SYNCHRONOUS AND SPECIAL ELECTRIC MACHINES

Prepared by AKASH SAHA (9774145935) M-3

EEPC405 Three phase Alternators Total Marks : 100

Principle of working, moving and stationary armatures. Constructional details: parts and their
functions, rotor constructions. Windings: Single and Double layer. E.M.F. equation of an Alternator
with numerical by considering short pitch factor and distribution factor. Alternator loading: Factors
affecting the terminal voltage of alternator; Armature resistance and leakage reactance drops.
Armature reaction at various power factors and synchronous impedance. Voltage regulation: direct
loading and synchronous impedance methods. Maintenance of alternators

Q. What is alternator?
Answer:
The machine which produces 3-phase power from mechanical power is called an alternator or
Synchronous generator.

A
The working principle of an alternator is based on the principle that when the flux linking of a
conductor changes, an emf is induced in theconductor.
H
SA
Alternators are the primary source of all the electrical energy we consume. These machines are the
largest energy converters found in the world. They convent mechanical energy into AC energy.
H

Q. Explain the working principle of Alternator.

Answer:
AS

An alternater operates on the same fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction as a DC

Generator . The working of an alternator is based on the principle that when the flux linking of a
AK

conductor changes, an emf is induced in the conductor.

Since no commutator is required in an alternator, it is usually more convenient and advantages to

place the field lwinding on the rotating part and armature winding on the stationary part. An
alternator has 3-phase Winding on the Stator and a Dc field winding on the rotor. This De source
(exciter) is generally a small DC shunt or compound generator mounted on the Shaft of the
generator.

Rotor construction is of two types:

1. Salient or projecting pole type: In salient pole type alternator, the rotor is made of smooth solid
forged- stead. Salient or Projecting poles are mounted on a large circular steeI frame Which is
fixed to the Shaft of the alternator.

2. Non salient or Cylindrical type: In cylindrical pole type alternator, the rotor is made of Smooth
Solid forged - Steed radial cylinder having a number of Slots along the outer periphery.

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 Prepared by AKASH SAHA (9774145935)
Q. Explain the construction of 3-phase alternator.
Answer:

3-phase supply output DC supply input

Rotor

Stator
Field winding

Armature
winding

The alternator or Synchronous generator is a machine which converts the mechanical power or
energy into electrical power. An alternator has 3-phase winding on the stator and de field winding
on the rotor.
1. Stator: It is the stationary part of the machine and it build up of sheet steed laminations having
Slots on its inner portion. A three phase winding is placed in these slots and serves as the
armature winding of the alternator. The armature winding is always connected in star.

2. Rator : The rotor . carries a field winding Which is supplied with direct current through Sliprings
by a separate DC Source. The DC Source also called exciter is generally a small DC S hunt or
compound generator mounted an the alternator.

The rator construction is two types:

(a) Salient or projecting pole type: Salient pole

Field
winding

Slip rings
DC supply

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In this type salient or projecting poles are mounted on a large Circular steed frame Which is fixed to
the Shaft of the alternator.The individual field pole windings (concentrated Windings) are connected
in series in such a way that When the field Winding is energised by the DC exciter.

Slow and medium Speed alternator (120 - 400 rpm) such as those driven by diesel engines or
water turbines have salient pole type rotor due to the following reasons:

(i) The salient field pole wolnd cause an excessive windage loss if driven at high speed and Would
tends to produce noise.
(ii) salient pole construction cannot be made Strong enough to withstand the mechanical Stresses
Which that may be Subjected at higher Speed.

(b) Non-salient or Cylindrical pole type:

Non-salientpole

DC supply

Field Winding

In this type the rotor is made of smooth solid steel Cylinder having a number of slots among the
outer portion. The field windings are connected in series to the slip rings through which they are
energised by the de exciters.
High speed alternators (1500-3000 rpm) are driven by String turbines are used
non-Salient rotors due to the following reasons:

(i) This type of construction mechanical robustness and gives noiseless operation at high speed.
(ii) The flux distribution around the parifery is nearly a Sine way enhance better emf wave form
obtain than in case of Salient pole type.

3. Excitation system:

The system which is used for providing the necessary field current to the
rotor winding of the Synchronous machine, such type of System is called excitation System.

In other words, excitation System is defined as the System which is used for the production of the
flux by passing current in the field winding. The main requirement of an excitation System is
reliability under all conditions of service, a simplicity of control,ease of maintanance,stability and
fast transient response.

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 Prepared by AKASH SAHA (9774145935)
Q. Write down the features of cylindrical pole alternator.
Answer:
(i) unslotted portion of the Cylinder acts as poles hence poles are non projecting.
(ii) The air gap is uniform due to the smooth cylindrical periphery.
(iii) small diameter and the large axial length is the feature.
(iv) Mechanically strong structure.
(v) Preferred for high Speed alternators.
(vi) Prime mover used are steam turbines, electric motors.
(vii) For the same size the rating is higher than salient pole type.
(vii) The rotor is also called as non-salient or non-projected pole type.
(ix) Separate damper winding is not provided.

Q. Write down the features of Salient pole alternator.

Answer:

(i) Poles are projecting out from the Surface.

(ii) Diameter is high and the axial length is small.
(iii) This is mechanically weak.
(iv) Preferred for low - speed alternators.
(V) Prime mover used are water, IC engine.
(vi) For the same Size, the rating is smaller than the cylindrical type.
(vii) Seperate damper winding is provided.

Q. Write down the advantages of stationary field armature.

Answer:

(i) The stationary armature coids can be insulated easily.

(ii) Higher peripheral Speed can be acheived in the rotor.
(iii) Cooling of the winding is more efficient.
(iv) Only two Sliprings are required to give DC Supply to the field System.
(v) Output Current can be easily Supplied to give DC Supply to the load circuit. Slip rings and
brushes are not necessary.

Q. Write down the advantages of Rotating Field alternator.

Answer:
The rotating field alternator has several advantages over the rotating armature type alternator:

(i) The armature windings can be branched better mechanically against high electromagnetic
forces due to large short circuit currents When the armature windings are in stator.

(ii) The armature windings being Stationary, are not subjected on the stationary armature.

(iii) The output current can be taken directly from fixed terminals on the stationary armature.

(iv) The bulk and Weight of The armature Windings are substantially ,greater than the windings of
the field poles. The size of the machine is therefore reduced.

(v) The stationary armature maybe cooded more easily, because the armature can be made large
to provide a number of cooling ducts.

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Q. What is full pitch coil?
Answer: A coil having a Span equal to 180° electrical degree is called a full pitch coil.

N S

Coil 180° Coil

side 1 side 2
EC1 EC2

EC

In case of full pitch coil, the two coil sides Span, adistance exactly equal to the pale
pitch of 180 electrical degrees . As result, the voltage generated in full pitch coil is such that the coil
side voltages are in phase as shown in figure. So EC1 and EC2 are the Voltages generated in the
coid Sides and EC the resultant coil voltage.

Q. What is full pitch coil ?

Answer: A coil having a span less than 180 electrical degree is called Short pitch coil Or frictional
pitch coid. It is also called chorded coil.

N S

180°

A stator winding using frictional pitch coil is called chorded winding. If the span of coiI is reduced
by an angle electrical degrees,the coil Span will be ( ) electrical degree.

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 Prepared by AKASH SAHA (9774145935)
Q. What is coil pitch?
Answer: The distance between the two sides of a coil is called coil pitch.

Q. What is pale pitch?

Answer: The angular distance between the Central line of one pale do the central live of the next
pole is called pole pitch.
A pale pitch always 180 electrical degrees regardness of poles on the machine.

Q. What is Coil span factor or pitch factor ?

Answer:
The coil Span factor or pitch factor is defined as the ratio of the voltage generated in the Short
pitch coil to the Voltage generated in the full pitch coil. The coil Span factor is also called chording
factor.

Vector sum of the induced emt per phase

Arithmatic sum of the induced emf per coil

Coil span factor or Pitch factor ,

For full pitch coil,

For short pitch coil,

Q. What is distribution factor / Winding factor?

Answer:
The distribution factor or breadth factor is defined as the ratio of the actual Voltage obtained to the
possible voltage if all the coils of a polar group were concentrated in a Single slot.

Distribution factor,

Where,

m = number of pole per slot per phase

n = number of poles per slot

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 Q. Derive the relation between forequency,rotor speed and poles of the alternator.
Answer:
The frequency of the generated voltage depends upon the number of field poles and on the Speed at
which the field poles are rotated. One complete cycle of voltage is generated in an armature Coil
when a pair of field poles passes over the coil.

Let,
P = Total number of magnetic poles
N = Rotor speed in rpm
f = Frequency of generated emf in Hz
P
No. of cycle per revolution =
2

N
No. of revolution per second =
60

We know that, f = Number of cycle per Second

No. of cycle
=
Time (second)
No. of cycle No of revolution
= ×
Time (second) No of revolution

No. of cycle No of revolution

= ×
No of revolution Time (second)
P N
= ×
2 60
PN
f =
120
PN
Frequency, f = Hz
120

Q. What is Winding factor?

Answer:
Winding Factor is the product of the Distribution factor (Kd) and the coil span factor (Kc). The main
purpose of  the winding factor is to improve the rms generated voltage in a three-phase AC
machine.
Winding factor,

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 Prepared by AKASH SAHA (9774145935)
Q. Derive the emf equation of an alternator.
Answer:

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 Alternator Numericals part 1

1.Q calculate the pitch factor for 36 Stator Slots , 4 poles, coid span 1 to 8
2.Q Calculate the pitch factor for 28 Stator Slots, 4 poles, Coil span 1 to 6
3.Q Calculate the coil Span factor for 48 slots, 6 poles,Coil span 1 to 7
4.Q Calculate the distribution factor for a 36 Slots, 4 pole, three phase winding.
5.Q Calculate the distribution factor for a 48 Slots, 6 poles, three phase winding.
6.Q An alternator runs at 3000 rpm With frequency 50 Hz.Calculate the number of poles.
7.Q An alternator having 4 poles with frequency 50 Hz, Calculate the speed of the alternator.

8.Q A Synchronous generator has 9 Slots per pole. If each coil Spans 8 Slot pitches, What is the
value of the pitch factor.

9.Q Find the no load phase and line voltage of a star connected 4 pole alternator having flux per
pole of 0.1 Wb Sinusoidally distributed. 4 slots per pole per phase, 4 conductors per slot, double
layer winding with a coil span of 150° ,50 Hz , 3- phase.

10.Q A 3-phase, 10 pole, Star connected alternator runs at 600 rpm.It has 120 Stator Sluts With 8
conductors per slot and the conductors of each phase are connected in series. Determine the
phase and line emfs ,if the flux per pole is 56 mwb.Assume full pitch coil.

11.Q A 4-Pole, 3 phase, Star- connected Alternator armature has 12 Slots With 24 conductors per
slot and the flux per pole is 0.1 Wb Sinusoidally distributed. calculate the line emf generated at 50
Hz . Assume full pitch coil.

12.Q A 3-Phase, Star connected, 2 pole alternator runs at 3600 rpm.If there are 500 conductors
per phase in series on the armature Winding and the Sinusoidal flux per pole is 0.1 Wb .Calculate
the magnitude and frequency of the generated Voltage. Assume, Kc= 1, Kd=1.

13.Q A Six pole machine has an armature of 9O Slots and 8 conductors per Slot and revolves at
1000 rpm. The flux per pole being 50 mwb. Calculate the emf generated as a three phase Star
connected machine if the winding factor 0.96 and Coil factor is 1. all the conductors in each phase
are in series.

14.Q The stator of a 3 phase, 8 ple, 750 rpm Alternator has 72 Slots, each of which contain 12
conductors. Calculate the rms value of the emf per phase if the Flux per pole is 0.1 wb Sinusoidally
distributed. Assume full pitch coils and Winding distribution factor of 0.96.

15.Q A 3-phase, 8 pole , Star connected alternator revalves at 750 rpm.The stator has 90 slots and
8 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb (Sinusoidally distributed).Calculate the voltage
generated by the machine,if the winding factor is 0.92 .

16.Q A 3-phase , 16 pole Synchronous generator has astar connected winding with 144 Slots and
10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb Sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375
rpm. calculate the - frequency and line emf.

17.Q A 12_pole , 3 phase, Star connected alternator has 72 Slots. The flux per pole is 0.0988
Weber, calculate-
(a) the speed of rotation if the frequency of the generated emf is 50 Hz.
(b) the terminal emf for full pitch coil and 8 conductor per per slot .
(c) the terminal emf if the coil span is reduced to 2/3 rd of the pole pitch.

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18.Q A 3 phase, 16 pole alternator With Star connected Winding has 144 Slots with 10 conductor/
slot . The flux per pole 24.3 mWb is Sinusoidally distributed and the coil is full pitch . find the -
(a) Speed (b) line emf . Assume Winding factor Kw =0.96

19.Q Find the number of armature conductors in series per phase required in series per phase
required to the armature of a 3-phase, 10 pole, 50Hz Synchronous generator with 90 slots. The
winding is to be star connected so as to have line voltage of 11 KV . The flux per pole is 0.16 Wb.

20.Q A 3-phase,16-pole alternator has a Star connected Winding with 144 Slots and 10 conductors
per Slot. The flux per pole is 0.03 Wb and the speed is 375 rpm . Find the frequency ,Phase and
line emf.Assume Full pitch coil.

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Q. Why are Salient pole alternators more suitable for low - speed and non-salient pole for high
speed Operation?
Answer: Salient pole alternators have large diameter and Shorter axial length. They are
generally used in lower speed electrical machines (100rpm to 1500 rpm).

Non - salient pole alternators have Smaller diameter and long axial length. They are
used for high speed operation (1500 rpm to 3000 rpm).It has less windage loss.Batter in dynamic
balancing because of absense of salient poles.

Q . Why is Short pitch winding preferred over full pitch winding?

Amwer: Short pitch coils are deliberately used because of due to elimination of high
frequency harmonies,eddy current and hysteresis losses in which turn increases the efficiency.

Q. Why are 3-phase alternators generally Star connected ?

Answer: Alternators are generally connected in Star,due to the following reasons-

(i) A star connected alternator requires less number of turn than a delta connected alternator for
the same voltage.

(ii) For the same line voltage,a star connected alternator requires lass insulations than a dalta
connected alternator.

(iii) In a star connected alternator , the live voltage remain Sinusoidal atall load conditions but in
delta connections third harmonie voltage do not cancelout but add up.

Q. Why do turbo alternator use non- Salient poles?

Answer: The rotor of a turbo generator is a non-salient pode type usually With two poles.
Salient rotor will be very noisy and with a lot of Windage loss. The rotating parts of a turbo
generator are subjected to high mechanical Stresses because of the high Operation speed. So,
turbo alternator use non-salient poles.

Q. Why is a rotating field system used in preferred to a stationary field ?

Answer: A rotating armature would require slip rings to carry huge currents and the
insulated for high Voltages which is not practicable.

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 Q. What type of alternator will be used for - (i) Hydraulic turbines and (ii) Steam turbines as prime
mover ?
Answer:

(i) Hydraulic turbines : Salient poll type Synchronous generators are used.

Explaination: As the speed of operation is low, for hydraulic turbines used in hydroelectric plants,
Salient pole type Synchronous generators are used. These allow better Ventilation and also have
other advantages Over Smooth Cylindrical type rotor.

(ii) Steam turbines: Smooth Cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial length
Synchronous generators are used.

Explaination: steam turbines are found to operate at fairy good efficiency only at high speed. The
high speed Operation of rotor tends to increase mechanical losses, So the rotors Should have
Smooth external Surface. Hance Smooth Cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial
length are used for Synchronous generator driven by Steam turbines With either 2 or 4 poles.

Q. What is meant by armature reaction of a synchronous machine ?

Answer :- The interacting between flux get up by the Current carrying armature conductors and
the main flux , is defined as the armature reaction.

Q. What is the effect of armature reaction of an alternator.

Answer: When the Current flows through the armature winding of an alternator,a flux is produced
by the resultant MMF.This armature flux reacts With the main pole flux,causing the resultant flux to
become either less than or more than the Original main field flux.

Q. What will bethe number of poles of a 50Hz alternator if it runs at its greatest speed?
Answer: 2 poles

Explaination :

Alternator always runs at synchronous speed and which is inversely proportional to number of
poles. So, lesser the poles higher the speed and the minimum possible number of poles is 2

for, p= 2 , Ns = 3000 rpm

p= 4 , Ns = 1500 rpm
p= 6 , Ns = 1000 rpm

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Q. Define Synchronous reactance of an alternator.
Answer:

The synchronous reactance (Xs) is the imaginary reactance emplayed to account for the
voltage effects in the armature circuit produced by the actual armature leakage reactance and by
the change in the air gap flux caused by the armature reaction.

When the armature reactance is combined With the leakage reactance of the machine then, it
is known as Synchronous reactance or direct axis reactance.

* The leakage reactance (X ) and the armature reactance (Xa) may be combined to give
Synchronous reactance (Xs).

Xs = X + Xa Ohm/phase

Q. Define Synchronous impedance of an alternator.

Answer: The Synchronous impedance (Zs) is a fictious impedance employed to account for the
Voltage effects in the armature Circuit produced by the actual armature resistance, the actual
reactance and the Change in the air gap flux produced by the armature reaction.

Zs = Ra + JXs Ohm/phase

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 Rulesfor drawing phasor diagram

Equivalent circuit of an alternator

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 Prepared by AKASH SAHA (9774145935)
Steps to draw phasor diagram:

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Q. Draw the phasor diagram of a loaded alternator for the following conditions:
i) Unity power factor
ii) Lagging power factor
iii) Leading power factor

Answer:
i) Unity power factor load

Equivalent circuit of an Alternator

Phasor diagram for unity power factor

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ii) Lagging power factor load:

Equivalent circuit of an Alternator

Phasor diagram for lagging power factor load

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iii) Vector diagram for leading powerfactor load:

Phasor diagram of an alternator at leading power factor

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 Q. Define Voltage Regulation of an alternator.
Answer:
The Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the Change in its terminal voltage
When full load is removed, keeping field excitation and speed constant,divided by the terminal
voltage.

% voltage regulation =

The value of the regulation not only depends on the load current but also on the power factor of the
load.

For lagging and unity power factor conditions there is always drop in the terminal
Voltage hence regulation values are always positive.

For leading Capacitance load conditions, the terminal Voltage increases as load current
increases.Hence regulation is negative in such cases.

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 Alternator Numericals Part 2

1.Q A 500 KVA, three phase,Star connected alternator has a rated live to live Voltage of 3300 V.The
resistance and Synchronous reactance per phase are 0.3 Ohm and 4 Ohm respectively. calculate the
Voltage regulation at full load, 0.8 powerfactor lagging.

2.Q A 1200 KVA, 3300 V, 50Hz, 3-phase Star connected alternator has armature resistance of 0.25
Ohm per phase.A field current of 40A.Produces a short circuit current of 200A and open circuit emf
1100V line to line. calculate the voltage regulation on full load 0.8 power factor leading & lagging.

3.Q A 60 KVA, 220 V, 50Hz , 1-phase alternator has effective armature resistance of 0.016 Ohm and
and armature leakage reactance of 0.07 Ohm.compute the voltage induced in the armature,When
the alternator is delivering rated current at a load power factor of -
(a) unity (b) 0.7 lagging (c) 0.7 leading

4.Q A 3 phase,Star connected alternator is rated at 1600KVA,13500 V.The armature effective

resistance and Synchronous reactance are 1.5 Ohm and 30 Ohm respectively per phase. calculate
the percentage regulation for a load of 1300 KW at a powerfactor of 0.85 leading.

5.Q A 3-phase, Star connected alternator is rated at 1500 KVA , 11 KV. The armature effective
resistance and Synchronous reactance are 15 Ohm and 30 Ohm respectively per phase. Calculate
the percentage regulation for a load of 1200KW of p.f 0.85 lagging.

6.Q A 3-phase,11 KW , Star connected Synchronous motor takes a load current of 100A. The
effective reactance and resistance per phase are 30Ohm and 0.8 Ohm respectively. Find the power
supplied to the motor and the induced emf for 0.8 p.f leading.

7.Q A 50KVA, 220V, 50 Hz alternator has an armature resistance of 0.18 Ohm and leakage
reactance of 0.75 Ohm per phase. calculate the induced emf per phase When the generator is
delivering rated current at a load power factor of unity. (3 phase , Star connected).

8.Q A 500 KVA, 1100 V, 50 Hz, Star connected 3-phase alternator has armature resistance per
phase of 1 Ohm and Synchronous reactance per phase of 1.5 Ohm.Find its voltage regulation for -
(a) 0.8 lagging power factor (b) 0.9 lagging p.f (c) unity power factor

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Q. How to minimize the eddy current losses?
Answer: When the core is laminated and insulated from each other with paper or varnish the
eddy current loss is minimized.

Q. Define coil span.

Answer: The distance between the two coil sides of a coil is called as coil span. It may be
expressed in electrical degrees or in number of slots.

Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of short-pitched winding?

Answer:
The advantages are
1. They save copper for end connections
2. They improve the waveform of the generated EMF.
3. The generated EMF can be made to approximate to a sine wave more easily and the
distorting harmonics can be reduced.
The disadvantages are
1. The total voltage around the coils is some what reduced. Because the voltage induced in the
two coil sides are slightly out of phase.

Q. Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?

Answer: Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds.
The high speed operation of rotors tends to increase mechanical losses and so the rotors
should have a smooth external surface. Hence, smooth cylindrical type rotors with less diameter
and large axial length are used for Synchronous generators driven by steam turbines with either
2 or 4 poles.

Q. How does electrical degree differ from mechanical degree?

Answer: Mechanical degree is the unit for accounting the angle between two points based
on their mechanical or physical placement.

Electrical degree is used to account the angle between two points in rotating electrical
machines. Since all electrical machines operate with the help of magnetic fields, the electrical
degree is accounted with reference to the magnetic field. 180 electrical degree is accounted as
the angle between adjacent North and South poles.

Q. Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in kW?

Answer: The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the
machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses incurred in the
machine gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding the limit prescribed by the
insulation class.

Apart from the constant loss incurred in Alternators is the copper loss, occurring in the 3
–phase winding which depends on I²R, the square of the current delivered by the generator. As
the current is directly related to apparent – power delivered by the generator , the Alternators
have only their apparent power in VA/kVA/MVA as their power rating.

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Q. Why synchronous generators are to be constructed with more synchronous reactance and
negligible resistance?
Answer: The presence of more resistance in the Synchronous generators will resist or
oppose their synchronous operation. More reactance in the generators can cause good reaction
between the two and help the generators to remain in synchronism in spite of any disturbance
occurring in any one of the generators.

Q. What is meant by infinite bus-bars?

Answer: The source or supply lines with non-variable voltage and frequency are called
infinite bus-bars. The source lines are said to have zero source impedance and infinite
rotational inertia.

Q. How does increase in excitation of the Alternator connected to infinite bus-bars affect this
operation?
Answer: Increase in excitation level of the synchronous generator will effectively increase the
reactive component of the current supplied by the generator and hence the active power
delivered.

Q.State three important features of turbo alternator rotors. 

Answer:

1.  The rotors of turbo alternators have large axial length and small diameters. 
2.  Damping torque is provided by the rotor itself and so there is no necessity 
for additional damper winding. 
3.  They are suitable for high speed operations and so number of poles is usually 2 or 4. 

Q.Mention the uses of damper windings in a synchronous machine? 

Answer:

1.  Damper winding is used to reduce the oscillations developed in the rotor of alternator when it
is suddenly loaded. 
2.  The damper winding is used to start the synchronous motor as an induction motor. 

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