoBaH H a b
n p o u e c c e niiBOBapeHHa H3 xM ejieB bix uinm eK (jKeHCKHe coU BeTH a)
167

flyiHHCTH* rnn hK H X h nvfiH JibH H Y BeniP-CTB. np H T iaio m H X nH B V npH H T-
HblÖ rO D b K O B aTblfi BKVC H OCOÖHH a P O M a T H nO iiaB JIglO m H X p a 3BHTHe
m iÖ W T S I'H H U iM O B r T . ' e. nPenHTCTBVIOIIIHX B0 3 HHKHQBeiIHK) n o c r o p 0 H-
H iR TüH H O B 6 po>KeHHH (K p o M e jo c H O B H o r o c n H p T O B o ro ,
fllü rü c llu M o m b iö Ä p ö H ä K e H 5T X M e J ib , K p o M e t o t o , y B e jra u H B S e T n eH O -
CTOftKOCTb H CTOHKOCTb n H B a npH X p aH eH H H , a T 3 K>Ke
M e p e o ö y c jio B J iH B a e T O K p a c K y n H B a . r i p n K H nnqeH H H yHHHTOJKaiOTCH
4 >epM eHTbi h TaKHM o 6 p a 3 (>M ÄOCTH raeTCH n o jr a a n C TepH jiH 3 aijH H c y c ­
jia . OqeHb B 3 >KHbIM OÖCTOHTeJIbCTBOM HBJIHeTCH CB epg& IBaH H e (KOary-
j i h u h h ) öejiK O B npn K H nnqeH H H , K O TO pbie 3 aT eM yÄ ajiH io T C H b B H Ä e
x jio n b e B H Ä H o r o o c a f lK a . K o a r y jiH U H H öejiK O B y ji y q u ia e T B K yc h i i b c t
n H B a h c n o c o ö c T B y e T ÄOCTHJKeHHio n p 0 3 p a q H 0 CTH. K p O M e t o t o ,
KH nnqeH H H y ^ a jin e T C H 3 H a q H T e jib H o e K O JinqecTBo b o ä h
0 6 XOÄHMO ÖbljIO BBOÄHTb ÄJIH Jiy qm e H npO M blB K H Ä p O Ö H H b l)
HaBJiHBaeTCH C T a t m a p r a a H K O H ueH T p au H H c o c T a B H b ix q a c r e f t n H B a .
X mcjih KJiaaeTCH o t 100 ä o 500 z Ha 1 zk a cycjia ( o t 0,8 ä o 1,5 kz
XMejia Ha 100 kz c o jio fla ) b 3aBHCHM0CTH o t copTa nHBa. XMejib Kjia-
fleTCH OÖbiqHO nopn,HHMH B HecKOJibKO npHeMOB
BapKH.
Ilo c J ie BapKH XMejib h qacTb CBepHyBuiHXCH npH BapKe ÖejiKOB
' OTÄejiHK)T nyTeM npouejKHBaHHH ro p n q e ro c y c jia qepe3 XMeJieBOH ne-
ÄHJibHHK — UHJiHHÄPHqecKHH c o c y Ä c OHTqaTHM ä h o m . H p o n ym eH H o e
qepe3 x M ejieoT Ä ejM T ejib c y c jio HacocaMH nepeKaqHBaeTCH Ha xo jio -
ÄHJIbHbie T a p e jIK H ÄJIH OXJia*ÄeHHH.
OTBapeHHoe c XMejieM nHBHoe cy c jio npeÄCTaBJineT c o ö o h c jio jk -
hvkd noJlHÄHcnepcHyio k o jijio h ä h y io cHCTeMy, b KOTopoä h m ciotch h
MOJieKyjinpHo pacTBOpEHHBie“BHn,ecTBa (rjiaBHbiM 00pa30M c a x a p a ).
BciM 9Tä 'cMecB Bemec’m, 9KCTpiü'HpÖBaHHbix b o ä o h fite c o jio ä s h xMe-
JIH, HOCHT H33BaHHe 3KCTpaKT3. CyCJIO COÄepJKHT OT 11 ÄO 20%
3KCTpaKT3. CoCTaB SKCTpaKTa cy cjis Bbip3JK3eTCH CJieÄyromHMH TOC-
jiaMH:
I. ynieBOÄbi:
a) c w p a a M ajibT03a (M a jib T 0 3 a , rJiioK osa, (J)pyK T03a)
6) c a x a p o 3 a ................................................................................................................. 5 ^ 8 %
b) .................................................................................................................................... 2 — 4 %
r) ÄeKCTpHHbi................................................................................... 18— 26%
II. Cupoä 6 e J i O K ..............................................................................................................4 — 6 %
III. 3ojia ................................................................................................o k o jio 2%
K p o M e yKa3aHHbix BemecTB, b c y c jie coÄepJKaTcn ropbKHe k h c jio ­
t h , CMOJIH H3 XM eJIH (X M e jie B b ie CMOJI b l) , ÄyÖHJIbHH e Bem ecTBa, He-
3HaqHTeÄbHbie KOjraqecTBa acJwpHHX Maceji H3 XMejiH, ryMMHOÖpa3-
HHX BemecTB H HH 03H T 3.
n p H OXJiaKÄ6HHH CyCJIO OÖOramaeTCH KHCJIOpOÄOM (H3 B 0 3 Ä yx a ) ,
KOTOpHH HeOÖXiÖÄHM B Ä3JIbHeHUieM ÄJIH p33BHTHH ApOJKJKefl, a TaKJKe
0CB0Ö0*ÄaeTCH' o t HeK0T0pbix BemecTB, h axoÄHin,HXCH b rop aqeM
c y c j i e b o B3BeuieHHOM cocto h h h h h oceÄ3K>mnx npH oxjia>KÄeHHH. 3 t o
rjiaBHbiM 0Öpa30M öejiKOBHe BemecTBa.
168
\
XojiOÄHjibHbie TapejiKH npeÄCTaBjinioT coöofl njiocKH e npHMO-
yroJibHbie >Kejie3Hbie cocyÄ bi n jiom a Ä b io o t 30 ä o 130 m 2 c 3aKpyr-
jieHHHMH ö o k o b h m h CTeHKaMH BbicoTofl 20 — 35 cm. 3aiu,HTOH * e j i e 3 a
o c y m e c T B ji a e - OT K0pp03HH HBJIHIOTCH OTJIOJKeHHH Ha ÄHe H CTeHKaX, TaK Ha3HBae'-
MblH nHBHOH KaMeHb.
B HeKOTOpOÖ B oäh om H3 y r jio B T a p e jiK H HMeeTCH O TBepcTH e ä jih cä h b sh h h c y c -
Jia, OTCTOHHblX Macc H npOMblBHblX BOÄ.
C y c jio cjioeM b 20 — 30 c m h 3 x o ä h tc h Ha TapeJiKax o k o jio Ä ß yx
qacoB, noKa oh o He oxjiaÄHTCH ä o 60°. I lp n sto m ÄOJiJKHa öbiTb o ö e c -
neqeH a ÄOCTaToqHan aapaitfiH noBepxHOCTH c y c jia , qTo ÄOCTHraeTCH
o ö b iq iio npocTo xopouiHM npOBeTpHBaHHeM noMemeHHH.
npn IlHBHoe cy cjio c TeMnepaTypoß HHJKe 50° npeÄCTaBJineT coöofl
(K O T o p y io H e- ÖJiaronpHHTHyK) epeÄy ÄJIH pa3BHTHH pa3JIHqHbIX MHKpOOpraHH3MOB,
n yC T a- HajiHqne k o t o p h x m o jk c t BH3BaTb nocTopoH H ee öpoHieHHe h ncnop-
THTb nHBo. M t o ö h H3Öe>KaTb s t o t o , He0 ÖX0ÄHM0 oxÄ3ÄHTb cycjio no
B03M0XCH0CTH ÖbICTpO H B HaHÖOJiee CTepHJIbHHX yCJIOBHHX. itoSTOMy
0K0Hq3TejibH0e 0XÄ3*ÄeHHe cycjia ä o HaqajibHofi TeM nepaTypn öpo*
B npOÄOJIJKeHHe JKeHHH npOH3BOÄHTCH B TaK Ha3bIBaeM bIX OpOCHTeJIbHblX XOJIOÄHJIb-
HHK3X.
O pocH TejibH bie x0Ä0ÄHJibHHKH npeÄCTaBjinioT c o ö o fl coopyjKeHHe
2 — 3 M BHCOTOfi H 2 — 5 M ÄJIHHOH, COCTOHLUee H3 ö o jib n io ro KOJIHqe-
cTBa MeÄHbix T p y ö ÄHSMeTpoM b 5 c m . B H yTpn no TpyöaM HHpKyjiH-
p y eT xojiOÄHan b o ä 3 . C ß e p x y H3 }KejioÖ 3 c mcjikhmh OTBepcraHMH
jibeTCH c y c jio , KOTOpoe oMbiBaeT nocjieÄOBaTejibHO Bce T p y ö n o t Bepx-
Hefi ÄO HHJKHefl (npHHHHn npOTHBOTOKa). ripOHÄH OpOCHTejIbHyiO CH­
CTeMy, c y c jio oxjia>KÄaeTCH ä o 3 — 4°, h b TaKOM BHÄe oh o t o t o b o ä jih
CÖpa*HBaHHH ’ .
CöpajKHBaHHe c y c jia
H 3 opocHTejibHbix xojiOÄHjibHHKOB cy c jio ojiHBaeTCH no TpyöaM B
qaHbi ÄJIH ÖpOJKeHHH.
Xhmh 3m h TexHOJiorHqecKHe npuHUHnbi npoueccoB öpoJKeHHH onw-
. . . . 60— 68% caHbi b r^aBe o np0H3B0ÄCTBe cnnpTa.
OCHOBHbIM npoueccoM npH CÖpa>KHB3HHH CyCJI3 HBJIHeTCH T3K>Ke
cnHpTOBoe 'öpojKeHHe caxapoß. KpoM e t o t o , npn stom nporeKaioT h
Ä p yra e npoueccbi. B pe 3yjibT 3re 3T-oro pe3Ko H3MeHHeTCH cocTaB cycjia.
h oh o npeBpamaeTCH b nHBo.
B KaqecTBe B osöyÄH Tejiefi cnHpTOBoro ÖposceHHH b nHBOBapeHHH
TaKJKe npHMeHHioTCH ÄpoJKJKH. H a 1 z k a c y c jia 3aÄaeTcn b cpeÄHeM
0,5 A ÄpOHOKefi BbICOKOH KOHIieHTpai^HH.
B npaKTHKe pa3JiHqaioT Äße c tb ä h h öpoJKenHH — rjiaBHoe öpo»ce-
HHe h ÄOÖpaÄHBaHHe. rjia B H o e ß p o ^ eH H e np0H3B0ÄHTCH b o t k p h t h x
öpaÄHjibHbix qaHax npn TeMnepaType 5— 10° h npoÄOJi*aeTCH b re-
1 Bo H 36e»<aH H e BHeceHHa HH(J)eKiiHH Ha HeKOTOpbix 3aB O Äax oxjia a cÄ eH H e
c y c jia n p 0 H 3 B 0 Ä »T n p n n oM om n pa3JiH«iHUx npH cnocoöJieH H H b 3 a K p b iT u x p e 3 e p -
sya p a x.
169
’qeHne 6 — 10 cyTOK b 3aBHCHM0CTH o t KaqecTBa c y c jia (rjiaBHbiM 06 - 3aKpbIBaiOTCH KpHUIKaMH C npHOIOCOÖJieHHHMH ÄJIH OTBOAa yrJieKHC-
pa30M o t KOHueHTpauHH b HeM c a x a p a ). j i o r o r a 3 a. H eM H oro Bbinie ÄHa qaH a HMeeTCH OTBepcTHe ä j ih cn ycK a
B H a v a jie 6 p o *eH H H b 1 m a c y c jia coÄepjKH Tca o k o jio 1 mjih. MOJiOÄoro nHBa, a Ha ÄHe — o T B ep cra e ä jih yÄajieHHH Ä p oa oK eß .
Ä p o iK Ä eB b ix KJieTOK, a b k oh u c 6 po>KeHHH, K o m a 3 aK 0 HqHTCH pa3- no 0K0HqaHHH rjiaBHoro öpojKenHH nojiyqaeTCH MojioÄoe nHBo,
M HO*eHHe ÄpoJKJKefi, o k o jio 3 mjih. em e He r0T0B0e k ynoTpeßjieHHio. äjih OKOHqaHHH npouecca 6poKe-
flp o u e c c 6 po?KeHHfl conpoBoJKflaeTca BbiÄejieHHeM Tenjia, noaTOMy
KHÄKOCTb p a 3 orpeBaeTCH. T lpn HH30B0M ^ p o * e H H H ^OnyCKaeTCH no-
BHUieHHe TeM nepaTypbi äo 9— 10°. Cycjio H exoT op oe BpeMH Bbi^ep-
-ÄHBaioT npn MaKCHMajibHoä TeM n epaType, a 3aTeM nocTeneHHO TeM­
n e p a T y p y noHHHcaioT npn noMoin,H Tpyß qaTbix xoJiOÄHJibHHKOB, noMe-
meHHblX BHyTpH 6 pOflHJIbHbIX qaHOB.
IIp H ö p o *e H H H nponcxoÄHT He TOJibKO 06pa30ßaH iie cnnpTa, h o h
a p y r n e xHMHqecKHe npou eccbi, a TaK>Ke dj}H3HKO-XHMnqecKHe H3 MeHe-
HHH BO BCeft KOJIJIOHÄHOH CHCTeMe CyCJia. PaCTBOpHMOCTb XMejieBblX
CMOJI H 6ejiKOBbix BemecTB noHHJKaeTCH, h ohh K oaryjiH pyroT c o ö p a -
soBaHHeM neHbi h ocaÄK a. O öpasoB aH H e neHU CBH3aHO c BbiÄejieHHeM
ny3bipbKOB yrjieK H C jioro ra3 a. CTOHKOCTb neHbi noBbim aeTCH 6 jia ro -
aaDH nnwcvTHTRHio fio jib in o ro KOJimecTBa neH 006pa30B af£jieH , k o to -
p ^ T r a p n a m T ^ B a nt,fiyMQ3bl. lleillU H H , rOpbKHe BeiH,eCTBa XMejiH,
neKTHHOBbie BemecTBa? ’ ~ ' ~~
T a r a e B em ecTBa, Ka,K s t h j i o b h h cnnpT, cjioJKHbie a ^ n p u , Bbicm ne
cnnpTbi h jieT y q n e k h c j i o t h , H ao ö op o T , npenHTCTByiOT neH 00Ö pa30B a-
hhk) ( h b j ih io t ch neH o racH T ejiH M H ).
H a n a jib H o e c y c jio HMeeT p H = 5 , 3 — 5,6, a MOJiOÄOe nHBo 4,2— 4,6.
KHCJIOTHOCTb BO BpeMH ÖpOJKeHHH yBejIHTOBaeTCH npHÖjIH3HTejIb-
h o b 10 p a 3 3 a cqeT oöpa30BaHHH opraH H qecKH x k h c jio t (MOJioqHan,
HHTapH3H H Ä p .) H pe3KO CHHHCaeTCH COÄepjKaHHe SKCTpaKTHBHHX Be­
m ecTB (HanpHM ep, c 11,5% b HaqajibHOM c y c jie ä o 4 ,2 % b nnBe Ha
m ecTbie cyTKH 6 p o:*eH H H ).
CnnpTOBOMy ö p o ^ e H H io con yTcrayiO T n pou eccbi rHÄpojiH3a 6eJi-
k o b c 0Öpa30BaHHeM 3MHHOKHCJIOT, rjiaBHbiM o ö p a so M JiefiuHHa H
H30JiefinHHa, npn ÄeKapßoKCHjrapoBaHHH h Äe3aMHHHpoBaHHH k o t o -
,pbix no cxeM e
R - C H (N H 2 ) - C 0 0 H + H 20 -> R — CH 2 0 H + N H 3 + C 0 2
P h c . 5'3. 3ai<pbiTbift 6poanjibHbift iia n .
n o jiy q a io T COOTBeTCTßeHHO H30aMHJI0BbIH CnHpT H BTOpnqHO-ÖyTHJI-
1 — naTpy6oK ?uia npHeMa cy c jia ; 2 — naTpyöoK ajih cn ycK a 'ro-
KapÖHHOJi. TaKHM * e nyTeM nponcxoÄH T npeßpam eH H e h Ä p y rn x to b o ö 6 p a *K H , npoMMBHtix boA H Bnycna napa; 3 — naTpyöoK
AJIH OTBOAa yrJieKHCJioTbi; 4 — jiiok a jih yAaJienHH y rjieK h cjioth
•aMHHOKHCjioT b cooTB ercTB yfom n e Bbicmne c n n p r a . npn Moitee qaHa; 5 ~ jiiok a ^ * ocMOTpa h Ae3HH4>eKu,HH HaHa;
n y T e M ae3aMHHHpOBaHHH aMHHOKHCJIOTH npeBpamaiOTCH B Kapßo- 6 — TepMOMeTpbi; 7 — npo6nue KpaHbi.
HOBbie KHCJIOTH. COBMeCTHOe npHCyTCTBHe cnnpTOB H KHCJIOT npHBO-
ÄHT K 0Öpa30BaHHI0 CJIOJKHblX 3(|>HpOB. TaKHM 0Öpa30M C03ÄaeTCH hhh h ocBeuieHHH M0Ji0A0e iihbo nepena^HBaeTCH b orpoM H bie MeraJi-
xapaK TepH biö apoM aT ( 6 y K eT ) nHBa. JiHqecKHe 3 a K p H ra e cocyÄ H (t 3 h k h ) , HaxoÄHiUHecH b TaK Ha 3H Bae-
BpoflH jibH bie qaHbi pa3MemaioTCH b 6p0ÄHJibH0M n o flß a jie — qn c- mom jiarepHOM n oÄ ß ajie. E m k o ctb t3 h k o b 700 — 1400 z k a , 3 Ä ecb nHBo
tom cyxoM noMemeHHH c x o p o m e fi BeHTHjiHUHeö. T eM n e p a T y p a B0 3 - BijjÄepJKHBaeTCH npH TeM n ep aT yp e 1— 2° b TeqeHHe 21 — 90 cyTOK b
Ä y x a b HeM ri,©ÄÄep>KHBaeTCH o k o jio 6 — 8 °. 3aBHCHM0CTH o t cop T a nHBa (^ H ry ^ e B C K o e — 21 cyTKH, jieHHHrpaÄ-
BpoÄHJibHEie qaHbi npeÄCTaBjinioT c o ö o h OTKpbiTbie n,HjiHHÄpnqe- cK oe — 3 M ecH u a). B s to h c t 8äh h MeÄJieHHo Ä o 6 pa*H B aioTC H H eöojib-
CKHe h jih npH M oyrojibH bie c o c y A H b h c o t o h o k o jio 2 m , H3roTOBjieHHbie iu ne KOjraqecTBa c a x a p a , nnßo ocßeTÄHeTcn h H a cn m a eT cn yrjieKHC-
H3 ÄepeB a, M eTajuia hjih ßeTOHa, eMKOCTbK) o t 25 ä o 300 z k a . ^laHbi JlblM ra30M.

170 171
 M o jio Ä o e ii h b o coAepjKHT 0 ,2 % yrjieKHCJiOTH, a rcxroBoe 0,35 — kom. O h o n oM oraeT nnm eßapeHHio, HBJiHHCb xopouiHM SM yjibraTopoM
0 ,4 0 % . nHmH, cn ocoöcT B yeT npaBHjibHOMy oÖMeHy BemecTB h noBH iuaeT 06 -
B y n e T ycHJiHBaeTca, h iih b o n p n o6 p eT 3 eT cboh x ap aK T ep H U H BKyc. iuhü TOHyc opraHH3M a qejioB eK a.
ro T O B o e iih b o n o T p y ö a M nepejiHBaeTCH b p33JiHBoqHoe OTAejieHHe,
rje oho npn noM om n cneunajibH bix MauiHH pa3JM B aeTca b öotoh hjih H cn0Jib30B aH H e n o S o iH b ix npOÄyKTOB
ßyTHJiKH. Pa3JiHB nHBa n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H i^ n o A TeM >Ke ÄaBJieHHeM, KaKoe
ö h j io B TaHKe, m t o ö h He noTepHTb yrjieKHCJiOTbi. T e M n e p a T y p a TaKJKe yjiaßjiH BaH H e AßyoKHCH y r jie p o A a . r ip n rJiaBHOM 6 po>KeHHH oß p a-
ne AOJIJKHa pe3K0 H3MeHHTbCH. 3yeTCH öoA b iu oe KOJiHqecTBO a b y o k h c h y rjie p o A a , KOTopyio HieoßxoAH-
Pa3JiHB nHBa conpoßOJKAseTca e r o 4>HJibTpau,Hefi a jih AOCTHJKeHHa mo yjiaBJiHBaTb h Hcn0Jib30BaTb. yjiaßjiH B aH H e AByoKHCH y rjie p o A a
a o jijk h o h CTeneHH np03paqH0CTH. O n jib T p au H H np0H3BOAHTcn TaK m e T p eß yeT npoßeAeHHH n p ou ecca 6 p o * e H H a b aaKpbiTbix qaH ax. H c c jie -
n o A ÄaBJieHHeM n p n no M om n p aM H H x (})HjibTpoB. B KaqecTBe (})HJibT- AOBaHHa noKa3ajiH, qTo 3aKpbiToe 6 po>KeHHe He O T p a ^ a eT ca Ha
p y io m e ro M a re p H a jia npHMeHHioT oqHiueHHyio xjionqaTo6yM a>K H yio KH3HeAeaTejibHOCTH ApoJKJKefi. B p oK eH H e npoTeK aeT HopMajibHO, h
M accy h acöecT . nocjieA H H H , BbiriojiHHH p o jib (})HJibTpa, aißJiaeTca em e n o jiy q a e T c a x o p o m e e nHBo.
H XOpOUIHM aACOpßeHTOM. n p H (J)HJIbTpaiI,HH 3aAepJKHBaiOTCH pa3- M aH H 3aK pbiT oro ö p ox eH H H CHaö>KaiOTca KpbiuiKaMH c npH cn oco 6 -
jim iib ie qacTuiibi, HaxoAHBuiHecn b nHBe b o B3BemeHH0M c o c to h h h h jieHHaMH A Jia o tb o ä 3 r a 3 a (T p y ß n c K p aH aM n ). yrJieK HCJibifl ra 3 n p o -
(ApOJKJKeßHe KJieTKH, qaCTHUbl ÖejiKOB H XMejieBHX CMOJI) H HeKOTO- n y cK aeT ca n p n noM om H KOMnpeccopOB q e p e s C K py66epbi ( u h jih h a P h -
pbie BHCOKOMOJieKyjiHpHbie B e m e c r e a (HanpHM ep, a30THCTue OKpa- secK H e c o c y A b i), H an o jin eu H H e k o k co m h o p o m ae M b ie b o ä o h . llp o M b i-
uieHHHe B em ecT B a). C o c T aB nHBa HecKOJibKO H3MeHHeTCH h o c jia ö - t h 5 TaKHM 0Ö pa30M ra3 HsnpsBJiaeTca b ra3 ro Jib A ep , a o rr y A a q e p e s
jineTCH e r o oK pacK a. CMOAOOTAeAHTeJib Ha oqHCTHTeJibHyK) ß a T a p e io , c o c T o a m y io H3 k o jio -
fljiH y jiy qm eH H a KaqecTBa nHBa Ha 3aBO A ax np0H3B0AHT em e HOK, H3 KOTOpHX OAH3 OpOmaeTCH 1-npOUeHTHbIM pacT B opoM Mapr3H-
AonoJiHHTejibHoe nacbim eH n e e ro yrJieKHCJioTofi. 3 t o t n p o u ecc H33bi- UOBOKHCJioro KajiHH ä jih yA ajieH H a npH M ecefi opraH H qecK H x Bem ecTB,
BaeTCH Kap6oHH3auHeö h np0H3B0AHTCH oöbmHO AB a p a3a: 1) no Ä p y r a a b o a o h , 3 ocTajibHibie 3anojiH eH bi x jio p h c th m K aJibuneM ä jih
OKOHqaHHH rjiaB H oro öpojKeHHH n ep eA n ep eK sq K oä b jia re p H H ii TaHK ocym KH ra3 a h aKTHBnpoBaHHHM y ra e M a jih aA CopöuH H n a p o B o p r a -
h 2 ) n ep eA pa3JMBOM. H h o t ä s Kap6oHH3auHH ocymecTBJiHeTcn h Ha HHqecKHX Bem ecTB . I lo c J ie oqHCTKH AByoKHCb y rjie p o A a H aK aqH BaioT
A p y r n x CT3AHHX np0H3B0ACTBa. n p o u e c c Kap6oHH3auHH 3 aKjnoqaeTCH B CT3JIbHbIe ÖajIJIOHbl, TAe OH3 C>KHMaeTCH AO JKHÄKOrO COCTOHHHH H B
b nponycK aH H H yrjieK H C jioro r a 3 a toh kh m h CTpyÖKaMH b o x j i a * A e H - TaKOM BHAe n ocTyn aeT b npoA3JKy. H s k s jk ä h h reKTOJiHTp BbinycKae-
noe nHBo, H axoAnm eecH noA ÄaBJieHHeM. M oro nHBa m ojkho nojiyqH Tb o k o jio 2 k z a b y o k h c h y rjie p o A a .
B TOTOBOM nHBe coAepJKHTcn o k o jio 90% boah , 3 ,5 % cn n pT a, 4—
6% 3KCTpaKTHBHbix Bem ecTB H 0 ,3 5 % yrjieKHCJiOTbi. H cn0Jib30B aH H e nHBHbix A p o% % eü
rjia B H y io qacTb SKCTpaKTa cocTaßjiaiO T yrjießOAbi. 3 t o AeKCTpHHbi,
M3JIbT033 H He3HaMHTejIbHbie KOJIHqeCTßa neHT03. K p o M e T o ro , B nHBe B n p o u ecce nHBOBapeHHH nojiyqaeTCH ßoJibmoe KOjiHqecTBO Ä p o * -
HaxoAHTCH ryMMHo6pa3Hbie Bem ecTBa, n eH rosaH H h npoA yK TH K apa- HCeBOH Maccbi, T. e. >KHBbIX H OT}KHBmHX ÄpOHOKeBblX rpHÖKOB B cMecn
MejiH3auHH yrjieBOAOB. A30T-c0Aep>KaiuHMH BemecTBaMH nHBa hb­ C ÖejIKOBbIMH H ÄpyrHMH 0pr3HHqeCKHMH BemecTBaMH, OCeBIUHMH H3
jih io tc h ßejiKH h npOAyKTbi h x rHApojiH3a — ajib6vM 03bi. nenTQHH, nHB3. H a 1 z k a roTOBoro nHBa noAyqaeTCH npHMepHO 2 k z jk h ä k h x
3MHHOKHCJIOTH, a TaKJKe HeKOTOpOe KOJIHHeCTBO'tOjieÖ aMMOHHH. Äpy- ApOÄJKefi.
«H1MJ1 UpTTTBHqeCKHMH BemeCTBclMM, BXOÄHLU,HlVl'n B "cOCiaB llMBa, iiB- nHBHbie ApoaoK H öoraTbi BHTaMHHaMH (ocoöeH H o rpyn n b i B h D )
JIHIOTCH AyÖHJIbHbie, TOpbKHe H KpaCHmHe B em ecTB a, TAHUepHH (0 ,2 — H HBJIHIOTCH nOJie3HHM nHTaTeJIbHbIM H UeJieÖHHM npOAyKTOM. O t -
- t),3 % ) h k h c jio t h : Md aoqH aa, HHTapHaa, m aB ejiPR aa u HfinogTraa. npeccoBaHHbie, n p O M H T H e h noAcym eH H H e apo>k>kh Hcn0jib3yi0TCH
Ü H T a T ejib H an ueHHOCTb" nHBa TTöycJioBjiHB'^eTCH H a jim n e M cn n pT a AJia HenocpeACTBeHHoro noTpeßjieHHH HacejieHHeM.
(k o t o p h h n o q r a uejiHKOM OKHCJineTCH b opraH H 3M e qeJioßeKa a o C O 2 H 36 HToqHbie KOjinqecTBs Ä p o ® *e B O H m s c c h 6 e 3 oqHCTKH b noA -
h H 2O ) , yrjieBOAOB h ÖejiKOBHX BemecTB. SKCTpaKTHBHbie Bem ecTBä cymeHHOM BHAe h a y t Ha kopm c k o ty .
ycßaHBaioTCH 0praHH 3M 0M qejioßeK a n o q r a nojraocTbio. B HTore 1 a
nHBa A aeT o t 400 k k ü a a jih c b c t ji h x c o p t o b nHBa h a o 800 k k ü a AJia n O J iy H E H H E yK C yC H O H K H C J IO T b l
TeMHbix (n o p t e p ). (C y T o m a a n oT p eßn ocT b qejioB eK a 30 0 0 —
35 00 k k ü a .) ‘1 "
(yKcycHOKHCJioe ßpoiK eH H e)
B jia ro A a p n coAepJKaHHio yrjieK H C jioro ra3 a, HeßojibiUHX k o jih - y K cy cH a n k h c j io t s o th o c h tc h k q n c jiy BaÄHeHiuHx nnm eB H x k h c ­
qecT B STHjioBoro c n n p T a , pa3JiHqHHX SKCTpaKTHBHbix B em ecT B h BHTä- jio t .
B KaqecTBe npoAyK Ta CKHC3Hna b h h 3 OHa H3BecTHa qejiOBeKy c
MHHOB nHBO HBJIHeTCH npHHTHblM H nOJie3HbIM OCßeJKaiOmHM HanHT- caM oä rA y ö o K o ß ApeBHOCTH h AOJiroe BpeMa 6 h ä 3 eAHHCTBeHHOH' H3-

172 173
BeCTHOH OpraHH^eCKOH KHCJIOTOH. C yKCyCHOH KHCJIOTOH CBH3bIBajIOCb.
nOHHTHe O KHCJIOM BOOÖIUe, T. (V^BCHKaH KHCJIOTHOCTb Oß-bHCHHJiaCI»
H ajin raeM y K c y c a . O TCKwa npOH3om jio h Ha3BaHHe « y K c y c » o t rp e*
q e c K o ro cjio ß a « o k c io c » , *ito sHa^HT k u c a u ü .
E m e bo BpeMeHa ajiXHMHKOB OHa öb ijia nojiyqeHa cyxofi neperoH-
koh ÄepeBa (ÄpeBecHbifi y K c y c ). B KOHueHTpnpoBaHHOM BHÄe OHa
6 biJia nojiy^eHa b 1700 roÄ y CTajieM; xHMHMecKHfi cocTaB ee
6biJi ycTaHOBÄeH b 1814 to ä Y BepuejinycoM. OHa 6buia nepBOH
op raH H qecK oö k h c jio to h , noJiyqeHHofi ch rtc th tc c k h (KoJib-
6e, 1845).
Y K cy cH a fl KHCJlOTa uiH poKo BCTpeqaeTCH b n p n p oÄ e: b pacTeHHHX
B CBOÖOä HOM BHÄe H B BHÄe COJiefi H 3(J)HpOB; B BblÄeJieHHHX JKHBOT-
h h x — Mo^e, JKejwn, H cnpa*H eH H H x; OHa qacTO o6pa3yeTCH npn
THHeHHH H ÖpOJKeHHHX, CBH3aHHbIX C OKHCJIHTejIbHbIMH npOUeCCaMH, H
BCTpenaeTCH b kh c jio m m o jio k c , cw p e, nporopKJioM M acjie h Ä p y ru x
H ecBe^H X npoÄ yK Tax.
CHHTeTHqecKHMH cn ocoß aM n nojiyqeHHH y K cycH o ä KHCJioTbi hbjih-
K)TCH: 1) OKHCJieHHe 3THJI0B0r0 CÜHpTa KHCJIOpOÄOM B03Äyxa H 2 ) no-
jiyqeH n e H3 a u era jieH a n o peaKUHH K yqepO B a q e p e 3 au eTajibÄ ernÄ -
3HaMHTejibHbie KOjmqecTBa TexHHqecKofi yKcycH oft k h cjiotm n o jiy -
qaioTCH nyTeM c y x o fi neperoHKH A e p e s a (c r p . 21) h cöpa>KHBaHHeM
JKHÄKOCTefi, coÄep>KauxHx cnnpT.
3 th m nocjieÄHHM nyTeM n o jiy q a io T rjiaBHbiM oöpa30M nnmeBOH
y K cyc, t . e. BOÄHbie pacTBopbi y K cy cn o fi k h c jio th , coÄepJKam ne He-
6ojibuiH e KOJinnecTBa Ä p y r n x BeiuecTB (c n n p r a , ajibÄerHÄbi, a ^ H p n ),
npHAaiom Hx nmueBOMy y K c y c y HeKOTOpne AonojiHHTejibHbie BKycoBbie
KaqecTBa.
CöpajKHBaHHe STH jioßoro cnnpTa b yK cycH yio KHCJioTy np0H3B0-
ä h tc h p a 3 JiHMHbiMH BHÄaMH (o k o jio 20) aspoÖHbix öaK T ep n ö H3 ce-
MeficTBa A c e to b a c te r . X h m h 3 m n p o u ecca 3 aKjnoqaeTCH b o k h cjich h h
cn npTa k h cjio p o ä o m B 03Äyxa:
C H 3— C H 20 H + 0 2 -> C H 3C 0 0 H + H 20
E cTb 0CH0B3HHH n o jia ra T b , ■qTo n p o u ecc HÄeT qepe3 n p 0 Me>KyT0 H-
H yio CTaÄHio 0Öpa30BaHHH y K cy cH o ro ajibÄerH Äa.
JXflH HCU0JIb30BaHHH ÖpOJKeHHH B npOH3BOÄCTBeHHbIX UejIHX H eoö-
x o ä h m o HMeTb ßaKTepHH onpeÄ ejieH H ofi pacbi n co3ÄaTb onTHMajibHbie
yCJIOBHH ÄJIH HX HCH3HeÄeHTejIbH0CTH.
BaKTepHH, cnocoÖHbie c ö p a x n B a T b s th jio b h h cnnpT b yK cycH yio
KHCJioTy, BCTpenaioTCH b npHpOAe b o B cex n p oÄ yK T ax, coÄ ep jK a m n x
c a x a p , o c o 6 eHH0 Ha njiO Äax h b pa3JiHHHHx pacTH TejibH H x coK ax. H o
ä jih np0H3B0ÄCTBa y K c y c a n cn ojib 3 yioT He s t h ÄHKHe ßaKTepHH, a qn-
cTbie KyjibTypbi öaK Tepn ä. TaKHMH KyjibTypaM H h b jih io tch ncK yccT-
BeHHO BblBeÄeHHbie HOBHe pacbl, HJIH UITaMMbl, MHKpOÖOB, paÖOTaiO-
iu n e ö o jie e HHteHCHBHO b hyjkhom HanpaBJieHHH, n epeH ocnm ne
ö o jib u in e KOHueHTpauHH cnnpTa n k h c jio th n CBoöoÄHbie o t Ä p y rn x
MHKp00praHH3M0B, MOryiUHX BH3B3Tb HexeJiaTeJIbHHe XHMH'ieCKHe
n p ou eccH .
174
J],jisi HHTeHCHBHoft h HanpaBjieHHofi b }K ejiaT ejib H yio CTopoHy A e n -
TGJIbHOCTH M'HKpOOpraHH3MOB HX HyjKHO OÖeCneHHTb HeOÖXOÄHMHMH
nHTaTejibHHMH BemecTBaMH. yKcycHOKHCJine 6aKTepHH He M oryT
pa3BHBaTbCH Ha cy ö c T p a T e , coAep>Kam eM TOJibKO s t h jio b h ö cnnpT:
He0 6 x 0ÄHM0 HajiHqne nHTaTejibHbix opraH H qecK nx BeiuecTB ■— yrjieBO-
Ä'OB, 330THCTHX COeÄUHeHHH H MHHepaJIbHblX COJiefi. H 3 MHHepajIbHblX
c o jie fi oönqH O Hcn0Jib3yi0T cyjib(})aTbi h KHCJine (JjoctJjaTbi KajiHH,
KajibUHH H }K ejie33.
yßeÄHHeHHe KOHueHTpsuHH cnnpTa b 6 poAHJibHofi cpeÄ e BpeÄHo-
0T3HB3eTCH Ha JKH3HeAeHTeJIbHOCTH ÖaKTepHH. MaKCHMaJIbHbIM npe-
ÄejiOM KOHueHTpauHH cn n pTa ä jih ßojibuiHHCTBa öaK Tepn fi HBJIHeTCH-
8 -1 0 % .
HeKO TO pne b h ä h öaK Tepnfi npeKpam aiO T cb oio ÄeHTejibHOCTb npH
KOHueHTpauHH cnnpTa b 5 % , a HeKOTOpne b h h o c h t KOHueHTpauHH
ä o 15% .
yK c y c H a n KHCJlOTa n o M epe ee HaKonjieHnsi OKa3biBaeT Ha ßaKTe-
pnn eiu e ö o jie e y ra e T a io iu e e ÄeficTBne, qeM cnnpT. B ep xH u e rpaHHUbi
ÄonycTHM bix KOHueHTpaunfi jiejK aT ä jih pa3H H x b h äob ßaKTepHft b,
n p e A e jia x o t 2 ä o 1 0 % . jH p yrn e k h c jio th , a T 3 K>Ke iuejio^H ÄeficT-
ByioT eiu e ö o jie e OTpnuaTejibHbiM 0ßpa30M.
BpeÄHblM HBJIHeTCH T 3 K Ä e npHCyTCTBHe B ennpTe SHa^HTeJIbHblX
KOÄHHecTB CHByuiHbix M aceji.
OnTHM ajibHofi T eM n ep aT yp ofi h b jih b tch 32 — 34°.
KOHueHTpauHH KHCJiopoÄa, H eoßxoÄH M oro ä jih n p o u ecc3 ß p o s c e '
hhh, He HMeeT cyiuecTBeH H oro sHa^eHHH. O ßbi^H o H cnojib 3 yioT B03Ayx,
KOTOpblH ÄO JI*eH COnpHKacaTbCH C ÖpOÄHJIbHbIMH paCTBOpaMH n o B03-
MOJKHOCTH Ha ÖOJIbUiefi nOBepXHOCTH.
n o TexHOjiornqecKOM y odjjopMjieHHio cn o co ö b i npOH3BOÄCTBa yK cy-
C3 ÄeJiHTCH H3 Äße rp y n n H — MeAJieHHbie h CKopbie.
n o cT ap o M y (MeÄJieHHOMy) c n o c o ö y H3r0T0BjieHHH y K cy ca h c x o -
ÄHT H3 K3KHX-JIHÖO COKOB, COÄCpJKaiUHX C a x a p . J^JIH HX nojiyqeHHH
H cnojib3yioT p33JiHtmbie copT3 B H H o rp aÄ a, h ö jio k , snejibCHHbi; m o ä h o
T3K?Ke ynoTpeöjiH Tb 3epH3 KyKypy3bi, n w e H H , p>kh h o b c s , n p e Ä B s p n -
TejibHo noÄ B epraiH ecH ocsx ap H B aH H io . C o k C H aqajia cöpajKHBaiOT a
ßoH Kax n p n ÄOÖaßjieHHH Ä p o ao K efi, a 3aTeM b OT(J)njibTpOBaHHyio o t
H eocaxapH B ineficH M a c c n cnHpTOByio Ä H Ä K ocT b bhocht K yjibT ypy
öaK Tepnfi hjih 3aKBacKy H3 yK cy ca. iK orÄ a ÄOCTnrHyTa H y ^ H a n k h c-
JiOTHOCTb (8 — 1 0 % ) , öpoJKeHHe npeK paiuaeTC H , yK cyc (JjnjibTpyeTCH h
pa3jinBaeTCH b S y ra jiK H .
n p o u e c c öpoÄeH H H b s t o m c jiy q a e ä Jih t c h MecnuaMH.
3 t o t c n o c o ö npHroTOBjieHHH y K c y c a b Ham en CTpaHe noqTH He
HMeeT pacnpocTpaHeHHH.
CK opbifi HenpepbiBHHä c n o c o 6 nojiyqeHHH y K c y c a 3aKjnoqaeTCH
B TOM, qTO ÖpOÄHJIbHbIM paCTBOpOM OpOUiaiOT ÖyKOBHe CTpyJKKH,
HOMeiueHHbie b AepeBHHHbie qaHbi. ^ a H b i (p n c . 5 4 ) oöbm Ho H3 roTOB-
jih io t H3 ÄepeB a (jiy q rn e B cero H3 Ä y ö a ) , a HHorAa H3 >Kejie30ÖeT0Ha
C KHCJIOTOynOpHOH 4 )yTepOBKOH BHyTpH. OHH ÖblBaiOT ÄHaMeTpOM
OKOJIO 0,9 M BHH3y H 1 M BBepxy H BbICOTOH OKOJIO 2,5 M. BHH 3y
175
«M eeTCH JIO>KHOe ÄHO C OTBepCTHHMH ÄJIH CTeK3HHH y K cy ca , KOTOpufl
n o c T y n a e T A.ajiee Ha H acTonm ee ä h o h OTTyÄa coönpaeTCH b 6 a m ä jih
roTOBoro np'oÄyKTäf13 Ä e c b * e , b HHXHefl q a c r a qaH a, noÄ j i o m h m
ähom HMeioTCH oTBepcTHH ä jih noerynjieH H H CBeJKero E03Äyxa, k o to -
pbifl 3acacHBaeTCH b qaH ecTecTBeHHoft THroä h jih npn noMomn Be H-
THJIHTOpOB.
n o c jie ycTaHOBJieHHH pe>KHMa paÖOTbi qaHa CBepxy qepe3 Ä ep e-
BHHHoe c h to hjih q ep e3 OTBepcTHH b T pyÖ K ax cerH epoB a KOJieca ( ä jih
paBHOMepHoro opomeHHH CTpyjKeK) pa3ÖpH3rHBaeTCH öpOÄHjibHbifi
pacTBop. B KaqecTBe SpoÄHJibHoro pacTB opa, KOTOpufi Ha3MBaeTCH
cycjioM , ÖepeTcfl boähhh
pacTBop cnnpTa (4 % ) h
yK cycH oft KHCJIOTH ( 0 , 7 % ) ,
B KOTOpblH ÄOÖaBJIHIOTCH
MHHepaJibHbie co jih . Ha 1m 3
CTpyjKKH 3ajiHBaeTCH 70 a
3 TOPO pacTB opa B cyTKH;
T eM n e p a T y p a b qaH e (o k o ­
jio 3 3 °) noÄÄepjKH B aercfl
nyTeM peryjiH posaH H H TeM-
n e p a T y p n B03Äyxa b noM e-
meHHH 3aB0Äa. H 3 HHJKHefi
qac™ qaHa HenpepuBHO
BbiTeKaeT roTOBbiö yK cyc,
t. e. 9 — 12-npou,eHTHHÄ
pacTBop yK cycH ofi k h c jio th
c npHMecbio 0,1— 0 ,2 %
cnnpTa h oqeH b HeßoJib-
uihx KOJinqecTB Ä p y rn x Be-
„ , , meCTB (CJIOJKHblX 3d)Hp0B,
P hc. 54. HaHbi ana noJiv'ieHiM vkcvchoü khc- \ b a te r (G r . S a c c h a ro b u ty ric u m h äh G r. la c to b u ty ric u m h ä P -)-
„ otu . ajibÄerHÄOB h A P -) , y J iyq -
m a io m H X BKyc h 3 a n a x nn-
u teB oro yK cyca .
J Ijih o c b o ö o jk ä c h h h o t M y m (ocB erjieH H fl) e r o cj)HJibTpyiOT qep ea
TKaHH h cjio h necKa. n p n HajiHHHH ycToftqHBofl MyTH nocJieÄHioio
ycTpaHHioT npHÖaßjieHHeM öejiKOBbix Bem ecTB: >KejiaTHHa, öejiK a Ky-
pHHOrO HHU.a, p b löb ero KJieH — H 3aTeM <|)HJIbTpyiOT. ö p H nOHBJieHHH
3aTXJioro 3 a n a x a pacTB op 06 p a 6 aTbiBai0 T yrjieM .
npOH3BOÄHTejIbHOCTb OKHCJIHTejIbHHX qaHOB COCTaBJIHeT OKOJIO
3 kz yK cycH ofi k h c jio t h (b n ep ecq eT e Ha 100-npoueH TH yio) Ha 1 m3
CTpyjKKH B cyTKH. BblXOÄbl yKCyCHOH KHCJIOTH COCTaBJIHIOT 70— 8 0 %
Ha B3HTHH CnHpT.
O n acaH H oe np0H3B0ÄCTB0 y K c y c a npeÄCTaBJiHer c o ö o i THnnqHHH
HenpepHBHbiH n p ou ecc, h npn npaBHjibHOM p e * H M e qaHH M oryT 6ec-
nepeöoH H o p aöoT aT b MHorne t o ä h ( ä o 40— 5 0 J ie i) 6e3 3aMeHH CTpy-
*eK .
B H acTon m ee BpeMH 3t o t m c t o ä np0H3B0ACTBa 3aMeHHeTCH Ä p y -
THM, ÖOJiee nporpeCCHBHbIM — UHpKyjIHUHOHHHM MeTOÄOM, KOTOpHH
176
OTÄHqaeTca o t c T a p o r o H enpepH B H oro TeM, qTo pacTB op k h c j io t h h
c n n p T a nponycKaeTCH qepe3 CTpyjKKH bo m h o to pa3 öbicTpee. nopUHH
pacTB opa, npoÖÄH q ep e3 crpyjKKH , cHOBa pa3ÖpH3rHBaeTCH b B epxy
qaHa h npoxoÄH T qepe3 C T p y*K H , t . e. HenpepHBHo uupKyJiHpyeT.
3 T a UHpKyjiHUHH np0Ä0Ji»caeTCH ä o T e x n op, noKa KOHueHTpauHH
k h c j io t h n e ÄOCTHraeT 9— 10%, a c o A e p x a H H e cnnpTa ch h 3h tc h ä o
0,3— 0,4%. n o c j i e 3 T o ro pacTBop cjiHBaeTcn h HaqHnaeTCH h o b h ö
Uhkji. n H T aT ejib H aa cM ecb HMeeT 3Äecb h h oh cocT aß : o k o jio 1% yK-
cycHOÖ k h c jio t h h 10% cnHpTa. 3 t o t pacTBop noÄaeTCH b KOJiHMecTBe
50 a b q a c Ha 1 m 3 crpyacKH.
U'HpKyJIHUHOHHHä 'MeTOÄ HBJIHeTCH ÖOJiee npOH3BOÄHTejIbHbIM,
TaK KaK crpy>KKa jiy q iu e opoinaeTCH. iKpoM e t o t o , npn o ö p a m e -
hhh c oähhm h TeM »c e pacTB opoM e r o m ojkho n ep eÄ BBeÄe-
HHeM b qaH n oÄ orp eT b h jih oxJiaÄHTb, t . e. b 3 tom c jiy q a e jie r q e p ery -
ÄHpoBaTb TeM n ep aT yp y.
B B03Äyxe, OTXOÄHineM H3 OKHCJiHTejibHoro qaH a, coÄepxH TCH
HeKOTopoe KOJinqecTBO napoB cn n p T a h yK cycn o ft k h c jio th . 3 th
Bem ecTBa yjiaBJiHBaioT, n p on ycK an o tx o ä h iu h h B03Äyx qepe3 x o jio -
ÄHÄbHHKH-KOHÄeHCaTOpbl.
n O J iy M E H H E M A C J I5 IH O H K H C J IO T b l
(MacJiHHOKHCJioe 6 p o * e H H e )
MacjiHHOKHCÄHM 6 p o *eH H eM Ha3biBaeTCH n p o u ecc o6pa30BaHHH
MacÄHHoft KHCJIOTbl H3 yrjieBOÄOB H HeKOTOpHX KapÖOHOBHX KHCJIOT
npn yqacTHH MHKp00 praHH 3 M0 B. H 3 yrjieBOÄOB o6pa*H B aioTC H
TCKC03H h neHT03H, a H3 khcjiot — MojioqHaH h nHpoBHHorpaÄHan.
3 tot BHä ÖpOHCeHHH ÖHJI OTKpHT OaCTepOM B 1861 TOÄy H
cb irp a ji ß o jib n iyio p o jib b HCTOpnqecKOM pa3BHTHH yqeHHH o 6poJKe-
HHHX.
Bo36yÄHTejiHMH öposceHHH h b jih io tc h ßaKTepHH H3 p oÄ a G ra n u lo -
XHMH3M MaCÄHHOKHCJIOrO 6pO *eH H H M OKeT ÖbiTb BHpajKeH CJie-
ÄyiOIUHMH ypaBHeHHHMH:
C6 H 1 2 0 8 2CH 3 — C O -C O O H + 4 H
rjii0K03a nHpOBHHorpaAHaH KHcjioTa
2 CH 3 — C O -C O O H 2 CHsC H O + 2 C02
1 yKcycHhift ajibAerHA
2 CH 3 CHO CH3— CH ( O H ) - C H 2- C H O
ajibfloji
CH 3 - C H ( O H ) - C H 2— CHO CH 3 — CH 2 — CH 2— COOH
MaCJlHHQfl KHCJlOTa
, 4 H -► 2 H 2
B KaqecTBe noßoqH H X npOÄyKTOB o 6pa3yioTCH: yKcyCHan k h cjio-
i a , yrjieKHCjibiH ra3 h b o ä o p o ä .
; ^ jih nQÄyqeHHH M acjiHHofi k h c j io t h b npoMbiiujieHHOM M acniT aße
b KaqecTBe h c x o ä h h x M aTepnaÄ O B H c n o jib s y io r K p ax M a ji hjih KaKHe-
jjijö o c a x a p a . K p a x M S Ä KanHTHT c BOÄOfi, 3aTeM npnßaBJiHioT c o j io ä ,
m o j io k o , B ap eH oe m h c o h Meji. C M e c b ocraBjiH iO T cTOHTb Ha HecKOJibKO
^2 3aKa3 215 17?
H eaejib n pn TeM n epaType 30— 40°. )KHAKOCTb n o c jie 6 p o * e H n a co-
A e p x H T 4 — 5 % MacjiHHoß k h c j i o t h b BHÄe ee KajibiineB on c o j ih . C b o - ,
n O J IY H E H H E M O J IO H H O H K H C J IO T b t
ßoAH yio KHCJioTy BHflejiHiOT h OHnmaiOT n o IIIanom HHKOBy cJieAyio-
i u h m 0 Ö p a 3 0 M . M h a k o c t b H a r p e ß a io T a j ih c B ep T H B aH H H ö ejiK O B h
(MOAO'qHOKHCAOe ÖpOJKeHHe)
o ö p a ö a T b i B a i o T r jia y o e p o B o fl c o j ib io h j ih c o a o h : MojioqHOKHCJioe ö p o x e H H e ö h j io H3BecTHO qejiO BeqecTBy c oqeH b
(CH 3 — CH 2 — CH 2 — C 0 0 ) 2 C a + N a 2 S 0 4 -> CaS04-(- A3BHHX BpeMeH H HC110JIb30BaJI0Cb AJIH IIOJiyqeHHH KHCJIblX MOJIOqHblX
H paCTHTejIbHblX nHUjeBblX npOÄyKTOB. n p o u e c c b i MOJIOqHOKHCJIOrO
* + 2 CH 3 — C H a— C H 2— COONa
6po>KeHHH HrpaiOT B M A aiom yrocs p o jib b jkhtchckoh npaKTHKe. Ha
OcaÄOK rn n ca OTÄejineTCH AßKaHTUpOBaHiieM, a 3aTeM (}3HJibTpoBa- HHX OCHOBaHO IipHrOTOBJieHHe T3KHX HHIUeBblX npOÄyKTOB, KaK n po-
HHeM Ha (J)HjibTpnpecce. n o jiy q eH H b ifi TaKHM oöpa30M pacTB op Ha- croKBama, C M eraH a, T B opor, cbip, Ke(J)Hp, KyMbic h ÄpyrHe MOJioqHbie
TpneB oä cojih ynapHBaeTCH h 3aTeM oöp a öa T b iB a eT C « cepnoä k h c jio ­ h3A6Jihh, a TaKJKe BbicoKOKaqecTBeHHbix kopmob a jih cKOTa nyreM
to h : CHJI0C0B3HHH KapTO(})ejIbHofi ÖOTBbl, COJIOMbl, CTeÖAeft HOACOAHeqHHKa
h A p y r n x rp y ß b ix pacTH TeAbH bix M arepH aJioB. K ß a u ie H H e K anycm ,
2C H S—CH 2 - C H 2 — C 0 0 N a + H 2 S0 4 ^ N a 2 S 0 4+
o ry p u o ß h A p y r n x npOÄyKTOB, npuroTOBjieH H e KOHcepBOB h p a3A H q-
+ 2 CH 3 CH 2 — C H 2— COOH
HblX MapHHaAOB OCHOBaHO Ha 3aUI,HTH0M AeHCTBHH MOJIOqHOH KHCAO-
M acjiflH asi KHCJlOTa BcnjibiBaeT Ha noBepxHoeTb; ee OTAeJiHiOT o t t h o t BpeAH bix MHKp00praHH3M0B, M ory m H x Bbi3BaTb A p y r n e ÖpOJKe-

pacTB opa rjia y ö e p o B o ft c o jih h 6e3 A^JibHenmen o ^ h c tr h HanpaB- hhh (HanpHMep, MacAHHOKHCAoe), npHBOAHm.He k n o p q e npOÄyKTOB.
a h jo t Ha 3TepHcJ)HKauHK), n o c jie q e r o nojiyqeHHHH at^np o^H inaeTca BaKTepHH, cnocoÖHHx 06pa30BHBaTb MojioqHyio KHCAOTy H3 pa3-
neperoH K oS. AHqHHX npOÄyKTOB, Ha KOTOpblX OHH pa3BHB3IOTCH, H3BeCTHO O^eHb
KoHU,eHTpnpOBaHHbiH pacTBop rjia y ß e p o B o ö c o jih CHOBa n cn ojib - MHoro. H aH ßojiee ranHqHbiMH npeACTaBHTejiHM« sto to r a n a MHKpoop-
3yeTCH AJIH B3aHM0AeHCTBHH C KajIbH,HeBOH COJIblO MaCAHHOH KHCJIOTbl, raiiH3MOB, KOTOpue Hcnojib3yK)TCH B np'OH3BOACTBe, HBJiHfOTC« S tr e p to ­
TaK mto 3Aecb He TepniOTCH hh caM a rJiayöep oB a coJib, hh MacJiHHan coccus lactis, BCTpeqaioiuHecH b MOJiOKe, ßaKTepna p oA a B eta c o c c u s ,
KHcjioTa, K0T0paa coAepacHTcn b ee pacTBOpe. BCTpeqaioiuHeca b pacTHTejibHbix npoÄyKTax, L actobacteriu m b u lg a -
B n ocjieA H ee BpeMa peKOMeHAyioT a jih nojiyqeHHH MacjiHHoft khc- ricum h ocoßeHHo T erm obacteriu m cereale, HHaqe Ha3biBaeMbie öaKTe-
P h h m h JleAböpioKa (B a c te riu m D e lb ru c k ii).
JIOTbl HCn0JIb30B3Tb OCT3TKH CIIHpTOBblX H CaxapHblX npOH3BOÄCTB,
ö o r a r a e a30THCTHMH coeAHHeHHHMH (b q a cT H o cra aMHHOKHCJioTaMn). BjiojiorHMecKHÖ xapaKTep MOJioqHOKHCAoro ß p o x e n n fi 6wji Bnep­
Bbie ycTaHOBJieH nacT epoM b 1857 roAy.
3 t o t cn o c o 6 0CH0BaH He Ha ßpoJKeHHH, a Ha Ae3aMHHHpoBaHnn aMH-
h o k h c jio t, KOTopoe ocyui,ecTBJiHeTCH npn ÄeficTBHH Äpo>K}KeH b npn- H a npH M epe 3T oro
aH aapoÖ H H H n p o u ec c.
ßpoxeuna flacTep BnepBbie n a ö jiio A a ji
CyTCTBHH COJiefi ajIIOMHHHH. n o jiyq a eT C H CMecb KHCJIOT, H3 KOTOpOÖ
n ep eroH K oä BbiAejiaiOTCH yK cycH aa, nponHOHOBaH h MacJiHHan khc- B npOMHUiJieHHOCTH M O AoqH aa KHCJlOTa nojiyqaeTCH cö p a K H B a -
JIOTbl. HHeM pa3AHqHbIX caxap oß ,. rJiaBHHM 0Öpa30M rjUOK03M, MajIbT 03 bI H
AaKT03bI.
M a cjiH H a a KHcjioTa npHMeHHeTCH rjiaBHbiM 0öpa30M B BHAe cb oh x
3(j)Hp0B CO ennpTaMH: STHJIOBblM, ÖyTHJIOBblM H aMHJIOBbIM. 3<J)HpbI
3TH npHMeHHHDTCH KaK paCTBOpHTeJIH, a T a K » e B KOHAHTepCKOM H A yw CxeMa MOjioqHOKHCAOro 6po>KCHHH MOJKer ö b irb BbipaKena cJie'-
m H M ypaBHeHHeM:
nap$K)MepHOM np0H3B0ACTBax ö jia ro A a p n h x npHHTHOMy $pyKTOBOMy CH3
3 a n a x y . B BHAe c jiO Ä H o ro a4>Hpa c rjinuepHHOM MacJiHHan KHCJiora
BXOaht b cocTaB K opoB bero M acjia b K O J im e crs e 4 — 6 % (o r K y A a h CH oO H
CHOH
öbijia BnepBbie BbiAeJieHa IIIeB p ejieM b 1814 r o A y ). I
CHOH I
B036yAHTeJIH MaCJIflHOKHCJIOro 6pO *eH H H MOryT npHHOCHTb ÖOJIb- COOH
rnoH BpeA bo m h oth x npaKTHqecKH BaJKHHx npoueccax. Hx AeHTejib- I /
HOCTbio oßycjiOBJiHBaeTCH n porqpK aH n e M acjia, npocTOKBainn, cbipa h CHOH
A p y rn x npOÄyKTOB. BcjieACTBHe u m p oK ofi pacnpocTpaH eH H O cra b - I ......... .....
npnpOAe H CTOHKOCTH CnOp no OTHOIIieHHIO K BHeiUHHM bjihhhhhm s th CHOH
B036yAHTejiH B cerA a M oryT n on acTb b nnm eBbie npOAyKTbi h Bbi3 BaTb
06pa30BaHH6 :HeßOJIbIIIHX KOJIHqeCTB M3CJIHH0H KHCJIOTbl, KOTOpaH CHOH X CH„
qyBCTByeTCH BcjieACTBHe e e HenpHHTHoro BKyca. I I
M aejiH H O KH ejioe öpoJKeHHe KjieTqaTKH HMeeT ß ojib iu oe 3HaqeHHe CHO CHOH
b K p yroB op oT e y r jie p o A a b npnpOAe.
COOH
178 rjiK>K03a
MOJioqHaa KHcjioTa
12*

179
 npOHCXOÄHT p a 3 pHB MOJieKyJIbl rjIK)K03bI Ha Äße gaCTH, COnpOBOJK-
ÄaromHÖCH OKHCJiHTejjbHO-BoccTaHOBHTejibHhiM npoueccoM .
B n p o u e c c e 06pa30BaHHH m o jio h h o ö k h c j i o t h H3 MOHoeaxapnaoB
nOBTOpHKlTCH Te >Ke CT3ÄHH XHMHMeCKHX n p e ß p a iu e H H H , K3KHe HMeiOT
MecTO npn cnapTOBOM öposceHHH (cm . CTp. 1 5 4 ), K o m a n eraÄH eft
0 Ö pa30B aH H H n H p o B H H o rp a Ä H o n k h c jio t h . t lo c jie A H f i a 3 a e c b H e Ä ^ K a p -
ÖOKCHJiHpyeTCH, KaK npH cnnpTOBOM öpo^eHHH, a npHHHMaeT b o ä o -
p o fl OT BOCCTaHOBJieHHOH (JjOpMH K 03HM 33bI H n p e B p a iU a e T C H B MOJIO1!-
^ y io KHCJIOTy. 0 ä H 3 K 0 B03M 0ÄHH H Ä p yrH e TOJIKOB3HHH
MOÄÖHHOKHCJIOrO ßpOXeHHH.
P hc. 55. BpoÄHJibHbift hsh .
A npH M ecH c o jie fi THJKejiux MeTajuiOB, M o ry m a x n o n ac T b b pacTBopbi,
H a jin r a e b npoHcxoÄHiUHx n p o u e c c a x ö o jib iu o ro KOjin^ecTBa npo-
M e*yT O iiH b ix BemecTB, cnocoÖHbix k pa3jiHTOHM peaKUHSM, co3ÄaeT
B03M 0KH 0CTH ÄJIH IIpOTeKaHHH nOÖOqHHX peaKUHH, H riOSTOMy OCHOB-
HOMy n p o u e c c y 06pa30BaHHH M0ji0TO0ä k h c j i o t h conyTCTByioT n p o­
u eccbi oöpasoBaHHK ÄpyrH X BemecTB: 3THJi0B0r0 cnnpTa, Ä syoK n cn
y r jie p o Ä a , yK cycH ofi k h c j i o t h , M ypaBbHHoä k h c j i o t h , BOÄopoÄa h Äp.
KoJIHHeCTBa 9THX BeiUeCTB H3MeHHIOTCH B 33BHCHM0CTH OT BHÄ3 MHK-
p00praHH3M3 H yCJIOBHH epeÄ H .
HcXOÄHbIM H M 3Tep H ajI3 M H ÄJIH npOH3BOÄCTB3 MOJIOHHOH KHCJIOTbl
B npOMblUIJieHHOCTH HBJIHIOTCH K p S X M ajI, KOPMOB3H naTO K a, MOÄO'iHaH
C biB opoTK a h jn o ö b ie Ä p y r n e n p o Ä y K T b i, c o Ä e p jK a m n e
c 6 p a Ä H B a T b c a y rjie B O Ä H .
n p H p a öp T e c KpaxMajiOM oh npeÄßapHTejibHO ocaxap H B aeT ca co-
jioäom , n o c iie q e ro k cjib ä k o m y 3aT op y, coÄep>KaiueM y 10— 11%
MajIbT03bI, npHÖaBJIHeTCfl HHCTaH K yjIb T yp s ÖSKTepHH.
BpojKeHHe n p 0 H3 B0ÄHT b ÄepeßHHHbix n a n a x (p n c . 5 5 ), CHaßjKeH-
h h x M euiajiKofl, MeÄHHM 3MeeBHK0M ä jih peryjinpoBaHHH TeM nepaTy-
,180
p H H TpyÖaMH ÄJIH 3arpy3K H H Bbirpy3KH ÖpOÄHJIbHblX p acT B opoB .
B pojK eH H e npOHCXOÄHT n p n 50°. BaKTepHH Ä e jib ö p io K a o t h o c h t c h k
r a c ji y TepMO(J)HJibHbix öaKTepHH. n y T e M H an p aß jie H H o ro o i ö o p a o h h
npH cnocoßjieH bi ä j ih >k h 3h h npH cpaBHHTeJibHO b h c o k o h T eM nepaT ype
( 5 0 ° ) , n p n KOTopofi n p o u eccb i c6pajKHB3HHH n p o T eK aio r BecbM a h h -
TeHCHBHO. 0 6 p a 3 y io iu y io c H MOjioqHyio KHCJioTy nepHOÄHMecKH HeHTpa-
jiH3yi0T MejiOM n p n HenpepbiBHOM pa3MeuiHBaHHH cM ecn. M e ji bhocht
XHMH3M3 b öpOÄHJibHbie ^aH bi 3— 4 p a 3 a b cyTKH b BHÄe t o h k o pa3M0Ji0T0r0
c y x o ro n o p ou iK a hjih MeJioBoro M ojioKa. B e c b u h k j i öpoaceHHH n p o -
ÄOJiJKaeTCH 7— 10 Ä H eö c TeM, w o ö b i H ecßpojK eH H oro c a x a p a o cT a-
jio c b He ö o jie e 0 ,5 — 0 ,7 % .
nocjie ST oro öpoÄHJibHan » « Ä K O C T b HarpeBaeTCH ä o 80 — 9 0 ° Äflfl
yHHMTOJKeHHH ÖaKTepHH H OC3JKÄeHHH ÖejiKOB. T opH ^yK ) ÄHÄKOCTb
(J)HJIbTpyiOT H 3aTeM Ä3I0T efi OCTblTb. BblÄeJIHeTCH KpHCTaÄJIHqeCKHH
ocaÄOK MOJIOMHOKHCÄOrO KajibUHH, KOTOpblH OTÄeJIHeTCH OT M aToqH oro
p sc T B o p a npH noM oiuH ueHTpncJiyr h jih Ha (J)HJibTpnpeccax. O caÄ O K
3aTeM paCTBOpHeTCH B B03M0JKH0 MeHbUieM KOJIHyeCTBe BOÄH, H p a c ­
TBop oöpaßaTHBaeTCH pa36aBjieHHOH cepHOH k h c jio to h :
( C H , — C H O H — C O O ) a C a - f H 2S 0 4 - + 2 C H 3— C H O H ------ t - C O O H
+C aS04
OcaÄOK rn n ca 0T(J)HJibTp0BbiBai0T h n o jiy q aio T npH6jiH3HTejibHo
10-npoueHTHbiH pacTB op MOjioqHoä k h c jio th , k o t o p h h 3 a ieM nO ÄBep-
raeTCH ÄajibH efinieH o ö p a ß o T K e ä jih nojiyqeHHH 'ö o jie e *ih ctoh khc-
JIOTbl.
rjiaBHeHUIHMH MeTOÄaMH OQHCTKH h b jih io tch : nepeKpHCT3JIJIH3a-
UHH KajIbUHeBOH COJIH, oßeCUBe^HBaHHe pacTBopoB aKTHBHpOB3HHHM
y rjieM h 3KCTp3rnpoB3HHe k h c jio t h oprsHnqecKHM H pscTBopHTejiHMH.
BCÄeÄCTBHe pa3,beÄaHHH a n n a p a iy p b i, ynajiniO T ocajKÄeHHeM hx jn eji-
TOÖ KpOBHHOH COJIbK).
«C n p a n » MOJioMHan KHCÄOTa 18— 20-npoueHTHOH KOHueHTpauHH
ynapH BaeTCH b B 3 K y y M -a n n a p a T a x ä o KOHueHTpauHH b 50— 8 0 % ,
Cj)HJIbTpyeTCH H CJIHBaeTCH B CÖOpHHKH ÄJIH TOBapHOTO npOÄVKTa.
M 0JI0qHaH KHCÄ0T3 ÖpOHCeHHH HBJIHeTCH psueM H^ecKH M coeÄHHe-
HHeM npaBOBpaiuaioiueH h jieBO Bpam aiom eH (J)opM a — okch -
nponHOHOBofi k h c jio th . 3 t o SecuBeTHan CHponoo6pa3HaH JKHÄKocTb,
pa3JiaraioiuaH CH n p n HarpeBSHHH c 0Öpa30BaHHeM pa3ÄHMHbix n p o -
ÄyKTOB ÄerHÄpaTauHH. C ßojibuiHM tp y ä o m KpHCTajuiH3yeTC3 noÄ ßa-
KyyMOM b KpHCTajuibi, pacnjiaBJiHioui,HecH Ha B 03Ä yxe p aH ee ä o c th -
c n o c o ß H b ie xeH H H TeM nepaTypbi njiaBJieHHH ^ h c to h paueM H ^ecKoö k h c jio th (1 8 ° ).
M ojio u H a H KHCJlOTa BbinycKaeTCH b npoÄaJK y em e b BHÄe TaK H a-
3breaeMOH n ac T o o ö p a3 H 0 fi 70-npoueH TH ofi mojiomhoh k h c jio th , t. e. b
BHÄe rycToft h jih BnojiH e 3acTHBUieH Maccbi. T a K y io M accy (n a c T y )
n o jiy q a io T nyTeM npeßpaiueHHH *iacTH m oäoiihoh k h c jio t h (o k o jio
1 0 % ) B K3JIbUHeByiO COÄb, KOTOpaH H 0Ö p33yeT TBepÄblH KapKac.
Ä j i h noJiyneHHH c o jih b KHCJioTy Äo6aBjiHK)T Meji b KOJiHMecTBe 4 %
181
K B ecy k h c j i o t h . B t s k o m BHÄe M o jio ra y io KHCJiory Jierqe xpaHHTb
H xpaHCnOpTHpOBaTb Ha ÖOJIblUHe paCCTOHHHH.
M0JI0MH3H KHCJlOTa npHMeHHeTCH B KOJKeBeHHOM npOH3BOÄCTBe
ÄJIH ÄeKajIbUHHHpOBaHHH (yÄajieHHH H3BeCTH) KO>K. MojIOqHOKHCJIblH
HaTpHÖ H MOJioHHOKHCJian cypbM a cjiyjK a T npOTpaBaMH npn Kparne-
HHH TKafleH. B MeÄHUHHe M0JI0qH3H KHCJlOTa CJiyJKHT ÄJIH npHJKHra-
HHH TKaHefi OpraHOB H ÄJIH BBeÄeHHH B opraHH3M MeTaJUIOB B BHÄe HX
c o jie fi (MOJioHHOKHCjibie cojih >Kejie3a n pn MajiOKpOBHH, KajibUHH —
npH paxHTe, m 3 th h h — KaK cJiaÖHTejibHoe, cojih c t p o h iih h , BHCMyia
H Ä P -)-
B o Ä b in o e npHMeHeHHe MOJioraaH k h c jio t 3 HMeeT b nnmeBOH HHÄy-
C T p ^ i, rÄ e OHa MOJKeT 33MeHHTb JiHMOHHyio KHCJioTy, HanpHMep, B
np0H3B0ÄCTBe KOH4)eT, 6e3ajiKoroJibHbix HanHTKOB h t . n.
O Ha coÄ ep »H T C H bo B cex k h c j ih x nnm eBbix n p oÄ yK T ax. B aun-
Äo4>HJibHoM M0Ji0Ke, Kecj)Hpe, KyMbice h nOÄOÖHbix .npoÄ yK Tax coÄ ep -
>KaHHe ee ÄOCTHraer o ä h o to npoueHTa.
PeK0MeHÄ0B3HH0e H. M . MeqHHKOBbiM BBeÄeHHe b opraHH3M
KHCJIblX MOJIOMHblX npOÄyKTOB OCHOBaHO Ha ryÖHTeJIbHOM ÄeHCTBHH
MOJIOHHOH KHCJIOTbl Ha 60Jie3HeTB0pHbie ÖaKTepHH.
KoHcepBHpoBaHHe pacTH TejibH oro CbipbH (KB am eH iie OBOiuefi, c h -
jiocoßaH H e k o p m o b ) TaK)Ke OCHOBaHO Ha y ra eT a io m eM ÄeßCTBHH MO-
JIOHHOH KHCJIOTH Ha Ä p yrH e BHÄbl ÖaKTepHH.
npOH3BOÄCTBO MOJIOTOOH KHCJIOTH ÖblJIO OpraHH30B3HO B HaUiefi
CTpaHe TOJibKO n o c jie OKTHÖpbCKofi peBOJiKWHH. OcHOBoft äjih o p ra -
HH3auHH np0H3B0ÄCTBa nocjiy}KHJiH HCCJieÄOBaTejibCKHe paöoTbi,
BHnojiHeHHbie n oÄ pyKOBOÄCTBOM npoi|)eccopa B . H . fflanouiHHKOBa.
HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, qTO CHHTeTHqeCKHe MeTOÄbl nojiyqeHHH MO-
JIOqHOH KHCJIOTbl B npOMblHIJieHHOCTH e m e He OCBOeHbl H ÖHOXHMHie-
CKHH c n o c o ö ee npOH3BOÄCTBa HBJIHeTCH eÄHHCTBeHHblM peH TaÖ eJIb-
HHM CnOCOÖOM.
n O J iy H E H H E J IH M O H H O H K H C J IO T b l
(jIHMOHHOKHCJIOe öpo>KeHH>e)
JIhm ohh 3 h KHcjioTa uiHpoKo pacnpocTpaH eH a b pscTHTejibHOM
MHpe. O coöeH H o m h oto ee coÄepjKHTcn b coK e rpaHaTOB (ä o 9 % )
H B MHKOTH He3peJIbIX JIHMOHOB (äO 6 — 7 % ) , OTKyÄä OHa jierK o
M O *eT öbiTb BbiÄeJieHa b BHÄe cpeÄH efi KajibUHeBoß cojih , - n jio-
XO paCTBOpHMOfi B XOJIOÄHOH BOÄe H XOpOUIO p3CTBOpHMOß B TOpH-
qefi. O H a coÄepscHTcn T 3 K * e HapHÄy c ÄpyrHMH k h cjio t3 m h b njiOÄax
H JIHCTbHX MHOTHX Ä P y ™ X p3CTeHHfl — B M3HÄ3pHH3X, aneJIbCHHaX,
KJIIOKBe (ä o 1 ,3 % ), KpbI>KOBHHKe, UIHnOBHHKe, qepHOH CMOpOÄHHe, B
JIHCTbHX MaXOpKH H ÄP-
JlHM OHHai KHCJIOT3 H3X0ÄHT npHMeHeHHe npH KpailieHHH TKaHefi
h b cHTiieneqaTaHHH, b MeÄHUHHe (c o jib >K ejie3a), a fjis b h h m oöp a-
30 M b n n m eß ofl npOMblUIJieHHOCTH npn npHroTOBJieHHH HanHTKOB h
KOHÄHTepcKHX H3ÄejiHfl ÄJia yjiyqm eHHH HX BKyca.
182
B n p e x n e e BpeMH eÄHHCTBeHHblM cnocoöoM np 0 H3 B0 ÄCTBa jih m o h -
H ofl KHCJIOTbl ÖblJIO BblÄeJieHHe e e H3 JIHMOHOB. B TpHÄUaTblX TOÄaX
T eK y m ero c to jic th h ö h ji ocBoeH npoMHnuieHHbift c n o c o ö nojiyqeHHH
JIHMOHHOH KHCJIOTH MHKpOÖHOJIOrHqeCKHM nyTeM H3 naTOKH; c 3T0F0
BpeMeHH 3T0T CnOCOÖ HBJIHeTCH rjiaBHbiM B npOH3BOÄCTBe.
Bojibuiofl HHTepec npeÄCTaBJineT np 0 H3 B0 ÄCTB0 jihmohhoh khcjio-
Tbl H3 JIHCTbeB M3X0pKH, TÄe OHa H3X0ÄHTCH B CoeÄHHeHHH C HHKOTH-
hom. C o Ä ep *aH H e k h c jio th cocT3BjineT b cpeÄHeM okojio 7 ,5 % , a
HHOTÄ3 ä o x o ä h t ä o 14% k B ecy cyxn x JIHCTbeB. 3 t o t cnocoö ÖHJI
npeÄÄOHceH cobctckhm yqeHHM aKaÄeMHKOM A . A . IIlMyKOM b Tpn-
ä U S th x to ä 3 x Texym ero ctojicth h .
MHKpoÖHOJiorHqecKHfl c n o c o ö nojiyqeHHH jihm ohhoh k h c jio t h ö h ji
ocBoeH b H s q a jie 30-x to ä o b T eK y m ero c to jic th h Ha och ob 3 h h h p aöoT
B. C. ByTKeBHqa h C. ü . K ocTbiqeB a, a b 1935 r o Ä y ö h ji nym eH nep-
Bbifi 3 3 b oä (b J leH H H rp aÄ e).
HcXOÄHblM M3TepH3JI0M ä jih nojiyqeHHH JIHMOHHOH KHCJIOTbl hb­
jih io tc h ca x a p n cT b ie Bem ecTBa. ITIoä BJiHHHHeM (JiepMeHTOB, BHÄeJine-
MHX HeKOTOpbIMH BHÄ3MH nJieCHeBblX rpHÖKOB, CHaqajI 3 ÄHC3X3pHÄbI
p3CmenJIHK»TCH ÄO MOHOC3X3PHÄOB (rjIK)K03a, (J)pyKT033), KOTOpHe
33TeM OKHCJIHIOTCH B JIHMOHHyiO KHCJIOTy.
XHMH3M npeBpsmeHHH MOHOCaxapHÄOB (rjII0K 03bl) B JIHMOHHyiO
KHCJIOTy CJIOJKeH H He BbIHCHeH C ÄOCTSTOqHOH ÄOCTOBepHOCTblO. B OÖ-
m eM BHÄe 3 t o t n p o u ecc Mo>KeT öbiTb BbipaxceH cjieÄyiom H M ypaBHe-
HHeM:
2 C 6 H 1 2 0 6+ 3 0 2 -> 2 C 6H 80 7 + 4 H 20
Bo3ÖyÄHTejiHMH n p o u ecca h b jih io tc h njiecHeBbie rpHÖKH b h ä s
A s p e r g illu s n ig e r H3 KJiacca cyM qsTbix rp n öoB h ceM eäcTBa s cn ep -
rHJIJIOBHX.
npou ecc M O * e T ÖH Tb o c y m e c T B Ä e H ÄßyM H c n o c o ö a M H , pa3Jiuq-
hhmh no TexHOJiornqecKOMy o<J)opMjieHHio: n o B ep xH o cT H b iM h rjiyÖHH-
h h m . B nepBOM cjiy q s e rpHÖOK P33 boähtch H3 noßepxHocTH nH T3-
TejibHoro pscTBopa, a bo b to po m cjiy q a e — bo Bcefi ero Macce.
FIOBepXHOCTHblfi cnocoö. HcXOÄHbIM CbipbeM CJiyÄHT
OÖbiqHO ca xa p 0 3 a (caX3pH blfi neCOK), HO M oryT ÖbiTb HCn0JIb30B3HbI
h Ä p y rn e coÄep>K3mHe c a x a p npoÄyKTbi, HanpHMep, KopMOBan naTOKa.
F lp o u ecc np0H3B0ÄCTBa H3 c s x s p s 33KJiioq3eTCH b cjieÄ yioiu eM .
BpOÄHJibHbifi pscTBop, t . e. 15-npoueHTHbifi BOÄHbifi pscTB op ca -
x a p a c ÄOÖaBJieHHeM H eöoJibu iH x KOJinqecTB MHHepajibHbix cojieä
N H 4N O 3 , N H 4CI, K H 2 P 0 4, M g S 0 4 h oq eH b Heöojibinoro KOJinqecTBa
co jieö Zn h M n , pa3jiH B3eTCH b KioB eTbi — M ejiKH e q e T b ip e x y r o jib H b ie
COCyÄH ÄJIHHOH 6,7 M, mHpHHOH 1,5 M, C BHCOTOH ÖOpTOB 7 c m ( t . e. C
o öm efi n jio m a Ä b io b 1 0 m 2) , CÄejiaHHbie H3 Hep^KaBeiomefi k h c jio to -
ynopHofi CTajiH h riOKpbiTbie H3 HyTpH jiaKOM.
BbIC0T3 CJIOH P 3 CTB0 P 3 B KIOBeTaX 2 CM, CJieÄOBaTejIbHO, Ha 1 M 2
UJIOmaÄH HaXOÄHTCH 20 A p3CTB0p3.
TaKHM 0Öp330M, B K3SCÄHH KIOBeT 33JIHB3eTCH OKOJIO 200 A paC-
TB opa. P acT B op 3aceBaeTCH cnopaMH rpnÖKa A s p e r g illu s n iger,
183
npnrc>TOBJieHHHMH b c n e u H a jib H O M OTaeJieHHH 3 a B O Ä a , h K ioBeTbi n e p e - pacnoJiojKeHM OÄHa HH>Ke Ä p y ro fi b 10 aTaacefl. lK KajKÄofi H3
h o ch tch b K^M epH ö p o Ä H J ib H o ro oT Ä ejieH H H . K a M e p a npeÄ C TS B Jin eT hh x noÄBeAeHa T p y 6 a . n o KOTopoä HajimaiOTCH h cjiKBaiOTcn p a c ­
coöofl n p H M o y r o jib H o e , n p aB H J ib H o fl $ o p M u , 3 a K p H T o e noMemeHHe TBopbi.
C KHpnHtIHHMH CTeHaMH, nOKpMTUMH H 3H yTpH UeMeHTOM H JiaKOM. B oöcjiyjKHBaHHH KaMep ycTaHaBjiHBaeTcn C TpoK aflu iH fl caHHTap-
no ß-b HHfl pe»CHM, TaK KaK ä jih ycn eu iH oö p aöoTbi TpeöyiOTCH q H c r a e Kyjib-
T y p u h CTep«JibHOCTb Bcefi a n n a p a x y p H , M aTepHajioB h B03Äyxa.
C oßjnoÄeH H e s t h x ycjioB H fl HBjiHexcH pem aiom H M b v c n e x e p a ö o r u
3aBOfla. B K aM epax noÄÄepJKHBseTCH T eM n ep a ryp a b 32°, on p ejiejieH -
Han CTeneHb bji3Jkhocth h ocBemeHHocTH (cHJibHoe ocBem eHHe BpeÄ-
h o ). A apaijH H , t . e. CHaöJKeHHe w hcthm B03/iyx0M, ocymecTBJineTCH
nyTeM HarHeTaHHH b K aM epu HacocaMH B 03ayxa, npon ym eH H oro
qepe3 cneijHajibHbie cTepHJibHbie c})HJibTpH.
C n op b i rpnÖKa HaqHHaioT öbicTpo ÄaBaTb MOJiOÄbie opraHH3MU,
, KOTOpbie pa3MHO*aiOTCH Ha noBepxHocTH, HaKanjiHBan M Hiiejinfi b
BHÄe to h k o h B y3jieo6 p 3 3 H ofi njieHKH. n p H TeM n ep aT yp e 34— 3 6 ° qe-
pe3 40— 42 q a c a BbipacTaeT ÄOCTaiOTHO öojibiuaH njieHKa, h nHTa-
TejIbHHH paCTBOp H3-Y10Ä Hee CJIHBaiOT H 3aMeHHK)T ÖpOßHJlbHblM
pacTBopoM . /
HaqHHaeTCH HHTeHCHBHbifl n p o u ecc 0ßpa30BaHHH jih m oh h oö k h c­
jio t h . rpH Ö H aa njieHKa c n jio m sÄ b io b 1 m 2 b x o p o in n x ycjioBHHx BHÄe-
B CßopHUK
u/iu mpan JiHeT o k o jio 500— 600 z, a b HeK0T0pbix c jiy q a n x ä o 800 z h öojibin e
JIHMOHHOH KHCJIOTbl B CyTKH.
no C-D H a BpeMH ßpojKeHHH KaM epa 3aKpHBaercH, n p o iie c c ynpaBjineTCH
n o n p n öop aM (H a coBpeMeHHbix 3aBOÄax aBTOMaTHqecKH), Ha6jiiOÄe-
HHe BeÄCTCH qepe3 CMOTpoBbie CTeKjia. T e M n e p a T y p a b KaM epe bo
Ip cmepu/iu3au,u-
BpeMH 6 p o *eH H H 32°. H epe3 onpeÄeJieHHbie n p O M e x y m i BpeMeHH
ohhozo omäeneHun
pacTBop, B KOTOpOM noqTH 3aKOHqHJIOCb ÖpOJKeHHe, CÄHBaeTCH B
CÖOpHHK ÄJIH KHCJIOTHHX paCTBOpOB H ÜOÄ njieH Ky r p n ö a HaJlHBaeTCH
C B e*H ft pacTBop c a x a p a . K ojin q ecT B o cjihb 3 h h h (8 — 12) 33 b h c h t
OT HHTeHCHBHOCTH paÖOTbl rpHÖa. B ecb HHKJI 6pO>KeHHH npOÄOJI-
JKaeTCH 14— 16 cyTOK.
T lo OKOHqaHHH ijHKJia n o c jie c jih b 3 hh h c ö p o Ä e H iio r o pacTB opa
iiÄeHKy rp n ß a CHHMaioT c KioBeT h orapaB jiH K )T b 3anapHHKH, rÄe
nOBTOpHblMH KHnHqeHHHMH H OTMblBKOÖ H3BJieK3IOT OCTaBHiyiOCH B
MHHeJIHH KHCJIOTy.
PacTB opbi n o c jie ßposceHHH c o Ä e p ^ a T 2 — 6 % k h c jio t b n ep e-
cqeTe Ha JiHMOHHyio KHCJioTy. 90 — 9 2 % o t o ö m e fl THTpyeMoft k h c jio t-
HOCTH npHXOÄHTCH Ha ÄHMOHHyiO KHCJIOTy, 6 — 4 ,5 % Ha rJIIOKOHOByK)
P h c. 56. BpoßHJibHan KaMepa.
h 4 — 3 ,5 % Ha m aB ejieB yio. O c T a io q H o e coÄep>KaHHe caxapa
1 — £Be Pb * 2 — CTejuiaÄH; 3 — KioBeTbi; 4 — MeTajuiHMecKaa Kpbima; 5 — naTpyöoK fljia
HajiHBa h cjiHBa pacTBopa; 6 — ctohk npoAyKTOBofi jihhhh; 7, 8 — $opcyHKH; 10 — T pyoa 5 - ^ 8 % . C 1 m 2 njiom aÄ H KioBeT noÄyqaeTCH ä o 0,5 kz jihm ohhoh
fljiH oTBofla B03Ayxa; 11 — BeHTHJmmioHHoe ok h o; 1 2 — Tp y 6 a äjih noAa*iH B 0 3ayxa; KHCJIOTH B cyTKH. 3 tH paCTBOpbl HanpaBJIHIOT B XHMHqeCKHH Hex ÄJIH
13 — cMOTpoBtae OKHa; 14 — ocßeTHTeJibHbie OKHa c sjieKTpojiaMnonKaMH; 15 — BOßOHenpoHH-
UaeMWe n jia ^ o H u ; 16 — Tpy 6 a ajih OTBOAa b o a h ; 17 — cMecHTeJib, M3 KOToporo n oA aeT ca BbiÄejieHHH qHCTOfl JIHMOHHOH KHCJIOTbl. BpOÄHJIbHyiO KaM epy H BCIO
Boaa b (fropcyHKH.
a n n a p a T y p y TmaTejibHO Äe3HH(J)Hn,HpyioT h t o t o b h t ä jih c jie Ä y io m e ä
B K aM epax ycxaHOBjieHbi }Kejie3Hbie CTejuiajKH (2 ), Ha KajKÄOM hs 3af»HÄKH.
KOTOpblX no 10 KIOBOT ( 3 ) c pacTBopaMH (p n c. 5 6 ). BbiÄejieHHie qHCTofl k h c j io t h np0H3B0ÄHTCH CÄeÄyiouiHM o ö p a so M .
B K aM epax HMeiOTCH npHCnOCOÖJieHHH ÄJIH BeHTHJIHpOBaHHH (1 1 ), C 6 p o *e H H b ift pacTBop H3 cöopHHKOB n ocT yn aeT b HeflTpajiH3aTOp —
ä jih {J)HJibTpauHH n o c T y n a io m e ro T y a a B03Äyx3, ä jih peryjiHpoB3HHH ÖaK H3 KHCJioToynopHOH CTajiH, CHaßJKeHHbift 6ap6oTepoM ä jih H arpe-
T e M n e p a iy p H (BOÄHHbie Ä yiu n-opocH TejiH h noÄBOÄKH n a p a ) . KioBeTbi B3HHH COÄepJKHMOrO OCTpHM napOM H MeX3HHqeCK0H MeiH3JIKOfl.

184
185
H a rp eT b iß ä o K »n eH H H p a c T B o p k h c jio t HeflTpaJiH3yeTCH oqnm eH H b iM
MejIOM. n p H STOM OÖpa3yiOTCH KaJIbUHeBbie COJIH JIHMOHHOH, TJIIOKO-
HOBOÖ H m aB ejieB O Ö KHCJIOT.
B b ifle jie H H e jih m o h h o h k h c j i o t h OCHOBaHO Ha p a 3 jiH q H o fi pacTBO -
pHMOCTH K ajIbU H eB H X COJiefi JIHMOHHOH H Ä p y rH X KHCJIOT. TjIIOKOHOBO-
KHCjibiä K ajibUH H x o p o m o pacTBopHM b xojio flH o ß h r o p n q e fi B o ^ e ,
JIHMOHHOKHCJIblfl KajibUHH JiyqU ie paCTBOpHeTCH B XOJIOÄHOH BOÄe H
n jio x o b ro p flq efi, a maBeJieBOKHCJibifl KajibUHH n p aK TH qecK H Hepac-
TBOpHM. T aK H M O Öpa30M , COJIH JIHMOHHOH H IUaBeJieBOÖ KHCJIOT B H-
n a Ä a io T b ocaÄ O K , a rjnoKOHOBOKHcjibiö K ajibU H ft h c a x a p oeraioT C H
b pacTBOpe. O c a Ä O K OTcfjHjibTpoBbiBaeTCH Ha HyTq-(j)HJibTpe h 3aTeM
o 6 p a 6 a T H B a e T C H c e p H o fi k h c jio t o h b o c o ö h x p e a K T O p a x .
OcaÄOK, c o c to h iu h h H3 ra n c a , maBeÄeBOKHCjioro KajibUHH h HeKO-
Topbix npHMeceß, ocTaeTcn Ha Hyrq-tJm jibTpax, a $HJibTpaT, coA ep-
jKamHH JiHMOHHyio K H cjiO Ty, ÄßyKpaTH o ynapHBaeTCH ä jih n ojiH oro
OTÄßJieHHH ra n c a .
P a cT B o p jihm ohhoh k h c jio t h n o c jie OTÄejieHHH rn n c a n o c x y n a e T
Ha KpHCTajijiH3au,Hio, KOTopan np0H3B0ÄHTCH b o c o ö h x a n n a p a T a x —
KpHCTaJIJIH3 aT 0 paX, npeÄCTaBJIHK)HI.HX c o ö o fl KOTJIbl eMKOCTblO
1000 a H3 xp0M0HHKeÄeB0ä CTajiH, CH aö^eH H bie pyöauiKaM H ä jih
oxjia»CÄeHHH KOTJia, MeinajiKaMH h naTpyÖKaMH ä jih 3arpy3KH h HOBblH BHÄ ÖpOJKeHHH aueTOHO-ÖyTHJIOBOe ÖpOmeHHe ÖblJIO nOÄpOÖHO
Bbirpy3KH.
BbinaB uine npn oxjia>KÄeHHH pacTB opa KpHCTajuibi 0 TjKHMai0 TCH
Ha ueHTpntJtyre h noÄcyiuHB aioTCH b cyniHjibHbix K aM epax npn TeM ­
n e p a T y p e He Bbirne 3 5 ^ q T O Ö H n e Bbi3BaTb noTepn KpHCTajiJM3auHOH-
HOH BOÄbi; H3 BOÄHHX paCTBOpOB JIHMOHH3H KHCJlOTa BHKpHCTajUIH-
SOBblBaeTCH C OÄHOH MOJieKyjIOfl KpHCTaJIJIH3aiI,HOHHOfl BOÄH:
C ö H s O ? • H 2O .
B bicym eH H H e K pH craju iH jih m o h h o h k h c j io t h npoceHBaioTCH Ha
MexaHHnecKOM e m e ä jih oTÄejieHHH o t cjiyq a flH H X MexaHHqecKHX
npHMeceß, n o c jie q e r o KHcjioTa n o cT yn a eT Ha cKJiaÄ.
MaTOHHbie pacTB op h , nojiyneHHbie n pn BHnapHBaHHnx, 4>HJibT-
paiiHH h n,eHTpH(j)yrHpoBaHHH, oqH m aioT o t npHiMeceä nocTopoH -
h h x c o jie fl h n ycK aioT b o ö p a ö o T K y ä jih H3BJieqeHHH coÄ epjK am eflcH
B HHX JIHMOHHOH KHCJIOTbl.
rjiyÖHHHblfi c n o c o ö npOH3BOÄCTBa JIHMOHHOfl KHCJIOTbl
3aKJiioqaeTCH b t o m , qTo pa3MHOJKeHHe h p ocT rp n ö a nponcxoÄH T bo
Bcefl M acce, no B cefl rjiyÖHHe j k h ä k o c t h .
BpOÄHJibHbiö pacTBop, t . e. pacTBop c a x a p a c ÄOÖaBKofi co jie fl,
3aceHHHbifl cnopaM H rp n ö a , HajiHBaeTCH b uHjiHHÄpimecKHä ö a K c
MeinajiKaMH — ^epM eH TaTop. T lp n noM oiun M em ajioK pacTBop Henpe-
pHBHo nepeMeiHHBaeTCH. CHH3y qepe3 ö a p ö o T e p h h t 6h chbho n p o n y -
CKaeTCH B03Äyx. PeryjiH p oB aH H e TeM nepaTypbi np0H3B0ÄHTCH npn
noM om n b oä h h oh pyöauiKH . n p o u e c c öpojKeHHH n p o ie K a e T b T e q e ­
HHe 8 — 10 cyTOK np'H T eM n ep a ry p e 30— 33°,
n o OKOHtiaHHH n p o u e c c a rp n ö yÖHBaeTca KHnnqeHHeM pacTB opa,
MHueÄHH OTÄejineTCH Ha (j)H jibTpnpecce h oöp a öa ra B a eT C H , KaK ö h j io
onncaH o, ä jih BbiÄejieHHH jih m o h h o h k h c j io t h . P a cT B o p n o cT y n a eT b
186
XHMHqeCKHH u e x ÄJIH BbiÄejieHHH KHCJIOTbl T€MH JKe MeTOÄaMH, MTO H
npn noBepxHOCTHOM cn o co ö e.
n p H npaBHJibHOM BeÄeHHH n p o u ecca b h x o ä h jih m oh h oh k h c jio th
C0CT3BJIHI0T 60-— 80 KZ Ha 1 M 3 HCXOäHOTO pacTB opa. CaMO c o ö o fl
pa3yMeeTCH, qTo h 3Äecb ä o jijk h h coöjn oÄ aT b cn Bce n p e Ä O c r o p o * -
HOCTH npOTHB nOnaÄaHHH nOCTOpOHHeft MHKpO(J)JIOpbI.
rjiyÖHHHbifl c n o o o ö np0H3B0ÄCTBa HMeeT p h ä npeHMyiuecTB nepeÄ
nOBepXHOCTHblM. 3ÄeCb ÖOJIbine B03M0>KH0CTeä ÄJIH MexaHH 3 aUHH
n p o u e c c a h ocymecTBJieHHH M exaH H qecK oro ynpaBjieHHH, qTo n03B0-
jin eT jiy q iu e coÖjnoÄaTb CTaHÄapTHbie ycjioBHH h nojiHOCTbio h ck jiio-
^ a eT TaKHe TpyÄoeM KHe p a öoT H , KaK cbeM Ka rp n ö a ii MHTbe KaMep.
B c e s t o n o 3 BOJiHeT yBejm qHBaTb MOiuHOdb n p 0 H3 B0ÄCTBa h e r o npo-
H3BOÄHTeJIbHOCTb. B HaCTOHIUee BpeMH ÖOJIbUIHHCTBO npeÄnpHHTHH
p a ö o T a e T n o noBepxHOCTHOMy MeTOÄy, ho oh Bce ö o jie e BbnecHHeTCH
TJiyÖHHHblM MeTOÄOM.
A u e T 0 H0- 6 yTHJi0 B0 e ß p o x e m ie
Oöpa30BaHHe öyTHJioBoro cnnpTa npn cnupTOBOM h n p n MacjiH-
hokhcjiom öpojKeHHHx ö h jio 3 aMeqeHO eiu e b X I X BeKe. H o KaK
HsyqeHo TOJibKO b H aqajie X X BeKa. OÄHaKo oh o ÖHCTpo Hauuio CBoe
MecTO b npOMblUIJieHHOCTH BBHÄy öojib u ioft noTpeÖHoeTH b au eroH e
h öym jioB O M cnnpTe, ocoöeHHO yBejiHHHBmeflcH b n ep n oÄ MHpoBofl
BOÖHH 1914— 1918 to ä o b .
H H Tepec k TOMy hjih Ä p y ro M y U3 s t h x npOÄyKTOB h3Mchhjich b
CBH3H C H3MeHeHHHMH B nOTpeÖHOCTH. B H a q a jie Bce BHHM3HHe ÖblJIO
HanpaBJieHO Ha nojiyqeH H e aueTOHa, H eoöxoÄ H M oro npn np0H3B0Ä-
CTB6 B3pbiBqaTbix BeiuecTB, a öyTHjioBbifl cnHpT He HaxoÄHji c e ö e
ÄOCTaTo^Horo npHMeHeHHH. K o r Ä a >Ke ö h j i o oÖHapyJKeHO, h to öyTH-
jioBbifl cnnpT HBJIHeTCH JiymuHM p acTB opHTejieM ä jih HHTpouejuiio-
JI03HHX jiaKOB, BoeHHan npOMbiiujieHHOCTb c i a j i a TpeöoB aTb e r o b He
MeHbniHX KOjiHqecTBax, qeM aueTOH.
H b HacTOHiuee BpeMH eiu e 3HaqHTejibHaH qacTb nOTpeÖHOCTH b
aueTOHe h öyTHjioBOM cnnpTe noKpHBaeTCH 3a cq eT n p ou eccoB ö p o -
*eH H H .
H c x o ä h h m MaTepnajiOM ä jih cöpaJKHBaHHH HBJIHeTCH pa3JinqHoe
KpaxM ajicoÄep>K aiuee pacTHTejibHoe cbipbe: KapTO(J)ejib, KyK ypy3a,
pHC, pojKb h Äp. M a T e p n a ji x o p o m o H3 MejibqaeTCH h npoBapHBaeTCH b
BOÄe. 3aTOp, c o A e p K a iu n fl 8— 10% c y x o r o M aTep n ajia (HanpHMep,
K yK ypy3H ofl M yKH ), noMeiuaeTCH b öojibuiH e 3aKpbiTbie M eTajum qe-
cKHe qaHbi h 3apas<aeTCH cneunajibHbiMH KyjibTypaM H öaK Tepn fl —
B a c y llu s b u ty lic u s , B a c y llu s a c e to b u ty lic u s , G ra n u lo b a c te r b u ty-
lic tis H äP-
B p o K eH H e np0H3B0ÄHTCH npH 37— 38°. HaöjiiOÄaeTCH oÖHJib-
Hoe BbiÄejieHHe ra30B — BOÄopoÄa h ÄßyoKHCH y rjie p o A a , k o to -
p o e qepe3 c y T K H ÄOCTHraeT cß o ero MaKCHMyMa, a 3aTeM pe3Ko chh-
*a eT C H .
187
 «fln a M e H »), cyjibc})OHajia (cHOTßopHoe cpeÄC TB o), XÄopo(J)opMa,
B BHÄe ra3QB BHÄejmeTCH o k o jio 2/3 cöpa>KHBaeMoro M aTepn ajia;
fl0Ä0(J)0pMa.
BbixoÄ ra30B ÄOCTHraer 6 5 — 6 7 % o r B eca yrjieBOÄOB, a b h x o ä aue-
H o p M a jib H u ä öyTHjiOBbift cnnpT npHMeHHeTCH b KaqecTBe pacTBo-
TOHa h c n n p ia BMecTe cocTaBJiHeT Jinuib 33— 3 5 % .
pHTejiH (ocoßeHHO b npOH3BOACTBe jiaKO B ), ä jih nojiyqeHHH c jio jk h h x
B n ep eö p o Ä H B in eö 6 p a * K e coÄepjKHTcn o k o jio 2 % n o B ecy no-
3(J)HpoB ( T O » e pacTBOpHTejiH) h ÄpyrH X npOÄyKTOB opraH H qecK oro
Jie3HUX BemecTB, H3 KOTOpblX OKOJIO 6 0 % npHXOÄHTCH Ha ÖyTHJIOBHH
CHHTe3a.
cnnpT, 3 0 % Ha aijexoH h 10% Ha s t h j io b h h cnnpT.
3 th Bem ecTBa pa3ÄejiHK)TCH h oqHmaioTCH 4>paKHH0HHp0BaHH0Ö
J IH T E P A T y P A
neperoH K ofl.
B pacTB ope coÄ ep xaT C H TaKJKe H eßojibnm e KOJinqecTBa MacjmHOH, 1. B. H. I I I a n o ü i H H K O B , TexHHqecKan MHKpoÖHOJiorHa, «CoBeTCKa«
yKcycH ofi, M ypaB bH H on h HeKOTOpHx Ä p y r n xk h c jio t, KOTOpHe He Hayna», 1947.
yTHÄH3HpyiOTC5I. 2. C. H. n p O H H H, AMHJlOJlHTHHeCKHe 4>epMeHTbI H HX pOJIb B ÜHmeBOfi npo-
MbiuuieHHOCTH, rH3JiernHmenpoM, 1953.
npoueccu aueTOHO-öyTHJioBoro 6 p o * e H n a 6jm3KH k n p o iie ccaM
3. «Hcnojib3c>BaHHe MHKp00praHH3M0B äjih nepepaöoTKH cejibcKoxo3aficTBeH-
MacjiHHQKHCJioro 6 p o *e H H H . O ä h 3 k o 3Ä ecb npOHCXOÄHT noTpeßjieH H e HOro cbipbH h kopmob». TpyÄbi Bcecoio 3 Horo Haymio-HccjieÄOB. HHCTHTyTa cejib-
oöpa3yiom ,Hxcsi k h c jio t, h o h h ne HaKanjiHBaioTCH b 3 HaqHTeJibHHX CK0X03HHCTBeHH0ft MHKpOÖHMOrHH, T. 12, Bbin. II, 1953.
KOÄHqecTBax. 4. B. JI. K p e t o b h h, O chobm öhoxhmhh pacTeHHH, «CoBeTCKaa Hay-
H aK o n jieH H e öyxHJioBoro cn n p T a b KOHueHTpanHHX, n p eB bim aio - Ka», 1952.
5. H. K . i h m o b c k h h h B. H. C T a 6 h h k o b, TexHOJiörHH cnnpTa, 11h-
UI.HX 1 % , CHJibHO TOpMOSHT npOU,eCC ÖpOHieHHH, a n p n COÄepSCaHHH
wenpoMH3ÄaT, 1955.
öyTHÄOBOTO cn n p T a b 1 ,5 % 6po>KeHHe ocTaHaBjiHBaeTCH. H c x o ä h H3 6 . H. B e c e a o a h M. A. H y K M a c o B a , TexHo^ornn nHBOBapeHHH,
s t h x pacqeTOB h ö ep y T KOHueHTpauHH yrjieBOÄOB b h c x o ä h o ö CMecn riHmenpoMH3ÄaT, 1955.
(5 ,5 — 6 % ) . E c jih oöpa3yiom H HCH cnn pT ynaJiHTb n o M epe e r o H aK on- 7. M. r . A h h e h k o b, n p 0 H3 B0 ÄCTB0 yKcyca, nHmenpoMH3 ÄaT, 1951.
JieHHH 9KCTparHpOB3HHeM KaCTOpOBbIM MaCJIOM HJIH ÄPyrH M H paCTBO-
8 . T. H. J K y p a a c K H f i n äP-, n p 0H3 B0ÄCTB0 nnmeBHx khcjiot, FlHmenpoM-
H3Ä3T, 1953.
pHTejiflMH (B . H . IIIanom H H KOB h M . H . B e x T e p e ß a ), t o m ojkho p a ö o -
T3Tb C 33TOp3MH, C0ÄepJK3UI,HMH ÄO 3 0 % K p a x M a jia .
IloJiyqeH H e an,eTOHa 6 po>KeHHeM H3 Ji3 * e H 0 b C C C P b 1935 r o Ä y
Ha ocHOBe p a ö o T B . H . IIIanoinHHKOBa c coTpyAHHKaMH. CoBeTCKne
HHHieHepu A . JI. MajiqeHKO h H . C. J Io to tk h h pa3pa6oTajia Henpe-
pbiBHbie cn o co ö b i c6pa>KHB3HHH Kp3XMajicoÄep>Kain,HX npOÄyKTOB b
aueTOH h 6yTHJioBbifi%enHpT (1 9 4 0 ).
Ä aJibH efiuiH e ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHH b AeJie nojiyqeHHH sthm ny­
TeM aueTOH3 H ÖyTHJIOBOrO CnHpT3 ÄOJIJKHH 3aKJIK>qaTbCH B HHTeHCH-
4)HK3HHH n p o u e c c s CÖpaJKHBaHHH H B HCn0Äb30B3HHH ÄJIH 3T0H U,ejIH
p33JIHHHOrO HeriHineBOrO CbipbH: KOpMOBOH naTOKH, rHÄpOJIH3aTOB
Ä peBecH HH , OTXOÄOB CejibCKoro X03HHCTB3, CblBOpOTKH OT npOH3BOÄ'
CTBa cb lp a h t . n.
P a ö o T b i b sto m HanpaBJieHHH c y cn e x o M BeÄyTCH b Harnefi CTpaHe
(jiaö o p S T o p H H np oc})eccop3 B . H . IIIanoiH H H K O B a).
. AneTOH h s x o ä h t oqeH b rnnpoKoe npHMeHeHHe. O h Hcnojib3yeTcn
b np0H3B0ÄCTBe ji3 k o b , n p n nojiyqeHHH aueTH „iuejunoji03bi (a u e T a T -
Hbifi u ie jiK ) h H HTpoiiejuiKW iosH (6e3ÄMM Hbifi n o p o x ) , o p rs H H q e c K o ro
H eöbiom erocH CTeKJia, KHHOnjieHOK, nejiJiyJioHÄa. AueTOH npHMeHHeT­
CH b K aqecTBe pacTB opH Tejin aijeTHJieHa n p n xpaHeHHH e r o b ö a ju io -
H ax (aueTOHOM nponHTbiBaiOT nopHCTbie M aT ep najibi, HanpHMep a c -
6 e c r ) . npn n o M om n an,eTOHa H3BjieKaioT cm o jih H3 H aTypaJibH oro
K ay q y K a (R a y q y K b aueTOHe He paCTBOpHeTCH), 3{J)HpHbie M acjia H3
pacTH TejibH fipr M arepH ajiO B , BHTaMHHbi, » n p u h jieKapcTBeHHbie B e­
m ecTB a H3 pacTeHHH (ä jih H3BJieqeHHH nn m eB bix BemecTB npH M e­
HHeTCH oqeHb qHCTblH au eT O H ). AueTOH CJiyÄHT HCXOÄHblM npOÄyKTOM
ä jih nojiyqeHHH m h o th x xnM nqecKH x npOÄyKTOB: HOHOHa (Ä y x n

188
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190
OÖbmHO BXOflHT OCTaTKH pa3HblX KHCJIOT, T. e. R MOryT ÖbiTb pa3-
D ia B H e filU H e OCOÖeHHOCTH B (JjHSHqeCKHX CBOHCTBax >KHpOB —
JIHWHblMH.
STO^HepaCTBOpHM OCTb B BOÄe, M eHbUIHH ÜO CpaBHeHHIO C B O A O flyA S JIh -
n p H p oa H b ie JKupbi npeÄCTaBjinioT c oöoh CMecH rjiHitepHAOB pa3-
jih m h m x k h c jio t . H anpH M ep, b * H p e M ojioKa H apH ^y c rjiaBHHMH Hbiö Bec h ö o ji b i u e ö H acT b io OTcyTCTBHe qeTKOH T e M n e p a T y p b i n jia B -
C0CT3BHbIMH HaCTHMH — rjIHII,epHÄaMH naJIbMHTHHOBOH, MHpHCTHHO- jieHHH B B H Ä y HaAHHHH b c o c T a B e JK H p a TÄ H u epH Ä O B p a 3 J iH q H o ro
CTpoeHHH.
BOfl, CTeapHHOBOH H OJieHHOBOÖ KHCJIOT — COAepJK3TCH B HeÖOJIbUIOM
H 3 xH M H q ec K H x cbo h ctb H a n ö o ji e e xap aiK T epH biM h b ä h c tc h cno-
KOJi«qecTBe rjiHuepHAM h h 3u ih x j k h p h h x k h c jio t : MacJisraoft, Kanpo-
COÖHOCTb rH Ä pO Ä H 3 0 B 3T bC H C 0 Ö p 3 3 0 B 3 H H eM TJIHUepHHS H KHCJIOT
HOBOÖ, KanpHJIOBOH H KanpHHOBOH.
(o M b u ie H H e ):
K p o M e rjiaBHOH c o c t3 b h o h q a c r a — CMecn c j i o ä h h x scjwpoB,
npnpoAH bie Ä H p b i B cera a coA epjK aT npHMecn a p y r n x BemecTB —
ocTaTKH öejiKOB, yrjieBOAOB h c o jie ö (H3 K T ieT o ra o ro co K a p a cT eH H Ö ),
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cTefi ripocTeriHecKHX rpyn n hjih KocfiepMeiiTOB). Hbix KHCJIOT.
2 K MacJiaM o t h o c h tc h jnoöbie He cMeuiHBaiomHecH c b o ä o h jk h ä k o c th , oÖJia- B Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTBeHH0H npaK T H K e JKHpbl HCnOJIb3yiOTCH TJiaB-
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ch ö o jie e h jih MeHee c jio jk h h m XHM nqecKHM npeß p am eH H H M .
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30M, HH B KOeM Cjiyqae Hejlb3H OTOJKÄeCTBJIHTb nOHHTHH «>KHp» H «M3CJIO».
A p y rn e M acjia. Hcnojib3yioTCH T3K>Ke ^ n p H pbiö h m opckhx jk h b o t-
192
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jiojKHTb n o cxeneHH c j io jk h o c t h xHMHqecKHX npeßpaiueH H H , k o t o p h m H3 yK333HHHX COJieH.
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h nponycKSHHe qepe3 Hero B03ayxa npn noßHiueHHofl TeMnepaType.
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npeÄOxpaHeHHH M eTajuioB, a e p e ß a h a p y r a x CTpoHTejibHbix M a T ep u a- paBHa 3— 5 cyTK3M, t o 0 JiH(J)a H3 JibHHHoro Macjia BHCbixaeT b T e q e ­
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M acjis 3aKjnoqaeTCH b tom , m o o h o n o c jie H3HeceHHH h s n o ß e p x - T3IOIUHX (BOpBaHb) .
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M o c ^ e p H b ix areHTOB. npeßpam eH H e jk h ä k o t o M acjia b T B ep ay io <|)HJIbTp3UHH H n0Ä3eTCH Ha BapKy. BapKa npOH3 BOÄHTCH B ÖOJIblUHX
lUieHKy HOCHT H33BaHHe «BbICHXaHHe». KOTjiax c MemajiKaMH h npncnocoöJieHHHMH äjih npoÄyßaHHH B03Äy-
CnOCOÖHOCTb K BHCH X3H HIO 33BHCHT OT CTpoeHHH KHCJIOT, BXOÄH- xa. iKoTeÄ oöorpeßaeTCH boähhhm napoM. TeMnepaTypa Macjia noÄ-
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M H o ro rjiH u e p H Ä O ß B H C O K O H en p eÄ ejib H b ix k h c ji o t — jiHHOJieBOH h B03Äyxa npeKpamaeTCH h bhochtch cHKKaTHB.
JIHHOJieHOBOH. 3 a c q e T ÄBOHHblX CBH3eH 3THX KHCJIOT H npOHCXOÄHT C h k k 3 t h b h roTOBHTCH nyTeM CMeniHBSHHH n p O Ä y T o r o Macjia c
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jia 33HHMaioT n p o M ejK y ro q H oe nojionceHHe: o h h aaiOT MHrKHe, q a c r a KHM pacqeTOM, qTOöbi K a ^ a o r o M eTaju is coÄep>Kajiocb 0,04— 0 ,0 8 %
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c t o h k h x nJieHOK k H aT y p 3 J ib H O M y M a c ji y A o ö a B jin io T B e m e c T B a , y c K o - HMeioTCH h Ä p y ru e ßapnaH TH MeTOÄa npnroTOBjieHHH ojih (J).
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H OCT3BJIHIOT CTOHTb (BHÄep3KHB3I0T) .
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C b o h c t b s JiaKa 33 b h c h t ot KanecTBs n cx o Ä H o ro M acjia h c m o j ih ,
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3 TaiOKe o t cooTHomeHHH h x KOJiHqecTB. H s 1 q3CTb cm o jih öep yT
C H 2- 0 - C - ( C H 2) 7- C H = C H — (C H 2) 7— c h 3
o t 1 (h M eH ee) ä o 5 q acT eß M acjia. rjiHuepHA 0JieHH0B0Ö
MsCJIHHHe JI3KH npHMeHHIOTCH H3me BCerO ÄJIH npnrOTOBJieHHH (TpHOJieHH)
KH CJIO Tbl

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eTCH TBepÄan njieHKa, ycTOHHHBan k ä c h c t b k io aTM O c^epn .
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H a CBOHCTBe JlbHHHOrO M acjia OKHCJIHTbCH nOÄ ÄSHCTBHeM KHC- C H 2— O — C— (C H 2) 16— C H g
JiopoÄa h npespam aTbCH b TBepÄbiS (jKejiaTHH006pa3Hbrä) npoÄyKT
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OCHOBaHO np0H3B0ÄCTB0 JiHHOJieyMa. JXjih e r o npHroTOBjieHHH jih h o-
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kchh (oKHCJieHHaa 0JiHt{)a) cnjiaBJiHeTCH c KonajioBHMH CMOJiaMH h + 3 H , -> C H — O — c — (C H 2) 16— C H 3
KaH H ^ojibio, oßpa3ysi TaK Ha3biBaeMbifi jih h o k ch h h h h ueMeHT. Ü o -
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CJieÄHHH CMeniHBaeTCH C npOÖKOBOH HJIH ÄpeBeCHOH MyKOH H KpacH-
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TejieM . n o jiyq eH H a H M acca n oÄ orp eB aeT ca, HaHOCHTCH Ha x o jic t h C H 2— O — C — (C H 2) 16— C H 3
yruioTHaeTCH Ha HeM npH noM om n ropHHHX KajiaHÄpoB. n ojiyqeH H bift rjiHuepHR CTeapHHOBoÄ
KHCJIOTbl (TpHCTeapHH)

1 BHTyniaMH b uiHpoKOM CM biwie c jio ß a Ha3biBaioT npHpoÄHbie opraHHTOCKHe

BemecTBa, pacTBopHMbie b opraHH^ecKHX pacTBOpHTejiHx (b cmcch cimpTa c 6eH-
30JI0M, b. xjiop otJ)op M e h flp .)- B öojiee yaKOM CMHCJie n o a ÖHTyMaMH no,npa3yMe-
BaioT cocTaBHbie qacra hjih nposyKTbi nepepaöoTKH KaMeHHoro yrjiH, HetJ)TH, cjiaH-
ueB h Top<J>a, o ß jia Ä a io in H e T B e p a o ft hjih bh3koü KOHCHCTeHiiHefl h pacTB opH M bie
b yKa3aHHyx. pacTBopHTejiax.
2 K o n a ü o M Ha3binaioT npnpoÄHbie HCKonaeMbie c m o jih , HBJiniomHecH, no-
BHÄHMOiMy, npOÄyKTaM H OKHCJieHHH 3({)HpiIbIX MaCeJI, KOTOpbie ÄOJiroe BpeMH H a x o -
ÄHJIHCb B. 3eMJie.
HCKyCCTBeHHHMH KOnaJiaMH H33bIBaiOT 4>eH0JiajIbÄerHÄHHe CMOJIbl, 3<j)HpU
KaHH(j)OJIH H T. n.
npaKTHM eCKHH CMHCÄ 3T0H pe3KUHH 3 3 K JIO T 3 eTCH B TOM, HTO H3
jkhäkhx ä h p o b nojiyMaioTCH TBepÄbie. TaKHM 0Öpa30M, npeÄCTaBJin-
eTCH B03M0JKH0CTb p 3CTHTejIbHHe SCHpH, npHpOÄHbie pecypcbl KOTO­
PHX r0pa3Ä0 ß o ra q e, npeBpaTHTb b TBepÄbie jkhph, aHSjiorOTHbie
jähbothhm ÄHpaM, KOTOpHe hbjihiotch 6oÄee ueHHHMH b KaqecTBe
nnm eB H x npOÄyKTOB h CbipbH äjih npoMHUijieHHocTH.
B pa3paßoTKe BonpocoB TeopHH h npaKTHKH rHÄpHpoßaiiHH * h -
P ob MHoroe CÄejiaHO pyccKHMH yqeHHMH. üpoc^eccopoM C. A . O o-
k h h h m öhjio n0Ka3aH0, hto HaHÖojiee aKTHBHHMH KaTajiH3 aTopaMH

196
197
peaKUHH r H Ä p o r e H H 3 au H H >KHpoB h b jih i o t c h MeTaJiJiH rp yn n b i a n a - a a q a co c to h t b t o m , qTo6bi npn aaTb qacrn u aM M eTajuia on p eaejieH -
th h h(ocoöeH H o najuisaH H H n jia T H H a ) , h BnepBbie b MHpe 6 biji o c y - Hoe KpHCTajuiHqecKoe CTpoeHHe c MaKCHMajibHo p33BHTofi n oß epx-
m ecTBjieH n p o u ecc n ia p o r e H H 3 3 U H H jk h p o b b npHCyTCTBHH s t h x Ka- HocTbio, CBoßoaHoö o t b c h k h x nocTopoHHHx BeiuecTB, t . e. oßecne-;
T a jiH 3 a T o p o B . H m x e ö b u ia p a 3p a ß o T a H a TexHOJiörHH n p o r o B o a c T B a qHTb BbicoKyio aKTHBHOCTb KaTajiH3aTopa.
Ha HHKejieBOM KaTajiH3aTope, npeaJio>KeHHOM b 1905 r o a y <})paHuy3- OnTHMajibHofi T eM n ep aT yp oö aJia p aöoTbi B0CCTaH0BjieHHbix hh-
c k h m h y qeH b iM H C a ö a T b e h CaHaepeHOM. B 1909 r o a y b HnjKHeM KejieBMx rH apn pyioiu H x j k h p h K3T3JiH3aTopoB HBJineTCH 180— 200°
H o ß r o p o a e 6 h j i nym eH nepBbifi b MHpe rH aporeH H 3 auHOHHbiß äaBoa, B 33BHCHMOCTH OT KaqeCTBa BOAOpOaa H JKHpOB.
paöoTOH KOToporo pyKOBoaHJi HHHceHep BHJiböyuieBHq, p a 3 p a 6 oTaB- C n o co ö b i nojiyqeHHH B o a o p o a a aJin rHapnpoBaHHH onncaHbi b
ixihh KOHCTpyKUHH m h o f h x annapaxoB , npHMeHHioiunxcH Ha rn a p o re - Ky p c a x TexHOJiörHH jk h p o b hjih b cneunajibH bix pyKOBoacTBax. H a
HH3 aUH0 HHbIX 3 aB0aaX. B COBeTCKOe BpeMH npO H 3BOaCTBO OTBepJK- 3 a ß o a a x Hcn0Jib3yi0T x o p o u io oqHiueHHbrä B o a o p o a , n ojiyqaeM biß no
aeHHHX >KHpOB (caJIOM aca) 3H3qHTeJIbH0 paCUIHpeHO H npOBOaHTCH »cejie30-nap0B 0M y c n o c o ö y , hjih oqeHb qHCTbiß sjieKTpojiHTHqecKHß
HayqHo-HCCJieaoßaTejibCKHe paöoTbi no ycoBepineHCTBOBaHHio npo- Boaopoa.
ueccoB rnaporeHH3auHH. XHMHqecKHe npoueccbi npn rHapnpoBaHHH arapoB He cBoaHTcn
P e a K U H H rn a p H p O B a H H H HBjineTCH n p o c T e ß m e ß x H M H q ec K ofi p e s K - TOJibKO k HacbimeHHio HenpeaejibHbix k h c jio th h x paaHKaJioB >KHpa.
w e ü npncoeaH H eH H H : noa aeficTBHeM Boaopoaa npeTepneBaiOT H3MeHeHHH h apyrne co-
CTaBHue qacTH >KHpa: cTepHHbi B0 CCTaHaBjiHBai0 TCH ao rnapoapoMa-
------- C H = C H --------- |-H2 -*■------- CH 2 — CH2— ••• THqecKHx yrjieBoaopoaoß; BOCCTaHaBJiHBaiOTCH BHTaMHHbi A h JX h
OaHaKO h c TeopeTH ^ecKoft c t o p o h h h npn ocyiuecTBJieHHH ee b nOJIHOCTblO TepHIOT CBOIO ÖHOJIOrHqeCKyK) UeHHO'CTb (BHT3MHH E co-
npO H 3B O aCTB e HMeeTCH pHa OCOÖeHHOCTefi, K O T O pH e HeOÖXOaHMO yMH- xpaHHeTcn); rnapHpyiOTCH t|)oc4)aTHaM h Morymne oöpa30BaTbCH
TbIB3Tb. npn paciuenjieHHH >KHpoB HenpeaeJibHbie yrjieBoaopoan; OKpameH-
rjia B H o e 3aK jiK m eTC H b C03aaHHH ycJioBHß aJia p a ö o T U K a ia jw - HHe BemecTBa (HanpHMep, K a p o ra H ) npn BOCCTaHOBJieHHH TepHioT
3aTopa. cb o io OKpacKy; MHorne naxHyiune BemecTBa TepniOT cboh cneuHt^H-
K aTajiH 3aTopoM h b jih ctch m cjiko pa3apo6jieH H bift HHKejib. n p o ­ qecKHH 3anax.
u ecc e r o H3r0T0BJieHHH 3aKJiioq3eTCH b cJieayiom eM . Ha pacTBop cep- H ajin qn e öojibm oro KOJiHqecTBa npHMeceß h npoayKTOB pacnaaa
HOKHCJIOH COJIH HHKeJIH aefiCTByiOT COaOH, npHqeM OÖpa3yeTCH oc- b pancoBOM h cypenHOM Macjiax, b s^Hpe p u ö h m opckhx jk h b oth m x
HOBHan yrjieKH CJia« cojib. 3 T y co jib H arpeßaioT b aTM0C(})epe B oaop o- HBJIHeTCH npHqHHOH Toro, qTO 3TH JKHpM THapHpyiOTCH C ÖOJIbUIHM
a a a o 250°. n p n sto m npon cxoaH T BoccTaHOBJieHHe M eTajuiH ^ecKoro TpyaOM.
HHKejiH no c jie a y io m e fi cxeM e: H a cKopocTb peaKUHH rnapHpoBaHHH, KOHeqHO, OKa3biBaeT bjih-
HHHe h xHM nqecKoe CTpoeHHe k h c jio t, BxoaaiuHX b cocTaB scnpoB,
f NiCOs- 3 N i(O H ) 2 •2 H 20 -> 5 N iO + 2 C 0 2+ 5 H 20 t . e. aJiHHa y rjie p o a H o fl uenn h n op n a oK p acn ojio^ eH H H aßoflH bix
N i O + H 2 -> N i + H 20 CBH3efl. K a K npaBHJio, 6bicTpee rnapHpyiOTCH k h cjio tm c MeHbniHM
n p o u e c c BOCCTaHOBJieHHH OÖbIMHO npOH3BOaHT HenocpeacTBeHHO KOjiHqecTBOM y rjiep o a H b ix aTOMOB b MOJieKyjie. ^ e M ö o jih u ie b mo-
b aBTOKJiaBe, r a e nponcxoaH T rnapHpoB3HHe; B b ic y u ie H H b ie yrjieKHC- jie K y jie >KHpa aßoflH bix CBH3eß, TeM ßbicTpee, ecTecTBeHHo, naeT no-
Jibie c o jih CMem HBaiOTCH H a B a ji b u a x c M a c jio M , h n o J iy q e H H y io }KHa~ rjioiueHHe B o a o p o a a . H ccjieaoB aTejiH M H OTMeqaeTCH onpeaejieH H an
Kyio n acT y sarpyjK aiO T b ro p n q e e M acjio, H axoaH iueecn b aBTOKJiaBe, eTyneH qaToeTb b n opn aK e HacbiiueHHH aßOHHbix cBH3efl h b OTaejib-
K ya a 3aTeM noaaeTCH h B o a o p o a . H H Kejib oßpa3yeTCH b peaKUHOH- h h x cJiyqanx H3ßHpaTejibHoe aeflcTBH e K aiajiH 3 aT op a.
hoh M acce b BHae M ejiK oro n op ou iK ä qep H oro UBeTa h HsqHHseT noBbim eH H e aaBJieHHH 3(f)(J)eKTHBHo yBejinqHBaeT cKopocTb npH-
aeflcTBOBaTb KaK KaTajiH3aTop. COeaHHeHHH B o a o p o a a .
H H o raa c o jih B b ic y u iH B a iO T n y T eM H a rp e B a H H H b M a c jie h n o ji y - >KaK h npn b c h k o m reTeporeHHOM n p ou ecce, B a * H o e 3HaqeHHe
q aiO T T e M H 0 -3 e jie H y i0 , n o q ™ q e p H y io M a c c y ( K p a c K y ) , K O T o p y io h 3 a - HMeeT TiuaTejibH oe nepeMemHBaHHe peaKUHOHHOH Maccbi, oßecneqH-
r p y s o i o T b M a c jio . H H o r a a H H K ejib H a H o c a T H a K S K o fi-H H ß y a b H H epT- Baioiuee HaHJiyqmnß KOHTaKT Me^<ay pearnpyiom H M H BemecTBaMH
h h h HOCHTejib — T p e n e ji, K H 3 e jib ry p h t . n. n p n H3roTOBJieHHH K a- (ra300Öpa3HbIM BOaopoaOM H ÄHaKHM JKHpOM) H TBepabIM K3T3JIH-
T a j i H 3 a T o p a - o 6biHHo k HHKejieBOH c o jih npH Ö aB Jin ioT cepHOKHCJiyK) aaTOpOM.
M e a b , C KOTDpOH n p o n c x o a H T T e JKe p e a K U H H , qTO H C CepHOKHCJIHM rHap0reHH33UHH Ä H p a OCymeCTBJIHeTCH B aBT0KJI3B3X, pa3Me-
H H K ejieM . M eab cnocoßcTByeT cHHHieH Hio TeM nepaTypbi npouecca meHHHx b aBTOKjiaBHOM oTaejieHHH rHaporeHH3auHOHHoro u exa
BOCCTaHOBJieHHH HHKejiH. aaB oaa. (Z lp y r n e OTaejieHHH s t o t o u exa h b jih iotch BcnoM oraTejibHH-
npouecc npHroTOBjieHHH KaTajiH 3aTopa — oTBeTCTBeHHaa h MH: B HHX npOH3BOaHTCH nOarOTOBKa >KHp3, npHrOTOBJieHHe K3T3JIH-
cji03KHan onepauHH; OHa onHCHBaeTCH b cneunajibH bix K yp cax. 3 a - 3aT0pa, oqHCTKa B o a o p o a a .)

198 199
 A b t o k jis b npeacTaBÄSieT coöofl UHJiHHÄPHHecKHÖ cocya (p n e. 57), M acjie. lKaTajiH3aT0p öepeTCH H3 pacneTa 0,5— 1 ne M eTajuia Ha l r
CAeJiaHHbip H3 KHCJI0 T 0 y n 0 p H 0 H CTajlH H nOKpHTblH TOJICTbIM CJIOeM JKHpa. r io c Ä e s t o t o ä ^ io t CHJibHyio CTpyio BOÄopoÄa h nycK aioT b
( 1 0 c m ) TepM 0H 30jiH U H 0H H 0r0 M 3 T e p H a jia . EMKOCTb e r o p a c c ^ H T a H a x o ä M einajiKy. n oA S B aeM bifl b aBTOKJiaB b o ä o p o ä He ycn eß a eT noji-
Ha 3 a r p y 3 K y 5 — 6 t JKHpa; B B e p x y aB TO Kjiaß HM eeT n p ocTpaH C TB o, HOCTblO BCTynHTb B peaKU,HIO, H e ro H3ÖHTOK HenpepuBHO OTBOäHTCH
3 a n o jiH H e M o e boäopoaom , b h c o to h 1— 1,5 m . B H yT p H aBTOKJiaßa H3 an n ap aT a. n o Ä a »ia BOÄOpOÄa np0H3B0ÄHTCH n oÄ ÄaBJieHHeM npH
H M eioT ca T p y ö b i, noA B O A H m n e b o ä o p o ä b h h jk h io k ) e r o q a c T b . O k o jio noM om n KOMnpeccopoB.
ö a p ö o T e p a , k o t o p h m 33K3HMHBaeTCH T p y ö a , ycraH O B JieHS M e m a jiK a PeaKUHH rHÄPHpOBaHHH HBJIHeTCH 3K30TepMHHeCK0H, H O XOÄe
(7), Ö J ia ro Ä a p a öb iC T p o M y B p a iu eH H io K O T op ofi b o ä o p o ä pacnpeae- n p o u ecca cyÄHT n o noBHiueHHio T eM n ep a T yp a . I lp u onacHocTH ne-
JlfleTCH MeJIbHafilUHMH n y3bipbK aM H B JKHpe c o B3BemeHHbIMH B HeM p erp eß a n ycK aioT b x o ä xoÄOÄHJibHbie npHcnocoÖJieHHH. flo n y c K a e -
nacTHHKaM H K 3T3JiH 33Top3. J],jih n o Ä o rp e ß a H H H M a c jia h ä jih o x jis jk - Man CTeneHb neperpeßa 3 3 b h ch t o t KaqecTBa oöpaÖ aTbißaeM oro
aeHHH c a jio M a c a B H yrpH aßTOKJiaßa p 3 3 M em eH b i 3MeeBHKH (5 h 6 ) . JKHpa H OT aKTHBHOCTH K3T3JIH3aTOpa. X o p o m n e paCTHTeJIbHbie JKHpbl
A b t o k j i 3 b p a c c q H T a H Ha p a ö o T y n o a ÄaBJieHHeM (p a ö o u e e ÄaBJie- (jibHHHoe, xJi0nK0B0e, KOHonjiHHoe, n0ÄC0JiHeqH0e M a c jia ) Ha m gäho-
HHe BHyTpH an n ap aT a ä o 3 üt). HHKejieBbix KaTajiH 3aTopax rH Ä pnpyioT npn TeMnepaType o k o jio 200°,
KoHTpOJIbHO-H3MepHTejIbHHe npHÖOpbl (TepMOMeTpH, M3H0MeT~ a pbiöbH >KHpbi h BopBaHb npn 200— 230°.
p bi) CM0HTHp0B3Hbi Ha ÄOCKe, yKpenjieH H ofi okojio a n n ap aT a h Ha npOÄOJUKHTejIb'HO'CTb rHÄP0reHH33UHH 33BHCHT OT K3HeCTßa
caMOM ann apaTe. jKHpa, TeM nepaTypbi, 3 k th b h o c th KaT3jiH33Topa h TpeöyeM oft CTe­
neHH rHAporeHH3auHH. B cpeÄHeM OHa cocTaBJiHeT 3— 5 h sco b c
MOMeHTs ÄOCTHxeHHH yK33aHHofl Bbriue TeM nepaTypbi.
n o AOCTHJKeHHH HeOÖXOÄHMOÖ CTeneHH HaCUIUeHHH JKHp H3 3BT0-
KÄ3Ba cnycK 3ioT b npHeMHHKH. n ojiyqaeT C H noJiyHCHÄKaa b xenjioM
BHÄe TeMHO 0Kp3UieHH3H M3CC3, KOTOpSH H33HB3eTCH C 3 JI O M 3-
c o m. E r o oxjiajK Ä aroT npn nepeMeuiHB3HHH ( ’rroöh i He o c e ji K3T3-
JIH33TOP) ÄO 120— 140° H nepeK3HHB3IOT H3 (fWJIbTpnpeCCbl ÄJIH
OTÄejieHHH K3T3JIH33T0p3. HHOrÄa K3T3JIH33T0p OTÄeJIHIOT 0TCT3HBa-
HHeM. ,E(0 OT(J)HJIbTpOBbIBaHHH TOpHTOH Ä H p HHrÄe He COnpHKaC3eT-
CH C B03ÄyX0M.
r HÄpOreHH3aUHIO CraTaiOT 33K0HHeHH0H, K0rÄ3 rHÄP0reHH33T
(c s jio m s c ) Ä O cra ra eT T p eö yeM o fl TeM nepaTypbi njiaßjieHHH (3 1 — 36°
ä jih nnm eBbix cajioM acoB h 42— 4 8 ° ä jih TexHHMecKHx).
OT^JHJIbTpOBaHHblH C3Ä0M3C nepeKa^HBSIOT B XP3HHJIHIU3 —
öojibuiH e JKeJie3Hbie qaHbi, a HHorÄa b pacnjiaBJieHHOM BHÄe o h ne-
peKa^HBaeTCH hjih n ocT yn aeT caMOTeKOM b *eJie3H0Ä0p0JKHbie hjih
aBTOUHCTepHbl.
TeopeTH qecKH Bec c a ^ o M a c s ä o j iä c h öbiTb öo jib iu e Beca h c x o ä -
Horo JKHpa 3a cqeT npncoeÄHHeHHH BOÄopoÄa, ho TaK KaK s t o t npn-
Bec He3HaqHTejieH, t o Ha npaKTHKe Bec n ojiyqeH H oro npoÄyKTa MeHb-
Phc. 57. A b to k ji3 b ajih rHApHpoBaHHa »H p o B . iue, qeM h c x o ä h h x : b u x o ä h CHHjKaioTCH BCJieÄCTBHe noTepb MacJia
1 — n aT p yö oK f l j i s B n ycK a MacJia h KaTajiH3a-ropa; 2 — 6 a p 6 o x e p p.jis b o - npH pa^)HHHpOB3HHH (H3 0Öp330B3HHe nOÖOHHblX npOÄyKTOB), B
A o p o fla ; 3 — n a T p yö oK jijih OTBOAa H3GbiT0HH0rü ß o/topo/u; 4 — y p o s e H b
u a c jia b aBTOKJiaBe; 5 — cHCTeMa 3MeeBHKOB ^ jiji H arpeBa M acjia; 6 —
npOMUBHUX BOÄ3X H B OTXOÄHUI,eH, TaK H33bIB3eMOH K3TaÄH33T0p-
cHCTeMa 3MeeBHKOB juia oxjiaacfleH H a caJioM aca; 7 — M em ajiKa; 8 — c j i h b HOH, rpH3H.
c a jio M a ca ; 9 — jiio k ; 10 — p e fly K T o p .
BblXOÄHIUHH H3 3BT0KJiaßa BOÄOpOÄ nOÄBepr3eTCH OHHCTKe. CH3-
P a ö c T a no nepHOÄHuecKOMy MeTOÄy np0H3B0ÄHTCH cjieAyiom H M q a ji3 o t Hero o tä c jih io tc h K3njiu M acjia b o c o ö h x K anjieyjioB H Tejinx,
0Öpa30M. H e p e Ä hsmsjiom p a ö o T b i aBTOKJiaB h noÄBOÄ'Hiune Tpyöbi 33TeM oh npoMHB3eTCH b o ä o h b C K p yööep sx, HHorÄ3 eiu e npocyuiH -
n poÄ yßaiO Tca b o ä o p o ä o m TaK, HTOÖbi b hhx coBepineHHO He o c t s b s - feaeTCH eÄKHM HaTpoM. OqHiueHHbiö b o ä o p o ä CHOBa HÄeT b rH Äpore-
Jiocb B 0 3 Ä y iä ; 3aTeM b aBTOKJiaB 3arpyjKaeTCH pa(J)HHHpoB3HHbiH, HH3aUHOHHblfl ann3p3T. LtHpKyJIHUHH BOÄOpOAa MOJKeT npOÄOJIJKaTb-
T. e. OqHmeHHHfl OÖpaÖOTKOH meJIOHblO H BUCymeHHblH, JKHp H Ha- CH ÄO Tex nop, noKa OH He 3arpH3HHTCH HSCTOJIbKO, HTO 33MeTHO
rpeßaeTCH ä o 160— 200° (H H orÄa HarpeB np0H3B0ÄHTCH b c n e m ia jib - yMeHbHIHTCH CKOpOCTb THÄPHpOBaHHH. B UHpKyjIHpyiOIUeM BOÄOpOÄe
Hbix n o Ä o rp e B a T e jin x ). 3 a r p y * a e T c fl cycneH3HH KaTajiH3aTopa b coÄepscaHHe BOÄopoÄa ä o jijk h o öbiTb He MeHbine 9 0 % .

i.200 201
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203
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onpeÄeJieH H OH n o c jie Ä O B a T e jib H o c T H o c T a jib H b ie cocTaBH H e qacTH.
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J IS A C H MOJIOKO, CJIHBOHHOe M8CJIO H HHMHblH >KejITOK. MOJIOKO Ä0-
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ro 15,0 ao 15,0
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ÄeHCTBHe 33BHCHT OT npHCyTCTBHH B JKeJITKe (J)OCC})aTHÄOB, B qaCTHO- iKajiopHHHoeTb ÄHpoB cjiKBO^Horo Macjia 8800 — 9300 kküa/k8, a
CTH JieUHTHHa, TO ÖeJIOK HHorÄa 33MeHHIOT JieUHTHHOM, BblÄeJIHeMbIM KajiopHHHOCTb >KHpoB MaprapHHa 9450^— 9800 KKüA/Ka.
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204 205
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n ajia rjiHuepHHOByio BOAy, a 3aTeM >KHpHHe k h c jio th .
H P h eMKOCTH naHOB b 16— 20 m 3 o ö m a n npoAOJiÄHTeJibnocTb n p o ­
u ecca pacm enjieHHH cocTaBJiHeT 26— 38 qacoB , H3 k o t o p h x Ha KHnn-
HeHHe npnxoAHTCH 18— 30 qacoB. H a nojiyHeHHe 1 t TexRH ^ecKoro
rjinuepHHa pacxoAyeTCH o k o jio 147,5 k z KOHTaKTa ö e T p o B a (H3roTOB-
zieHHoro H3 ra30HJin), 130 kz cepHOH k h c jio th (cqH Tan Ha H 2S O 4) h
130 KZ 60-npOUeHTHOH H3BeCTH AJIH HeHTpajIH33UHH TJIHUepHHO-
BHX BOA-
3 a nocjieAHHe t o a h KOHTaKTHbiö MeTOA BbiTecHHeTcn öe3peaKTHB-
HbIM MeTOAOM p3CmenJieHHH JKHpOB, CymHOCTb KOTOpOTO CBOAHTCH K
TOMy, MTO JKHp THAP0JIH3yeTCH npH AeHCTBHH TOJibKO BOAbl nOA ASB-
jieHHeM o k o jio 25 ar h n p a noBbimeHHofi TeM nepaType, öe3 3aTpaTbi
ÄpyrH X peaKTHBOB. 3 t 0 T MeTOA BBeAeH B npOH3BOACTBO COBeTCKHMH
HHJKeHepaMH H . B . HayMeHKO, M . B . H p o a o b h m h IT. B. HyKOBbiM.
B u c ip o c rH A pojiH 3yiom ee AeficTBHe b o a h oö^HCHsieTCH TeM, hto
n p « TeM n ep aT yp ax b 200° h Bbime AnccounauHH b o a h H acrajibK o 3Ha-
tlHTeJlbHa, HTO ÄJIH yCKOpeHHH peaKUHH AOCTaTOHHO TOrO KOJlHHeCTBa
hohob BOAopoAa, KOTopoe npn s t o m nojiynaeTCH.
n o c ra p o M y nepHOAHHecKOMy c n o c o ö y pacm en jieH H e np0H3B0AHT
nyTeM HarpeBaHHH * H p a b cMecn c b o a o h a o 220° h AaBJieHHH 25 a r
b aBTOKJiaBax npn noMemnBaHHH. n o OKOHnaHHH n p o u e c c a rHApoJiH’
3 a coAep>KHMoe aBTOKJiaBa c n y c K a e ic n b o t c t o h h h h naH, r%e nponc-
x o a h t paccjioeH H e cMecn Ha JKHpHbie k h c jio th h rjiHuepHHOByio BOAy.
* Be3peaKTHBHbiH cn o c o ö pacm enjieHHH >k h p o b T p eö y eT ö o jie e c j io ä -
ho S h A op oroH a n n a p a T y p n , neM k o h t 3K t h h h , ho e r o npenM ym ecT-
Ba — noßbimeHHe BbixoAa n K3HecTB3 rjinuepHHa, noBbimeHHe Kane-
CTBa KHCJIOT, OTCyTCTBHe peaKTHBOB — nOKpblBaiOT H3JIHmKH P3CX0-
AOB 33 2 — 2,5 rpA 3; B CKOpOM BpeMeHH, nO-BHAHMOMy, 3T0T c n o c o ö
207
 Ä n p H H e k h c jio t h noÄHHMaiOTCH b BepxHioio qacTb aBTOKJiaßa h qe-
BbiTecHHT Bce o e ra jib H H e . B HacTOHiuee BpeMH 3 3 b o ä h nepexoÄH T Ha
pe3 BHnycKHofi n aT p yöoK (8 ) HanpaBJiniOTCH b TenjiooÖMeHHHK (9 ),
HenpepHBHbifl MeTOÄ pacm enjieHHH, k o t o p h h h ö y a e T onncaH no-
a 3aTeM b cöopHHK jk h p h h x k h c jio t ( 1 0 ) .
ÄpoÖHee.
rjiHuepHHOBaH BOÄa H3 B Toporo aBTOKJiaßa, coÄepJKam an ä o 5 %
n 0 OÄHOH H3 exeM (pHC. 5 9 ), pa3pa60TaHHHX COBeTCKHMH yqeHbl-
rjiHuepHHa, o tb o ä h tc h H3 hhjkhch qacTH aBTOKJiaßa h qepe3 noHH3H-
mh h HHsteHepaMH, 6e3peaKTHBHoe pacmenjieHHe jk h p ob no Henpe­
TeJib ÄaßJieHHH, TenjiooÖMeHHHK h jK H p o jio ß y u iK y ' HanpaBJineTCH b
pbiBHOMy M eTo^y np0H3B0ÄHTCH b ß aT a p ee H3 /myx aBTOKJiaßOß
6aK (1 1 ) , OTKyÄa nepeÄ aeTcn b nepBHH aBTOKjiaß ä jih npoBeÄ^HHH
(1 h 2 ). >Knp h rjiHuepHHOBaa B o^a, co^epH cam aa H eöojibüiH e k ojih -
necTBa (ä o 5 % ) rjiHuepHHa, npoxoAH T H arpeBaTejiH ( 3 ) , r ^ e H arpe- nepBOfi CT3ÄHH rHÄpOJIH3a JKHpa.
BaioTCH ä o 210°. H 3 H arpeB aTejiefl ohh HanpaBJiniOTCH b n ep B u fi 3ß-
TOKjiaB — peaKTop ( 1 ) : jkhp b h h jk h ioio e r o qacTb, a BOÄa b Bepx-
(fe r n .
hiok). B aBTOKJiaBe jkh p h b oä 3 HarpeBsioTCH c noM om bio o c T p o ro
n ap a, n oÄ aß aeM oro qepe3 ö a p ö o T e p ( 4 ) b h h jkh ioio qacTb aBTOKJiaßa
noÄ ÄaBJieHHeM 20 — 25 ar.
BcjieÄCTBHe pa3JiHHHoro y Ä ejib H oro Beca JKHpa h b o ä h b aBTO­
KJiaBe npOHCXOÄHT npOTHBOTOHHOe Ä B H *eH H e JKHÄKOCTeft: TJIHUepH-

Phc. 59. CxeMa 6e3peaKTHBHoro pacmenjieHHH >k Hpoß no HenpepbiBHOMy MeTO^y.

1 h2 — aBTOKjiaßbi; 3 — HarpeBaTejiH; 4 — ßapöoiepbi; 5 —nap00öpa30BaTeJib BWcoKoro
ÄaBjieHHH; 6 — TpyÖa yAajieHHH rjimiepHHOBoft boah; 7 — 6aK ajih nepBoft rjinijepHHOBOft
boah; 8 — naipyöoK ajih OTBOAa ähphhx khcjiot; 9 — TeruiooÖMeHHHK; 10— cöopHHK
JKHpHblX KHCJIOT; 11 — 6aK AJIH BTOpofi rjIHHepHHOBOÜ BOAbl.

HOBan BOÄa OnyCKaeTCH b h h jk h io io q acT b aBTOKJiaßa, a j k h p ( q a -

cthhhopacm enjieH H bift) B cnjiH B aeT b BepxH ioio e ro qacTb. B o Ä a , co -
Ä e p jK a iu a n äo 17 % rjm u e p H H a, HenpepbiBHO yÄajineTCH H3 aBTOKJiaßa
no T p yß e ( 6 ) h , npoHÄH noHH3HTejib ÄaßjieHHH, coÖH paeTcn b 6aKe
ä ^ih n e p B o ö rjiHuepHHOBOH b o ä h ( 7 ) .
)K h p pacm enjineTCH b nepBOM aBTOKJiaBe Ha 80— 8 2 % . C M ec b He-
P h c . 60. O ö iiih h bh ä y c t b h o b k h k o jioh h o-
r o THna ä jih p a a n eim eH H H jk h p o b .
i K o j i H q e c T ß a n oÄ aß aeM oro JKHpa h b o ä h , cKopocTb b h x o ä h n p o -

p acm en jie H H o ro JKHpa h K a p 60 H0 Bbix k h c jio t nepexoÄH T H3 n ep B o ro ÄyKTOß pesKUHH, TeM n epaTypa BemecTB h ÄaßjieHHe n a p a p e r y j i H -
aBTOKJiaßa b h h j k h io io q acT b B T o p o ro aBTOKJiaBa ( 2 ) , rÄ e npoÄOJi- pyiOTCH h perHCTpnpyiOTCH cooTBeTCTByromn m h n paöopaM H , o ö e c n e -
jKaeTCH rHÄpbJiH3 JKHpa no Ä ÄeftcTBHeM n o Ä aB aeM o ö ciOÄa CBejKefi qHBaromHMH 3BT0M3THHecK0e ynpaßjieH H e npoueccoM .
b o ä h . TjiyÖHHa pacm enjieH H H JKHpa Ha BTopofl c t b ä h h ( b o b to p o m P s ö o t s n o HenpepHBHOMy c n o c o ö y HMeeT u e j i H H p h ä npeHM y-
aBTOKJiaBe) ä o x o ä h t ä o 9 4 — 9 6 % . meCTB IipOTHB pepHOÄHMeCKOrO. npOH3BOÄHTejIbHOCTb 3BTOKJiaBOB

208 14 3aKas Wß 215 209

noBHiuaeTCH Ha 3 5 % h öo jib iu e (ÄBa 3 b t o k ji 3 b 3 eMKocTbio no 9,3 m3
B b ip a ö a T U B .a io T b cyTKH 24 t j k h p h h x k h c j i o t ) ; k h c j i o t h noJiyqsioTCH
6 o jie e CBeTJibiMH h h h c t h m h h B nojm e npnroÄHbi jyih H3r0T0BJieHH3
Bcex co p T O B T y a jie T H b ix m biji; b h x o ä h nrauepH H a HecKOJibKO BHiue
3 a c q eT yBejiHH eH HH rjiyÖ H H bi pacm enjieHHH; c o K p a m a e T c n pacxoÄ
n ap a, h y jiy q in a io T C H ycjiO BH H Tp yn a p a ß oqn x.
H s n ß o jie e coBepmeHHHM MeTOÄOM HenpepbiBHoro pacm enjieHHH
JKHpa HBJIHeTCH npoBeÄeHHe s t o t o n p o u ecca b CTaJibHHx KOJiOHHax
(pHC. 6 0 ) BHCOTOH 20— 26 M H ÄH3MeTpOM 1— 1,2 M . B HHJKHIOIO
nacTb k o jio h h h noÄaeTCH JKHp, k o t o p h ö nocTeneHHo noÄHHMaercH
KBepxy, a CBepxy npoTHBOTOKOM k jKHpy noÄaeTCH b oä 3 b p a cn n jieH -
HOM BHÄe. )K.HpHbie KHCJIOTbl OTXOÄHT H3 BepXHeH KOJIOHHH, & H M U e-
pHHOBan BOÄa coÖHpaeTCH BHH3y. Ä a B J iem ie b KOJiOHHe 40— 42 ar,
TeM n epaTypa 200— 250°. T jiv ö m ia pacm enjieHHH ä o x o ä h t ä o 9 8 % .
BbiÄejieHHe h oMHCTKa rjiHuepHHa
rjiHuepHHOBbie b o ä h , n o jiy q a eM H e npH pscm enjieH H H jkh p ob , co -
ÄepjK aT o t 10 ä o 2 5 % rjinuepHHa. ä j i h BbiÄejieHHH TexH H qecKoro
rjinuepHHa b o ä Y oöpaöaTH B aiO T H3BecTbio ä jih yÄaJieHHH k h c jio t h
Tm aTeÄbHo 0T$HJibTp0BbiBai0T ocaÄOK Ha (f)HJibTpnpeccax. H efiT p ajiH -
30BaHHyi0 rjiHuepHHOByio b o ä Y ynapHBaiOT b B aK yyM -an n apaTax.
nO JiyqäeM blß TaKHM 0Öpa30M TeXHHqeCKHH TJIHUepHH (j)HJIbTpyK)T Ha
4)HJibTpnpecce h cJiHBaioT b npneMHHH 6aK.
TexHHqecKHH rjinuepHH, nojiyqeHHbift no KOHTaKTHOMy MeTOÄy*
coÄepjKHT o k o jio 8 8 % rjinuepH H a, ä o 2 % MHHepajibHoro OCTaTKa h
o k o jio 2 % HejieTyHHx opraHHMecKHx BemecTB. FjiHuepHH, noJiyqen-
h h h no 6e3peaKTHBHOMy MeTOÄy, coÄepjKHT, KOHe^HO, ropa3ÄO MeHb-
uie npHMeceß.
TexHnqecKHH rjinuepHH HaxoÄHT , orpaHHueHHoe npHMeHeHHe.
O ö h h h o ero OHHmaiOT n ep eroH K oö n oÄ BaKyyMOM c neperperaM b o ä h -
HHM napoM . ÄHCTHJIJIHpoßaHHblfl rjinuepHH HH0FÄ3 noÄBepraK)T OT-
öejiK e npn noM om n aKTHBHpoBSHHoro yrÄH. ä j i h a T o ro ä h c t h j ij ih p o -
b 3 h h h h rjinuepHH CMeniHBseTCH c y rjieM b cneuHSÄbHbix M eniajraax
npn TeM n epaType 70— 80° b TeqeHHe 2— 2,5 qacoB h 3aTeM (JmjibT-
pyeTCH. n ojiyqeH H bift öecuBeTHbiö rjinuepHH Ha3biBaeTCH XHMHqecKH
HHCTblM.
rjin u epH H (n p on aH T p n oji-1 , 2, 3 ) b hh ctom BHÄe npeÄCTaBJineT
c o ß o fi SecuBeTHyio CH ponoo6p33Hyio jKHÄKoeTb c jia Ä K o ro BKyca.
yÄeJibHbift Bec e r o rf204= 1,260; KHnHT n pn 290° HeMHoro p a 3 jia ra a c b
npn sto m . M oJKeT öbiTb n ojiyqeH b BHÄe KpHCTajijioB, njiaBHmnxcH
npn 17°. CMeuiHBSeTCH c b o ä o h h cnnpTOM bo Bcex " oTHomeHHHx, b
3<|)Hpe h xjiop otjjop M e He paCTBOpHeTCH. BcTpeqaeTCH b npHpOÄe b
cb o ö o ä h o m c o c to h h h h , TaK KaK o6p33yeTCH b KsqecTBe n o ö o q H o ro
npOÄyKTa npia q a cT o BerpeqaioiueM CH cnnpTOBOM ßpojKeHHH caxap oß .
B HeÖOJIblHHX' KOJIHqeCTB 3X COÄepJKHTCH B KpOBH JKHBOTHbIX.
rjin u ep H H HaxoÄHT n in p oK oe npHMeHeHHe. B 3HaqHTeJibHbix kojih -
qecTB ax oh pacxoÄyeTCH b .TeKCTHJibHoö npOMblUIJieHHOCTH ä jih annpe-
T y p u h mJiHXTOBaHHH, Tan KaK, npHTHrHBan BOÄy, rjinuepHH npe-
ÄOxpsHHeT M aTepnaÄH o t BbicbixaHHH h npHAaeT h m sjiacTHqHocTb.
B KOJKeBeHHOÖ npOMblUIJieHHOCTH OH npHMeHHeTCH ÄJIH CMHrqeHHH
ko jk h , b nnm eB ofi npoMHinjieHHocTH — b KaqecTBe ä o ö s b o k b JiHKe-
p n , b h h s , ä h m o h s ä h h Ä p y r a e HanHTKH, b noJiHrpscpHqecKoft n po-
MHIHJieHHOCTH— npH H3rOTOBJieHHH MaCCbl ÄJIH neq3THbIX BajIOB, B
nap(J)KDMephh h KocMeTHKe — KaK cM H rqaiom ee cpeÄCTBo. 3HaqHTejib-
Hbie K0JinqecTB3 rjiHuepHHs pscxoÄyioTC H ä jih nojiyqeHHH B3pHBq3-
THX BemecTB (HHTporJIHUepHH).
BbiÄejieHHe j k h p h h x kh c jio t h h x Hcn0Jib30BaHHe
K a K MH BHÄeJIH, JKHpHbie KHCJIOTH OTÄejIHIOTCH OT rJIHUepHHOBOH
boäh nyTeM o t c t 3 h b 3 hhh b o t c t o h h h x ö a K a x cM ecn npOÄyKTOB p a c ­
menjieHHH j k h p o b . iKaK ö o jie e JierKHe, k h c j io t h BcnjibiBaiOT Ha no-
BepXHOCTb B BHÄe M3CJIHHHCT0r0 CJIOH TeM Horo UBeTa.
Ha3BaHHH KHCJIOT, 06pa3yK>IUHXCH npn p3CmenJieHHH p33JIHqHbIX
JKHpOB, H HX rJISBHeHIUHe CBOHCTB3 npHBeÄeHbl B TaÖJIHUe 12.
Ä jih pa3ÄeJieHHH cM ecn k h c jio t Ha TB ep Ä n e h jk h ä k h c noJiyqeH-
Hbift n o cjie neperoHKH ä h c th jijih t n poM biB aioi pa36aBjieHHHM pacTBo-
pOM cepHOH KHCJIOTH, 3aTeM rOpHqefl BOÄOH, 0TCT3HB3I0T HP33JIHB3IOT
B (})OpMH ÄJIH KpHCTajUIH3aUHH. ÜOJiyqeHHyiO M3CCy 33KJI3ÄHBaIOT B
mepcTHHbie cajitfieTKH h noÄßepraiO T npeccoBSHHio, t . e. cjk h m 3 iot
MejKÄy BepTHKSÄbHbIMH HJIH r0pH30HT3JIbHbIMH nJIHT3MH. OÖHqHO
npeccyiOT 3a Ä ß a npneM a: CHaqaJia M e«<Äy x o jio ä h h m h njiHTaMH (x o -
ÄOÄHoe n p eccoB 3 H H e), 3 noTOM M ejKÄy ropnqHMH (r o p n q e e n p ecco-
B 3H H e).
^KHÄKHe KHCJIOTbl CTeKSIOT, & Ha n p e c c a x OCTaeTCH 3aKpHCTajUIH-
30B3Bm3HCH M3CC3, T3K H33HBaeMHH CTeapHH, KOTOpblH paCnJiaB-
jih io t, npoM bißaioT pa36aBjieHHofl cepHOH k h c jio to h , 3aTeM rop H qeä
BOÄOH H CHOB3 33KpHCT3JIJIH30BbIB3I0T npH OXJISJKÄeHHH. ÜOJiyqseTCH
TeXHHqeCKHH «CTe3pHH OÄHOKpaTHOro npeCCOBSHHH» — 6ejIOB3T3H
M3CC3, C0CT0Hm3H B OCHOBHOM H3 CTeapHHOBOH H naJIbMHTHHOBOH
KHCJIOT C npHMecbio ÄpyrHX TBepÄblX (OKCHCTeapHHOBOH, 3JI3HÄHHO-
BOH) H JKHÄKHX KHCJIOT. H 3 JKHÄKHX KHCJIOT npHCyTCTByeT rjiaBHbiM
0ßpa30M 0JieHH0B3H. E c jih H y ^ H o , s t o t erespH H ä jih ö o jie e n o jm o ro
0 CB060 ÄÄeHHH OT JKHÄKHX KHCJIOT nOÄBepraiOT nOBTOpHHM nepeKpH-
CTajuiH3auHHM h OTJKHMaHHK) Ha n p ecca x.
B H acTonm ee BpeMH CTeapHH nojiyqaioT ß ojib in efi qacTbio nyTeM
pacm enjieHHH r jiy 60 K0 rHÄporeHH3HpoßaHHbix p acraTejibH bix jkh-
poB h jk h p ob m opckhx jk h b o th h x h pbiö. B sto m c jiy q a e h 6 e 3 n pec-
C0B3HHH nojiyqaeTCH noqTH qncTan CTeapHHOBan k h c jio ts (HsnpHM ep,
H3 n 0 ÄC0ÄHeqH 0 r 0 m s c jis ) h äh TBepÄan cMecb ee c naJIbMHTHHOBOH.
v CTeapHH B qHCTOM BHÄe HJIH B BHÄe COJiefl H3XOÄHT npHMeHeHHe
b npOMblUIJieHHOCTH CHHTeTHqecKoro K ayqyK a, b np0H3B0ÄCTBe p e 3 H-
h h , njiacTHqecKHX Macc, cneunaÄbHbix JiaKOB h KocMeTnqecKHx
CpeÄCTB.
CM ecb JKHÄKHX KHCJIOT, COCTOHHJ,3H B OCHOBHOM H3 OJieHHOBOft
14*
 KHCJioTbi c npHMecbio Ä p y rn x HeHacbimeHHbix h HeKOTopax HacbimeH-
Hbix k h c jio t ,! h o c h t TexHHnecKoe Ha3B3HHe ojieHHa. OjieHH n ojiyn aeT-
CH rjiaBHbiM 0Öpa30M nyTeM pacm enjieHHH p acraTejibH bix ä h p o b
( pan coß oe, KopnaH ÄpoBoe M a c jia ), a T 3 K * e , KaK ö h j io onncaHO, npn
OTJKHM3HHH cMecn khcjiot äjih OTÄeJieHHH CTeapHHa. O h npHMeHHeT­
CH B TeKCTHJIbHOH npOMUUIJieHHOCTH ÄJIH 3aM3CJIHB3HHH H BaJIKH
UiepCTH, B npOH3BOÄCTBe JKHÄKHX MHJI.
nPO H 3BO ÄCTBO M b lJ I A
MbIJI3MH B COßCTBeHHOM CMHCJie CJIOB3, T. e. BßmeCTBSMH, OÖJI3-
Ä3K)IU,HMH MOIOIIWM ÄeÖCTBHeM, HBJIHIOTCH pSCTBOpHMbie B BOÄe H3-
TpHeBMe H K3ÄHeBbie COJIH BHCIHHX OprSHHHeCKHX KHCJIOT JKHpHoro
pHÄa, coÄepjKam H X b MOJieKyjie o t 8 ä o 22 aTOMOB yrJiepoÄ a, a TaK-
}Ke mejioHHbie cojih Ha<J)TeHOBbix h c m o jih h m x khcjiot ( c m . c rp . 12).
C ojih m,eJi0HH03eMeJibHbix h THiKejibix MeTajuioB s t h x * e kh c jio t b
BOÄe He paCTBOpHKDTCH H nOSTOMy MOIOmHM Ä^HCTBUeM He OÖJiaÄaiOT.
3 t h m ÄeöcTBHeM He o ß jia Ä a io T TaKace cojih m ejioH H H x MeTajuioB
HH3UIHX JKHpHblX KHCJIOT, COÄepjKaiH,HX MeHbUie BOCbMH yrjiep oÄ H H X
# • aTOMOB b MOJieKyjie *. Y k h c jio t, co Ä ep jK a m n x ö o jie e 17 yrJiepoÄ-
Hbix aTOMOB, M o io m a n CnOCOÖHOCTb nocTeneHHo ocjia6jiHeTCH c yß e-
ÄHqeHHeM q n cjia yrJiepOÄHbix aTOMOB b MOJieKyjiax k h c jio t.
HcTOpHqecKHe c B e ^ e m «!
Pa3JiHHHbie BcnoM oraTejibHbie ( t . e. b KanecTBe ä o 6 3 b k h k b o ä g )
MOIOIUHe cpeÄCTBa HaHajIH npHMeHHTbCH B C3M0H TJiyÖOKOfi ÄpeBHO-
c th . HecoMHeHHO, h to b csmom paHHe'M nepHOÄe CBoero cym,ecTB0B3-
hhsi qejioß eK 33MeTHji OTMbiBaiomee ÄeHCTBHe tjih h h Ä p y rn x M3Te-
PH3JI0B. B ÄpeBHeM PHM e ÄJIH MHTbH TeJI3 npHMeHHJIH OTpyÖH, COKH
HeKOTOpbix pscTeHHH h rjiHHy, a H3 mohh npHroTOBJiHJiH cojih , yn oT p e-
ÖJineMbie ä jih MbiTbH uiepcTH. HMeioTCH yKa33HHH o to m , h to em e
B 130— 200 ro Ä a x h. s. pHMJiHHe 3HajiH c b o h c tb 3 M biji3,.nojiyH eH H oro
H3 JKHpOB H 30JIbI. IIpOH3BOÄCTBO MHJI3 B03HHKJI0, nO-BHÄHMOMy,
b I X BeKe.
B o M Hornx p a flo H s x ÄpeBHefl P y c n (K o c T p o M a , IU y n ) e m e b X I I I
BeKe ÖblJIO p33BHT0 npOH3BOÄCTBO MOIOmHX CpeÄCTB c HCn0Äb30B3-
HHeM nOT3UI3 H JKHpOB. iKoCTpOMCKHe MblJia BbIB03HJIHCb 3a rpSHHUy.
r ip n n e T p e I m h ä o np0H3B0ÄHÄ0Cb b P occhh b ih h p o k h x m s c i u t s -
Ö3X. r i o CBHÄeTeJIbCTBy HCTOpHKOB, em e B KOHUe X V I I I BeK3 B B a ji-
Ä 3 e yM ejiH BapHTb m h j io «jK e jiT o e h K p en K oe». H3r0T0BJieHHe T aK oro
Mbuia Tp.e6oB3Jio ß o jib in o ro ncKyccTBa h npaKTHnecKHX 3H3HHH.
H a y n H a n p 3 3 p a 6 o T K 3 n p O M b iu u ie H H b ix c n o c o ö o B n o jiy n e H H H M blJia
H anajiacb b X I X BeKe b c b h 3 h c p33BHTHeM x h m h h c c k h x « 3H3 h h h ,
1 n c m o M y npHMCHsiTb TepMHH «M b u ia » k 3thm cojihm, KaK 9T0 qacTO ÄejiaeT-
ch, Heuejiecoo6pa3Ho. C o jih T sm e jiw x h meJiomio 3 eMeJibHUX MeTajuioB HHorfla Ha-
3UBaiOT MeTajUIH^eCKHMH MblJiaMH.
212
npHBeÄiuHx k ycT3H0BjieHHK) CTpoeHHH j k h p o b . O co6eH H o CnOCOÖCT-
BOBajIO pa3BHTHIO MHÄOBapeHHOH npOMbimjieHHOCTH OTKpblTHe cno-
c o ö a rHÄporeHH33UHH j k h p o b , pe3KO pacrnnpHBinee cbipbeByio 6a3y
MblJIOBapeHHH.
O ä h 3 k o b u ap cK ofi P o c c h h MbiJioB3peHH3H np0MbimJieHH0CTb p a s -
BHB3JiaCb CJI3Ö0 H paÖ0T3JI3 ÄO nepBOfl MHpOBOH BOHHbl B OCHOBHOM
H3 HMnOpTHOM Cbipbe. B TOÄbl nepBOH - MHpOBOH, 3 33TeM rpajKÄaH -
CKOH BOHHbl npOH3BOÄCTBO MbIJI3 CHJibHO COKp3THÄOCb. FIpOÄOBOJIb-
CTBeHHbie 33TpyÄHeHHH H HeÄOCTSTOK JKHpOB BO BpeMH BOHH B npOHI-
jio mB cerÄ3 npHBOÄHJiH k HeÄOCTaTKy Mbijia. T s k o ix ) nojiojKeHHH cefi-
nac y>Ke He MOJKeT öbiTb, t s k KaK jKHpoBbie p ecy p c b i b Ham eii CTpaHe
3H3HHTejIbH0 paCHIHpeHbl, a rjiaBH oe, KpoMe JKHpOBblX KHCJIOT, b
npOH3BOÄCTBe MblJia HCnOJIb3yiOTCH CHHTeTHHeCKHe KapÖOHOBbie
KHCJioTbi, nojiy n aeM bie H3 He(j3TenpOÄyKTOB, h, KpoMe t o t o , b KaqecTBe
MOIOmHX CpeÄCTB HCnOJIb3yeTCH n ejlb lö pHÄ HOBblX CHHTeTHHeCKHX
BemecTB.
FIoTpeßjieHHe m h jis b Ham en CTpaHe B 03pocjio no cpaBHeHHio c
ÄOBoeHHbiM b 5 pa3. B ch 3Ta orpoM H an noTpeßHocTb b Mbuiax yno- ■
BJieTBopneTCH 3a cneT p aöoTbi OTenecTBeHHbix 3aBOÄOB, 3aHOBO nepe-
oöopyÄOBaHHbix n o cjie pa3pym eHHfi BoeHHoro BpeMeHH h p a ö o T a io -
m n x Ha oTenecTBeHHOM cbipbe.
4>H3HKO-XHMH«ieCKHe CBOHCTBa MblJia
n p o u e c c H3rOTOBÄeHHH MblJia COCTOHT H3 MHOTHX OnepaUHÖ, K3JK-
Ä an H3 k o t o p h x MOJKeT ocymecTBjiHTbCH b pa3JiHHHbix BapnaHTax.
IIoaTO M y cym ecTB yeT 6 ojib iu oe h h cjio c o p to b mwji pa3JiHHHoro Kane-
CTB3 H H33HaHeHHH. OcHOBHbie rp yn n b i MblJI — STO X03HHCTBeHHbie
M Hjia, npHMeHHeMbie npn c ra p K e TKaHefi, h TaK Ha3biBaeMbie »H Ä K H e
Mbuia (npaBHÄbHee M a 3 eo 6 p a 3 H u e). TaKHMH mhtkhmh MbiJiaMH hb-
ÄHIOTCH COJIH H<HÄKHX (H enpeÄejIbH blx) KHCJIOT HJIH KaÄHeBbie COJIH
TBepÄblX KHCJIOT. OHH npHMeHHIOTCH TJiaBHblM 0Öpa30M B npOMbim-
ÄeHHOCTH, B MeÄHUHHe, B CeJIbCKOM X03HHCTBe (äJIH OnpbICKHB3HHH
pacTeHHfi, npH jieneHHH jk h b o th h x h t . ä - )- T yajieT H b ie mmjis to t o -
BHTCH H3 BblCOKOKaHeCTBeHHOrO CbipbH H COÄepJKST ÄOÖ3BKH Kp3CH-
mHX, ÄyiHHCTblX, CMHTH3IOmHX H Äe3HH(|)HIIHpyiOmHX BemeCTB. T3K
KaK ocHOBHoe Ha3HaneHHe MblJia jn o ö o r o BHÄa — cnocoßcTBOBaTb yÄ a -
jieHHio c M a ie p H a jia nocTopoHHHx hscthu,, t o HMeioTCH onpeÄejieH H bie
o ö m n e HepTbi b hx CTpoeHHH h c b o h c tb s x .
B 6e3B0ÄH0M c o c t o h h h h HaTpHeBbie cojih JKHpHbix k h c j io t npeÄ-
CT3BJIHIOT COÖOH TBepÄbie KpHCT3JIJIHHeCKHe BemeCTBa, njiaBHmHeCH
npn TeM n epaType 220— 270°. O h h rn rp o c K o n H H H b i. iKsjineB bie c o jih h
c o jih HenpeÄejibHbix k h c jio t ocoßeH H o rH rpocKonnnubi h h m ciot oßuH-
HO BHÄ Ma3efi.
ÄJiHHHaH MOJieKyjia Mbuia cocraBa R — C O O N a HMeeT Ha oähom
KOHii,e rHÄpotJ)HJibHyio rp yn n y — C O O N a , Toraa KaK ocTajibHan ee
nacTb — yrjieBOÄopoÄHbift paÄHKaji R — HBjineTCH thäpo(})o6hoh.
nOSTOMy MblJia HBJIHIOTCH nOBepXHOCTHO-3KTHBHbIMH BemeCTBaMH,
213
ijto H M e e r ö o j i b m o e 3 H a 'y eH H e b h x MoromeM h &h c t b h h . Mbuia oßjia- OÖorpeB 3arpy»ceH H bix b kotcji jkh pob h pacTB opa mejioqH npo-
A aioT x o p o m eft pacTBOpHMOCTbro b B o^e, .naBan npn 3HaraTejibHbix 03BOflHTCH OCTpbIM napoM, KOTOpblH nyCKaeTCH B KOTejI Hepe3 ÄBip-
KOHueHTpauHHX KOJiJioHflHbie pacTBopbi, a npn ßojibiuHx pa3ÖaBJie- q a r a e 3MeeBHKH y ÄBHiua KOTJia. n p H noM oiun c r p y ß s t o t o napa
H m x HCTHHHHe pacTBOpH, coaepJKaiuHe b KaqecTBe ÄHcneprnpoBaH- npOH3BOflHTCH h nepeMeniHBaHHe co,nepJKHMoro KOTJia. H H or.ua ä jih
h h x qacTHu MOJieKyJIbl h h o h h . n p n c p e a a n x KoHueHTp aunnx m h jio DepeMeuiHBaHHH noaaiOT B os^yx.
HaXOflHTCH B paCTBOpe OÄHOBpeMeHHO KaK B KOJIJIOHÄHOM c o cto h h h h , OM UJieHHe c^H T aercH 3aKonqcHHbiM, KOr/ia b Mbijie ocTaneTCH
TaK h b BH^e HCTHHHoro pacTB opa. 0,05 — 0,25% c b o 6 o /I.h o h iuejioqH. H eK O T opoe KOJiHqecTBo H36biToqHoß
PaCTBOpHMOCTb m h ji 3aBHCHT TaKJKe o t TeM nepaTypbi. KajiHftHbie tueJioqn B c e ra a ä o j ijk h o o cT aB aT bcn b Mbijie bo HaöejKaHHe e r o rH flp o-
Mbuia pacTBopHioTCH jie n ie , qeM H aipoB bie. J lym u e pacTBopnioTCH JJH3a H 0Öpa30BaHHH KHCJIHX MHJI.
MHJia, c o ^ ep jK a m n e p a ^ H K a jin k h c jio t c MeHbineH ä jih h o h uenn h
paa,HKajiu Henpe,neJibHbix k h c jio t, n03T0My s t h Mbuia o 6 jia,naioT moio-
uihm aeficTBHeM h b B oae KOMHaTHOH TeM nepaTypbi. B cnHpTe Mbuia
p a cT B o p m o T ca Jiyvuie, veM b b oae, h ^ a r o r HcxHHHtie pacTB opH . O hh
paCTBOpHKDTCH T3KJKe B JKHpax H B MHHepajIbHblX MaCJiax. B 6eH3H-
H ^ P 3(j)Hpe MblJia HOMTH HepaCTBOpHMbl.
flßJIHHCb COJI3MH CHJIbHblX 0CH0B3HHH H CJiaßblX KHCJIOT, MbIJI3
jie r e o rHÄpojiH3yioTCH h ^ a io T b pacT B op ax m ejioH H yio peaKUHio
BCJieflCTBHe HajIHtfflH H3ÖbITKa HOHOB rHflpOKCHJia:
R — C O O N a -f H O H Z ! R — C O O H - f N a + + O H "
rH/ipojiH3 yBejiHHHBaeTCH c noBbimeHHeM TeM nepaTypbi, yMeHb-
rneHHeM KOHueHTpauHH pacTB opa h c yBeJraqeHHeM M O jieKyjinpH oro
Beca MbiJia. r ip n 3HaHHTejibHoä KOHueHTpauHH MOJieKyjia k h c jio th
coeflHHHeTCH c MOJieKyjlOH cojih , o6 p a 3 yn n jio x o pacTBopHMbie KHCJiue
M bijia:
R — COONa - f R C O O H -> R C O O Na • R COO H

BapKa MUJia

X hm h3m n pou ecca n o jiy q e H H H M b ijia c b o ä h t c h k n o jiy q e n H io c o J ie S

o p r a H H ^ e c K H x k h -c jio t h m o j k c t ö m t b o e y m e c T B J ie H n yreM n poB eaeH H a
o f l H o f i Hß c j i e a y i o i u H X p e a K u n fl:
I. O M H jie H H e JKHpa cäkh m h i u e jio - q a M H -.

C 3 H s (R C O O )3+ 3 N aO H -> 3 R C O O N a -fC 3 H 5 (O H )3

JKHp MblJIO r jlH U ,e p H H

II. Ä e& C TB H e c o flo ft h j ih n ora m oM h en ocpeac t b c h iio Ha cooTB eT-

CTByiOIUHe KHCJIOTbl: __ P h c . 61. MbiJioBapeHHuß KOTeji b pa3 pe3e.
1 — K o p n y c; 2 — KpbmjKa;“™ 3 — flHHii;e;“~'4 — B b i-
2 R C O O H -f N a 2C 0 3 -> 2 R C 0 0 N a + C 0 2+ H 20 T H * H a a T py öa; 5 — h30jihi^hh; 6 — j i i o k ; 7 — .n a n a
onopH an; 8 — u i a p H H p H a a Tpyßa; 9 — pynHaa Jie-
III. Ä e fic T B H e iu e jio H b io Ha k h c j io t h : Ka ajih noA'teMa JirapHHpHoft T py öw . 3weeBH-
k h: 1 0 — no,n,aqH b o a h ; 1 1 — pacTBopa
R C O O H + N a O H - * R C 0 0 N a + H 20 , KaycTHKa, 12 — no,aa»iH » h p o b ; 1 3 — äjih o c t -
p o ro n a p a ; 1 4 — c n y c K meJioKOB; 1 5 — o k h o
ÄJIH Ha 6jIK>A6 HHH.
r ;ie R — pa^HKaJibi khcjiot, MorymHx c/iyJKHTb ajih nojiyqeHHH MHJia
( cm . Bbime), * n p o u e c c B a p K H n poA O JD K a eT C H o t 5 ä o 10 q a c o B n p n T e M n e p a T y p e
B a p K a MHJia n o nepBOMy c n o c o ß y ocymecTBjiHeTCH b c r a j i b H H X 100— 105°. n P H s t o m ß e jiO B a T a n , n o x o jK a n H a m o jio k o , s M yjib C H H
UHJiHHflpnqecKHx KOTJiax (p k c . 6 1 ) c KOHH'-iecKiiM ähom , eMKOCTbK) o t n p e B p a m a e r c H b npospa^H bifi, c j i e r K a T eM H O B a T b ifi M b ijib H b ii KJiefl,
60 ÄO 200 M 3, c nJIOTHblMH KpbllUKaMH H BblTHJKHOH TpyÖOH B aTMO- 0 ‘6 p a 6 0 T K 0 H K O T o p o r o n o j i y q a i o T r e h jih h h u c c o p T a M b ijia .
c$epy. 3 t o t C Tapn fi c n o c o ö BapKH MHJia HarpecaHHeM jk h po b c o iu ejio-
214
215
HaMH, BCJieÄCTBHe Ä0p0r0BH3HH nOCJieAHHX, 33MeHHeTCH B HaCTOH-
m ee BpeMH ÄpyrHMH cnocoöaMH — c Hcn0jib30B3HHeM öojiee Äemeßofl
c o ä h n roTOBbix KHpoBbix kh cjiot, noJiyqeHHbix npn pacmenjieHHH
?KHpoB (cm. CTp. 2 0 6 ), j . e . npouecc Be^yT no BTopofi peaKunn. FIo
3T0My M e T O Ä y , k o to p h h h och t HecKO JibKO H e y Ä a q H o e TexHnqecKoe
Ha3BaHHe KapöoHaTHoro OMbi.JieHHH, npouecc npoBOÄHTCH hjih no CTa-
poMy nepHOÄHqecKOMy cnocoöy, hjih no hobhm HenpepHBHHM enoco-
6aM.
B nepBOM cjiynae b KOTeji 3arpyjKaiOT Bce HeoöxoÄHMoe KOJinqe-
ctbo coäh b BHÄe KOHueHTpHpoBaHHoro p a c T B o p a , HarpeBaioT ero äo
KHneHH» H BBOÄHT KHCJIOTH B TOpHHeM B H Ä e. fljIH ÖOJIöe ÖblCTpOTO
yÄaJieHHH y r j i e K H C j i o r o ra3a ^ e p e s c M e c b npoÄyßaioT B03Äyx.
Ilo C J ie BBCÄ6HHH B KOTeji BCeX BeineCTB B HeOÖXOÄHMOM KOÄHqeCT-
Be c M e c b KHnHTHT H eK O T o poe BpeMH, Troß bi n o jiH e e yÄaJiH Tb yrJieKHC-
Jibifl r a 3 h p a 3 J iO Ä H T b Ö H K a p ß o H a T H aTpH H, o 6 p a3 y K )iu .n ftc fl npn
peaK U H H Me>KÄy K a jib U H H H p o B a H H o fl c o ä ö h h KH-cjioTaMH. H o ä K o n e u
B CMeCb ÄOÖaBJIHKDT eÄKOH meJIO'IH ÄJIH. nOJIHOTH OMblJieHHH JKHpOB.
Pacmerr/ieHHoiü Coda
Phc. 62. HenpepbiBHO aeficTByiofflHH peaKTop aji'a nojiyqeHM mum.
1 — CMecHTejib; 2 — BepTHKa^bHbifi cM ecuTejjb; 3 h 4 — peaKUHCHHbie 6a-
pa6aHbi (TpeTHfl GapaöaH He bh^ch);5 — ra30c6cpHjjK; 6 — rw.DpaEJiH^ecKHft
3aTB0p ajih HenpepbiBHoro yAajieHHH CMbuieHKcfi Maccbi; 7 — saji; 8—6nna;
9 — jieH Toq H a fl cnHpajieBHAHan M em ajiKa.
IlojiyqeH H H H MbijibHbiH K jieö nepepaöaTbiBaiOT Ha roTOBoe m h j io .
B HiacTOHiuee BpeMH Hamen npoMHiujieHHOCTbio ocßaHBaiOTCH He-
npepbiBHbie m c to ä h K a p ö o H a ra o ro OMHJieHHH pacmenJieHHHX jkhpob.
C xeM a np0H3B0ÄCTBa n o 3T0My MeTOÄy npeÄ craB jieH a na pncyH-
k c 6 2 .,
CM ecb BemecTB, nojiyweHHan npn pacm enjieHHH JKHpa (p a ciu en -
jieHHbin jk h p ) HarpeBaeTCH ä o 110— 115° h n ocT yn aeT b CMecnTejin
(1 n 2 ) , b KOTOpHe noÄaeTCH TaKJKe pacTBop c o ä h . B CMecnTejinx
216
BemecTBa nepeMeuiHBaioTCH h HaraHaeTCHn p o u ecc HenTpajiH3auHH
cboöoähhx jkhphhx kh c jio t . C u ejibio ÄOCTH/KenHH b ÄajibHefiuieM
n ojinoTH OMblJieHHH JKHpa b CMecHTejib noÄaeTCH e m e pacTBop rne-
J io m
H 3 cMecHTeJien peaKUHOHiian cM ecb n o c ry n a e T b nepBbin peaKTop
( 3 ) , a H3 H ero noÄaeTCH bo BTopofi (4 ) h TpeTHH p eaK T op u .
PeaKTOpbi npeÄCTaBjinioT co ö o h ö ap aöaH b i ä ^ h h o S 3 — 4 m h
ÄnaM eTpoM 0,9 m , BbinojiHeHHbie H3 KHCJi0 T 0 y n 0 pH 0 ö CTajin. B a p a -
6aHH CHaÖJKeHbi BHyTpn BpamaromnMncH BajiaMn (7 ) c yKpenjieH -
hhm h Ha h h x ÖHJiaMH ( 8 ) (b nepBOM ö a p a ö a H e ) hjih jic h t o t o h m h
cnnpajieBHÄHHMH MemajiKaMH (9 ) (b o btop om h TpeTbeM ö a p a ö a -
H a x ). O ß orp eB peaKTOpoB np0H3B0ÄHTCH rjiyxH M napoM , k o to p h h
npoxoÄH T wepe3 n a p o ß y io p yö a u iK y , oxB aTH B aiom yio hhjkhiok) n ojio-
BHHy ö a p a ö a H a .
flp H nocjieÄOBaTejibHOM npoxoJKÄeHHn peaKUHOHHOH cM ecn q e p e »
ö ap aöaH b i npn TeM n epaType okojio 100° 3aKaHHHBaioTCH peaKUHH
HeHTpajiH3aunH n oßpa3yiom aHCH MHjibHan M acca BbiTeKaeT H3 peaK-
Top a qepe3 u rryu ep, ycTpoeHHbin BHH3y annapaTa.
y rjie K n c jiH H r a 3 co ö n p a eT cn b r a 30 o 6 MeHHHKn, ycTaHOBJieHHbie b
BepxHeä q a c r a a n n ap aT a, OTKyÄa HanpaBJineTCH na OHHcray, n o c jie
« e r o oKHScaeTCH, HaKa^HBaeTCH b cTajibHbie öajuiOHbi n OTnpaBJineT-
ch Ha ncn0Jib30BaHne b nnm eBofl npoMbimjieHHocTH.
TpeTbH peaKUHH, t . e. HefiTpajiH3anHH k h c jio t cäkhm h m e jio q a -
m h , He HMeeT ß o jib m o ro pacnpocTpaHeHHH b np0H3B0ÄCTBe BCjieÄCTBHe
ÄOpOrOBH3HbI meJIOHH.'
TaKOBH o ö m n e npneMbi np0H3B0ÄCTBa MbijibHoro Kjien — o c h o b h
ä jih npnroTOBjieHHH TOBapHoro Mbijia. Pa3BHTHe h n 0 CT0 HHH0 e coßep-
ineHCTBOBaHne cnocoßoB np0H3B0ÄCTBa Mbijia npHBejio k p a 3 p a öoT K e
pa3JiHHHbix BapnaHTOB BapKH MblJia. T a n , ä ^ h npnroTOBjieHHH npo-
3paHHbix (rjiHuepnHOBbix) m hji npHMeHHioT n o jiy ro p H q e e OMHjieHHe
JKHpa, t . e. n pn HarpeßaHHH ä o 70— 80°. Cym ecTByiO T MeTOÄbi x o jio ä -
Horo OMHJieHHH — npn TeM n epaType 28— 35°, HanpHMep K0 K0 C0 B0 r 0
M acjia ä jih nojiyneHHH Mbuia, 3<})(fieKTHBHoro npn MHTbe h b M opcKofl
BOÄe.
Pa cT B op Mbuia, nojiyqeHHbiH b p e3yjibTaTe HeiiTpajiH3auHH kh c jio t
hjih OMHJieHHH JKHpa, h o c h t Ha3BaHHe MbijibHoro Kjien. Ä jih npeBpa-
meHHH b roTOBoe m h j io e r o noÄ B epraioT ÄaJibHeßmen o ö p a ö o T K e h b
3 3 BHCHMOCTH OT Cn0C0Ö3 OÖpSÖOTKH nOJiyHaiOT TOT HJIH HHOH COpT
MHJia. 3 t h cn ocoöb i oöpaöoTK H 3apaH ee ycTaHaBJinßaioT ß 33 b h c h -
MOCTH OT KaqecTBa CHpbH.
H a n ö o jie e Ä em eB oe — KJieeBOe m h j io — n o jiy q a io T n p ocT o nyTeM
oxjiajKÄeHHH M H jibH oro Kjien, KOTOpblH npn 3T0M 3aCTbIBaeT b TBep-
Ä y io M accy.
OxjiaJKÄ£HHe MblJIbHOPO KJieH npOH 3 BOflHTCH B pa3ÖOpHbIX JKeJie3-
h h x hjih ÄepeßHHHHX (})opM ax hjih x 0 Ji0 ÄHJibHHX n p ecca x. 3aCTbIB-
m y io M accy pa3pe3aiOT Ha KycKH, KOTOpHe m TaM nyioT Ha aBTOMa-
TnnecKHX n p ecca x. B n p o u ecce n e p e p a ö o T K H k MHJiy ÄOÖaßjiHiOTCH
HeKOTOpne BemecTBa, TaK Ha 3 HBaeMbie HanojiHHTejin: rjiHHa b BHÄe
217;
 T0HK0Ö CycneH3HH, COfla HJIH nO Tam , JKHÄKOe CTeKJIO (CHJIHK3T H aT ­
p H H ), 4>0C(})0pH0KHCjibie c o jih h H eK 0T 0 p b ie f lp y r n e B em ecT B a . H a n o ji-
HHTejiH y jiy q u ia io T k o h c h c t c h u h io M UJia h y c n jiH B a io T e r o M otom .ee
fleöcTBHe. TaKHM 0Ö p a3 0M n o jiy q a io T xo3HHCTBeHHoe m h jio , c o Ä e p x a -
rn.ee o t 4 0 ä o 4 7 % j k h p o b h x k h c jio t .
M b ijia , n o jiy q a e M H e n p n ÄeficTB H H e Ä K o r o K a jin h jih n o T a rn a ,
<})opM yioTC H , a n o jiy q a io T C H b BHÄe nojiyJKHÄKHX M a 3 e fi ä j ih
Hbix h cn eu n ajibH H x u e jie fi.
n p H nojiyqeHHH BHCIUHX COpTOB X03HHCTBeHHbIX H T ya jieT H b lX MblJI
np0H3B0ÄHT on ep a u ,H io BbicajiHBaHHH nyTeM ÄoßaBJieHHH b MbiJibHHH
KJiefl noßapeH H O H c o jih h jih e A K o r o H a T p a . 3 t h B em e c T B a , HBJiHHcb
sjieKTpojiHTaMH, cn ocoöcT B yioT K oa ry jiH U H H k o j i j i o h ä h h x qacTHii, M H ­
Jia h noHHJKaiOT e r o paCTBOpHMOCTb. B p e 3 y jib T a T e m h jio B cn jib iB a eT
H aB ep x b B H ^e n jioTH oro c jio h (H Ä p a ), a BHH3y 0CTaeTCH n o Ä M H jib-
Hbifl m e jio K . n p H OTCOJiKe m h jio oqH iuaeTC H o t co-Jiefl, m e jio q n , O Kpa-
ü r e H H H x Bem ecTB h Ä p y r n x 3arpH3HeHHH. R jih Jiyqinefi o ^ h c t r h ero
n o flB ep raio T m jiH (f)0B aH H i0, t . e. K H n n q eH ifio c b o ä o h h jih c o c jia ß n -
mh pacTBopaM H ajieKTpojiHTOB (iiOBapeHHOH c o jih h jih eÄK ofi m e jio -
mh) . n p H 9TOM qacTb M H jia npeBpam aeTCH b K jie fi ( b k o t o p h h n ep e-
jc o ä h t pa3ÄHqHHe n p H M e c n ), a O T Ä ejib H H e h ä p h iu k h M H jia c o c ä h -
HHIOTCH BMecTe H Oßpa3yiOT npH OTCTaHBaHHH BepXHHÖ nOÄBHJKHHH
CJIOH, KOTOpblH npH 0XJI3JKÄ6HHH fla e T TBepÄOe HÄpOBOe MHJIO, COÄep-
JKam.ee ä o 6 0 % jk h p h h x k h c jio t .
H h jk h h h c jio h , n o jiy q e H H b ift npn 0 T C 0 jiK e K jie n — n o Ä M H jib H b ifi
m e jio K , o ö p a ö a T b iB a e T C H ajih BbiÄejieHHH OCTaTKOB M b ijia
uepH H a.
JXjih n o jiyq eH H H jiy q n iH X c o p t o b xo 3 H ficT B eH H o ro M HJia h T y a jie T -
hhx m h ji H Ä p oB oe m h jio npeBpamaeTCH b crp yjK K y, K O Topan B bicy-
uiHBaeTCH B c y u iH jiK a x pa3JiHiiH o r o y c T p o fic T B a . H a n ö o jib iiie e
n p o cT p a H e H H e HMeiOT JieH ToqH bie cyrn n jiK H , b k o to p h x
ÄBH^ceTCH Ha JieH Tax H a B c r p e q y r o p n q e M y c y x o M y B 0 3 Ä y x y . H p n c y iiiK e
b p a c n b ijiH T e Ä b H H x M au iH H ax jK H ÄK an MHJibHaH M a c c a (K jie f i) p a c -
nbuineTCH i i o ä ÄaBJieHHeM Ha M ejiK H e qacT H U b i b cneunajibH H X (J)op-
c y H K a x h jih n p n n o M o m n B p a u xaiom H xcH ä h c k o b . r io J iy q a io iu H e c H
o q e H b M e jiK n e q a c r a u n HMeiOT b M acce o r p o M H y io noB epxH ocTb
^ e n a p e H H H h BbicnxaiOT b T eqeH H e ÄOJiefi c eK yH Ä b i n p n T e M n e p a T y p e
B n cyu ieH H oe m h j io ä Jih yjiyquieHHH e r p y K T y p n noÄßepraeTCH
nHJiHpoßaHHio, t . e. paoTHpaeTCH Ha B ajibuax. C BajibiiOB CTpyjKKa
n ocT yn aeT b uiHeKOByio MauiHHy, H3 KOTopofi b h x o ä h t b BHÄe ö p ycK a
TpeßyeM H X pa3MepoB. B p y c o K pa3pe3aeTcn Ha KycKH, KOTOpbie uiTaM-
nyHDTCH npn noM om n npeccoB , a npH B H paöoTK e TyajieTH bix m h j i
ofibiqHo em e oöepTHBaiOTCH b ß y M a ry npH noM om n cooTBeTCTByio-
m « x MamHH.
T a K n o jiy q a io T C H B bicoK O K aqecTB eH H bie X03H ficTBeH H H e h T y a jie T -
Hbie M b ijia, c b Ä e p jK a m n e 7 2 — 7 5 % j k h p h h x k h c j io t .
i 3 tot cnocoö cyniKn npnMGHHGTCH npn H3rOTOBjieHHH HH>iHoro nopoinKa
cyxoro MojioKa.
218
O rp y jK K a ä jih T yajieT H oro MblJia nep eÄ nm inpoB aH iieM nepeMeniH-
BaeTCH b cneu H aJib H b ix cM ecH T eJ in x c K p acnm H M H h Ä y m n c T H M H Be­
mecTBaM H. C iO Ä a JKe ÄoßaBJiHWTCH a j i h CMHrqeHHH h npHÄaHHH
öoJibineH nJiacTH quocTH TaK Ha3biBaeM bie nepeJKHpHBaiom .He Berne-
CTBa: JiaHOJiHH, B a3ejiH B , b o c k h Äp-
hc
T y a jie T - M oiouiee fleflcTBMe Mbijia
M o io m e e ÄeHCTBHe MHJI HBÄHeTCH CJIO}KHHM 4)H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHM
n p o u ec co M , B KOTOpOM npOHBJIHKDTCH CBOHCTBa MblJIbHblX paCTBOpOB,
KaK KOJIJIOHÄHblX CHCTeM. CoBpeM eHHOe OÖ'bHCHeHHe 3TOTO ÄeÖCTBHH
CBOÄHTCH K TOMy, ^TO MblJIbHbie paCTBOpbl, OÖJiaÄaH CnOCOÖHOCTblO
jiy q u ie cM aqH BaTb B0ji0Ki-ra, rjiy ö o K o npoHHKaioT b TKaHb h OKpy}KaK)T
rpH 3eßyio q acT H uy — nbiJiHHKy, qacT H uy c a x a i, MHHepaJibHyio qacTH-
uy , K anejibK y >KHpa, qacTH uy no t o b h ä eJie h h ö h t . n. n p H s to m Ha
IIOBepXHOCTH rpH3eBofl qacTHUbi aacopÖHpyiOTCH MOJieKyJIbl h MHueJi-
j i h Mbijia. B CHJiy 6oÄbiuoH noßep x h o c th o h 3 k th b h o c th MOjieKyji
MblJia OHH oÖBOJiaKHBaiOT rpH 3eByio qacTH uy, o 6 p a 3 y n BOKpyr nee
np o qH y io n/ieHKy, oTÄeJiHH e e TaKHM o ö p a s o M o t noßepxHocTH TKaHH.
O TÄeJieH hah qacT H ua onaTb-TaK H BCÄeÄCTBHe noBepxHOCTHbix HBJieHHH
cycneH3HpyeTCH b b o äh o m p acT B o p e MHJia. TaKHM o ö p a s o M , ä c h c t -
BHe MHJia m o ^ h o cpaBHHTb c ÄeflcTBHeM Ä o n a r a , OTÄH paiom efi bmh-
t h h b 3eMJiio KaMeHb h oTÄejiHiom eH ero o t n o B e p x H o c ra 3eMJiH.
O TÄejieH tH aa q a c r a u a He ÄOJiJKna npH JinnaTb o ß p a r a o k B ojioK H y,
h n 0 3 T 0 M y M o io m e e /reßcTB iie 6 y Ä e T TeM CHJibHee, qeM ß o jib in e c t o h -
h tjih -
KOCTb nOÄyqarom H XCH CycneH3HH HJIH 3MyjIbCHH. CTOHKOCTb 3THX
SMyÄbCHH 33BHCHT OT IIpOqHOCTH aÄCOpÖUHOHHOrO CJIOH, KOTOpaH B
c b o io o q e p e Ä b cBH33Ha c o CTpoeHHeM MO/ieKyji M H jia , BeJiHqHHOH no -
BepXHOCTHOTO H3TH/K6HH51 H>a rp a H H U e O K p y*eH H O H 3THMH MOJieKyJia-
pac-
MH qaCTHUbl H BOäHOPO p3C TB 0p3, C BeÄHqHHOH 3 J ieK T p H qecK oro
C TpyjK Ka 33PHÄ3 q3CTHUbI H Ä p yrH M H C^aKTOpaMH, X 3p3K TC pH 3yiom H M H KOJI-
ÄOHÄHyro CHCTeMy. 3 t h (JjaKTopbi oÖHapyjKHBSW TCH naH JiyqiuH M o ö p s -
30M npH H3»THqHH ÄOCT 3 TOqHOH ÄJIHHbl MOJieKyJIbl MblJia (HMeHHO,
HaqH H an c jiaypHHOBOH k h c j io t h , H M e io m e ö b MOJieKyjie 12 s to m o b
y r a e p O Ä 3 ).
M o io m e e ÄeÖCTBHe 3aBHCHT T3K>Ke OT KOHueHTpauHH MblJIbHblX
pacTBopoB, ÄOCTHran MaKCHMyMa npn onpeÄeneHHOH KonueHTpsuHH
(HanpHM ep, ä jih ojiea T a HaTpHH npn 0 , 4 % ) , o t meJioqHocTH cpeÄbi
(onTHMyM p H = 9 — 11) h o t TeM nepaTypbi. M exaH H qecKH e ÄeöcTBHH
n p n CTHpKe 0<ijierqai0T yÄaJieHHe npHJiHnmnx k TKaHH 3arpH3HeHHfi
h ycHÄHBaiOT 0Öpa30BaHHe neHbi. B M ecTe c neHOÖ H3 M o io m ero p a c ­
T B o p a yÄaJiHioTCH h qacTHUbi 3arpH3HeHHH, npHJiHnaiom Hx k noßepx-
»OCTH ny3bipbK0B n e H b i1.
K a K y x e yrioM HHajiocb, M bijia HaxoÄHT npHMeHeHHe He TOJibKO b
k öbiTy (M biTbe TeJia, ofle>KÄbi, T K a H e fi), ho h b TeKCTHJibHOH npoM biin-
ÄeHHOCTH ÄJIH npOMblBKH TKaHefi H UiepCTH, npH KpailieHHH ÄJIH n o jiy -
a C. A. Ä M H T p H e B a «Mbuia h
1 Ü O Ä p o Ö H e e 9 TH B o n p o c u p a 3 o ß p a H U b K H n re
HOBbie M o w n in e cpeACTBa», h 3ä . AKaaeM HH HayK CCCP, 1953.
219
«leHHH poBH oro TOHa OKpacKn; b KaqecTBe SM yjibraT op oB ohh npHMe-
1. C ojih k h c j ih x 3 (|)HpoB b h c iu h x cnnpTOB h cepHofi k h c j io t h . rtp «
HHIOTCH npH H3rOTOBJI€HHH SMyJIbCHH H CyCneH3HH (ß np0H3B0ÄCTBe
.AeHCTBHH cepHOH KHCJioTbi Hia BbicmHe c n n p T H nojiynaroTCH KHCJibie
CHHrreTH'lecKoro K a y ^ y n a , M H orax HCKyccTBeHHbix c m o ji , npn HcnoJib-
S ^ u p b l 3THX CnHpTOB:
30B3HHH HflOXHMHKaTOB B CejIbCKOM X03HHCTBe H T. ü .) J B TOpHOM
A ejie o h h npHMeHHioTCH a jih noHHJKeHHH TBepAOCTH ropH bix n o p o A n p » C H 3( C H 2) mC H 20 H- (- H 0 S 0 20 H -> C H 3( C H 2) „ C H 2— O — s o 2o h
h x öypeHHH; Mbuia npHMeHHioTCH b Kaq?cTBe AoöaBOK k CM a3orao- Ü p H ÄeficTBHH eAKOH IH,eJIO»IH H 3 3TH KHCJIHe 3 $ H p b I nojiyiaKjTCH
oxJiajKflaiom HM jkh ako cth m npH pe3aHHH M eTajuioB h hx o ö p aö o T K e cooTBeTCTByiom He cojih:
n o a ÄaBJieHHeM; ohh cjiyjKST xopouiHMH (jwlOTsuHOHiHbiMH cpeACTBSMH
C H 3( C H 2) ä0 S 0 20 H + N 3 0 H C H 3( C H 2)„ 0 S 0 20 N 3 + H 20
npn oßoram eH H H p y a ; KajibuneBbie h HeKOTOpne Ä p y rH e Mbijia, He-
paCTBOpHMbie B BOAe, HCnOJIb3yK)TCH B KOHCHCTCHTHblX CMa3KaX (COJIH- 3 tH COJIH H HBJIHIOTCH M OIOm H M H CpeACTBSMH.
ä o j i) ; M buia uiHpoKo npHMeHHiOTCH b KaqecTBe n e H o o 6 p a 3 0 B a T e jie » roTOBbifi n pO A yK T BbinycKaeTCH b BHÄe no po n iKa hjih n s c r a . O h c
npn TymeHHH o f h h h npn H3r0T0BJieHHH n o p H c ra x crpoH TejibH m x M a- y c n e x o M npHMeHHeTCH n p n cTHpKe t o h k h x m epcTHHbix h mejiKOBbix
TepHa/iOB (n eH 06 eT 0 H a ). H epacTBOpH M bie b BOAe KajibuneBbie h s j iio - TKSHefi H HBÄHeTCH He 33M eHHMbIM B UeÄOM pHAe OTpSCÄefi TeKCTHAb-
MHHHeBbie COJIH JKHpHblX KHCJIOT ( M6TajIJIHMßCKHe MblJia) npHMC- H oro n p O H 3BOACTB 3 . T 3 K 0 e MblÄO o 6jI3A 3 eT MOK)m,HM AefiCTBHeM K 3 K B
h h ® t ch ä j ih yBejiHqeHHH BOflOHenpoHHixaeMocTH TKaHiefl h SyM arH . mejioqHofi, T a K h b khcjioh cpeAe. O h o He p a 3"beAaeT T K 3 Hefi, t s k k s k
C ojih KajibUHH, c b h h h s , K oßajibTa h M a p ra H iia Hcnojib3yioTCH b npoH3- He noABeprseTCH rHApoJiH3y, He OK33HB3er B peA n oro ÄeficTBHH Ha
b o a c t b c ojihcJ), JiaxoB h MacjiHHbix k pacoK . M eA H bi e h piyT H bie MHJia K p 3CKH, yCTOHqHBO B JKeCTKOH BOAe.
npHMeHHIOTCH AJIH 33IH.HTH OÖIUHBKH CyflOB OT H3KOnJieHHH Ha HIHX B b ic m H e cnnpTbi, HeoßxoAHMbie .ajih CHHTe 33 s t h x 3 (})HpoB, noAy-
yjiHTOK h paKym eK. ■qSIOTCH OKHCJieHHeM n3p3(J)HH3 HAH BOCCT3HOBJieHHeM JKHpHblX KHCJIOT
rip H BCCM pa3HOOßpa3HH H yAOÖCTBe CnOCOÖOB npHMeHeHHH TaK (cT3pbifi c n o c o 6 ).
H a3H BaeM bie JKHpoBHe m h jis ( t . e. co jih jk h p h h x k h c jio t ) oßjiS A aio T 2. AjIH33pHHOBOe M3CÄO. ] l 0 Ä 0 6 H0 r 0 JKe THÜ3 CJIOJKHbie 3(J)HpH
psmoM h c a o c t aTKOB: 1) oh h jierKO rHflpoJiH3yioTCH h c o sA a ro T .m e jio 1!- noÄyqaioTCH n p H c y Ä b $ H p o B 3 HHH khcjiot, b x o a h iu h x b c o c ra B KacTO-
Hyio c p e a y , KOTopaa BpeAHio A eficT B yer H a' rnejiK, iuepcTb h A p y r n e poBoro Macjia (rjiaBHbiM 0 Ö p a 30M pHUHHOAeBofi).
M aTepnajiH , 2 )
ohh x o p o m o A eficrayiO T TOJibKO b M arKofl b oa c, TaK IIp O A y K T 06 p 3 Ö 0TKH K3CTOpOBOrO MSCJIS CepHOH KHCAOTOH HefiTp3-
KaK 06pa30BaH H e H epacTBopH M H x cojiefi c K3JibiweM, M aran eM , jKeJie- jiH3yiOT eAKHM HaTp o M h nojiyqaioT cM ecb co^efi h A p y r n x npOÄyKTOB
30M h ÄpyrHM H M eiaju iaM H npHBOAHT k öojibm HM 3 a T p a ia M MbiJia a CyAbCfiHpOBaHIHH, K 0T 0'p 3H H 3BeCTH 3 nOA H 33B 3 HH 6M 3JIH33pHHOBOrO
nopTHT TKaHH BCJieACTBHe BbinafleHHH s t h x m h ji b o ca^ o K , 3 ) x o p o - M3CJI3: O h o npeÄCTaBJineT coßoft r y c iy io n p osp s^ H yio JKHAKOCTb,
IIIHH MOIOHIHH 9(|)4)eKT MblJia npOHBJIHIOT TOJibKO npH CpaBHHTCJIbHO oK psm eH H yio b JKejiTOBaTO-KopiMHeBbifi u.BeT, x o p o m o pscTBopaio-
BbicoKux T eM n ep aT y p ax (6 0 — 7 0 ° ) , ^ t o HeAonycTHMO n p n MbiTbe He- m yiocH b BOAe.
KOTOpHx TKaHefi, HanpHMep H3 BOJiOKHa r a n a KanpoH. 3. H ren oH bi. H H TepecH yio r p y n n y M orom nx CpeACTB npeACTaB-
B CBH3H C 3THM O’ßCTOHTeJIbCTBOM, a TaKJKe B CBH3H C B03paCT3K> JIHIOT CJIOJKHHe 3 (|)HpH OpraHHHeCKHX KHCJIOT C CyjIb(})HpOBaHlHbIMH
m efi noTpeÖHOCTbK) b MbiJiax XHMHKaMH y cn eiiiH o pa3pemaeTCH 33ä3- cnnpTa m « :
«13 C03A3HHH HOBblX (CHHTeTH'ieCKHx) MOK)IU,HX CpeÄCTB, He 06jiaA 3K )-
m « x yK33aHHbiMH HeA0CT3TK3MH, H3 ocHOBe cH pbH , n o jiy H aeM oro n p n R — C 0 0 H- j- H 0 R ' S 0 3H R — C 0 0 R ' S 0 3H - f H 20 .
n ep ep a öoT K e HiecJ)TH h K3MeHHoro yrjiH.

BjioK H poßaH H e KapöoKCHjibHofi rpyn n b i 3a cqeT 3TepH<|)HKau.HH

CH H TETHHECKHE M O fO IIlH E C P E ß C T B A yCTpaHHCT HeAOCTaTKH, CBOÖCTBeHHbie JKHpO'BbIM MblJiaM, H nOAOÖHOrO
p o A a M oiom ne n pen apaTH , Ha3biBaeMHe HrenoHaM H, m a p oK o npHMe-
HHKDTCH B TCKCTHJIbHOH npOM HLUAeHiHOCTH.
ü p H CHHTe36 HOBblX M O IO m H X C p eÄ C T B HCXOÄHT H3 T e X JKe Teope-
4. ripoÄ yK T bi cyjib(|)HpoBaHHH yrjieBOAopoAOB. B nocneAHH e t o a h
THHCCKHX nOJIOJKeHHH, KOTOpbie yCT3H0BJieHbI AJIH o6T>HCHeHHH MOK>-
ycHJieHHO pa3pa6aTH BaioTCH MeTOAH nojiyqeHHH m oioihhx CpeACTB
m e r o Ä e fic T B H H j k h p o b h x m h ji. M o jie K y jib i C H H T eT H ^ e cK H x B e m e c T B ,
nyT€M cyjib(J)HpoBaHHH yrjieBO AopoAO B JKHpHoro pHAa h a h apoMaTH-
n p H r o A H b ix a j i h y n o T p e ö J ie H H H b K aqecTB e M o io m ,n x c p e A C T B , T a K J K e
qecKHx c JKHpHbiMH paAHKajiaM H b KaqecTBe ö o k o b h x uenefi.
AOJIJKHbl ÖbiTb ÄOCTSTOHHOH ÄJIH H H H COAepjK3Tb 3KTHBHiHe rpynnbi
* T a K H e yrjieB O A opoA bi n o jiy q aio T n p n n ep ep aß oT K e hcc{>t h .
(.M erajuiH, a s io ih h c k s t h o h h hjih s t o m h x jio p s , öpoM a h t . n., cn o-
IK HHCJiy T3KHX CpeACTB OTHOCHTCH aJIKHACyjIb(})OHaTH THna
coÖHbie A asaT b s h h o h h ) h yrjieBO AopoAH bie rHApotjjoÖHHe o c t 3t k h .
R — S O jN a ( Mep30JiHTbi) h ajiKHJiapHJicyjibtjjoHiaTbi THna
H a H 6 o jie e ynoTpeÖHTejibHbiMH H3 t s k h x CHHTeTH^ecKHx n p en ap a-
R — C eH 4 — S O jN a (cyjib(})OHOJi, HaKKOHOJi h t . n .), rAe R — * H p -
t o b h b jih io t ch cjieA yio m H e rpynnbi BemecTB.
Hbifi paAHK3A c AOCT3TOHHO ajihhhoh uenbio ( C i 3— C i 5) . 3 t o nopom-
220
221
kh hah nacTbi JKejiTOBaTo-KopHqHeBoro UBera. O h h 0 ÖJiaAai0T moio-
IU,HM ÄeÖCTBHeM B JKCCTKOH H KHCÄOH BOAe, ITpH nOBblUleHHOH H npH
K0MH3TH0H TeM nepaType.
n p o u e c c iKMyqenHH OAHoro H3 H a iiö o jie e ynoTpeÖHTeAbHbix chh-
TeTH^ecKHX m okiihhx cpeÄCTB B H pajKaercH cjieAyromHMH ypaBHe-
hhhmh:

c 1 4 h 3 (>+ c i 2 -► C 1 4 H 2 9 C1+HC1
yrjieBOAopoAU
KepocH H a
rjIABA VII
A1CL *3
Cx4 H 2 9 C 1 +C 6 H 6 ----------- , C 1 4 H 2 9 C 6 H 6 +HC1
KOHÄeHCai^HH H C n * 0 J lb 3 0 B A H H E B E J IK O B b lX B E IU E C T B

+ s o 3 B n P O M b lU IJ T E H H O C T H
c 1 4 h 2 9 c 6 h 5 --------------- ^ c 1 4 h 2 9 c 6 h 4 s o 3h
HJIH H 2 S0 4 OBLIIHE CBEflEHHJI O BEJIKAX

C 1 4 H 2 9 C6 H 4 S0 3 H + N a 0 H -> C l 4 H 2 9 C 6 H 4 S0 3 N a + H 20 BejiKaMH Ha3biBaiOTCH BbicoKOMOJieKyjiapHbie opraHHqecKHe c o ­

eÄHHeHHH, npeÄCTaBjiHromHe coöoh npo/tyKTbi n0.THK0HAGHcan.HH
O ^ n a TOHHa cyjibcjionoJia ocB o6o}K Ä aeT 1 t nniueBbix jkhpob. tt - a MHHOKHCJIOT ’ .
BeJIKH HaXOAHTCH B OpraHH3MaX B KOJIAOHAHOM COCTOHHHH H HB­
JIH T E P A T yP A JIHIOTCH B ajKH efiuiefi c o c t 3 b h o h qacTb io >k h b h x 0praHH3M0B, TaK KaK
h x npeßpaiueHHH J ie x a T b ocmoBe H a n ö o jiee BajKHbix npoueccoB , 6e3
1. A. A. 3 HH OB b e B , Xhmhh jkhpob, FlHmenpoMH3,naT, 1952. k o t o p h x H eB03M 0*Ha acH3Hb c a M o ro opraHH3Ma.
2. B. H.T i o t i o h h h k o b h np., TexöojiorHa nepepaöoTKH *npOB, TH3Jier-
BeJIKH HBJIHIOTCH TJiaBHOH C0CT3BH0H qaCTbK) np0T0nA33MbI KAe-
nnmenpoM, 1953. ^
3. C. A. JI m h t p h e b, Mbuia h noBbie Moramne cpeacTBa, H3j . A H CCCP, TOK JKHBOTHblX H paCTHTeJIbHblX 0pr3HH3M0B, OHH B ÖOAbUIHX KOJIH'ie-
1953. cT B ax coAepjKaTCH b KaqecTBc 3 a n a c a nHTaTeJibHoro M aTepn ajia b
4. n. A. Ä e M l e H K O , ripOH3BOÄCTBO MblJl H MOKJIUHX CpeACTB, TOCTeX- HÖuax, b MOAOKe, c e M e n a x pacreHiHä. O npeACAeH H bie rp y n n b i öejiKOB
HaaaT, 1952.
C O Aep^aTCH B KpOBH H JIHM ^e JKHBOTHblX H B KAeTOqHOM COK6 paCTC-
HHH. B c e H3BeCTHbie B HacTOHiuee BpeMH (^epMeHTbl HBAHIOTCH 6eJI-
KaMH. M H o rn e ropMOHbi, s h t h ö h o t h k h , h a h HeKOTopbix 3Mefi h Ö3KTe-
pH ajibiibie t o k c h h h npeACTa b a h io t c o ö o h öejiKOBHe Tejia. CneuHtJm-
q e cK o ro xap aK T ep a öejiKH 0Öpa3yi0T 33uu,HTBbie h o n o p a n e o praH bi
H TKaHH JKHBOTHblX: KOJKy, BOAOCbl, UiepCTb, K0nbIT3, p o r a , XpHIUH
H T. A.
B cocTaB öeji-KOB b x o a h t cpaBHHTeAbHo H eöoA bin oe k o a h to c tb o
aMHHOKHCAOT — OKOAO 30, HO ÖJiaTOAapH pa3AHtIHHM KOMÖHHaUHHM
HX OCTaTKOB 3TO HeÖOAbUIOe *IHCJIO OCHOBHHX CTpyKTypHblX eAHHIHU
m o jk ct AaTb rpoM aAH oe k oah m cctbo qacTHu pa3JiHqHoro CTpoeHHH,
HCTOCAHeMOe aCTpOHOMHMeCKHMH UHCJI3MH. T aK , eCAH B COCT3B MCWie-
KyAbi öeJiKa b x o a h t no oä h o h MOACKyAe KajKAOH H3 20 am h h ok h cäot,
t o oh h , co^eraHCb A p y r c A p yroM b pasA H m oM nopHAKe, M oryT AaTb
CBbiine 2,4 • 1018 q a c r a n paaJiHqnoro CTpoeHHH.

i TepMHH «6eJiOK», npoHCxoÄamHft o t B H e n iH e r o BH.na C B e p H y B in e ftc a Maccu

h flua, H H KaK H ejib 3 H n p « 3 H a T b yA aM H biM . B ö e jiK e K y p H H o r o a ft u a ö e jiK O B c o a e p -
JKHTCH OKOJIO 13%, H 3TH ß ejIK H SIBJIHKlTCa naCCHBHbIMH B ÖHOJIOrHTOCKOM OTHO-
rneHHH, TaK KaK TOJibKO B b inoJiH H ioT p o j i b n H T a T e J ib H o ro MaTepnaJia. TepMHH « n p o -
yKa3biBaioniHH Ha Ba>KHyio p o j i b ö e jiK a
T e n H b i» , (rp e n e c K o e «n p o T o c » 3 n a w i
nepeuHHbtä, ochobhoü), ß o J ie e c o Ä e p s c a T e jie H , ho c XH M H qecKO H to^ikh 3peHHa
T a K J K e . H e B n o jm e y Ä a q e H .

223
 B ra ß jiH u e 13 nepeqHCJieHH rJisBHeftuiHe 3 m h h o k h c j io t h , b x o ä h - T a ö j i n i j a 31
m ne b c o c T a ß öejiKOB, h ä s h h H a H ö o jie e Ba>KHbie h x k o h c t s h t h . rjiaBHeMlüHe aMHHOKHCJIOTbl, BXOflSimHe B COCTaB ÖejiKOB
I l o B o n p o c y O TOM, KaK 0CT3TKH MOJieKyJI 3MHH0KHCJI0T CBH3H-
BaioTCfl MeHc^y c o ö o h b orpoM Hbie M ojieK yjiH 1 öejiKOB, t . e. no bo-
TeM ne­
n p o c y o CTpoeHHH öejiKOBofi qacTHUbi, nepB bie npeflCTaBJieHiHH ö h jih paTypa
X» HasBaHHe <t> o p m y ji a
BbicKa 3 aHbi pyccKHM yqeHbiM 'A. H. XlsHHJieBcKHM h noÄpoÖ H ee ö h jih njiaBJie-
HHHl0 C
p33BHTbI 3aTeM HeMeilKHM yqeHbIM 3 . OH UlepOM B BHÄe TaK H33H-
BaeMOH n e n T H Ä H O f i T e o p H H . n o s t o h TeopHH aMHHOKHCJiOTH
CBH3HB3 I0TCH MejKÄy coöofl nyTeM KOHÄeHcanHH 3a cqeT BbiÄejieHHH 1 IJIHKOKOJI, rVIHlJHH (aMHHOyK CH,NH 2 — COOH 232
BOÄbl C 0Öpa30BäHHeM TaK H33HB3eM0H neilTHÄHOH CB83H cycH aa)

— N H — C O — no cxeM e: 2 AJiaHHH (a-aMHH0np0nH0H0- CH 3 — CHNH2— COOH 295

Baa)

H O O C -C H — N H 2 + H O O C — C H — N H 2 H2 0 +
3 BajiHH ( . -aMHH0H30BajiepHa -
HOBaa)
(CH3)2CH — CHNH2 — COOH 298
' I I- 4 JleftltHH (a-aMHH0H30Kanp0H0- (CH3) 2CH — CH2 — CHNH 2 — COOH 293
R R Ban)
5 CepHH (a-aMHHO-,ß-OKCHIipO- CH2OH — CHNH2 — COOH 246
+ H O O C — C H — N H — CO— C H — N H 2 nHOHOBaH)
6 L1,h c t h h HOOC — CHNH 2 — CH2 — S — S —
I I
— CH2— CHNH2 — COOH 258
R R 7 MeTHOHHH CH3 — S — (CH2)2 — CHNH2 — COOH 283
TpeoHHH ( a - a m m o - , ' -OKCH- CH3 — CHOH — CHNH2 — COOH 228
Macjimaa)
nocpeÄCTBOM T3KHX CBH3efi 0CT3TKH MOJieKyJI 3MHH0KHCJI0T COeÄH- — CH2 — CHNH 2 — COOH 298
Tnpo3HH (p-OKCH(})eHHJTajia-
« h io tc h b ÄJiHHHbie uenn. TaK H e nenn M oryT ÖHTb BecbMa ö o jib m o ß hhh )
I II
äähhh. T sk , HsnpÄM ep, MOJieKyjia öeJiKa k o j k h — KOJiJiareHa—
npeÄCT3BJiaeT coöoh uenoMKy H3 216 s m h h o k h c j io t h h x OCTaTKOB.
B H a c T o a m e e B p eM H ö j i a r o Ä a p n p a 3 B H T H io (}>H 3H qecKH X h M H K p o -
Y OH
ÖHO'JIOrHqeCKHX MeTOÄOB HCCJieÄOBaHHH aMHHOKHCJIOTHHH COCTaB ÖeJI- 10 TpHnTocjiaH (ß-HHÄOJiHJiaJia- / / \ I— -7— CH2 — CHNHa — COOH 289
hhh)
kob H 3 y q e » c öoJibm oö nojiH oroH .
n e n T H Ä H b ie CBH3H HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBHHM BHÄOM CBH3H OCT3TKOB
aMHHOKHCÄOT b öejiK O B bix M O JieKyjiax, h n o jiH n e n ra Ä H b ie nenn H3
NH
OCTaTKOB aMHHOKHCJlOT HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBHbIMH C TpyK TypH H M H eÄHHH-
11 AprHHHH (a-aM HHo-,a-ryaHH- NH 2 — C — NH — (CH,), — CHNH2 —
U 3 mh öejiK O B bix TeJi. JlH H eH H bie nenn c b h 3 h b 3 io t c h M ejK Ä y c o ö o f l ÄHHOBajiepHaHOBaa) II
non ep eH H H M H m o c th k s m h H3 s t o m o b cepu , H an p H M ep , 3a cqeT NH
r p y n n — S — S — b o c t s t k s x n n cTH H a: — COOH 238
12 JIH3HH (a,e-ÄHaMHHOKanpOHO- CH2NH 2 — (CH2)3 — CHNH2 — COOH
Baa)
------- CO— :NH— CH — CO— N H — CH- ■ • 13 rHCTHÄHH (a-aMHHO-/-HMHÄa- N
30JIHJiaJiaHHH) 287
C H 2— S
I \ /
C H 2— s NH
14 AcnaparHHOBaü (aMHHoHHTap- HOOC — CHNH2 — CH2 - COOH 271
Haa)
•— C O — I N H — C H — C O - N H — CH-
OCTaTOK 15 DiyTaMHHOBaa (a-aM HHorjiy- HOOC — CHNH 2 — (CH2)a — COOH 199
U,HCTHHa I T apoB aa)
R

1 TepMHH ■«M o.ieKyjia» noHHMaeTca 3necb HecKOJibKO b ycji0BH0M cubiaie, T a «

KaK OMeHb 6ojibinaa no pa3MepaM ßejiKOBaa q a cra u a (MOjieKyjiapHbie Beca pa3-
JlHHHblX ÖejiKOB HMeiOT BGJIHHHHhl OT 17500 ÄO 6800000) MOJKeT CpaBHHTejIbHO 1 noqTH Bce aMHHOKHCJIOTbl IIJiaBHTCH C pa3JIO*eHHeM. Btwiee yCTOHIHBblMH
JierKO H3MeHflTb CBOH COCTaB. hbjihiotch acnaparanoB aa KHCJlOTa h TpiniTO^aH.

«2 4 ^5 3aKa3 215 225

hjih npn n o M o m « boäopoähhx CBH3eft ( c m . CTp. 10) Me>K£y khc- MOJieKyJIbl ße/iKOB, h xapaK Tep hx CBH3eö m cjk äy c o ö o h , ho c nojiHOH
JKJpOÄHHMH, 3T0M3MH KapÖOHHJIbHHX r p y n n OÄHOH UeHH H BOÄOpOÄ' ÄOCTOBepHocTbio crp y K T y p s MOJieKyJIbl He Bbiacneiia hh jijih OÄHoro
hhmh axoMaMH HMHHorpynn A p y r o ä nenn: H3 'ÖejiKOB.
C ÖOJIbfflOH CJIOJKHOCTblO MOJieKyJIbl ÖejIK3 CBH33HbI H3BeCTHbie OCO-
R
ÖeHHOCTH B 4)H3HtieCKHX H XHMHqeCKHX CB0HCTB3X ÖeJIKOBblX BemeCTB.
I
— N— C H - C - N - np€ÄCT3BÄHH COÖOH Bbl’COKOMOJieKyjIflpHbie CoeÄHHeHHH, ÖeJIKH
I BCTpeqsiOTCH b npHpOÄe hjih b BHÄe t b c p ä h x BemecTB hjih (qam ,e)
1 II
H 0 H B BHÄe KOJIJIOHÄHblX paCTBOpOB.
B cyxoM BHÄe öejiKH ö o jie e y c io m H B H , ho BecbMa rH rpocK on n q-
Ö ri 6 Hbi: OHH JK3ÄH0 npHTHrHB3K)T BOÄy H HaÖyXaiOT B Hefi. BoJIbUIHHCTBO
öejiKOB b m c T o ft BOÄe HepacTBopHMO. HeKOTopbie öejiKH Jiymne
II 1 II
paCTBOpHMbl B npHCyTCTBHH COJiefi, Ä pyrH e B npHCyTCTBHH KHCJIOT
hjih m e jio q e fi. B s t h x c jiy q a a x paCTBOpHMOCTb CBH33Ha c XHMHqe-
CKHMH CBOHCTB3MH ÖeJIKOB.
R
BeJIKH HBJIHIOTCH THnHMHblMH np eÄCT3 BHTCJIHMH ÄHO^HÄbHblX KOJI-
hjih npn noMomn mocthkob Ä p yroro c o c ts b s . TaKHM oßpa30M oöp a -
JIOHÄOB. O t ;CK)ä3 H BblTCKaiOT BaJKHefilUHe CB0HCTB3 paCTBOpOB Ö eji­
3yiOTC5i MaKpoqacTHUbi öeJiKa KOB: 1) SHa^HTeJIbHaH BH3KOCTb; 2 ) HeyCTOH'IHBOCTb, T. e. CnOCOÖ­
R — yr/i-eßO ÄopoÄH bie p a w K a n u 3 m h h o k h c jio t, H H orÄ a H M erom n e
HOCTb p a 3 p y m a T b C H npn noBbiiueHHoß T e w n e p a i y p e , n p n yßejiHHeHHH
(JjyHKijHOHiaÄbHbie rpynnbi, HanpHMep H30öyrHji
KOHH.eHTp3UHH (yÄ3JieHHH paCTBOpHTejia), npH H3MeHCHHH peaKUHH
C H 3 — C H — C H 2— o t JiefiuHHa C H 3— C H — C H 2— C H — C O O H h jih cp eÄ H ( p H ) , t . e. npn ÄeficTBHH k h c jio t hjih m ejion efi, npn Ä eficT ­
BHH M Hornx oprsHHjiecKHX coeÄHHeHHfi (HsnpHM ep, cn n pTO B );
' # I I
C ^ c h 3 n h 2 3 ) enoeoÖHoeTb 33CTyÄHeß3Tb, t . e. H3 30jih nepexoÄHTb b reÄb ( * e Ä 3 -
THHHpOB3TbCJl).
oKCHMeraji H O C H 2 — o t cepHHa H O C H 2— C H — C O O H .
n o c jie BbißeÄeHHH H3 jk h b o to opraHH3Ma ÖejiKH ö b ic rp o noÄßep-
I
nh 2 rsiOTCH ÄeficTBHio m hKpooprahih3Mob h 3arHHßai0T, t . e. noÄB epraioT-
c a p a cn a Ä y.
B nocTpoeHHH MaKpoqscTHUbi ö e jw s öojibinoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT
H o ä BjiHHHHeM noBbimeHHOH TeM nepaTypbi (ä jih ^ h ctb ix öejiKOB
em e 06 pa 30BaHHe CBHaeft 3a ch ct b33 hmoächctbhh m o k ä y <J>yHKimo-
Ha^HHan c 50 — 80°) npOHCXOÄHT rJiyöoK oe H3MeHeHHe CTpyKTypbi ö e ji-
HaJibHbiMH rpynnaMH, bxoähiuhmh b cocTaB ö o k o b h x uenen — paan-
Ka, KOJIJIOHÄHHH pacTBop pa3pyuiaeTCH, öejio K n peB pau iaeTca b c r y -
O
c t o k (cß epTbiB aeTca) hjih b ocaÄOK h Tep aeT enoeoÖ H oeT b CHOBa
II nepexoÄHTb b pacTBop. T a K o fi HeoöpaTHMbifi n p ou ecc p e3 K oro H3Me-
KaJioB ( R ) b BHÄe rpynn — C — O — C — , — C — O — C, — C H 2— HeHlHH CBO'fiCTB ÖejIKa, CBH3aHHblfi C 'H3MeHeHH6M He TOJibKO e r o cj)H3H-
— H H — C H 2— h, MOJKeT öbiTb, Ä pyrax. qeCKOrO COCTOHHHH, HO H XHMH^eCKOrO CTpoeHHH, HOCHT Ha3B3HHe
TaKHM oöpasoM, ÖJiaroÄapH ychjihhm mhothx y^ en u x nocTeneHHo Ä e H 3 T y p 3 I I H H H npOHCXOÄHT He TOJibKO npH HarpeBSHHH, HO H
BuacHaercH cocraB aJieMeHTapHbix mscthu , H3 k o t o p h x nocTpoeHH npH ÄeÖCTBHH MHOrHX XHMHHeCKHX peareHTOB. 3 t 0 CBOHCTBa HenOÄb-
3yeTca Ha npaKTHKe, HanpHMep, npH BbiÄejieHHH öejiKOB H3 pacTHTejib-
1 CoBeTCKHMH yqeHbiM H H.JX- 3 c jih h c k h m h
H. H. raßpHJioBbiM (1947) 6 b im Horo CbipbH HarpeBaHHeM b k h c ä o ö cpeÄe.
BbWBHHyTbi HOBbie n o jio *e H H H b TeopHH CTpoeHHH öejiKOB. 3 t h nOJIOJKeHHH 3 a-
rip H ÄOÖaBJieHHH SJieKTpOJIHTOB K paCTBOpaM ÖejiKOB nOÄ BJIHH-
KJIIOMaiOTCH B TOM, «T O B ÖejIKOBOH HaCTHU,C 0 CT3TKH 3 MHH0 KHCJI0 T MOTyT CBH3H -
BaTbCH Me>KAy c o ö o h Mepes rra n e p a 3HHOBbie KOJibita c n o M o m b io TaK Ha3btBaeM0 fi HHeM oöp a3 yeM b ix 3JieKTpoÄHTaMH hoh ob yM eH brnaerca 3apaÄ k o ä -
aMHAHHHOH CB5J3H (B H Ä e jie H a nyH KTH pO M ): ÄOHÄHblX MaCTHU H nOCJieAHHe Ha^HHiaiOT COeÄHHHTbCH Ä p y r c Ä p yroM
b ö o jie e KpynHbie arperaTbi, t . e. k o a r y ä h p o b a t b.
In h i *
Pa3BHßaacb, n p o u ecc K oary^auH H npHßOÄHT k 0Öpa30BaHHi0 Ha-
R —HC, :XiC = N C H — C O -------- CT0JibK0 KpynHbix q a c T H u , q x o c h ä h , yÄep>KHBaioiUHe hx b p a c T B o p e ,
CT3HI0BHTCH HCÄOCT STO'IHbIMH H npOHCXOÄHT BbinaÄeHHe ÖejIKOBOFO
. . . . — CO— CH— N = c J , CI1— R
'■' I \ / BeiuecTBs ß ocaÄOK (ce/iHM eiiTauHH). BejiKH, k s k JiHotjjHÄbHbie k oji-
R NH JIO'HÄbl, OCOÖeHHO HyBCTBHTejIbHbl K KaTHOHa'M THJKeÄblX MeTaJIJIOB
3 r a TaK Ha3HBaeMaa flHKeT0nHnepa3HH0BaH TeopHH He nojiyrajia Bceoömero ( H g , Pb, F e, C u ) . OcoöeHHOCTbio öc^ k o b , KaK JiHO(})HJibHbix k o j iä o h -
n p H 3 H a H H 3 H B CBeTe HOBeÖUIHX HCCJieÄOBaHHH He HaxoÄHT nOATBepaCAeHHH. ä o b , HBÄaeTca TaK>Ke to oöcTOHTeJibCTBO, tiTO MOÄeKyjibi öe/iKa CHJib-

226 15* 227

ho rHÄparapoBaHH, t. e. oKpyjKeHH qacrauaMH boäh ( pacTBophtbäh) . t . e. npeBpaiusioTCH b 3 h h oh h , h to HeTpyÄHo BHÄeTb H3 cjieÄyioiuHX
XI jih T o r o h to ö h n p o n 3 o m e ji n pou ecc K o s r y jin u H H , H e0Ö x0ÄH M 0 cxcm :
BH 3B aTb n o T e p io ßejiKOM p acT B opH T eÄ H . 3 to ÄOCTHraeTCH n yT eM äo -
+
öaBÄeH H H B em ecTB , j k 3ä h o n p H T n rH B aiom H X boäY — c n n p T a , aueTO H a NH, /N H 3
H Äp- BoÄOOTHHMaiOmHMH CpeÄCTB3MH HBJIHIOTCH TaKJKe HaCHHieHHbie
R \ + H +C1- R C l-
p a c T B o p b i c o J ie fi, H an pH M ep cepHOKHCJioro HaTpa. npouecc o t h h t h h xcoo- X COOH
y ö e jiK O ß CBH3aHHofi boäh j i o 6 a b ji e h n e w p a c T B o p o B ccw iefi hocht Ha-
+
3B3HHe B H C 3 J I H B 3 H H H.
^ame Bcero BHnaBiuHfi n p n KoaryjiHUHH ocaÄOK mojkho chobs nh »
nepeBecTH b pacTBop, npimeM MHorne CBoficTBa kojijiohähoh chctcmh R ( +Na+O H - R r Na+ + H 2 0.
x COO“ \ coo-
BOCCTahabjihbaiotch. TaKHM oöpasoM, npouecc KO'aryjiHUHH hbähctch
OÖpaTH'MHM npoueccoM. E c ji h b öeJiKOBofi q a c r a u e K O jiH qecT B o a M H H o rp y n n npeBbiiuaeT
XHMHMeCKHe CBOHCTBa 6eJIK0B CBH33HbI C HajIHLIHeM B MOJieKyjie
K OÄHqecTBO K a p ö o K C H jib H b ix r p y n n (K a K , HanpHMep, b ö ejiK sx , c o Ä e p -
öeJiKä nenTHÄHofi cbh3h, aMHBorpynn, KapöoKCHJibHHX rpynn n Äpy- JK3IUHX M H O ro 3pTHHHH3 HJIH THCTHÄHHa, CM. T3ÖJI. 1 3 ), ÖejIOK
rnx 4 )yHKUH0 HajibHbix rpynn, bxoähiuhx b paÄHKajibi 3 mhhokhcjiot.
H M eeT OCHOBHOfi X 3 p a K T e p ; npH 0 Ö P 3T H 0 M COOTHOUieHHH (HSnpHMep,
Cnoco'6hocTbio nenTHÄHofi cbh3h paspbiBaTbca no cxeMe
b öeÄK ax, öoraT b ix s c n s p s r H H O M h jih r jiy r a M H H O M ) öe^oK öyÄ eT
...— C H - N H - C O - C H — ... + HOH ^ ... — C H - N H a+ H O O C -C H — 0 Ö Ä 3 Ä 3 T b KHCJIbIM X S p aK T ep O M .

I I I I nO H H TH O , qTO H3 XHMH'ieCKHH X 3 p3 K T C p Ö eÄK 3 OKa3bIB3IOT BÄHH-

R I R R R H u e h Ä p y r n e 4>yHKUHOH3Jib.Hbie r p y n n b i, KOTOpbie M o ry T n p u cyT C T B O -
B 3 T b b p a Ä H K a ji a x , H s n p H M e p , rH ÄpoK CH JibH bie r p y n n b i h o c t 3 t k h H e-
O'ß'bHCHHeTCH BajKHoe cBoficTBo öejiK3 — ero CnOCOÖHOCTb r H Ä p O-
o p ran H q ecK H X k h c j io t . B n o c jie Ä H e M c ^ y ^ is e ö c j ik h ö y Ä y r oÖ ÄSÄ aTb
JI H 3 O B a T b C H, T. e. p3Cn3Ä3TbCH, npHOOeÄHHHH BOAy, CH3^3Ä3 H3 pe3K0 BbIpaJKeHHbIM KHCJIOTHbl M X3p3KT6pOM. T aK , HanpHMep, 'ÖeJIOK
KpynHIbie qaCTHHbl (3JIbÖyM03H) , 33TCM H3 MCHCe KpynHHe (nenTO'Hbl, KaaeHHa ooÄ ep Ä H T o c t 3t k h c})oc(})opHofi k h c j io t h . B c ä k h , c o Ä e p x a -
nO'JiHnenTHÄbi) h, h3Koh€u, Ha a mhhokhcjiot h . T a K o fi p a c n a Ä n p o a c - m ,«e b c e ö e , KpoMe h h c to öeÄKOBbix oöp330B3HHfi, e iu e Ä p y rn e, onpe-
xoäht n p n KaTajiHTHqecKOM ÄeficTBHH khcjiot, m e jio u e fi hjih n p o - ÄeJieHHHM OÖp330M CBH3aHHble C HHMH HeÖeJIKOBHe ^aCTHUbl, Hia3bl-
TeOJIHTHqeCKHX (J)epM€HTOB. B3IOTCH CJIOJKHHMH 'Ö6JIK3MH, HJIH n p O T e H Ä 3 M H , B OTJIK^He OT
HajiK^ne aMiHHorpynn — N H 2 u KapöoiKCHJibHbix rpynn— COOH npocTbix öeÄKOB, hjih n p o T e h h o b . B npoTeHÄSx M oryT coÄ ep-
OÖyCJIOBJIHBaeT CnOCOÖHOCTb ÖejiKa npOHBJIHTb CB0ÖCTB3 K3K OCHOB3- JK3TbCH He TOJibKO 0CT3TKH KHCJIOT (K3K B 4>OC(})OnpOTeHÄe K a 3 e H H e ),
HHÖ, TaK H KHCJIOT, T. e. CnOCOÖHOCTb 0Öp330BbTBaTb OÄHOBpeMeHHO
HO H 0CT3TKH M'OJICKyjI ÄpyrHX BCIUeCTB — yrjieBOÄOB (rJUOKOnpOTeH-
KaK HOHbl H + , TaK H HOHbl O H - H Ä aB aT b COJieOÖp33Hbie CoeÄH­
ä h ) , o K p a u ie H H b ix B eiu ecT B (x p o M o n p o r e H Ä H , H a n p H M e p re M o rjio Ö H H
HeHHH K3K CO meJKM3MH, T3K H C KHCJI0T3MH. TaKHM 0Öp330M, Ö6JIKH KpOBH) H T. n.
HBJISUOTCH 3 M 0TepHblMH 3 JICKTpOJIHT3MH.
3a cn eT 3 M H H o r p y n n h K ap öo K C H J ibH H x r p y n n ö c jik h BCTynaiO T b
B MOJieKyjiax pacTBopuMbix öcjikob oöhhho HMeetcH npHÖJiH3H- peaK U H H KOHÄCHcauHH c ajibÄerHÄ3MH, 4)eHOJiaMH h ÄpyrHMH coeÄH-
TCJIbHO 0ÄHH3K0B06 KOJIHqeCTBO CBOÖOÄHHX KapÖOKCHJIbHblX H aMHHO- HeHHHMH. 3 t H pe3KUHH HCnOÄb3yiOTCH n p H nOÄyqeHHH ÖeÄKOBblX
rpynn, h ohh MoryT OÄHOBpeMeHHO ÄHCcounnpoBaTb K3K ochobshhh h n ji3 C T M 3 c c h npn BHp3ÖOTKe KOJKH h ö y Ä y T n o Ä p o Ö H e e pa30ÖpaHbi
K3K KHCJIOTH. B BOÄHOfi CpeÄe npOTOHH, nOHBJIHIOIUHeCJI B pe3yJIbT3Te npn onHcaHHH s t h x n p o h 3 b o ä c t b .
äHccouH3 uhh COOH-rpynn, npHcoeÄHHHioTcsi k 3T0My 3 3 0 T3 smhho- O c h o b h 3 h M aoc3 öejiKOBbix BemecTB h ä c t H3 nepep3Ö0TKy B nH-
rpynn h o ö p 3 3 y e T C H BHyTpeHHHH c o jib (Ö H n o jiH p H b ifi hoh): iu e s y io npoMHiiuieHHOCTb. EaceÄHeBHoe n orp eöjieH H e öe^K a b n n m y
B ceM q eJioB eqecT B O M B b ip a ^ s e r c H npH Ö JiH 3H TejibH oä u n ^ p o fi b
+
nh2 nh3 2 0 0 t h c . t . (O Ä H O M y q e Ä O B e K y b cyTK H T p e ö y e T c a 8 0 — 100 8 ö e jiK 3 .)
r / r / B npOH3BOÄCTBe n n iu e ß b ix BeiuecTB ö ejiK H o ö h m h o He n oÄ ß ep rsioT -

x COOH X C O O -, CH SHS'IHTeJIbHbIM XHMHqeCKHM H3M eHeHHHM ; 3Äecb H M eeT MeCTO B o c-

^HOBHOM n p o u e c c K03ryÄHUHH (CBepTbIB3HHH) ÖeÄK3 (B3pKa M H ea,
rÄe R oöo3H3*i,aeT octstok öejiKOßofi MOJieKVJiH. CyMM3pHbifi 33psiÄ npHTOTOBÄeHH e c u p a h t . n . ) h CBH3aHH bie c h h m H3M eHeHHH b (})H 3h -
T3KHX HOHOB (hx H33bIBaK>T HHOTÄ3 3M( J) HOH3MH) p3BeH HyJIIO, H q e c K o fi C T p y K T y p e ö e ^ K a k s k k o j i j i o h ä h o ö cn cieM H .
ohh BeÄyT ceöH KaK nefiTpajibHbie tocthuh. OäH3ko b npHCyTCTBHH B c jie Ä 33 nniueBofi H H Ä y c r p H e fi m o iu h h m h o t p s c ji h m h n p O M b iiu -
H3ÖHTK3 KHCJIOTH OH« BeÄyT CBÖH KaK OCHOB3HHH, T. e. npeßpSIUaiOT- JieHHOCTH, K3CaiOIUHMHCH HCn0JIb30BaHHH ÖejiKOBbix BeiUeCTB, HBJIHIOT­
ch b KaTHOHbi, a b npHCyTCTBHH meJioqeft BeÄyT oeÖH KaK khcjioth, CH iuepcTonp5fÄHÄbHaH, uiejiKOBan h KOJKeBeHHasi npoM biuuieHHocTb.

228 229
;B n p o u ecce oöp aöoT K H uiepcTH, rnejiKa, b n p 0 H3B0ACTBe H3 h hx t k 3 - KaK npn 3T0H TeM n epaType HaqHHaeTCH n p o u ecc a b h 3 T yp 3 u h h h cßep-
Hefi h BajiHHwx H3flejiHH öejiKH e m e b MeHfaiueß CTeneHH noAßepraiOT- THB3HHH ÖCJIKa.
CH XHMHqeCKHM H3MeHeHHHM. OAHaKO pflÄ XHMHHeCKHX H KOAAOHÄ- Ä jih nojiyqeHHH r a n a jim a q a c r o npHMeHHioT c bi q y >k h bi h K3-
HblX CBOHCTB ÖejiKOB nO3B0JIHeT HCn0JIb30BaTb HX B ÄpyrH X CTpaCJIHX 36HH, T. e. K33eHH, OC3JKAeHHHH CblUyHCHblM (J)epMeHTOM — XHMO-
npOMblUIJieHHOCTH, r,zi,e öejiKH b ß o jib u ie i hjih MeHbiuefi CTeneHH noA- 3HH0M.
BepraiOTCH XHMHqecKOH n ep ep a6 oT K e. K TaKHM OTpacjiHM npOMHiu- CbmyMHbiH (})epMeHT n ojiyqsiO T nyTeM 3KCTp3rHpoB3HHH h o a k h c -
jieHHOCTH o t h o c h tc h n p 0H3B0flCTB0 öejiKOBbix KJieeB, n jiacTM acc H JieHHlblM p 3 CTBOpOM nOB3 peHHOH COJIH BblCyUieHHblX H H3 MeJIbTCHHHX
K0JKeBeHH0e npoH3BOACTBO. B TaKOM nopHÄKe — no B03pacTai0meH TeJIHHbHX JKeJiyAKOB (qeTBepTblfl OTAeJI JKeJiyAKa KOpOEbl H33bIB3eTCH
CJIOJKHOCTH XHMHqeCKHX npOU,eCCOB — Mbl H OnHUieM 3TH npOH3BOÄ- c b iq y ro M ).
CTB3. K336HH H3XOAHT rJI3BHOe npHMeHeHHe B npOH3BOACTBe nJI3CTM3C-
c h — rs jis jiH T a h KJiefl.
Hcn0Jib30BaHHe neHHeHuiero n n raT ejib H oro npoAyKTa — öcjikob
n o jiy q E H H E ka 3eh ha h E ro ü ph m eh eh h e MojioK a — a jih TexHHHecKHx u ejiefl, KOHie^HO, u ejiecoo6 p a3 H o TOJibKO
b t o m c jiy q a e , e c jin He h m c c tc h b o 3Mo >k h o c th Hcn0Jib30BaTb Bce npo-
BejiOK M o jio K a — K 33 eHH — o t h o c h t c h k r p y n n e c j i o j k h h x öejiK O B H3BOAHMOe B X03HHCTBe MOJIOKO AJIH nHT3HHH H3CeJieHHH HJIH JKHBOT-
H COJjepjKHT OCT3TKH (j^OCCfjOpHOH KHCJIOTbl, CBH33HHbie
(n p O T e H Ä O B ) HblX. ri03T0M y yCHJIHH HCC^eAOBaTCJI6H H npOH3BOACTBeHHHKOB AOJIJK-
CJI0JKHI09(})HpH0H CB5I3BIO C OCT3TK3MH OepHHa. B MOJIOKe K336HH H3XO- Hbi öbiTb HanpsBJteubi b nepB yio o q ep eA b Ha Hcn0Jib30BaHHe öejiKOB
AHTCH B B H Ä e K3JIbUHeBOH COJIH. p3CTeHHH, B OCOÖeHHOCTH T3KHX p3CTeHHH, KOTOpbie B CHJiy HX HAOBH-
Kopoßbe m o j io k o c o A e p Ä H T b cpeaH eM 3,15% Ka3 6 H H a,' O B e q b e TOCTH He M oryT CAyHiHTb KOpMOM AJIH CK0T3.
4,60% , KO'ßbijibe 1,3%. IlpO '6jieM 3 3aMeHbI }KHBOTHbIX ÖejiKOB paCTHTeJIbHbIMH AJIH TeXHH-
^HCTblH K33GHH n p eA C T aB A H e T COÖOH *eJ IT O B 3 T O -Ö ejIbIH THrpOCKO- n ecK iix u e jie ü npeAciaB JiH er 3Hia,iHT|eJibHbiH HHTepec c Hap0AH0xo3HH-
n jioxo p a c T B o p H M b ifl b BO Ae (o k o jio 0 ,2 % ) h H e-
nH ^H bifi nopoiuoK , CTBeHHOH TOHKH 3peHHH, H B HaCTOHmee BpeMH y)K e HMeiOTCH npOH3-
pacTBopHivffiiH b cnupxe h 9c})Hpe. Jlerqe p a c T B o p jie x c H k 33 c h h b m e j io - BOACTBeHHbie yCT3H0BKH n o HSBJieqeHHIO ÖeAKOB « 3 paCTHTejIbHHX
Hax H B Oqffllb p33Ö3BJieHHbIX MHH€p3JIbHbIX KHCJI0T3X. M3TepH3JI0B H HX HCn0JIb30B3HHK> AAH nOAyHeHHH KJieeBblX BemeCTB
O ähhm H3 H3HÖ0Jiee ynoTpeÖHTejibHibix MeTOAOB nojiyqeHHH K33eH- H nJI3CTH*ieCKHX M3CC.
Ha HBJineTCH H e n p e p b iB H b ifl cn ocoö c noM om tio c o j i h h o « k h c ji o t h , M H o rn e pacTeHHH HiaKanjiHB3iOT b c b o h x ce M e n s x öojibiHHe k o j ih -
T m a T e jib H O ocBoöo*ÄeH H oe npH n o M o m n cenapaTopa o t >KHpa m o jio ­ qecTBa öejiKOB. T aK , HanpH M ep, ceM en a r o p o x s coAep>K3T 2 2 % öeJi-
ko ri0Ä0rpeB3CTCH ä o 35° h b KepaM HKOBHx c o c y A a x CM einH -
(o ö p 3 T ) k o b , ö o ö o b — 25 % , (J)3cojih — 23 % , c o h — 33 % , JiionHHa — 35 % ,
BaercH c pa3Ö aBJieHH O H c o a h h o h k h c ji o t o h , o t ä g h c t b h h KOTopofi B'HKH — 27 % . P3CTHTeJIbHbie 'ÖejiKH n o COCTaBy H OÖmHM CB0HCTB3M
n poncxoÄ H T ocajKfleH He (K o a r y jiH im H ) K33eHHia. C B epiiy B iuan cH M acca He OTAHH3IOTCH OT JKHBOTHblX ÖejiKOB. Mc.T0qHHK3MH paCTHTeJIbHblX
OTÄejineTCH o t c h b o p o t k h npn noMomn c h t h 3aTeM npoxoAHT nepe3 öejiKOB, npHMeHHeMHx a a h npoM binuieHHoro Hcn0Jib30B3HHH, h b ­
H3KJIOHHyiO T p y ö y C Bp3m 3K >m H M CH UIHGKOM BH yTpH , TAe OHa OT>KH- a h io t c h :
M aercH . O m a r a a M3CC3 p a 3 M e jib q a e T C H b ö a p a ö a H a x c M e in ajiK a M H 1) CeMeH3 P3CTCHHH, ÖOTSTbie ÖCJIK3MH, HO He MOrymHe HMÖTb
H 33T6M np O M U B aeT C H B T p y Ö e , CHaÖJKSHHOH LUH6K0M. IlpO M blTH H K a - KopMOBoe 3HaqeiiHe b c j ic a c tb k c coflepjKaHHH h a o b h t h x BemecTB (H3-
3 eHH ocBoöojKAaeTCH o t b o a h n y T eM o t j k h m a hihh Me>KAy AßyM n BaJiH- npHMep, jnonHH, K Jiem eB H iis);
K3MH H BbICyiUHB3HHH H3 npOTHBHHX. 2 ) »M b lX H UipOT 1 P33JIHHHIHX M3CJIHHHHX H HCKOTOpblX ÖOÖOBHX
ripHHHHnHajibHO cxoahhm MeroAOM nojiyqaioT Ka3eHH nyTeM oca>K- pacTeHHH ( c o h , no a c o j ih e q h h k , K Jiem eBH H a);
AeHHH p33ÖaBJieHIHOH cepH O H KHCJIOTOH. Ka3eHH, nOJiyHeHHHH C no­ 3) OTXOÄH OT nepep3Ö0TKH HCMHX3 HAH UIp0T3 na M yKy.
Mombio cepHOH KHCJIOTH, H 33H B3eTCH C e p H 0 K H C J I O T H H M, 3 JXjih H3BJieqenHH 'öejiKa p3CTHTeAbHoe cbipbe pa3MaJibiBaeTCH Ha
K33eHH, nOJiy^eHHblH C n o M o m b io COAHHOH KHCJIOTbl,— C O JI H H O- MeAbHHII3X HAH p33MeJIbH3eTCH H3 APOÖHAKSX H nOÄBeprSeTCH 3KCTp3-
KHCJIOTHblM. rH p o B 3 H H io CA3ÖHMH p3CTBop3MH iu ejio q efl, npn s t o m öejiKH n ep exo-
B o jib u io e pacnpocTpaneH H e HMeeT c h b o p o t o i h bi fl Ka3eHH, ÄHT B pSCTB O p. r io c n e 3T0TO CMeCb OTCTaHBaeTCH HJIH OTCf)HJIbTpOBbI-
T. e. K33eHH, 0C3>KAeHHbIH KHCJIOH MOJIOHHOH CblBOpOTKOH, COAep>K3- BaeTCH, BOÄHomeAoqHoö pacTBop öeAKa cAHBaeTcn b ocaAHTeJibHibie
m eft 3H3TOTeJIbHbie KOJIHHCCTBa MOAOHHOH KHCJIOTbl. OcaJKAeHHe CblBO­ 'qaubi, rA e o h HefiTpajiH3yeTCH pacT B op a m h c o j ih h o h hah cepH ofi k h c­
pOTKOH npOHs'tJOAHTCH nyTCM p33MeiUHB3HHH b naHax npH 35— 40° jio t . BeAOK BbiÄeAHeTCH H3 pacTB opa h oceA aeT Ha ä h o b b h äo MeA-
CHHTOrO 'M0JI0K3 B CMeCH C MOJIOHHOH CblBOpOTKOH, nOJiy^eHHOH H3 MO-
1 ^ mmx — 0CT8T0K ot MacJiHqHbix ceMHH nocjie OTKHMaHHH ot hhx Macjia.
AOK3 n o c jie o c 3>k a 6 hhh h 3 H ero K33eHH3. I I o ä k o h c u TeM n ep aT yp y IUpoT — ocTaTOK nocjie sKCTparapoBaHHH Macjia H3 ceMHH hjivl hcmhxob c
noB bim aiox a o 60— 70°, h to cn ocoöcT B yeT nojiHOMy ocaJKACHHjo, TaK noMombio opraHH«ecKHx pacTBopHTejieß.

230 231
k h x qacTHix, BSMyqeHHbix b BOAe (öejiK O B oe M OAoqKo) . H e p e s s i y M ac­
c y nponycK aiO T b o ä h h o h n a p a jih n o A o rp e B a ä o 5 0 — 60°. n p n stom
qacTH U H öejiK a yKpynHHiOTCH, i t o cn ocoöcT B yeT ÄSAbHiefimeMy o t ä s -
jieHHio b o a h . OTBapeHHbifi öejioK (J)HÄbTpyeTC5i, h n o A y q aerc H Cbipofi
öeA'OK, k o t o p h h HeMCAAeHHo HcnoAb3yeTCH ä^ih noAyqeHHH k a c h hjih
noÄCyniHBaeTCH, ©cjih e r o H eoöxoA H M o coxpaH H Tb h a h TpaH cnopTH -
pOBaTb.
BblACAeHHaH TaKHM o ö p a s o M CMOCb ÖeAKOB OÖbiqHO Ha3bIBäeTCH
(H e BnojiH© n p aB H A b H o) pacTHT&nbHbiM K33eHHOM.
PacTHTejibHbiH K33CHH npHMeHHeTCH B (ftaHepHOM npOH3BOÄ:CTBe
ä a h ncwiyqeHHH B A a ro y n o p B o r o kach, b np0H3B0ÄCTße n A acxM aoc, b
npOH3BOÄCTBe Ka3eHHOßbIX K p a c o «, a TaKJKe B TeKCTHAbHOM npOH3BOÄ-
CTBe npH H3rOTOBAeHHH BOÄOHenpOHHIiaeMblX TKaHefi.
n jlA C T M A C C b l H A O C H O B E B E J IK O B
K a n y>Ke ynoM HHaAocb, KaaeHH HMeeT rAaBHoe npHMeHeHHe b Ka­
qecTBe H cxoÄH oro npOÄyKTa ä a h noAyqemHH o a h o t o h s b h ä o b nA acr-
M acc — raAaAHTa *, a b ne3H3qHTeAbHbix KOAHqecTBax ä a h noAyqeHHH
HCKyCCTBeHHOrO B0A0KH3.
^ np0H3B0ÄCTB0 ra ^ a A H T a
%
CymHOCTb n p ou ecca nojiyqeHHH raAaAH Ta 3aKAKraeTCH b t o m , qTo
KaaeHH n p eB p a m a ercn b nAacTHHiiyro M accy, KOTopan noABepraeTCH
ÄyÖAeHHio, t . e. AeficTBHio CAaöbix pacTBopoB 4>opMaAbAerHÄa, b pe-
3yAbTaTe q e r o noAyqaeTCH TBepÄan p orooöp aaB aH M acca.
riA a cT M a ocH Ha ocHOBe öejiKOß b 3anaAHoeBponeficKHx CTpaHax
H aqaAH n o A y q aT b e k o h u 3 X I X BeKa (o k o a o 1885 r o A a ). H a n a A o n p o -
H3BOÄCTBa ra A aA H T a b C C C P o t h o c h tc h k 1928 roÄ y.
B HacTOHiuee BpeMH r a A 3a h t t o t o b h t H3 c y x o r o TexH H qecKoro
Ka3eHHa, n o A y q a e M o ro nyTeM e ro KoaryAHiiHH H3 cße>Kero oöe3>KH-
peH H oro MOAOKa n p n n o M om n k h c a o t h a h c n q y jK H o ro (f)epMeHTa.
riocTyn.HBniHfi Ha raAaAH TOByio cj^aöpHKy KaaeHH TiuaTeA bH o o t o -
maeTCH o t pa3AHqHbix npHMecefi — n ec^H H o «, c o ä o m h h o k h t . n., CA-y-
qafiH o nonaBniHX b TBopo>KHyio M accy. OnHineHiibiH K33eHH pa3MeAb-
q aio x , c o p ra p y io T npoceHBaHHeM qepe3 CHTa h noAyqaiO T oähopoä-
Hbifi n op om oK , noxojKH fi Ha MaHHyio K pyn y.
n e p B o fi o n e p a u n e fi n o oö p a ö o T K e Ka3eHHa HBAHercH CMeniHBaHne
e r o c BOÄofi (2 5 — 3 0 % k B ecy B 0 3 Ä yu iH o -cy xo ro K aaeH H a) — 3aM em H-
BaHHe, KOTopoe ocymecTBAHeTCH b jKeAe3Hbix q am eo ö p 3 3 H bix c o c y A a x ,
noxoJKHx Ha TecxoM em aAKH. B n p o u e c c e 3aMeniHBaHHH b K a3 e«H ä o -
öaBAHioT nAacTHcj]HKaTopbi — o ö bm u o KaKHe-HHÖyÄb apoM araM ecK H e
3MHHbI (H anpH M ep, CMeCb AH(|)eHHJiaMHHa C ÄHMeTHAaHHAHHOM) , K pa-
iHa3BaHne nponcxoÄHT o t rpeqecKHX c j i o b «r a jia » — m o a o k o h « j i h t o c » — *
KüM enb; «rajiajiH T» — M O A O H H biü K a m e H b . CymecTByioT h A p y ra e na3 BaHH5i äjm
njiacTMacc sT o ro THna: H e o jiH T , npoTeojiHT, 3 0 0 AHT, jiaKTOJiHT, Ka30JiHT h äp-
232
chtcah,HHorÄa 'HanoAHHTCAH (M paM op, poroBaH MyKa h Ä p .) h Ä P y rn e
BemecTBa, npHAarom ne raAaAH Ty np03paqH0CTb « a h , H a o ö o p o r, M yr-
HOBaTOCTb HAH ÖA6CK.
Xopom o npoMemaHHihifi KaaeHH BbicTaHBaexcH b TeqeHHe 1— 3 cy-
to « h 3axeM noÄ B epraercH npeccoBaH H io Ha BaAbU,ax h a h b m H eKnpec-
c a x n p n noÄorpeBaH H H (nAacTH(J)HKan,HH). n p n s t o m H3MeHHeTCH
CTpyKTypa qacTHii, Ka3eHiia h s c e fi M acce npHÄaeTCH ö o A b m a n oäho-
pOÄHOCTb.
IIlHeKOBbie npeccbi o ä h o ö peMeH h o h (})opM yioT KaaeHHOByio M accy
B BHÄe KOAÖaCOK. HaCTO (J)OpMOBKa OCymeCTBAHeTCH C HOMOmbK) ÖAOK-
npeccoB, h T orÄ a KaseHHOBan M acca BbinycKaeTCH b BHÄe nAacraH ,
KOTOpHe 3aTeM pejK yrcH Ha a h c t h onpeA eA eH H oro pasM epa.
H jih npeßpameHHH nAacTH(J)HiiHpoBaHHoro Ka3eHHa b raAaAH T e ro
HieoöxoÄHMO noÄBeprHyTb ÄyÖAeHHro, t . e. o ö p a ö o T K e pacTBopoM
(|)opMaAbÄerHÄa. n p o u e c c ÄyÖAeHHH h b a h ctch H an öoA ee OTBeTCTBeH-
hoh h npoÄOAHCHTeAbHO'ft on ep a u n efi b np0H3B0ÄCTBe raAaAHTa.
HA3CTH(J)HUHpOB3 HHblfi raAaAH T B BHÄe nAaCTHH, CTep/KHCH HAH
T p y ö o K norpy>KaeTCH b * e A e 3 0 ö eTOh h h e h a h ÄepeBHHHbie Batrabi c
4 — 5-npoueHTHbiM b o ä h h m pacTBopoM (JjopM aA bÄ eraÄ a h B biAepxH -
BaeTCH b h h x npn TeM n ep aT yp e o k o a o 18° b TeqeHHe npoÄOAJKHTeAb-
H oro BpeMeHH — o t o a h o ö HeAeAH ä o mecTH MecnueB. n p n s t o m p a c ­
TBop UHpKyAHpyeT B ÄyÖHAbHOfi B3HHe TaKHM O'ÖpaSOM, qTO BCH no-
BepxHOCTb n oA B ep raiom erocH ÄyÖAeHHio M arepH SAa paBHOMepHO o m h -
BaeTCH paCTBOpOM npHÖAH‘3HTeAbHO OÄHO« H T O « >Ke KOHueHTpauHH.
n p o u e c c ÄyÖAeHHH HBAHeTCH CAOJKHblM 4>H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHM npO-
ueccoM . noHBAeHHe 3HaqHTeAbHofi npoqHoeTH h A p y rn x yKa3aHHbix
CBOÖCTB oÖTjHCHHeTCH, no-BHÄHMOMy, o ö p a 30 bahHem nonepeqH bix CBH-
3efi (m o c th k o b ) M ejKÄy noAHnenTHÄHbiMH uenHMH MOAeKyA öeAKa 3a
c q e T B33HM0AefiCTBHH MeJKAy ^OPMSAbÄerHÄOM H 3MHH0rpynn3MH MO-
AeKyA öeAK3. Mex3HH3M 0öpa30B3HHH s th x cBH3efi e m e He npeACTaB-
AHCTCH AOCT3TOqHO HCHblM. nO-BHÄHMOMy, HMCIOT M6CT0' CAeAyiOmHe
peaKUHH:
I. R— n h 2+ o c h 2 h 2o + r — n = c h 2
I I ........ - N H — C H — C O — N H - .................. - N H - C H - C O — N H - . ...
I I
R -N H
R - n h 2 I
+ o c h 2^ h 2o + c h 2
R— NH2 R -N H
I I
....“ N H — C H — C O — N H - . . . . . . . - N H - C H — C O — N H -....
n p n npoTeKaHHH nepßoä H3 yKa3aHHbix pe3KUHfi oöpa3yiomaHCH
rpynna — !N = C H 2 — oöycAOBAHBaeT B03M0*H0CTb npouecc 3 noAH-
MepH33UHH, b pe3yAbTaTe qero h oöpa 3 yK)TCH ynAOTHeHHbie npoÄyKTH.
B o BTOpOH peaKUHH noAHnenTHÄHHe uenn «cniHßaioTCH» BCAeACTBHe
233
0ßpa30BaHHH r p y n n u — R — N H — C H 2— N H — R — , t t o onHTb-TaKH h
npOHBJIH6TCH B COOTBeTCTByiOmeM H3MeHeHHH CBOfiCTB ÖejiKa.
H 3 BJieqeHHbiö «3 ÄyÖHJibHofi BaHHbi rajiajiH T cojep/KHT o k o jio
30 — 40% b o ä h , h nosTOMy o h e m e He^ocraTOHHo TBepÄ h y n p y r. T a -
k o fi rajiajiH T n oÄ B ep raercn cyim ce ä o coÄepjKaHHH BJiarn b 10— 12% .
Tajia^HTOBbie jih c t h h jih crep>KHH BHcyniHBaioTCH b TyH uejibiibix hjih
Ka Me pH h x cyuiH ÄK ax nyTeM nocren eH H oro ü o ä h h th h TeM nepaTypbi ä o
45°. npOÄOÄJKHTeJIbHOCTb CyUIKH COCTaBJIH€T o k o jio 48 qaCOB.
B bicynieH H bie j ih c t h hjih CTepJKHiH e m e t c h j ih m h
nyTeM CÄaBJiHBaHHH MejKÄy njiHTaMH n p e c c a . 3 Ä e c b x e MejKÄy n jra-
TaMH n p e c c a hjih b Ä p y ro M x o j io ä h o m n p ecce ra jisjiH T oxjiajKÄaeTCH.
n o c j i e onH caH H oö oöpaöoTK H t 3ji 3 jih t np n o ö peT 3 eT HOBHe CBofi-
CTB3: OH CT3H0BHTCH TBepÄbIM, p0r00Öpa3HbIM , He CnOCOÖHblM paCTBO-
psiTbCH b pa36aBjieHiHbix p a c T B o p a x k h c j io t h m ejioqefi. O
npoqHbl'M Ha pa3pbIB H yCTOfiqHBbIM K ÄeÖCTBHK) (JjepMeTITO'B, T. e. He
rHÄpojiH3yeTCH h He th h ct.
n p O H 3BOÄCTBO nJiaCTHqeCKHX 'Macc H HCKyCCT B CH HO TO BOJIOKHa H 3
K a 3eHHa m o ä o k 3 He m o jk c t n o ^ y ^ H T b ö o jib in o ro p a 3BHTHH H 3- 3a
HeÄOCTaTKa CbipbH . B o jie e ne pcn e K TH B H H M HBÄHeTca H c n 0jib 30BaHHe
ÄJIH 9THX uejieft paCTHTeJIbHblX ßeJIKOB.
B H a c T o n m e e B peM H b n p o M b im jie H B O M M a c u iT a ß e H cnoJib 3yioTCH
öejiKH 3eM JiH H oro o p e x a ä ä h npHroTOfiJieHHH HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOjiOKHa
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HCKyCCTBeHHOrO BOJIOKHia B H K ap ( C U I l A ) .
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raeTCH. q T o 3 t o t j k h ä k h h KOJiJiOHÄHbifl p a c T B o p n o c Ä e H aH ecetiH H H a n o B e p x -
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rO B H U b l) MO/KHO npHrOTO'BHTb H MeTOÄOM UITaM IIOBKH , npHTOM IH TaM - m ec T B H M eeT 3 H a qe H H e noJiHp HOCTb KOH HeBbix r p y n n ’öeÄKOBOH q a c T H -
nyeTCH H C Ä yöjieH hifi n jia cT H iiH p o B a H H b iH K a3eHH , a Ä y ö J ie H n e h c y rn - u,h ( — N H 2ih — COOH) ih n p o u e c c CKJiöBBaiHiHH n p e Ä C T a B Ä H e T C H K a K
Ka n p 0H3B 0ÄJiTC5i y * e b H 3ÄejiH H x. H eK O TO pne M ejn & te H3ÄejiH H — (})H3HKO-XHMHqeCKHH npOUeCC, 3 aK Ä K )qaiO m H fiC H BO B3aHMOÄeÖCTBHH
n y rO B H H bl, rp eÖ H H — MOJKHO H3rOTOBJIHTb H3 n jI3C T H (j)H U H p0 B 3H H 0 r0 K jien c o cK J ieH B aeM H M H M a T e p H a jia M H . B ö jib iiiH M cK JieH B aiom H M Ä e fi-
Ka3eHHa MeTOÄOM JiHTbH n oÄ ÄaBÄeHHeM. CTBHeM ö y Ä e T o ö ji a Ä 3 T b t o B em ecT B O , K O T o p oe no xapaK Tepy cbohx
3KTHBHHX r p y n n CH Jibiiee B 3 aH M O Ä eficT B yeT c 3 k t h b h h m h rpyn n aM H

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M e p , Ä p eB eC H H 3 , fi COCT3BHOfi 13CTH KOTOpOÖ — HeJIÄK)JI03e ■— C O Ä e p -
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n o p o m o K Ka3eHHa nepeMeniHBaiOT b 6 a p a 6 a n a x c o cn a ö biM p a c - K ay q yK O M , He h m c io ih h m s t h x r p y n n .
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p ajibH ofi uiepcTH . h Ha3bmaeTCH Me3ApoßbiM KjieeM.

234 235
 JXnn nojiyqeHHH jk h ä k h x KaaeHHOBux KjieeB K336HH CMeuiHBaioT c ÜOÄyqeHHe jk h b o th o to K ^ea o th o c h tc h k q n c jiy BecbMa CTapbix
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ä h c tc h jkhäkhm npn noBbimeHHofi TeM n ep aT yp e h 3arycTeB aeT npH o th o c h tc h k 1874 ro Ä y , K orÄ a ö h ji nocrpoeH b Ile T e p ö y p re nepBbifi
o x Ä a *Ä eH H H . KaqecTBO k h ä k o t o Kjien noBbimseTCH npn ÄOÖSBJieHHH KpynHbifl K O C T e o ß p a ß a r a B a i o m H fl 33boä.
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k HeMy H HorÄa ÄoßaBJiHiox p a a jm q H H e h a n oji h h t c ji h : n o p r a a H Ä -u e - CyiUiHBSeTCH. TOTOBblfi npOÄyKT BbinyC KaeTC H B B H Ä e nJIHTOK HJIH B
MeHT, KocTHyio MyKy, ÄpeBecH yio M yKy h Äp. n o jiy q a io T oähopoä- ÄPOÖÄCHOM BHÄe.
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n e p a T y p e 135— 140° h noÄ ÄaBJieHHeM ä o 4 a r. n o jiy q a io T KJieeBoö OMblÄHIOTCH JKHpbl. 3T0T npOUeCC (3 0 Ä K 3 ) npOÄOJIJKaeTCH 1— 1,5 Me-
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BaHHH KÄefl KOHCepBHpyeTCH CepHHCTbIM ra30M . peÄeneHHoe BpeMH H3 CTeÄJiaJKax npH TeM n epaType 7 — 9°. ü p H stom

236 237
 B n p o u e c c e H3r0T0BJieHHH k o jk h u iK y p a j k h b o t h o t o n p o x o Ä H T TpH
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jm q H H o fl c ö o jib iiio H K H p n n q p e *e T C H H a M a n iH H a x Ha npoÄ O JibH bie 3) OTÄCJioqHbie o n e p a u H H .
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H ÄeT H a H3rOTOBJieHIHe MHOrHX TeXHHqeCKHX H3ÄeJIHÖ, HeKOTOpblX BH­
ÄOB r a jia H T e p e n h Ä p y r n x np eÄ M eT O B M a o c o B o r o noTpeÖJieHHH. 3 t h m
onpeÄ& JiaeTCH p o ji b K O JK eBeiiH oro np0iH3B0ÄCTBa b H ap o Ä H O M xosh ö-
CTBe.
3 a r o Ä H coBeTCKOH BJiacTH y n a c b C T p a H e K O * e f ie H H a a n p o M b iiu - P hc . 63. BepTHKajibHuft pa3pe3 niKypbi.
JieHHOCTb H3 OTCTaJIOH OTpaCJIH C KyCTapHlblMH H nOJiyKyCTapH blM H c n o - 1— sn H A ep M H c; 2 — Ä e p M a ( b H e f t p a 3 J iH q a K > T : a —
coöaM H n p 0H3B 0ÄCTBa B b ip ocjia b K p y n n y io n p o M H in jie H n o c T b . P a 3 B H - BepXHHÖ COCOqKOBblft CJIOÜ H 6 — HH3KHHÜ c e T ^ a -
TH ft CJlOft, H B ^ H IO IH H flC H O C H O B H U M CJIOCM ,fte PMbl);
THe 3T0Ö OTpaCÄH npOMblUIJieHHOCTH H enOCpeÄCTBeH HO CBH33HO 3 — noAKostHaa KJieTHaTna (y^ajiseicH npH oöpa-
ÖOTKe).
C COCTOHHHeM JKHBOTHOBOÄCTBa H C IipOHSBOÄCTBOM XHMHqeCKHX
npO ÄyK TO B — Ä yÖ H TeJiefi, K p a c H T e n e ö , s M y jib r a T o p o B h n j ie i iK o o ö p a -
n o Ä ro T O B H T e jib H w e o n e p a iiH H 3aKJiK>qaiOTCH b to m , h to m Kypa
3yioiH H X B em ec T B .
n p e jK Ä e B c e r o B biM aqH B aeTC H b T eq eH H e HecKOJibKHx q a c o B h jih cyTOK
C ym H ocTb KOJKeBehHoro n p o h 3b o ä c tb a 3aKJiioqaeTCH b b h ä c jic h h h
b qHCTofl B O Ä e c ÄOÖ3BK0H cojieft, k h c j i o t ih äh m e Ä o q e fl npn T e M n e p a ­
H3 n iK y p n ocHOBHoro cjioh — ÄepiMH (cm. phc. 63) h o ö p a ö o T K e e r o
T y p e 16— 25°. n p H s t o m u iK ypa H aöyxaeT , BnHTHBaa BO Äy, ö ejiK H t h ä -
pa3JIHqHbIMH BemecTBaMH C IieJIbK) H3MeH€HMH CTpyKTypbl 3TOro CJIOH
p aT H py ioT C H , yÄaJineTCH r p a s t, K p o B b h p a c T B o p H M b ie ö e jim (a jib ö y -
ÄJIH npHÄaHHH 6My ÖOJIbineH nJIOTHOCTH, npOlIHOCTH, XHMHqecKOH
m hhh h r Ä O Ö y Ä H H b i). 3 t o t n p o u e c c H a 3 biBaeTCH o t m o k o S h
yCTOÖqHBOCTH H BOÄO'HenpOHIHIiaeMOCTH. MeTOÄbl OÖpaÖOTKH HecKOJib­ npoH3BOÄHTCH b qeTH pexyroJibH H x öeTOHHbix qaH ax, BpamaiomHXCH
KO paaJIH'-iaiOTCH M OKÄy COÖOH B 3aBHCHMOCFH OT BHÄ3 'CbipbH H Ha-
öapaöaH ax (p n c . 64) h ä h niH eK O B bix a n n a p a T a x .
3HaqeHHH kojkh.
BbiM oqeHHaH u iK y pa noÄBepraeTCH o ö e s B o j i o n i H B a H H i o ,
BOjiOKHa ÄepM bi c o c to h t H3 ö e jiK a — KOJiÄareHa. TKaHb, 3 a n o ji-
t . e. n p o u e c c y oTÄeÄeHHH o t Ä ep M H snH ÄepM H ca B M ecre c bo äocom .
HHIOmaH npOMOKyTKH MeJKÄy B0JI0KH3MH, COÄepJKHT Ä p yrH e ÖejiKH —
B o jio c cHHMaeTCH MexaHHqecKH H a o c o ö h x M aniHHax, ho n p eÄ B ap n -
aJib6yMHiibi, rjioöyjiH iib i, MyuHHbi h MyKOHÄbi. B c jio h x , oKpy>Kaiom nx
T e jib H o H e o ö x o Ä H M o p a 3 p y n iH T b cB H 3 b b o ji o c c Ä e p M o fl. 3 to ÄOCTH-
ÄepM y, HMeioTCH öcjikh Ä p y rn x r a n o s , a TaKJKe j k h p h , yrjieBOÄbi,
raeTCH b n p o u e c c e TaK H a3 H B aeM o ro 3o ä e h h h, t . e . oöpaöoTK «
>KHponoÄOÖHbie Bem ecTBa, (JjepMeHTbi h MHHepajibHHe BemecTBa.
239
238
 UIKypbl H3B&CTKOBMM MOJIOKOM, HHOrÄa C ÄOÖaBJieHHeM CepHMCTOrO n o T aK H a s b iB a e M O M y 3 K c n p e o c - m € t o ä y 3 0 J ie H «e np0H3B0ÄHTCH npn
HarpHH HJIH COflbl.
TeM nepaType 27-— 29° h npoÄ O JiJK aeTca o t 6 ä o 15 qacoB. B npouecce
T I o ä ÄeHCTBHeM H3BeCTH, nOMHMO OCJiaÖJieHHH CBH3H ÄepMbl c
30ÄeHH H u iK y p a n o cjie Ä O B aT e J ibH o o S p a ß a ib iB a e rc a p 3 c t b o p a m h H3-
snHÄepMHCOM, pacTBopaioTCH TaK>Ke MejKBOJiOKOHHbie ßejiKOBbie Be­
B0CTH C ÄOÖaBKOH o ep H H C T o ro H a T p a .
m ecTBa, KOJiJiareH pa3pbixjiHeTCH, h b HeM ocJiaßjiHeTcn cBH3b MejKÄy
K p o M e OTMOqKH H CrOHKH BOÄOCa, B OTMOqHO-SOJIbHOM OTÄeÄeHHH
OTÄeJXbHHMH BOJIO'KHl3MH, OMblJiatOTCH OCTaBUIHeCH B UlKype JKHpbl,
np0H3B0ÄHT eme CÄeÄyKDuxHe onepauHH: 1) OTÄejieiiHeoT ÄepMbi noÄ-
mKypa norjiomaeT HeKOTopoe K0 ÄHqecTB0 boäh. B pe3yjibT3Te nojiy- k o jk h o ö KjieTqaTKH, hjih Me3ÄpH, nyTeM cpe33HHH ee npH noMouiH
o c o ö h x MafflHH (M e3 Ä p eH H e); 2 ) yÄaJieHHe n oÄ ceÄ a (OCTaTKOB m cjiko-
r o B o jio c a ) h rpH3H, ocraiom H xcH nocjie c fo h k h B ojioca (qncTKa
ÄHua); 3) HHorÄa BbipsBHHBaHHe kojkh no m/nuHHe h ä h pasjiejieH H e
Ha HecKOJibKO 'CjioeB (Ä B o eH u e); 4) p a 3 p e 3 aHHe kojkh Ha q a c r a no
Tonorpac})HqecKHM yqacTKaM — nojibi, b o p o tk h , qenpaKH (qenp3K0B a-
Hne). Bce 3th onepauHiH np0H3B0ÄHTCH npn noMomn eoorBercTByio-
IUHX M3UIHH, nOÄ^aC ÄOBOJIbHO CJIOJKlIbIX.
IlojiycfjaöpH K aT, nojiyqeHHbift n o c jie 30JieHHH, qncTKH « npoMbiBKH,
HOCHT Ha3B3HiHe 3 0 JI e H O T O r O J I b H . T o JIbe COÄepjK H T coeÄ H H eH H H
KajibUHH c KOJuiareHOM b B «Ä e c o jie ii ( 3a cqeT K apßoK C H JibH bix r p y n n
OCTaTKOB aMHHOKHCJlOT), a TaKJKe B BHÄe C a ( O H ) 2, paCTBOpeHHOrO b
npOHHTblBaiOmeH KOJKy BOÄe HJIH COpÖHpOBaHHOro BOJIOKHaMH KOJKH.
n p H conpiHKOcHOBeHH h c B 03Ä yxo-M f h ä p 3 t o k h c h K ajibU H H Ä a e T y r j ie -
KH'CJIblH KSÄbUHH. KpOM C TOTO, rOJIbe COÄepjKHT npO ÄyKTbl p3Cn3Äa
ßeÄKOB h jk h p o b . B c e 3TH n p H M e c u M e m a io T n p o B e Ä e H H io Ä a jib H e fim H x
o n e p a u H H , h h x n e o ö x o jiH M o y Ä a jiH T b . R j i n S T o ro r o jib e n o Ä ß e p r a io T
P hc. 64. JlaTHbiö ßapaßaH .
ÄeHCTBHIO KHCJIOT (COJIH HOH, M y p a B b H H O «, yKCyCHOH, MOÄOqHOH, ÖOp-
h o h ) , KHCJibix o o J ie fl (H a n p H M e p , N 3 H S O 3) h jih c o jie ft s m m o h h h (H a ­
npH M ep, (N H 4) 2S O 4) . 3 t o t npouecc hocht H a3BaH ne o 6 e 3 3o ä h-
b a h h h. O cH O B H bie xH M H q ecK H e npoueccH , npohcxoähm ne npn
3T O M — 06 M e n HOHOB KaJIbUHH COJieH yKa33HHbIX Ö ejiK O Bbix C o eÄ H H e­
HHH Ha HOHbl BOÄOp'OÄa (h ä H 3 M M 0H H H ) n o cxeM e:

/ NHa /NH2
R C a + 2 H Ä -> 2 R . -(-C aA j,
x c o o x COOH

TÄe A — 3 HH0 H KHCJIOTH, H B33HMOÄefi,CTBHe KHCÄOT C Ca (O H ) 2 H

C a C 0 3.
qaeTCH TaK H33biB 3eM oe r o j i b e — re jib c onpeÄejieH H ofi M HKpocrpyK-
O Ä H aK o n p n 3t o m n p oncxoÄ H T h Ä p y r n e xHMHqecKHe n p o u ec cb i — ■
T y p o ö h Ä P y ro ro no cpaBHeHHio c c b ip o ä k o jk € h c o c r a B s . C x p y K x y p a
oßpasoB aH ne cojieft k h c j io t c öejiKaMH, (JjepMeHTaTHBHbie npouoccH
rojihH n o c jie 30JieHHH HMeeT p c iu a io tu.ee 3HaqeHHe ajih KaqecT B a roTo-
H Äp-, TaK qTo n p o u e c c h b ä h c t c h ÄOBOJIbHO c j io j k h h m . 06e330JiHBaHHe
BOH KOJKH.
npo«3B 0Ä H T b öapaöaHiax h j ih ö a p K a c a x npu TeMnepaType o t 18 ä o
3ojieH H e ocym ecTBÄH ercH b a n n a p a T a x pa3JiHqHo£i KoncrpyKUHH — ■
30°. Bo BpeMH 06e330JiHBaHH}i hjih n o cjie H ero ro jib e , npeÄH a3H aqeH -
uiHeKOBbix an n ap a T a x, q aH a x , B pam aiom H xcH ß apaß aH ax H T a K H 33bi-
Hoe ä j ih BbipaÖOTKH MHrKOH kojkh, noÄBepraeTCH M h r q e h h io, t . e.
Ba-eMbix ß a p K a c a x (p n c. 65) .
o ßp aö o T K e npoTeojiHTHqecKHMH 4>epMeHT3MH, e uejibio npHÄaHHH eMy
PeJKHM 3'OJieHHH 33BHCHT OT Ha 3HaqeiIHH KOJKH B TOTOBOM TO B ape.
MHrKOCTH, FJiaÄKocTH h THryqecTH. B KaqecTBe MaTepHaJiOB, coÄepJKa-
npH BLlpaÖOTKC KO/KI! ÄJIH BOpXcl OÖyBH IllK y p b l HaXOlÄHTCH B H3IHÜX B
t t t h x 4>epMeHTbi, ncn0Jib3yi0T n o Ä *e jiy Ä o q H y K ) yKeJie3y j k h b o t h h x « ä h
TeqeHHe 16— 40_ q aco B npn T eM n ep aT ype 16— 22°, a n p n BbipaöoTKe
h CKy e c r b eH him e M HKpoöiibie n p e n sp a T b i. 3 t h MaTepnaJibi coÄepJKaT
ro q m i 6 8 ÄHefi npH t o h JKe T eM n ep aT ype; npH B b ip a ö o T K e n o Ä O U iB e H -
uejibifl KOMn.ncKc pa3JiHqnbix cj^epMeHTOB, n/iaBHbiMH H3 KOTopbix hb-
HOH k o jk h 3ojieH ne n p o Ä O J U K a e T C « 3— 4 ä h h n p H T e M n e p a T y p e 18— 22°.
jih io tc h Tpuncrtn h Ä im a 3 a .
240
16 3ana3 JY» 215 241
 r i o Ä AeflcTBHeM TpHüCHHa pacnaaaeTCH (rHÄpoJiH3yeTCH) H eKoro-
t . e. H3MeHHK)TCH TeM n ep aT yp a, npoÄOJUKHTejibHOCTb, KaqecTBO n p H M e -
p o e KOJiM^ecTBO KOJiJiareHa, HMeHHo Ta e ro qacTb, KOTopaa n o^B epr-
HHeMbix peareHTOB h h x KOHueHTpauHH h t . ä . b 3aBHCHMOCTH o t b « ä 3
jia c b p a 3 p b ix jie»H io n o a bjihhhhöm n p eÄ H Ä yiu efi oöpaöoTK H rojibH;
n ep ep aöaT b iB aeM oro CbipbH. KoHeqHO, npn n ep ep a öoT K e öbiqbeü
pacnaaaroTCH TaK>Ke MejKBOJioKOHHibie öeJiKOBbie Bem ecTBa. n o ® Äefi-
KOJKH H3 nO Ä O U IB y HJIH UIKyp ÖOJiee MeJIKHX JKHBOTHblX (H anpH ­
CTBHeM Jinnasbi mjpoJiH3yiOTCH jKHpbi. npO ÄyKTbi p a c n a ^ a s t h x Be­
Mep, K0 3 JIHHHX) ÄJIH MHTKHX H3 fleJIHH peJKHMH ÄOJIJKHbl ÖbiTb
mecTB nepexoAH T b pacTBop H TaKHM 0Öpa30M ynajinioTCH « 3 rojibH.
pa3JiHqHbi.
B pe3yjibTaTe s t o t o yHHqTOJKaeTCH m epoxoB aTocTb rojibH, h o h o c r a -
OnncaHHbiM H onep3UHHMH uiK y p 3 noÄroTOBJieHa k BHnoJiHeHHio
HOBHTCH ÖOJiee MHrKHM H SJiaCTHqHbIM. KpOM e TOTO, H3 KOJKHO« TK3HH
c jie Ä y r o m e ä h BSJKHefinneä c t s ä h h o ö p sö o rK « — Ä y ö J i e H H i o .
yÄajinioTCH ocTaTKH H3BecTH h rpH3H (r H e ft c r ), b pe3yjibTaTe
ü yß jieH H eM HssbiBsercH n p o u e c c oßpaöoTKH rojibH pacTBOpaMH
q e ro K o * a c t3 h o b h tc h 6 o jie e bociiphhm hhboh k /teficTBHio jxy-
onpeÄeJieHHbix BemecTB, ot ÄeficTBHH k o t o p h x ro jib e npeB pa-
6H T ejieö. iuaeTCH b KOJKy, t . e. n p ü oöp eT a eT onpeÄeJieHHyio nJiOTHOCTb, npoq-
np oiiieccoM , 3aBepui3ioii],HM noaroTOBKy rojibH k jy ö jie H H io .'H B -
HOCTb, 3 J1 aCTHqHOCTb H yCTOHqHBOCTb K AeHCTBHK) BOÄH H MHKpO-
JisercH n h k e ji e b a h h e, t . e. oöp a ß oT K a b oäh bim pacTBop O'M co jieft
Opr3HH3MOB.
(N a C l, 'N a 2 S 0 4) b cm och c k b c jio t 3 Mh (cepHOH, cojih h oh , y K c y c H o fi).
n p o u e c c ÄyßJieHHH 1 3aKJiioqaeTCH b aacopöuH H KOJiJiareHOM ä y ö n -
r ip n 3T0M npOHCXOÄHT n pou eccbi XHMHqeCKOrO B3aHMOÄeÖCTBHH MejK­
iu h x Bem>ecTB h KoaryjiHUHH KOJiJiareHa c 06pa3OBaHiHeM o c o ß o npoq-
Ä y KOJiJiareHOM h n h k ejiH p y io mkmh BemecTBaMH h p33JiHqHbie koji-
HHX KOJIJIOHÄHHX CHCTeM, a TaKJKe B XHMHqeCKOM B3aHMOÄeHCTBH«
jioHAHO-xHMHMecKHe npoueccbi.
öejiKOBbix BemecTB c ÄyÖHTejiHMH. A TaK KaK MOJieKyjia öejiK a cjiojk -
IlpeJKÄ'e B cero npH ÄeficTBiHH k h c jio t ro jib e OKOHqaTe/ibHO 06e330-
Ha n o cB oeM y xHM.Hqeckomy CTpoeHHio h c o ä g p jk h t pa3jiHqHbie $yH K-
jiHBaeTCH h pa3pymaiOTCH 0’6p33yrom.HecH npn 30JieHHH c o jih , t . e.
UHOHajibHbie r p y n n b i, t o c ßeJiKOM M oryT BcrynaTb bo b3ahMOÄeficTBhe
OKOwqaTejibHo BbiÄeJiHercH KOJiJiareH b cb o ö o ä h o m c o c to h h h h . H a n -
caM bie pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie BemecTBa. 3 th m h oStiHchheTCH cymecTBOBa-
öoJiee cymecTBeHHibiM HBJIHeTCH iH3MeHeHHe p H KOJiJiareHa n oÄ BJiHH­ HHe 6cwibinoro KOJiuqecTBa BeiuecTB, M oryiu n x 0Ka3HB3Tb Ä yß n m ee
HHeM k h c jio t; ro jib e c r a h ob h tch kh cjih m BCJieÄCTBHe norjiom eHHH hm ÄeficTBHe.
H eß ojib u ioro KOJi«qecTBa k h c jio th ; qscTHUbi öejiK a n o a BJiHHHHeM B KaqecTBe ÄyÖHTejiefi MoryT 6biTb Hen0Jib30Ba»H BecbMa pasHO-
HOHOB BOÄOpOÄa KHCJIOTbl IIpHOÖpeTaiOT nOJIOJKHTeJIbHblfi 3apHÄ, o6pa3Hbie XHMHqecKHe coeÄHHeHHH: 1) MHHepajibHbie BemecTBa —
nOÄ BJiHHHHeM KHCJIOT H COJieft (OCOÖeHHO B CHCTeMe cojih xpoMa, ajnoMHHHH, jKejie3a, TtHTaHa h MHorux Äpyrnx MeTajuioB,
N a C l+ H C l) QCJiaÖJiHioTCH CBH3H MeJKÄy M H u e ju is M H h MOJie- 2 ) cJi0JKHbie opraHHqecKHe BemecTBa, sKCTparnpyeMbie hs pacTeHHH —
KyjiaMH. 3 t h H3MeHeHHH b CTpyKType rojibH oÖJierqaiOT ÄOCTyn pacTHTejibHbie ÄyÖHjibHbie BemecTBa (TaHHHÄbi), 3 ) ncKyccTBeH-
ÄyÖHIHHX B e iu e c T B K B0JI0KH3M KOJiJiareHa, H KOJKa ÄeJiaeTCH ho nojiyqaeMbie cjiojkhhc oprsHHqecKHe coeÄHHeHHH, 4 ) JKHBOTHbie
M H rq e . H p3CTHTeJIbHbie »H p H H MHHepajIbHHe M3CJI3, 5)
H a jiH q n e o o Jie ä b nHKeJibHOfi jk h a k o c th iip h b o ä h t k yB ejm qeH H io Ä e rH Ä .
B H 6ä ocM O TH qecK oro ÄaBJieHHH; s t o Ä aßjieH H e n p eB b iuiaeT o c m o th - Ha OTÄeJibHHx npH M epax n03HaK0MHMCH c xHMHqecKHM CTpoeH H eM
qecK oe Ä 3BJieH «e, H M eiom eeeH BHyTpH rojibH . H 3 rojibH b cro pO H y p a c ­ 3THX B e iu e c T B « X a p a K T e p O M HX B3 3 HMOÄeÖCTBHH c 5 eJIK3 MH KOJKH.
T B opa C ÖÖJIblUHM OCMOTHHeCKHM ÄaBJieHHeM yXOÄHT B0Ä3. HpOHCXO- H 3 MHHepsjibHbix coeÄHHeHHfi HSHÖoJiee uiHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe
A h t q a c ra q H a H A erh a p a x a u h h 6ejiK a h e r o q ac T u q H aa KoaryjiHUHH HMeiOT b HacTOHiuee BpeMH coeÄHHeHHH TpexBSJieHTHoro xpoM a h
(H aqajibH aH c ra Ä « H ). H o t o « ace n p H r a e e H aJiH qne c o jie ß npenHTCT- 3 JIIOMHHHH.
ByeT n o rjio m eH H io ro jib eM cjih u ik o m ß o jib in o ro KOJi«qecTBa p ac T B o p a X ly Ö H iu e e Ä efic T B H e co ea H H eH H H x p o M a c b h 3 3 h o c o cnocoÖ H O CTbK )
k h c ji o t h , HeÄonycTHMOH b n p o u e c c e Ä aJibH eH iuefi oöpaßoT K H rojibH . 3T 0 T0 3 JI6 M eH T3 Ä 3 B 3 T b KOMnJieKCHbie coeÄ H H eH H H . Ä y ß H IU H M Ä efiC T -
B ro jib e 3aA ep*H B aeTC H TaKJKe fle K o ro p o e KOJiHqecTBo ccw ieä, q r o n o - bh c m o ß j i 3 Ä aiO T coeÄ H H eH H H , o ß p a s y io iH H e KOMnJieKCHbie h o h h , b c o -
JIO}KHTejIbHO BJIHHeT Ha e r o CBOHCTBa. CT3 B KOTOpblX BXOÄHT HecKOJibKO 3 T0 M0 B X pO M a H THÄpOKCHJIbHbie
O ß p a ß oT K y nHKejibHHM pacTBopoM BeÄyT b T ex >Ke noÄBecHbix 6a- r p y n n b i h jih TSKHe, b k o t o p h x M o ryT 0 6 p a 3 0 BaTbCH TH ÄpO K C H jibH H e
p a ö a H a x hjih 6 apKacax." P o k h m B apbH pyexca b 33 b h c h m o c th o t b h ä s r p y n n b i n y T eM B TO pH qH bix p e a K U H fi, H s n p H M e p r H A p o jiH 3 3 . T a K H e c o ­
CbipbH « rOTOBOH K05KH. T aK , HanpHMep, ÄJIH BbipaÖOTKH IO(|)TH 6 ep yT eÄHHeHHH roTOBH T n y r e M BOCCTaHOBJieHHH Ö H x p o w a r a K ajiH H h jih H aT ­
pscTB op, coÄepHcauiHft 0,8— 1% cep H O « KHCJioTbi h 7— 8 % noBapem- pHH KaKHMH-HHÖyÄfa O praH H qeC K H M H BOOCT3 HOBHTeJI HM H, H anpH M ep
h oh cojih . O ö p a ß o T K a ä Jih t c h 3— 6 qacoB n pn TeM n epaType 18— 22°, rJIIOK0 3 0 « , B npHCyTCTBHH cepHOH KHCJIOTH. IIIeC T K B a jieH T H H H XpOM
a ÄJIH KOJK, .HÄyiUHX Ha H3TOTOBJieHHe B epxa OÖyBH, OT 45 MHHyT ÄO
T p ex qacoB. -
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npoHcxoJKÄeHHeM TeM BpeMeHaM, Kor^a ju ih o6pa6c»TKH uiKyp HaqaJiH npHMCHHTb
npaKTHKe s t h m c to ä h ocymecTBJiniOTCH n p a pa3jiHqHHx pejKHMax, SKCTpaKT H3 ÄyÖÖBOft KOphl.

242 16* 243

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; 244 245
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246 247
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K0JiHqecTB0 TaHHHÄOB TepneTCH TaKJKe n p n TpaH cnopTHpoBKe Ä p e ß e -
p 33pbIXJIHIOT H p 33p y ffl3K)T ee, H nOSTOMy He M oryT npHMeHHTbCH B
c h h h b o ä o h (peHHoft c n j i a ß ) .
KaqecTBe c 3 M0CT0HTejibHbix ÄyÖHTejieft. Ohh h b jih io tc h b c n o m o r a-
B b Hä Y HSJIOJKeHHOrO nOHHTHblM HBJIHeTCH CTpeMJieHHe 3 3M eH H Tb
T e JI b H bl MH BemeCTB3MH H npHMeHHIOTCH KaK ÄOÖaBKH, HanpHMep K
ecT ecT B eH H b ie Ä yÖ H T ejiH n p H ro Ä H H M H ä jih .s t o h n,ejiH C H H T eraqecK H M H
paCTHTejIbHbIM ÄYÖHJIbHblM 3KCTpaKT3 M, T3K K3K OK33MB3IOT nOJie3-
B e m e c T B a M H . T a K H e B e m e c T B a B c e b ö o ji b i n e ö CTeneHH H cn o jib3 yio T C H
Hoe ÄeficTBHe npn ÄyÖJieHHH (yBejinqHBaiOT cKopocTb ÄHcJ)4)y 3HH b
H3 np3K T H K e. H 3M HH 3H C ® 2 3 rO Ä 3 COBeTCKHMH y qeH bIM H npO ÄeJI3H 3
Ä epM y Äyßnm HX BemecTB h ä P -) h cnocoßcTByroT skohom hh Äopornx
o rp o M H an p a ö o i a no CHHTe3y H CK yccTBeH H bix Ä y Ö H T ejie fl, T a K H 3 3 H -
paCTHTejIbHblX 3KCTp3KT0B.
B3eM bIX CHHT3H0B, KOTOpbie B H 3C T 0H m ee B peM H H3XOÄHT UIHpOKOe
Ü.JIH CHHTe33 BCnOMOrSTeJIbHblX ÄyÖHJibHbix M3TepH3JI0B HCnOJIb-
np H M eH eH H e. 3Ä ecb, k s k h b o M H ornx Ä p y r H X c j iy q a n x (H a n p H M e p , b
•gyiOTCH T3Ksce npocTefliuHe (JieHOJibi h Hac{)TOJiH, nojiyqaeMbie npn
CHHTe3e K a y q y K 3 , m hothx K p a c H T e ji e ö ), nyTb yK 33H BaeT caM 3 npn-
poÄa.
nepepsöoTKe KaMeHHoro yrjiH hjih cHHTeTHqecKHM nyreM H3 6eH30Jia
H npOÄyKTOB nepepaöoTKH Hecj)TH. TaKHe (JieHOJiH cyjib^HpyioT, no-
OqeBHÄHo, ? t o b ä sh h o m c jiy q a e 3a%aHeü xhm hk3 h b jih ctch no-
jiyqeHHbie npn sto m cyjib4)0np0H3B0ÄHbie KOHÄeHCHpyroT h nojiyqaioT
Ä o6p3Tb Äem eBbie HCxoÄHbie BemecTBa, coÄ ep jK sm n e 6eH30JibHbie
HÄpa C OKCHrpynnaMH B HHX, 33TeM CBH33Tb STH HÄP3 npH noM om n
coeÄHHeHHH THna
MOCTHKOB H3'-'MeTHJieHOBOH [ — C H 2'— ] HJIH ÄPyrHX rp yn n H nojiyqH Tb SO„H
SO„H
tsk h m oöp33öM MOJieKyJIbl 6 o jib in o ro pa3M epa. O qeH b nojie3HbiM o k s -
33Jiocb BBeÄeHHe cyjibcj)orpynn, KOTOpbie b npnpoÄHbix Bem ecTBax He -V -OH
HO- -CH, -/
coÄepjKaTCH. \=

248 24»
 Ha n p a K T H K e HMeiOT ÄeJio co CMecHMH npOÄyKTOB noÄoßnoro
CTpoeHHH, H tn o jib 3yeMfaix b K aqecTBe B cn oM oraT ejibH bix ÄyöH JibH H x
M aT epnajioB .
Cyjib(j)ocHHTaHbi, npHÖJiHJKaioiUHecH no c b o h c t b 3m k pacTHTejib-
HHM ÄyÖHJIbHHM BeiUeCTBaM H MOTyiUHe CJiyJKHTb 3 aMeHHTejIHMH
n pnpoÄ H U x ÄyÖHJibHbix Bem ecTB, coÄ epjK aT b CBoeM co cT aB e öojib-
uioe KOJiHqecTBO 4>eH0JibHHX r p y n n (O H ) . M h cjio cyjib(j)orpynn b
s t h x coeÄHHeHHHX ä o jijk h o öbiTb CHHJKeHO ä o MHHHMyMä, o ö e c n e r a -
Baiom ero paCTBOpHMOCTb h x b b o ä g .
O äh h m m H an ö o jie e ynoTpeÖHTejibHHX m c to ä o b CHHTe3a T aK o ro
p o Ä a coeÄHHeHHH HBJIHeTCH KOHÄßHcauHH $ e H 0Ji 0B c <J)OpMajibÄerH-
äom h n o cJie Ä y io m e e cyjib<})HpoBaHHe nojiyqeH H ofi (J)eH0Ji 3JibÄerHÄ-
HOH CMOJIH (HOBOJiaKa) CepHOH KHCJIOTOH, B 3HTOH B HeÖOJIbUIOM
KOJinqecTBe. B BHÄe caMHX o ö iu h x cxeM s t h n p o u e ccb i Ha npH M epe
napa K p e 30Jia , B 3HToro b K aqecT B e ucxoÄ H oro npOÄyKTa, m ojkh o H30-
6pa 3 H T b cjie Ä y io m H M 0Ö pa30M :
OH OH OH
I I I I
//^ ^ \ -C H 2 —CH, y/\
-}-2 CHaO
I I
CH* CH, CH,
cxeMa C T p oeH H H HOBOJiaKa
OH OH
I I
HOoS- ^ X _ C H , - ^ V - C H 9—^ > - S O . qH
I I
CH, CH,
cxeM a C T p o e H H j^ c y j ii 4 >ocHHTaHa
C yjIb (j)0 CHHT3 HH — 3 3 MeHHTejIH T 3 HHHÄ0 B — B OTJIHUHe OT ^BCnO-
M orsTejibH bix cyjib({)ocHHTaHOB cooöm aiO T KOJiJiareHy c b o h c tb s ,
x a p aK T ep H n e ä jih BbmyÖJieHHOH kojkh. B 3 anMOÄeficTBHe M ejKÄy chh-
TaHaMH h KOJiJiareHOM 3 aKjuoqaeTCH b to m , qTO cyjibtJjorpynnH CHHTa-
Ha BCTynaiOT Bi peaKUHio c och ob h h m h rpynnaM H KOJiJiareHa. FhäPO-
KCHjibHbie r p y n n n MOjieKyji cHHTaHa, no-BHÄHMOMy, B3 3 HM0 ÄeftcTBy-
k )t c nenTHÄHHMH rpynnaM H KOJiJiareHa. 3 th m CHHTaHH-3 3 MeHHTejiH
OTJinqaiOTCH o t B cnoM oraTejibH H x c h h t3 hob.
B KanecTBe ÄyÖHJibHoro cpeÄCTB3 Hcn0Jib3yi0T .TaKJKe cyjibfJiHTHO-
UeJIJII0JI03HHe SKCTpaKTbl, COÄepJKaiUHe JIHrHOCyjIbCjlOHOBbie KHCJIOTH.
C o3 Ä aH H e‘i: nOJIHOUeHHblX HCKyCCTBeHHblX ÄyÖHTejieö HBJIHeTCH
BajKHofi Hap0ÄH0X03HHCTBeHH0H 3aÄaHeH h HMeeT ßojihiirae nepcneK-
THBH p33BHTHH, T3K K3K p3CUIHpHeT 3CC0pTHMeHT ÄyÖHTejieö H 3Ha-
^HTejibHO ycKopneT npouecc oöpaöoTKH k ojkh.
UI3H P3Ö0T3 npOÄeJI3Ha COBeTCKHMH yqeHbIMH: H . ö .
250
r. A. Ap6y30B H M , n. C. lKoHOB3JieHKO C C0TpyÄHHK 3 MH, M. H. X3-
ÄHK h ÄpyrHMH.
np0H3B0ÄCTB0 HCKyccTBeHHbix ÄyÖ H Tejieö cyiu ecTB yeT B cero OKO­
JIO 45 JieT, 3 e r o MHpoBaa ejKeroÄH3H npOÄyKUHH yase npeBH iuaeT
80 t h c . r, h to cocTaBJiHeT o k o jio 15% o t o ö m e r o M Hpoßoro noTpeö-
JieHHH ÄyÖHJIbHHX BeiUeCTB. (M u p O B O e npOH3BOÄCTBO , ÄyÖHJIbHHX
BeiuecTB H3 p3CTeHHH npeBHIU3eT 500 TbIC. T B TOÄ-) '•
BoJibiuofi 3 <J)t})eKT ÄOCTHraeTCH npu ÄyÖJieHHH eMeebK) p a 3JiHHHbix
CHHTeTHnecKHX ÄyÖHTejiefi, a TaKJKe npHMeHeHHeM k o m ö h h h p o -
B a H H O r o Ä y Ö J i e H H H , T. e. ÄyÖJieHHH CMeCbK) H aTyp3JIbHHX H
CHHTeTHHeCKHX ÄyÖHTejiefi HJIH CMeCbK) MHHepajIbHblX ÄyÖHTejiefl c
T3 HHHÄ3 MH H CHHT3 H3 MH.
iKoMÖHHHpoBSHHoe ÄyöJienHe ycK opn eT h yÄeuieBjiHeT n p ou ecc
oöpsßoTK H ko jkh npH yjiymneHHH KsqecTBa, TaK KaK b s t o m c jiy q a e
HcnoJib3yeTCH cneuHtJmqecKoe nojie3H oe ÄeücTBHe k s j k ä o t o ÄyÖHTejiH.
HccjieÄOBaHHH, npoBeÄeHHbie 3a nocjieAHHe t o ä h , ä s io t BecbMa
OH oÖHaÄeacHBaioiuHe pe3yjibTaTbi b ÄeJie nojiyqeHHH ÄeuieBbix ÄyÖHTe-
Jieß H3 OTXOÄOB UeJUII0JI03H0H H JieCOXHMHHeCKOH npOMHIHJieHHOCTH.
+ h 2s o 4
H a npaKTHKe H cnojib3yioT TaKJKe cM ecn BemecTB, n ojiy q a eM H e npn
c y x o fi neperoHKe yrjiH , ÄepeBa, Top<|)a, cjiaHueB.
n p H B bipaöoTK e H eK O Topbix, copTOB k ojkh , HanpH M ep 3aMUIH,
np0H3B0ÄHTCH TaK H a3H B aeM oe jK H poßoe ÄyßJieHHe, t . e. o ö p aö o T K a
CH. TOJIbH Ä H p a M H pa3JIHqHOrO np0HCX0JKÄ6HHH. JlyquiHMH JKHpaMH ÄJIH
3T0H ueJIH HBJIHIOTCH TIOJieHHH, TpeCKOBblfi H ÄeJIb(})HHHH. npOUeCC
OH ÄyßjieHHH Ä H p a M H 33KJiioqaeTCH b tom , ^ t o öejiKOBHe Bem ecTBa ko jk h
BCTynaiOT b XHMHqecKoe B3aHM 0ÄeficTBne c npoÄyKTaM H OKHCJieHHH
I
JKHpOB. ^ H p b l MOpCKHX ÄHBOTHblX H pbl6 TeM H XOpOIUH, qTO OHH
HMeiOT ÖOJIbUie ÄBOHHblX CBH3eß H, 3HaHHT, OÖJiaÄaiOT nOBblUieHHOH
cnocoÖHOCTbK) k oKHCJieHHio. 3 Ä e c b Mbi HMeeM a H a jio rn io c H cnojib-
30BaHH6M JKHpOB B Ka^eCTBC OJIHtJ) (CTp. 1 9 4 ), UpHqeM H 3Ä6Cb
CH, KaTajIH3aTOpaMH
C o , N i, M n h P b .
OKHCJIHTeJIbHblX n p o u ec co B HBJIHIOTCH COJIH
ÄJIH ÄyÖJieHHH kojkh Hcnojib3yK)T TaK »ce rnocoÖHOCTb 6ejiK a pe-
a r n p o B a T b c cJ)0 p M a jib Ä e r H Ä 0 M, c 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H eM n J io T H H x , ycToßqH-
BblX K B0 3 ÄeÖCTBHK> BH eU IH H X yCJIOBHH C oeÄ H H eH H H . M exa H H 3M B3a-
HMOÄeöcTBHH ^ op M ajib Ä erH Ä a c ß e jiK a M H p a c c M O T p e H npH o n n c a H H H
n p 0 H3B0 jiC T B a r a j i s j i H T a (C T p . 2 3 3 ).
BbiÄy6jieHH3H ko jk 3 noÄßepraeTCH u ejioM y pHÄy oTÄejioqHbix
Onep3UHH, H3 KOTOpHX Mbl 0CT3H0BHMCH OHeHb Kp3TK0, TaK KaK B HX
OcHOBe jieacaT rjiaBHbiM 0Öpa30M MexaHHnecKHe n p o u eccu , He npeÄ-
CTaBJiHioiuHe HHTepecs ä -Jih non yjiH pH oro oqepKS.
1 JlyÖHJihHbie BemecTBa HaxoaaT h apyrne oöjiacra npHMeHeHHa. TaK, ohh
ncnoJib3 yioTC!i b mcähuhhc b KaqecTBe npoTHBosi^HH npa oTpaßjieHHH ajiKajioH.ua-
mh, n p « HcejiyAO^HO-KHineHHbix 3aöojieBaHHHX, oscorax (t3 h h h h ) . flyönjibHbie Be­
mecTBa coÄepjKaTca b HeKOTopux nnmeBbix npoayKTax, bjihhh Ha h x BKyc (H a­
npHMep, b nepHOM nae co/iepjKHTca o t 18 ao 30% ayÖHJihHbix BemecTB, c^HTaa
B sto h öojib-
o ö j is c t h
Ha cyxoö Bec). .HyömibHbie BemecTBa Hcnojib3yioTCH b npoH3BoacTBe HeKOTopbix
BepKMaHOM, c o p to b bhh, KaKao h ÄpyrHX nnmeßbix npoayKTOB.
251
iVt<1<dfPi **J

PjiaBH eftm Ke O T n e m n n b ie onepauHH CJieÄyioiuHe: J IH T E P A T y P A

1) 06e3?KHpHBaHHe, KQTOpoe ocymecTBJiHeTCH hjih b ro jib e, hjih
b ayßJieHoft KOJKe; jk h p ynajineTCH c noM om bio pacTB opH Tejieö ( c k h - 1. «B ejiK H b npoMHUiJieHHOCTH h b c e jiM K O M xo3aflcTB e». KoHibepeHMH« no
nHAap, KepocHH) hjih oM buiniom Hx cpeÄCTB (m e jio q H ). 06e3JKHpHBa- ÖejiKy, h 3 ä - A H CCCP, 1952.
2. A. T. 3 a 6 p o ä k h h, Xhmh3 h Tex H o jio m a KJieeBux B em ecTB , I'ocJiec-
h h k ) noÄßepraiOTCH He BCHKHe n iK yp u , a TOJibKO TaKHe jKHpHbie, KaK,
6 yM H 3 Ä 3 T , 1954.
HanpHMep, cBHHHe h ßapaHbH. 3. T. C. l l e T p o B , B. H. P y T O B C K H f t n H. n. J I o c e B , TexHOJiorna
2 ) Pa3BOfl,Ka Ha öapaöaH H bix pa3BOA«faix MauiHHax, HM eioiuaa CHHTeTHHeCKHX CMOJI H njiaCTHTCCKHX Macc, X h m h 3/x3t , 1946.
u ejibio pacnpaBJieHHe k ojk h o t CKjiaÄOK h MopmHH, cjieÄCTBHeM n e ro 4. H. B. 4 e p h o b h ä P -, TexHOJiorna k o jk h , r H 3 jie r n p o M , 1952.
HBJIHeTCH OpHeöTaUHH CTpyKTypHblX SJieMeHTOB KOJKH, HTO yBC.JIHHH- 5. A. H. M h x a ii ji o b , X hmhh .nyÖamHX BemecTB h npoueccoB .uyßjieHHH,
rH3JiernpoM, 1953.
BaeT ee npom iocTb h ajiacTHHHocTb. KoJKa c jih u cb oh CTOpoHbi n o jiy -
qaeTCH 6 o jie e HapHÄHOH.
3 ) CTporaH H e, HM eioiuee u ejib io BbipaBHHBaHHe t o j iiu h h h ko jkh
h npH^aHHe ßaxTapM e hhctoh h rjia ^ K o ft noßepxHocTH. n o jiy q a e M a H
npn s t o m CTpyjKKa HcnoJib3yeTCH b npoH3BoacTBe 3aMeHHTejieft
ko jkh .
4 ) CKpaUieHHe (rjiaB H biM 0Öpa30M aHHJIHHOBbIMH K p aC H T ejIH M H ).
OcymecTBjiHeTCH b ö ap aß aH ax.
5 ) >KHpoBaHHe, t . e. o öp a öorK a MOKpoö kojkh jk h po b h m h
SMyJIbCHHMH HJIH OTJKaTOH KOJKH CMeCHMH JKHpOB JJ.JIH npHÄaHHH eft
MHrKOCTH H BOJIOCTOHKOCTH.
6) HanoJiHeHHe, t . e. BBe^eHHe b KOJKy rjii0K03bi (n a T O K a ), cyjib -
MarHHH HJIH HaTpHH H CyjIb<f)HTH0UejIJIK>JI03H0r0 SKCTpaKTa
(c y x o r o ) ä j ih yjiyqm eHHsi y n p y ro -n jia cra q ecK H X c bo hctb h B H eum ero
BH^a.
7 ) C yu iK a (noÄ orpeTbiM b o 3ä Y x o m hjih TOKaMH b h c o k o h qacTO-
t h ) , npn KOTopofl He TOJibKO nponcxoÄH T yÄaJieHHe BJiarn, ho h 3a-
KaHHHBaiOTCH npon eccbl (|)OpMHpOBaHHH KOJKH, HaqaBinHeca npH
ÄyßjieHHH.
8 ) yßjiajKH eH H e nyTeM BbiÄepjKHBaHHH bo BJiajKHOM B03Äyxe, b
MOKpblX OnHJIKax HJIH BOÄe.
9 ) TnjKKa, t . e. BbrrarHBaHHe Ha cooTBeTCTByioiUHX MauiHHax,
npH Äaioiuee KOjKe MHrKOCTb H ruÖKOCTb.
10) IIIjiH(|)OBaHHe (h y m e H u e )— npHÄaHHe p o b h o h SapxaTHCToS
noßepxHocTH öaxT ap M e hjih oßjiaropajKH BaH H e jinueBOH nOBepxHO-
CTH.
11) noK pbiB H oe KpameHHe (a n n p e ra p o ß a H H e ), t . e. HaHecenne
KpaCKH Ha nOBepXHOCTb KOJKH ÄOnOJIHHTejIbHO K OCHOBHOMy Kpatue-
hh io c u ejibio npHÄaHHH ÖJiecKa h BbipaBHHBaHHH orreHKOB Kparne-
HHH.
12) JIom eHHe, t . e. npHÄaHHe ÖJiecKa nyTeM ÄaBJieHHH pojiHKaMH
Ha COOTBeTCTByiOIUHX MauiHHax.
13) Y TiojK K a h HaHeceHHe onpeÄ ejieH H oro pucyHKa (H ape3Ka
M e p e n ).
14) O p oK aT K a h npeccoBaHHe (ÄaßJieHHe ä o 200 a r ) , rtoBbmiaio-
iUHe njioTriocTb k ojkh , ee cTOÖKocTb h yjiyqm aioiU H e BHeuiHHH bhä.
3 t h onepauHH M ejKÄy c o ö o h B3a«M Ho CBH3aHbi, no CBoeMy Ä efi-
ctb h k ) ohh ÄonoJiHHioT Ä p y r Ä p y ra , HHorÄa coBMemaioTCH h M oryT
np0B0ÄHTbCH B pa3JIHqH0H nOCJieÄOBaTejIbHOCTH. •

252
 TO CyflAPCTBEHHO E yHEBHO-riEflArorM M ECKOE
M3flATE/lbCTB0 MHHMCTEPCTBA nPOCBELUEHMfl
pcmcp
PeflaKUHeft xhmhh y*meflrH3a roTOBmcH k neiaTH cjieflyiomHe
KHHrH.
K o p >k e b ü . ü ., CnpaBOHHHK no xhmhh . riocoÖHe äjih
y'iHTejia. H3ÄaHne leTBepToe, nepepaöoTaHHoe h ÄonojiHeHHoe.
UeHa 7 p. 55 k .
KHHra coÄep>KHT cnpaBomuft MaTepaaJi no oTÄejibHbiM Te-

r iA B E ji rp n ro p b E B m y r p iO M O B
MaM Kypca xhmhh, Heo6xoÄHMHft y^HTejiro npn n 0Är 0T0BKe k
ypoKaM. B cnpaBoqHHK bkjiiotcho ßocTaToiirae KOJiHiecrBO bo-
XHMHHECKAH nEPEPABOTKA yrjIEBOJXOB,
XHPOB H EEJIKOB B nPOMbllHJIEHHOCTH npocoB H3 OÖJiaCTH TeXHHKH.
K h p io m k h h Ä . H ., MeTOAHKa npenoAaBaHHii xh m h h .
PeÄaKTOp H, A. Kopo6u,oea
riocoÖB e äjih yiH T ejm . HsAaHHe BTopoe, nepepaöoTaHHoe h ä o -
06^0ÄKa xyAO*HHKa A. f . KoÖpuHa
nojiHeHHoe. U,eHa 11 p. 75 k.
XyAoxecTBeHHbiü peAaxrop 77. B. Jltoöapcttuü
B KHHre H3JiaraioTCfl oömaa h qacraaa MeTOÄHKH npenoÄa-
TexHHnecKHft pe^aKTop M. ü . Haranoe
BaHHS XHMHH. KHHra COÄep>KHT MeTOÄHKy H3yqeHHH pa3JIHHHbIX
KoppeKTop B. A.. rAeöoea
TeM Kypca xhmhh cpeÄHeö uikojih h MeToamecKHe yKü3aHHH
CaaHO b Haöop 25/VI 1957 r. TloAnncaHo k neqaTH no opra«H3auHH h npoBe^eHHio ypoKOB; yueJieno 6ojibiuoe bhh -
lOyXH 1957 r. 6Qx92i/16. TIzh . ji. 16 . yq.-H3A. Ji. 15,87. MaHHe MeTOÄHKe HcnojiMOBaHHH xHMmecKoro SKcnepHMCHTa.
TupaÄ 12 t m c . 3K 3. A10371. X o ä a k o b IO. B., Kypc oßmefl h HeopraHHiecKofi xh ­
mhh . flocoÖHe äjih yHHTeji«. H3AaHHe BTopoe, ÄonojiHeHHoe.
y^ne^rH3. MocKBa, Mwcrtae n p y a u , 6. U,eHa 12 p. 30 k .
THnorpatfma H3.n;aTenbCTBa «ypajibcKHö paöoqHÖ»,
Knnra npeÄCTaBJineT coöoh sjieMenTapHbiö Kypc oßmeft
CßepÄJiOBCK, yji. HMeHH JleHHHa, 49.
IJeHa 6 e3 nepemiera 4 p. 30 k. neperoier 80 k. h «eopraHHqecKofi xhmhh. CoÄepKHT H3Jio>KeHHe BonpocoB H3
3aKaä N° 215. oöjiacTH TexHinecKoft xhmhh h MaTepnaji, HeoöxoftHMbiö yqHTe-
jiio äjih npoBeÄeHHH yp>0K0B Ha ypoBHe coBpeMeHHbix Hayqubix
Tpe 6oBaHHH.
Ä y 6 hbhh JI. A., P yK 0 B0 ÄCTB0 « j i » HiKOJibHwx jia6opaH-
to b n o xhm hh . H 3Ä aH H e BTopoe, Ä on ojiH eH H oe. Uena 1 p. 6 0 K.
KHHra ÄaeT hikojimihm JiaöopaHTaM no xhmhh npaicrme-
cKHe coBeTti o nopaÄKe BeaeHHa xo3aficTBa XHMmecKoft
JiaöopaTopHH, a TaicKe o npocrefiaiHX npneMax noÄroTOBKH 060-
pyAOBaHHH flnn äömohctpai^HH h npaKTHqecKHx paßoT.
C ji a b h H JI. 0 ., Ochobh MeTaJuiyprHiecKoro npoH3 Boa-
CTBa. riocoÖHe ÄJia yqHTeJia. H3/iaHiie BTopoe, Äonojnre'HHoe.
HeHa 2 p. 15 k.
B KHHre ocBemeHM Bonpocu MeTajuiyprHH >Kejie3a npHMe-
HHTeJIbHO K Kypcy XHMHH CpCÄHeH OIKOJIbl. Ü O Ä PO Ö H O paCCMa-
TpHBaeTca äomchhhh npouecc, nepepaöoTKa qyryHa iHa crajib,
paCKpHBalOTCH OCHOBHbie npHHIIHnH ÄaH H UX npOH3BOÄCTB, npn-
boähtch HeK0T0p ue CBeÄCHHa 06 skohomiikö MeTajuiyprHqecKoro
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5 p. 65 k .
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