Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

( RIG SELECTIO N

Table of Contents

í . Introduction . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . 1

n. Considerations TIlat Count The Most In Rig Selection . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 1

A. Top Critería for Rig selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
B. Related or olher influencing c:onsiderations in rig selection 1
C. Limitations and problerns Ü lhe wrong rig is selected . .. . • .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . 1
D. What makes a rig effective? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2

ID. Sorne key rig c:ornponents !hat effect optimization and implementation of drilling programo . . . . . . . • . • . 3
A. Mud handling and solids control equipment •. . .. .... .... . ..... .• . . . .. . . . . . .. ... . .... . . 3
B. Hyd raulic Horsepower Requirernents . ... . . . .. . • ... • . . . . •. . . . . .. .. .. . . ... .. . . . .. ..... 4
C. Rotary Horsepower Requirernents 8
D. Drill Slring Requirernents lo Provide Good Hydraulics and Adequate Weight on Bit. 9
E. Derrick Loading Capacity for Casing and Drilling Operalions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
F. Blowout Preventer Equiprnent . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .• . . • . . •... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 14

IV. Evaluation of Rig Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

A. Factors contributing to irnproved rig efficiency .. . . . •. • • . . • • .. . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . 20
B. Artiele - Practica! Melhod For Evaluating Rig Performance 21

v. F or mul a s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •• 3 0

Rig Seleclion - i
 Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

l. Infroduclion tered,
10. Hole and casing p rogram, straighl or deviated.
Where do y ou start when selecting a rig lo dri\I a 11. Auxi1iary equipmenl as required.
well or a series of wells? We sometimes gel lhe cart
befo re lhe horse and find lhe rig is nol suíted lo C. Limilations and problems if lhe wrong rig is
(
carry ou l lh e drilling programoThis often happens se lected
w hen division offices seJect lhe rig and di strict
offices develop lhe dríllíng programo Thi s lack 01 1. Quality of supervision ? Kick tolerance is
communication can be very expensive and should be greatly reduced wilh untrained and unmotivat-
avoided. lf comparing two equal size rig s what are ed crews. The size 01 kíck is lhe greatest influ-
the variables that make lhe big difference in overall endng faclor olher than leak-o ff-tesl al previ-
rosl per fool? How do a ssocíated well problems ous shoe on kick lolerance. The size of kick is
influence rig selection? Wha l influence does rig greatly related lo crew surveillance, training
selection have on d rilling optimization? How does and moti vation. Consider lhe following exam-
formation dril1ability influence rig selection? Ho w do pIe:
you evalúate lh e performance 01 lhe rig selected?
How do contractor training programs influence rig
selection? These are questions which will be ad-
dressed in lhis chapter, SICP
influenced
11. Conslderations ThatCount The Most In Rig setee- bykicksize
lion Lar = 8000 ft, 9-5/8"
16.7 ppg 5, 19.5, XH, DP
The ob jective of rig selection is lo obtain, from
among lhose avai1able, lhe rig that will drill a p ro- Mud wt
posed well al lhe lowesl cost per foot. To choose the 14 ppg 72O,6'h x 2-13/16
best rig for drilling a particuiar well, or a range of OC
wells, it is necessary firsl to develop a drilling pro- 1VD = 12,500
gram and job ra te lhe well. The API Bulletin D1O : +- BY.! --+
"Selectin g Rotary Dri1ling Equipment" is useful for
Rg.2.1
developing lhis information. The criterla for rig
selection or for job rating lhe well are as lollows:
Size MW !<id< KilI
!<id< SICP Equiv. Tclerance Lar Wt
A. T op Critería for Rig selection (bbl) (psi) Shoe (ppg) (ppg) (ppg)
1. Quality of supervision and rig personne!.
2. Hydraulic horsepower requirements. 10 859 16.1 ppg 1.40 pp g 16.7 15.0
20 1069 16.6 pp g 1.08 ppg 16.7 15.0
3. Dril1 string requirements (Preferred wíth 30 1214 16.9 pp g 0.86 pp g" 16.7 15.0
emphasis on hydraulics). 40 1346 172 pp g 0.66 ppg" 16.7 15.0
4. Requiremenls for adequale mud handling.
5. Rotary speed requirements. "Pcssíble lost circulation and underground blowout
6. Derríck and load requirements (casing and
drill stríng).
7. Well control equipment requirements. This example indicates a kick size greater than
B. Related or olher influencing considerations in rig 23 bbls would have caused a possible 1051
selection circulation problem. When estimating kíck
1. Overall mechanica1 suítabílíty, lolerance in lhe planníng stage a good evalua-
2. Capital cost or contractual rateo tion of rig personnel is necessary olh erwise an
3. Mobility. expensive underground blowout could d evel-
4. Dependability. op. In summarizing, kíck tolerance (quality 01
5. Ease of operation. supervision) has a greal influence on casing
6. Past p erformance of rig under cons ideration . programs and overall controllability of lhe
7. Actual appraisal after rig ins pection (preferabl y well .
during a drilling operation).
8. Type of formations lo be drilled. Well problerns, like stuck pipe, lost circuiation,
9. Expecled forrnati on pressure to be encoun- ___ ,d.riII .sl!ing, failp ' r kicks off bottorn and etc.
'í~lt l;.y t;1~~~~~\ '.·A::~.::'-, ,:'~: ':';'-~{?T

\ 'j~;l) ;' 1· JUL 7.005 Rig Selection - 1

t::.~l:: ==:-~J\~.~~:~*.
Murchíson Drilling Schools, Inc,
can be minimized or prevented with good
crews and drilling supervisors. Drilling super-
visors (drillers, TP's, and drilling foreman) that
ar e trained in dri1ling technology and well
control know how te monitor drilling trends
and diagnose potential hole problems. Good
superví sors run reasonably trouble-free opera-
tions whi ch res ult in much lower cost, Brush-
fue operations (operations that don't prevent
problems) spend their energies (and money)
figh ting problems which 15 much more costly
than heading off the problems.
2. lnadequate hydraullcs would limit bit weigh t
due to ba11ing, and reduce pe netration ra te, 1
recall one 13,000 ft drilling program that was
optimized in the planning stage that basically
called for better hyd raulics (a rig with more
pump horsepower). The rig would have cost
$2000.00 per d ay mo re d ay ra te than rigs
d rilling in th e field and cons equ ently the
optimization p rogram was initially tumed
down even though $500,000.00 was th e projeet-
ed savings due to optimization of hydraulics.
Shortly after thís , the present drilling slump
started and rig day work rat es dropped and
th e dri1ling engineer was able to get the rig
with more pump horsepower . He saved
$750,000.00 the fu st well drilled with optí-
mized h ydraulics and better solids control.
3. lnadequate selection of rotary speeds could
cause inefficient dri1ling of sorne formations.
Many diamond and PDC type bits, drilling soft
to med ium hard formations (such as plastic
shales and eva porites), are RPM responsive.
One example that 1 recall using an MD 197 (Sr
2) style diamond bit lost 8.0 fi/hr on the
average when the RPMs were dropped from
300 to just out of the critica1rot ary speed for 5"
drill pipe (approximately 225).
4. lnadequate drill collars could cost mo ney by
reducing the w eight on the bit, which resul ts
in lower penetra tion rate. Drill collars with too
small a bore could also limit hydraulic horse-
powe r at bit. Quality of crew could affect
speed of handling drill collars on trip and this
could cause higher cost.
5. Improper size drill p ipe can be very costly in
bit horsepower. AI1 hydraulic losses in th e drill
pi pe and the annulu s are was ted power . Irn-
proper d rill string design and maintena nce can
lead to expensive strin g failur es and should be
2 - Rig Seleclion
closely evalualed in rig selection and p1anning
stage. Poor drill p ipe d esign, selection and
operating practices can lead te string washouts
which are very detrimenla1 te drilling optimi-
zation. String washouts lead to: tríps, poor bit
performance, stuck pipe, twist offs (and fishing
jobs) and loss of hole stability. Too many trips
cause poor hole stability whi ch leads to many
associaled hole problems.
6. lnadequate mud-handling equipment would
impair the entire drilling effort, since d esired
mud properties could not be maintained. Small
changes in solids content and other mud prop-
erties may effect drilling rate more than any
other drilling parameter (bit type, bit weight,
bit RPM and hydraulics). This inc1udes ade-
quate sett1ing tanks, mixing pumps for mud
and chernicals, and mechanical solids removal
equipment. One of the big problerns in mud-
handling equipment and ríg-up is ins talling
hopper outlets int o d own-hole pump su ction
tanks, This leads lo such problerns as:
• Lost circulation (aeration and down hole
compaction)
• Unstable mud properties pumped down
hole
• Corrosion and drill string failure
• Plugged bits
• Plugged tubing and other completi on
equipment
These probl erns can be eliminated by separate
mud rnixing tanks, hop pers and equalize r lines.
D. What makes a rig effective? An effective rig is one
which:
1. Can be rigged up and tom down rapidly,
2. Can be handled with rninimum and convenient
loads.
3. Can be rigged up or tom d own without special
cranes or other unusual mobile equipment.
4. Can implement the optimized drilling program
as planned.
a) Optimized programs usually fail if: Solids
control is not maintained. Inadequate
equipment and/or supervision can cause
this .
b) Optimized programs usually fail if: Hy-
draulics is inadequate. Lack of pump
horsepo wer and/ or too smal l a drill string
causes thí s problem .
e) Optimized p rograms usually fail if: Im-
proper weigh t on bit is runo Lack of d rill

collars and/or not running drill off tests
to evaluate pro per weigh t on bit causes
thí s problern. Deviation problems caused
by poor bottom-hole assembly design
could lead to running low weights which
also caus es poo r rale of penetration.
d) Optimized programs usually fail if: Rotary
horsepower is limited . Sometim es a trad e-
off between pump(s) and rotary table
horsepower causes faílure of optimized
prograrn.
5. An effective rig will round trip the pipe with
a well-trained crew with a minimum of time
wasted. A good crew won't disturb hole stabíl-
ity on the trip because they keep accurate trip
trends and use good tripping practíces,
6. An effective rig is one which personnel's
altitude with respect lo operator's (and con-
trac tors) goals is good. Training in drilling
technology and good cornmunications between
contractor and operator personnel is the key to
thís, A competitive spirit of staying below the
driJJing performance curve is very beneficial to
overall effectiveness.
111. Sorne key rig c omponents Iha! effecl optimiza-
t10n and implernentaflon of drilling programo
The followin g rig requlrements wilJ have an overall
influence on drilllng program implementation.
Useful formulas and /or rule of thumbs will be
provided along with discussion.
1. Mud handling and solids control equlpment.
2. Hydraulíc horsepower requirements.
3. Rotary horsepower requirements.
4. Drill string requirements to provide good
hydraulics and weight on bit.
5. Derrick loading capacity for casing and drilling
operations.
6. Blowout preventer equipment requirements.
A. M ud handling and solids control equipmenl
1. Simple Basics - The following cornments are
bas íc and very important lo solids control and
mud rnixing .
a. Shaker - Rig up properly. Have enough
shakers. As a rule of thumb use two shak-
ers when drilling 9-7/8" hole or larger.
Ho wever, multiple shakers are beneficial
in smaller hole because finer screens can
be runo Always shoot for lOO mesh or
finer . Don't bypass the shaker or run
water on the screen. Keep bolts, springs
and supports in good shape to increase
screen life. Keep adequate screens in rig
warehouse.
b. Sand trap . Use a small (20 bbl) V-bottom \::::=: :(ó:,~;~j::iL should, not\be larger than 6" (not efficien t
1 \
\ SOO'¿ '\nr
I . :\
\~~i~~;~!~~~\\~\0:i,'S ;; .:...~:",,,;\'1
Murchlson Drilling Schools, Ine.
sand trap below shakers lo facilitate
dumping and lo preven t loadin g-up of
downstream tanks.
c. Hydroeyclones. Put screens over hydrocy-
clone pump suctions. Run flooded pump
suctions. lnstall bell shaped pump suctions
to minimize turbulence around suctions.
Velocity should be 5-10 ft/sec in suction
lines lo prevent settllng and cavitation.
Size centrifu gal pump to give 75 ft of
head. &' ; 75 ft x 0.052 x MW. The p res-
sure at hydrocyclone inlet should be ap-
proxlmately four times MW in ppg. (&' =
(75 x 0.052) x MW). One pump is needed
on each bank of eydones. The volume
should be circulating rate plus 25 lo 50%
excess. Cyclones should be elevated aboye
mud level. InJet and outlet valves and
victaulic couplings are useful to make
servicing easier (unplugging, etc). Rig up
suction near shaker end and discharge
down stream in separat e comparement
(equallzing across bottom) . The corree!
plumbing for fluld routing is very ímpor-
tant, Make sure cyclone is operating with
spra y discharge and use siphon breaker on
cone manifold to avoid overloading of up
stream eones,
Pump
suc~ _
Tank
Pump
suC.!j;TW _
Ag. 2.2
d. Mud cleaners. Mud deaners were devel-
oped to desand weighted muds when API
sand content is over 1/2% or when 150
mesh screen can't be used on shaker. They
are useful in removing 105 ± micron solids
and therefore assist in rninimizing differ-
_,,: r:!!~. . .atic!dng problems. The cyclone
\I \ Rig Selection - 3
,~n \
Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc,
larger). lf screen is smaller !han 150 mesh ,
excessive barite will be lost (97% of barite
is greater than 200 mesh ). Remember that
a mud cleaner won't replace a centrifuge.
The Centrifuge an d mud c1eane r comple-
ment each other (not repla ce each other).
The mud c1eaner cone separates and the
screen rejects solids.
Size of Solids Separated
/'
/'
e. Centrifuge. A centrifuge is absolutely
necessary when using a weighted mudo
Remembe r a mud cleaner does not replace
a centrifuge. The centrifug e is u sed to
throw away col1oidal solid s (3-5 micron
cut p oint) te lowe r viscosity and reduce
wat er consumption to save barite. In un-
we ighted mud the centrifuge can be used
in reverse (underflow thrown away), The
decanting type centrifu ge should be
rigged up on mud tank with good agita-
tion in tank where the "pasty" underflow
falls from th e centrifug e. The centrifuge' s
bowl speed needs te be 1600-2000 RPM to
create the high centrifu gal force to effect
the sep aration oí course and fine partic1es.
f. Hopper ouUet and mud mixing tank. Put
hopper outlet in a mud mixing tank and
not in d own hole pump suetion tank. This
is one oí the most violated mu d and dríll-
ing practices and should be di scussed
(an d changed) before final rig selection
(contrac t) is made.
2. Díagram of mud system showing placement of
comp onents
r ....
·~ pper dl l d'll"ll'
lho uld nol be Inl.Q
u ro:I tr . p ... ~ ¡on l i nk for
t lg P<-'1P'
_ Ud d..-... ,
4 - Rig Selection
B. Hydraulíc Horsepower Requirements
1. Optimizing the Hydraulic System
In many res peets the mechanical and hydraulic
energy sources u sed for drilling are com ple-
mentary. This means tha t better drilling rates
and lower cost is generally achieved by using
more hydraulic horsepower a t the bit, and tha t
still better drilling rates and still lower costs
are achieved when the greater bit hydraulic
horsepower is matched by still gre ater bit
weigh t and still higher rotar)' speed. In the
absence of good hydraulics, the mechanical
action oí th e bit is in faet unable to proceed
efficiently. Many seis oí recomrnendations have
been offered to the industry for the maximiza-
tion oí hydraulic hors epower, impact or jet
velocity, in an effort to improve bit operating
environment. Some are more complicated than
others and sorne even requlre the us e of a
computer. Hydraulics are usually improved by
using smaller liners and higher pump preso
sures , because this enables the energy te be
concentrated at th e bit, instead of being used
up on the w ay to the bit. Th e size of pump
needed depends on the bit size being used.
Pumps are usually rated on the basis of the
horsepower oí the prime mover needed to run
them . Recommended pump sizes for different
hole diameters are given below.
fT" Dll1WNGIlA1H FTIHR)
PURPOSE OF GODO HYORAUUCS
60
37FTIHR
D
300BIT H.P.
30
22 FTIHR
20 200 BrrH.P.
lO
O
O lO 20 30 AO 50
WelQht on Bit· Thousond lbs
FJg 2.5
 Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

H ole Size In put Horsep ower Rating 3) Pressure @ bi t: 49 - 65%

4) [et velo350-450 ft/sec 250 mínimum
6" 360 5) Minimize pressure losses in system,
7-7/8" 620 6) Try lo ha ve ove r 2000 psi stable sur-
&-1/2" 720 face pressure
9-7/8" 970 7) Maintain good mud properties and
10-5/8" 1150 control flow profile in the annulus
12-1/4" 1500 with yield valu é and /or flowrate.

b. Summary of What Input is Required to

1500 HP r- D esign Hydraulics fer Proper Bit and
H ole Cleaning

Pump Hersepowe r 1) Mud program detall

1200
2) Casing and hole size program
3) Drillstring and BHA design
IlXXl 960H?, 4) Rig horsepo wer Iimitations
5) Maximum operating pump pressure
800 and f1owrate.
6) Mud handling equipment (do we
need rentals?)
620HP
7) Fonnalion drillability in tervals
(marked on log)
r- 360HP
2. Formulas and Rules -of-Th umb fOI Hydraulie
Evaluation and optimization.
a. Flowrate: the gui de Une for flowrate is
30-50 gpm per inch of bil diameter, The
higher the formation drill ability the higher
the flowrate should be lo clean the bil an d
Hale Size in Inches holeo
'Ten Dee-Squared"
Pump Input HP = 10 " D " D
Where D is Hole Diameter in Inches ROPlFlewrale Guide lines:
Fig.2.6
ROP up lo 42 ft /hr : 30 lo 45 gpm/in
Two pumps may be used in parallel for short
periods to achieve the horsepower needed for ROP grealer than 42 fI /hr : 50 gpm/in
the larger holeo Pump operating pressure
should be between 2000 psi and 3500 psi, the Change in flowrate lo obtain new press
higher pressures being required for the greater
depth.

Rule-of-Thumb for HP and p..

GPM, : GPM, JP,P,

HP @ Bit e .¡R5P b. Bit H orsepower: The guideline for bit

horsepower is 2.5 lo 5.0 per sq in of bit
.¡pJ5Px(DHj'x 1346 size.
1) Ru les-of-Thumb for Hors ep ower.
Flowrate a) Surfaee Horsepower:
HP : 10 x (hole size )'
a. Summary of OP Guidelin es fOI Hydrau- b) Bil Horsepower (HH /in')
líes ROP up lo 42 ft / hr
1) Flowrate: 30-50 gpm/in
2) Bit HP: 2.5-5.0 HH / in'

Rig Selection - 5
MurCl1tson urUUng Schools, Ine.

1) P"", = PbIl+P.,....,
HH/in' = .¡R6P
Where:
ROP > 42 fI/hr
P.,.-. = Pressure loss through drill
HH/in' - 5.0 lo 6.5 string & annulus al sorne
fIowrale.
2) HP al Fluid End of Pump (Hyd HP)
PbIl = Ca lculaled pressure
required al bit
I-P = (SurfacePressure}(Flowrale)
1714 2) p....... for a calculated p.. and percenl
pressure drop al bit
3) Mechanlcal Horsepower

PbIl
Hydraulic HP P"", =
HP.,...= % facto r
0.85

4) 1 Hp = 746 Watts or 0.746 Kilowall Where:

p.. = cale press required al bit

5) Ba: RMe" il kw = (Mech HP)(O.746)
<0.9) % factor = 0.5 lo 0.65 representing 50%
lo 65%

e. Jel Velocity - The guideline in jel velocity

c. Pressure al bit The guideline for pressure is 350 - 450 FPS. It is generalIy known that
al bit is 49 lo 65% of available surface sufficienl flowrale is needed lo clean the
pressure. The required pressure of the bit bit and lhal jel velocity is needed lo free
depends on: ROP, hole síze, & flowrale. !he drilled chips held by differenlíal pres-
sure lo the bollom of holeo One can in-
1) Planned pressure al bil crease !he hydraulic horsepower al the bit
by eíther more flow (to a pointl or more
jel velocity, but more jet velocity pays
(.¡R6P}(Hole Size)'(1346) better dividends. Flowrale itself cannol
Flowrale clean the bottom of !he hole; it is used lo
cool and clean the bit and transport th e
2) Actual Pressure al bit cuttings upward, and if !he mud proper-
líes are correct, ou t of the holeo The drill -
ing variable we must use lo remove bol-
(156.48)(GPM)'(MW) 10m hole cutting debris is jel velocity.
(J:+g.Ji)' 1) Required Jet Velocity

Where:
) = jel size Le. 13/ 32 = 13 ROP
Enler onl y the nurneralor & only the (0.01) + (0.002)(ROP)
number of jets
MW= inppg Where:
d. Pressure al Surface - Try lo have a stable ROP = rate of penetralíon (fl/hr)
surface pressure of over 2000 psi (Prefera-
bly 3700 psi ± for large or deep holes), 2) Calculaled jet velocity

6 - Rig Selection
 Murchlson Drllling Schools, Ine.

(418.3)(Flowrate) (5)075)'0346) = 2356 psi

J, = c. p.. =
0;+1;+---) 875

Where:
Note: Since iROP > 5, 5 is used.
Jv = Jet veloáty in ft/sec
d. Powf = 2356 psi + 1404 psi = 3760 psi
Flowrate = gpm
e. Oplimization check
J = jet sízeís) in 32" i.e., 13/32"
use only lhe nurnerator (3)
2356 x 100
1) % p.. = = 62.66% ok
3. Example: 875
CaIculate lhe hydraulic horsepower requíre-
ment for the following given data.
2356(875)
Deplh - 5,()()() feet 2) HH/in' = = 5.0
(346)075)'
Mud wt. - 95 ppg
Pv - 12 cps HH/in' ok
yv - 5 lb/lOO ft'
DP - 5, 19.5, XH, "E", 4,140 ft
OC - 9-1/2 x 3,500 ft 3) Flowrate = 875 gpm = 50 gpm/in
HW - 5 x 3,49.3 Ib/ ft, 360 ft. 17-1/2
ROP - 50 ft/hr ok
Hole Size - 17 1 /2"
Surf Conn - Type 4 f. N ozzle Selection

a. Flowrate

Q = 50 gpm/in x 17.5 in = 875 gp m 875J::.5

J. = 3536 _ _ = 13.2
4 2356
b. Pressure losses in syslem @ 875 gpm (see
hydraulics manual) use: (3) 13/32 and O) 14/32

g. CaIculate new pressure at bit after round-

DESCRIPTION PRESSURE LOSSES ing off jet sizes and new p."""., % p..
1. Surface conn 84 psi
2. DP in 4.14 x 1451/2 602 156.482(875)' (95)
1) p.. =
3. HW in 3.6 x 86 310 (13' +13' +13' +14')'
4. OC in 5.0 x 86 430
5. OC out neg
6. DP out 45 x 1 5 2) Powf = 2303 + 1404 = 3707 (say 37(0)
7. Sl1IIUIla1j' e 10
ppg mud 1431 psi
3) % p.. = 2303 x 100 = 62%
8. Press loss W /95 1431 x 9.s = 1359 psi 3700
10

9. Correction for Py
(9~-' )~" x 1359 = 1404 psi 4) HH/in' = 2303(875)
134607.5)'
= 4.89
Murchison Drllling Schools, Inc,

1) Hyelraulic HP = (3700)(875) = 1889 Constant = 33,000ft -lb/min =5250

1714 2n

2) Mechanical HP = 1889 = 2222 b. Rotary Torque en = HP x 5250

0.85 N

3) Power(Kw) = (2222)(0.746) = 1842 c. RPM(N) = HP x 5250

0.9 T

í.
What would the new flowrate be if the
surface pressure was redueed to 3000 psi? Volts x Amps x 0.94"
d. HP =
746
( or efficiency)
Q, = 875 J3000
3700
=788 gpm
e. T (ft-lb) = (Volts)(Amps) DC motor
7.04 (N)
j. If 2222 HP wa s required for lhe hydraulics
program (875 gpm/3700 psi) but only 1500
HP was avail able what would lhe new
flowra te and pressure condi tion be? f. T (ft-lb) = (Volts)( Am ps) AC motor
8.8 (N)

1) Q, = ( HP available 011 dg )'" g. Watt s = Volts x Amps

r
llP'Il HP ru¡túmllm ¡pm amdItlon
h. 1 HP = 746 Watt s
í. KV A = KW / power factor

= 875(= = 768 gpm 2. Rotary Torque • The rotary torque should not I
exceed the maximum recornmended torqu e of
th e weakest connection in the 0011 string. Also
the torque applied to the drill string should not
exceed 85% of lhe actual tool joint make up
2) P, = 3700 ( 768J = 2847 psi torque.
875
a. Rotary moto r amperage can be converted
in torque either on a dial display or by
C. Rotary Horsepower Requirements graphs. U as in the aboye case a certain
amount of torque is not to be exceeded the
1. Formulas The following formulas are used for equi valent amount of amps is to be deler-
calculating rotary horsepower, torque, and mined and a limit swi tch should be in-
RPM for a given torque & HP stalJed to cut out the electric motor cur-
rento
TN b. To check rotary torque versus amperage
a. Rotary Horsepower (HP) = 5250
1) Set the strin g in slips
2) Place a rotary tong on lhe tool joint
Where: T = torque in ft-lb. with a torque gauge betw een lhe tong
N = Table revolution per min and back-up lineo
(RPM) 3) Ensure a 90 degree angle between line
and torque armo
4) Engage rotary c1utch (with current
oEO.

8 - Rig Selection
 Murchlson Drilling Schools, Ine.

5) Gradually increase lhe current and

make a tabulation of current (amps) (800)(13,000) = 446
=
versus torque (ft-lb). 5250

c. Torque is caused by many things . A few

are listed below. (3700)(875) = 2222
HP Jnr:Ch =
( 714)(0.85)
1) Change in drillability ~ n ct dangerous
2) BaIled-up bit and / or BHA • dangerous
3) Rotating below dogIeg - dangerous HP.~ = 300
4) Locked eones - dangerous
5) Fractured formation • usually nct
dangerous HP r = 446 + 2222 + 300 = 2968
6) junk in hole · dangerous
7) Washover (Stuck Pipe) - dangeroua
8) Dirty hola - dangero us Power (KW)= (2968)(0.746) = 2460 (KW)
9) Under g.uge bit - dangerous 0.9
10) Squeezing or sloughing shaJe · dangerous

3. Example 1: Calculate lhe required rotary horse- D. Drill 5tring Requíremenls to Provide Good Hy-
power lo be able lo rotale al 300 RPM wilh a draulics and Adequale Weighl on Bit.
maximum lorque of 14,000 ft-Ib.
The drill strin g desi gn (or drill strin g available) can
make a trem endous difference in implementing an
HP = (300)(14,000) = 800 oplimized dril1ing programoThe main factors are:
5250 o Hydraulic horsepower available al bit.
o Proper weight on bit
o Proper stiffness to help resist doglegs
4. Example 2: If 5, 19.5, X H, "E", Class 2 drill
pipe was límited to 13,300 ft-lb make up o Trouble free use of drill string wilh required
torque, calculale lhe maximum RPM lhe pipe margin of overpulls.
could be rotated al if lhe input HP wa s 800.
Use 15% 5F (0.85). 1. Hydraulic horsepower available al bit. Pres-
sure losses in the drill string are greaUy affect-
ed by the drill string ID. This loss changes
(800)(5250) inversely proportional lo lhe change of bore
RPM = = 371 diameler raised lo lhe 4.82 power (more or
03,300 x 0.85)
less). In simple terms, when lhe bore of a string
of drill collars is reduced from 3" lo 2", lhe
5. Example 3: Calculale lhe estíma ted lorque if a pressure loss is increased 7 times. Comparing
string is rotated al 180 RPM wilh 800 HP 4-1/2,16.6, NC 46, with 5", 19.5, XH drill pipe
input, and wilh 400 HP. lhe pressure loss is increased about 1.67 times.
The answer Hes in lhe fact lhat much more
turbulence is created when pumping lhe same
T ft-Ib = 800 x 5250 = 23,333 volume down a sma1l pipe. The extra pressur e
180 energy lost in this way creates a shortage of
energy on reaching lhe bit, and lherefore a
lower valu e for lhe bit horsepower.
T ft-lb = 400 x 5250 = 11,667
180 In a circular pipe:

AP = 0.OOOO765Q ,nMW 082pV o.18L

6. Example 4: If lhe rig was drilling wilh : 875
O U2
gpm; 3700 psi surface pressure; 180 RPM;
13,000 ft-lb lorque an d was using 300 auxiJiary
HP on mud treatin g and mixing equipment,
what would lhe tolal HP and power requí re-
ments be?

Rig Seleclion - 9
Muxó \ison Drilling Schools, Inc,

Robert S. Hoch lheorized that, while drilling wilh an

6P,= (~:rXp, unstable bit, an abrupt change can oceur if hard ledges
are encountered. He pointed out !hat a dog-leg of lhis
nature would cause an undersized hole, making it
A P, =increased pressure 10 55 due to smaller ID difficult or maybe impossible to run casing . Hoch
D, =ID of smalJer pipe rewro te Lubinski's equation to solve for lhe minimum
D, =ID of larger pipe permissible bottom hole drill collar outside diameter
P, =Pressure 1055 wilh larger pipe (usually ps i/lOOO ft (MPBHDCOD), as follows:
for DP and psi/ lOO ft for De>
MPBHDCDO =2 (Casing Coupllng 00) - bít 00
For Example:
Da ta: 12 1/4 " bit
9 5/8" casing (couplíng 00 = 10.625")
Mm Drill Collar Slze = 2(10.625") - 12.250"
Effect 01 Drlll Pipe Size =9"00

Da ta: 3112 mm bU
244.5 mm casing
=
Icouplíng 00 2ff! .9 mm )
Mm Drill Collar Slze = 2<269.9 mm ) - 3112 mm
= 228.6 mm

~.bU '" 1J5\rT ~ • ' lXD

DlJ'Tl< • SCJXI ra :
tIU SIll • • 1/ ."

.. WOOd$ ond l ublnsld

RQ.2.4

"" a. Tapered DC's

Step 1: Cale lhe aIr wt req ulred to provide

o 'lXD zx:& ::lr:DJ "lUl bit wt
Pump Pressure (psi)
Fig. 2.7
Bit Weight
2.Prop er Welght on Bit - The drill eollars requlred to AIr Wt = (lOO-SF) (65.44- MW)
provide a certain weight on the bit, wllh a smal l safety 100 L 65.44
factor to help assure drill pipe is kept in tensi ón, can be
ealculated for eilher a tapered OC assembly or a
non-tapered OC assembly. Step 2: Cale lhe wt of the smalJ (top) OC' s

Arthur Lubinski and Henry Wood s were among lhe f1rst Wt oc...u = aIr wt-[(Len bot de x
to apply malhematics to drilling. They stated in lhe early Ib/ft) + (Len next OD
1950's !hat lhe size of lhe bottom drill eollars would be de x Ib/ ftl)
lhe limiting factor for late ral movement of lhe bit, and
lhe mínimum effective hole diameter (MEHD) eould be Step 3: Cale total length of tapered DC
calculated by the following equation: string

Bit Size + Drill Collar OD wt OC""",

MEHD = Loe = OC, + De, +
2 (DC wt Ib / ft)

10 " Rig Selection

 Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc,

b. Non-tapered dc's 2. Derricks and Masts

Derricks and masts are designed lo a static

Len OC = (loo-SF)(6S.
lOO
46S.44
4-MW)(DC wt ~f\) hook-load capacity when using a specified
number of lines and wilh an established posí-
3. Proper stiffness lo help resist doglegs Having tion for lhe dead-line anchor. Any chang e in
large OD dril! collars available can be very lh e number of lines strung or shift of lhe
beneficia! in resisting doglegs and d ril!ing an dead-line anchor position may materially alter
effective hole síze. Better bit stabilization also !he static hook-Ioad cap acity.
extends bearing lite and provides better bit
optimization. 3. 5ubstructures

4. Trouble free use of drilI string, wilh requlred
margin of overpulls (MOP) The basic design
of dril! slring can be done wilh lhe formulas
below. For more complete information on dril!
slring design see Dril! String Design in Dril!ing
Manual.
Wh en substru ctures are used wilh derricks and
masts, refer to API Std. 4E: Specification for
Drilling and Well Servicing Structures'. API
Std . 4E provídes, amon g olher thíngs, that
substructures carry name plates bearing speci-
fied informa tion including:

a. Lenglh drill pipe wilh overpull Iimíta- Maximum pipe setback wt, lbs -::- _
tions Maximum rotary-lable loading, lbs _
r.,.. = eren Stmlgth x O.9)- MOP- buoy wt be10w Even lhough substructures are designed lo
BF xadj wt DP support lhese two loads "acting sim ultaneous-
b. Length drill pip e wilh slip crushing ly ", il should never be presumed that capadty
Iimitations not utiIized in one of lhe areas may be trans-
ferred, in whole or in part, lo lhe olher area .
Tensile x 0.9 Each such rating is maximum for its area
- buoy w l below
sois; irrespective of loadin g in lhe olher area.
BFx adj wt DP 4. Wire Lines
• Refer lo Dril! Slring Design for 5,./5,
factors Nominal breaking strengths for new wire rope
are shown in API Spec. 9A; Specification for
c. M OP Check Wire Rope', Tables 3.3 through 3.17.

MOP= (Tensile Strength x 0.9) - • Available from API Division of Production,

(buoy wl hanging below lop ji 300 Corrigan Tower Building, Dallas, Texas
of pipe being consídered ) 75201.

E. Derrick Loading Capacity for Casing and Drilling
Operations.
1. Introduction· 5AFE LOAD RATING5
Manufacturers of derricks, masts, and sub-
structures, in cooperati on wilh API, fumish lhe
users of such equipmenl wilh applicable safe
load ratings. If specified safe load ratings for
given conditions are nol exceeded, no failure is
likely. If lhese ratings are exceeded, faHure is
possible. Al grealer overload s, failure is proba -
ble, and al sorne critical loading, failure is
certain. •.. __~7H;¡¡n¡;-r,¡;¡I'.
r:,.'::~,~:~".."\.",~;I. : ::. .."";".:.:~ UEPT 8 parts of line, effiaency factor = 0.841
\ IlRlt' . ~ ...
1 i 1 JUL 2:J05
~i
Loads and safety factors: When a wire rope is
reeved over a number of sheaves in a block-
and-tackle system, lhe load on lhe fasl !ine is
greater than lhe total load divided by a num-
ber of parts of line, because of lhe loss caused
by frietíon in !he sheaves and in lhe bending of
!he rope around lhe sheaves. The effidency
factor of various parts of line for rollerbearing
shea ves has been established as follows (see
Section 6, Ref. 65):
Effid ency Factors:
M\ 6 parts of ~ne, effidency factor = 0.874
\ Rig Selection - 11

1......... ,_ -
.

--
;: " .-"l~--~O~ ..... ..
.....
Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

10 parts of line, efficiency factor = 0.810 Altitude usuaIly affects the maximum output of
12 parts of líne, efficiency faclor = 0.770 internal-rombustion engines.

The maximum load on the fasl line may be Reference - API Bull etin DIO, 5ection 4, Rig
delermi ned from th e following formula: Rating Paramelers

P= ~ 6. Formulas For Denick Crown Loadlng (DCL)

Nx E
Wherein: a. Static DCL = ~ x hook load
n
P = load on fast line .Where: n = number of Iines strung in the
W = hook load, in lbs, including traveling Ira veling block.
block
N = number of parts of line (Unes strung lo b. Dynamic DCL = Fast line load (dynamic)
tra veling block) + (hook load) + d ead line load .
E = efficiency faetor
Hook Load
c. Fasl Une Load (FLU =
S. Delermination Of Hook Horsepower n xE
Wh er e: n = number of lines strung
Hook horsepo wer ma y be d etermíned during E = Efficiency Faetor (see Table)
tri pping ope rations by observin g weight-in di-
calor readings and timing with a stopwa tch th e Hook Load
d. Dead Line Load =
hoisting of the míddle singles of vari ous stands n
and referring these values lo Fig. 14, 5ection 2,
e. Dynamíc Fasl Line Load (FLL)
API Bulletin DIO. This chart is based on the
following standard equation, assumíng the
Dynanúc FLL = (Hook Load ) (n x E)
average length of a single to be 30 ft,

Load (lb) x 30 = horsepower NOTE : Hook Load, includes weighl of

Time(see) x 550 traveling block, hook, links, an d heave
compensalor if applicable.
The weighl-indicator reading includes the
weighl of the block and hook an d any pipe
drag o f. SF = Brealdng Strength of !he block line
Fast líne load (dynamic)
Tinúng the nú d dle single gives a sleady condi-
or
tion and pe rmits d emonstratíon of ma ximum
horsepower.
Breaking Slrength x n x E
Because of th e way in wlúch go vemors affect Hook Load
engine performance, if il is d esired to demon-
strate th e full horsepower of mechanical-drive
ínternal-cornbustíon engines it may be neees- g. Safe hook load or Safe Pulling Weighl
sary lo pul th e draw-works in the nexl lúgher for a given SF
gear several stands earlier than in usual oper-
ating practice lo prevent the engines from com- Hookload =
in g up lo govemed speed. Thís is not true for (Breaking Strength of Wire Line)( n)( E)
torque-converter, eleetric, or steam drives.
5F
The accuracy o f the weight indícator ma y be h. Allowable safety faetors:
checked from known values of equipment 1) Drilling 5 lo 3.0
weight, weight of drill stríng, and mu d buoy- 2) Ca sing 5 lo 2.0
an cy. The accura cy of stop watch observation Pulling on stuck pipe 2.0
can be expected to be the same for start and
stop as the 1001 joinls pass the reference poínt, If th e SF calculated is lower than the míní-

12 - Rig Selection
 Murchison Drllling Schools, Inc,

muro allowable, it is advisable to string to

m ore línes in th e traveling block. SF; 197,800 ; 4.96
39,868
i. Refer lo IADC 11' manual for information
on wire line no menc1ature, slip p ing and d. Dynamíc D errick Load (drilling)
cutting p ractices.
DDL <Dynamic) ;
7. Example: Evaluate the following derrick load
condition by caleulating: 368,379
39,868 + 368,379 + ; 438,945
• Dri11 string weight 12
• SF while drilling
lb
• Dynamic d errick load while drilling
• Pipe set back load while drilling
e. Pipe se! back load (drillingl
• Dynamic derrick load while running
casing
Air W! String ; 427,750
• Dri11ing line SF while handling casing
• The resulting MOP
Note: If the substructure was límíted to
• The HP to reciprocate
400,000 lb, par! of the drill string (OC)
should be laid down prior to running
Given Data:
casing.
9-5/8 Casing Setting Depth - 14,300 ft
f. Dynamic Derrick Load (casing)
Weigh! of casing string inc1uding traveling
block will be 650,000 lbs.
Wt of casing + trav eling block ; 650,000 lb
Drill string at casing point will be:
Derrick load ;
3500 ft, 5", 25.61b/ft, FH, Grade 105 DP 10,000
ft,5, 195Ib/ft, XH, Grade E DP 800 ft, 8" x 3",
650,000 + 650,000 + 650,000
drill collars 12 x 0.770 12
Block and hook - 45,000 ; 774,513 lb
Tra veling block - 12 lines
Drillline - 1-1/2" (197,800 lb) g. Drilling line SF (casing)
Mudwt - 16 ppg
SF; 197,800 x 12 x 0.770 = 2.81
a. Drill String Weigh! 650,000
Wei ght in air:
3,500 x 28.9 = 101,150 lb. This is within th e safe 1imit of 2.0.
10,000 x 20.9 ; 209,000 lb.
800 x 147.0 ; 117,600 lb . h. The resulting margin of overpull
427,750 lb .

Wt in mudo 427,750 x 0.756 ; 323,379 lb 197,800 650,000

1. F.L.L. =
Hook load: 323,379 + 45,000 = 368,379 lb 2 (12 x 0.77)

b. Fas! Une Load (drilling)

= 28,553 lb on the F.LL.

368,379 = 39,868 lb 2. Equiv hook load = 197,800 x 12 x 0.770

12 x 0.770 , 2

c. Safety factor (drillíng)

MurCh1Son Urilling Schools, Inc,

i. Horsepower to hoist Irecíprocate) casing nector used to attach lhe marine riser
to the blowout preventer stack,
(Load) (30) Components are Usted reading upward from
HP=
(time sec) x 550 the uppermost píece of permanent weIlhead
equipment, or from bottom of lhe preventer
(650,000) (30) = 1182 stack, A blowout preventer stack may be fully
=
(30)(550) identified by a very simple designation, such
as:
F. Blowout Preventer Equipment
5M- 13-5/8 - SRRA
The preferred arrangement of blowou.t preven~er
equipment properly becornes a functíon of nsk
The preventer stack would be rated 5000 psi
exposure and the degree of protection desired.
working pressure, would have a throughbore
Where the risk is srnall, a simple, low-cost blowout-
of 13-5/8 ínches, and would be arranged as in
preventer stack may suffice. Where lhe risk is great- Fig.2.CS.
er, lhe stack likeIy wi11 be more elaborate and more
expensive.
2. Ram Locks
Risk exposure involves two important factors, víz.,
Ram type preventers should be equipped wilh
pressure & environment. Formation pressures to be
extension hand wheels or hydraulíc locks.
encountered may be high or low, known or un-
known, normal, subnormal, or abnormaI. The enví-
3. Spare Parts
romnent of lhe operation may be urban, rural,
wasteland, or even isolated at sea on a platform or
The following recornrnended mínimum blow-
a barge wilh heavy concentration of men and equip- out preventer spare parts approved for the
ment.
servíee intended should be available at each
rig:
1. Stack Component Codes
a. a complete set of drill pipe rarns and rarn
The recornrnended component cedes for des íg-
rubbers for eaeh size of drill pipe being
nation of blowout preventer stack arrange- used, I
ments are as follows:
b. a complete set of bonnet or door seals for
A = annular type blowout preventer.
each síze and type of rarn preventer being
B = rotating head,
used,
R = single rarn type preventer with one
set of rarns, either blank or for pipe,
c. plastic packing for blowout preventer
as operator prefers.
secondary seals, and
R" = double rarn type preventer with two
sets of rams, positioned in accordance
d. ríng gaskets to fit flange connections,
wilh operator's choice.
R, = triple rarn type preventer with three 4. Parts Storage
sets of rams, positioned in aceordance
wilh operator's choice.
When storing blowout preventer meta! parts
S = drilling spool with side outlet con-
and related equipment, they should be coated
nections for choke & kilI lines.
with a protective coating to prevent rust.
M = 1000 psi rated working pressure
Storage of elastomer parts is covered in Par.
CH = rernotel y operated connector used to 7.A.13. (RP53).
attach wellhead or preventers lo each
other (connector should have a mini-
5. Drilling Spools
mum working pressure rating equal
to lhe preventer stack working pres-
While choke and killlines may be connected to
sure rating) ,
side outlets of the blowout preventers, many
CL = Iow pressure remotely operated con-
operators prefer that lhese lines be connected

14 - Rig Selection
 Murc:hison Drilling Schools, Ine.

to a drilling spool installed below at least one clamped for API Oass 2M , 3M, and 5M.
prevent er capable of closing on pipe. API Oass 10M and 15M installations
should hav e a mínimum of two side ou t-
Utilization of the blowou t preventer side lets, one 3" and one 2" nominal diarneter.
ou tlets reduces lhe number of stack connec- b. Have a vertical bore diameter at least
tions by eliminating the drilIing spool and equal te th e maximum bore of the upper-
shorte ns the overall pre venter stack heigh t. The me st casinghead as specified in Table 6.1
reasons for using a dríllíng spool are to local- of APISpec 6A: Specification for Wellhead
ize po ssible erosion in the less expensive spool Equipment.
and to allow additional space between rarns to c. Ha ve a working pressure ra ting equal to
facili tate stripping operations. the rated working pressure of the attac:hed
blowout preventer and lhe upper portion
DriIling spools for blowout preventer stacks of the casinghead (or tubing head).
should meet the following mínimum spedfi-
cations: For drilling operations, wellhead outlets should
not be employed for choke or kili lines. Such
6. BOP AIrangements outlets may be employed for auxiliary or
back-up connections te be used only if a failure
a. Have side outlets no smaller than 2" nomi- of the primary control systern is experienced. -
nal diameter and be flanged , studded, or Ref. API Bulletin RP53

~ ~ ~

~
~
• •
RG. 2C.l
ArrCTQel'l\enf S'A

Mtrlgemenf S"RR R R
Oot.ble Ran Type Pre ....men. R.. Optiord

R
•

AG.2C.5 RG.2C.6
""~ S'RRA AACI"lQ'8l'1"*nt RSOIlA
AG. 2.C.3 AG. 2CA Da.t:ie Ilan Type Fhwent&r1. ~ ~
Mavement SOllA ~ment RS"R
EXAMPU: BL01IlI'Our PRE'o"ENTLR
EltA M PU: BLOWOlTT PIU':VEN'T'r.R ARJl.A.... CE MENT5 roa 1M AND Uf &ATED
ARRA N CF.ME ~"TS F'OR t..'I4ILATEO WORXINC WO~NG PItESSUREllt:R\'I CE -
PRF.s¡; UJlf: Bf.1tVlCE - l UU'ACE IN STAlJ..ATlON aU BJ'ACE INSTAL.L.A.TION
Ag. 2.9 Fig. 2.10

Rig 5election - 15
M u ,,<hison Drilling Schools, lne.

PKl .2D.2
",,-~r;

. """"'"
f10 .2.C.7
~ ItS <ORJtA-

. -
00.2.0
Anmp=cm S·RRRA

r.x AMPLE BLOWO L'T PBXVU¡TY.R A R.R.A NGl :M E p,.I 'R

POR l GM AN D ah( WDRIíISC P~ U R t: RIi:RVIC¡';_
5URF'ACE lN!TALJ..AT ION
• DriUiIl.& tpod &Id tlI ~ ~ tbc JtaU.~ ¡. optiaW. ftlÍl:r tDPar.1.C.6.
• • AmllI1lII"~ . A. -:1 ~ m..l, O. CLIl ~ of . 1"..« f'lW'RtCrui:>¡.
PJQ.2.D.3
""-c"RRAr;
DoabkR.am T)l8~ .R". ~
p)(j.
_c"RR<;A
WA

DvuhlcR.amT)'?' ~.R". ~
EXAM PLE BLO watrr PJlEVDlTER A JUtANGEMENTI roE
JJ4 ANU 1M llAn o WORJ(lNG PRtsSUILE
SE RVlCE _ S1JRS&AIN IT .uJ..ATlO N

Fig. 2.11 Hg.2. 12

fl G. 1.D' flG.2.D.6 PlG.2.D.7 PJO.WJ

_c,R,RA'r; _c,R,RA'C.,A' _
T,;""'<..".T,,,,_ c,R;.....r;
""-
c,}(M.C.,A.
R.~. l::XAIIPI,F, BLOW01Jr PRP:vr.""TER A RR.A N CEM E N~ . 'OR
5M , 10M . A!'I"D 1G., llAno WORK ING "R .~URI:
8I::R\' IC[ - 8UHI'f:.... IHST Au.ATI ON

Fig .2. 13

16 - Rig Selection

7. Glossary
Accumuiator - A device which stores fluid
under pressure lo operate blowout preventers
( hydraulicaIly.
Annular Preventer - A device which can seal
around irregularly shaped objects or on an
open holeo Compression of a reinforced rubber
packing elemenl by hydraulic pressure actuales
the devíce.
Bell Nipple - Also caIled "mud ríser," or "flow-
stack." Consísts of a casing nipple installed in
the lop of the preventer. Top end of the nipple
15 "belled" or expanded lo guide drill tools ínto
lhe holeo Usually has side connections for fill
line & mud-return line.
Blind Rams - A1so called "blank rams" &
"master." Rams whose ends are not íntended lo
fil drill pipe. They seal againsl each olher &
complelely shut off lhe space below.
Blowout - An uncontrolled flow of well fluids
and/or formation fluids from lhe well bore or
inlo lower-pressure subsurface zones.
Blowoul Prevenler - A device lo control for-
mation pressures in a well by closíng the
annulus when pipe is suspended in the well &
by closíng lhe lop of the casing al olher times.
Blowoul-Prevenler Drill - A practice in which
men follow lhe same procedure lhey would for
an actual blowout. It tests lhe time necessary
lo bring a blowoul under control and provídes,
al lhe same time, a check on lhe equipment.
Blowout·Prevenler Operating &< Control
System - The assembly of pumps, valves, línes,
and olher items necessary to open and close
the blowout-preventer hookup.
Blowout·Preventer Ram - The closíng & seal-
ing componenl of a preventer. Corresponds to
the gale in a gale valve,
Blowout·Prevenler Stack - The assembly of
drilling-control equipmenl connected lo lhe top
of lhe casing head.
Boll·Weevil Plug - A plug used in lesting
blowoul prevenlers. 1t seats on the casinghead
housing. Pressure from aboye causes it lo seal
Murchlson Drilling Schools, Ine.
off lhe holeo When pressure is released, il can
be removed easi!y.
Bonnet - On ram-type preventers, lhe com-
ponenl which seals the rear of lhe ram cylin-
der. Mosl bonnets have lo 'be removed when
rarns are changed.
Casing Head - The connection between the
blowout-preventer stack and lhe casing.
Choke - A device wilh eilher a fixed or vari-
able aperture used lo release the flow of well
fluids under control.
Choke &< Flow Line - An exlension from lhe
blowout-preventer assembly used lo direct &
control lhe flow of well fluids from the annu-
lus o
Closing Ratio - The ratio between lhe pressure
in lhe hole and lhe operating pisIon pressure
needed to close lhe rarns .
Control Manifold - On blowoul prevenler
operating hydraulic systerns, lhe manifold
which controls lhe flow of fluid lo various
preventers. This flow 15 channelled and direct-
ed by a number of valves mounted al lhe
operating slation.
Control Panel - Master or primary - A mani-
fold system of valves, usually sítuated at lhe
power source, which may be operated manual-
Iy (or by remote control) lo supply energy lO
closing devices al well head.
Control Panel - Remole or secondary - A
system of ccntrols, convenienllo dríller, which
can be used selectively to actuate valves al lhe
master control panel.
Density - Weighl of drilling fluid usually
expressed in pounds per gallon or pounds per
cubic foot, (See Hydrostatic Head.)
Drilled Show - A showing of gas or oi! from a
low-volume, low-pressure formation, usually of
very short duration.
Drilling Spool - A connection having both
ends equipped wilh flanges . It usually has lhe
same bore diameter as the blowout preventer,
It may or may not have outlets for connecting
_a~~ífuJes~~~~.:-r(l
\~'~:;~;::J ;~l~'~!~fiJ "i.?i \ PJg Selection - 17
t'~" '_~c, .:::::'::5': ,,::;::.;C.,;:,;:.-J
Murchison Drllling Schools, Ine.
Filler Cake - Mud solids deposiled on the wall
of the weil bore by the dril1ing fluid, It pre-
vents liquid in the drilling fluid from enterin g
the forma tion.
Gas-cut Mud - Drilling fluid with formation
gas dís solved in the fluid.
Gas Cutting - See Gas-cut Mud
Gale Va!v e - A va!ve which employs a slid ing
gate lo open or close the passage in it.
Gel Slrenglh - Resistance lo shear,
Hydrostatic Head - The pressure which exists
in lhe weil bore due lo lhe weighl of lhe col-
urnn of drilling fluid; expressed in pounds per
square inch.
Incip ient Blowout - The dis ru ption of orderly
d rilling procedures brought abo ut by lhe
serious threat of a blowout.
Inlemal Preventer - Also called "ínsid e blow-
out preventer". A check valve in the drill string
which permits circulation down lhe hole, but
which prevenls an y backf1ow.
Kelly Cock - A va!ve inslalled in the dril!ing
strin g between lhe swivel and lhe kelly. When
a high-p ressure backflow begins, lhe operalor
can close thí s valve & keep pressure off the
swivel & rotary hose.
Kick - An incipienl blowout.
Kill Line - A line at tached lo sorne poinl in the
blowoul-prevenler assernbly lhrough which
drill ing fluid can be pumped inlo lhe hoJe lo
subelue well pressure.
Lost Returns - Losl circulation cau sed by
d rilling fluid pa ssíng from the hole ínto a
porous , fractured, or cavemous formation.
Masler Choke-Line Valve - The valve on the
choke & flow !ine which is flanged nearesl lo
the prevenler assemb!y. Its purpose is lo stop
lhe flow lhrough the choke & flow lineo A
pressure-operated valve ís sometimes ins lalled
here,
Mínimum Internal Yield Pressure - The low-
est pressure al which a failure (of pipe) will
18 - Rig Selection
take place.
Mud-Weighl Recorder - An instru rnenl in-
stalled in the mud system which mechanically
weighs the mud and récords its weight.
Opening Ratio - The rati o between the pres-
sure required lo open the preventer an d th e
well pressure un der the rarns.
Overburden - The pressure of the earth's crusl
on a formation. For practica! purposes, it can
be considered lo be 1 p si per fool of deplh.
Pack-off or Stripper Preventer - Preventers
having a unil of packing material who se clo-
sure depends upon well pressure coming from
below . They are used primarily lo strip p ipe
lhrough lhe hole or allow pipe lo be mo ved
wilh pressur e on the annulus. Their use re-
lieves rarn seals in ram-type prevenlers of lhe
wear of pipe rotation and manipulation.
Pipe Rams • Raros wilh a specified ind ention
for drill pipe, drill eollars, or casing . By rneans
of rubber packing in the fronl of lhe raros, lhey
seal tighll y around lhe pipe, closing off lhe
space below.
Pil·Level Indicalor - A device installed al lhe
mud pil lo register the leve! of mud in lhe p ít
continuously. May have rem ole recorder on
the rig floor.
Plug Va!ve - A valve whose operating mecha-
nism consists of a plug with a hole lhrough it
on lhe same axis as the fluid lineoTurning lhe
plug 90 degrees opens or closes the valve.
Pressure Gradient (Normal) - The subsurface
pressure proportional to d epth, It is roug hly
equal lo lhe hyd rostatic head of a colurnn of
lD-percent salt water whose height ís equa! lo
the depth of the forma tion. Also called "reser-
voir fluid pressure" and "formation pressu re",
Rellef Well - A well drilled lo cornbat a blow-
out: used to channel pressure lo a controlled
oulle!.
Remote Statiori - An au xiliary location with
secondary set of controls for operating the
blo woul-prev enler uni ts by means of the hy-
draul ic operating system,
 Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

Rolating Heads - 5ealing devices used when

drilling wilb mud under pressure, aerated
mud, gas, or air as a circulating medium. Their
use prevents a fog of dust or fluids from
forming around the rotary.

Salinity - Salt Content-In drilling, salt content

of the water phase (usually called the "filtrate")
of lhe mudo

Salt-Water Flow - Aninflux of salt water from

a formation.

Swabbing - PulIing out of the hole too fast or

wilh a balled-up bit, lowering lhe hydrostatíc
head momenlarily. This can cause a blowout.

Trip Gas - An accumulation of gas which

enters lhe hole while a trip is being made;
usually a negligible amount.

Viscosity - Resístance to flow or a measure of

intemal friction of the fluid.

Wall Building - See Filter Cake.

WireIine Preventers - Manually operated

ramtype preventers especially adapted for
closure around wire línes.

Ref. API BuI 013 & RP53

Rig Selection - 19
Murchlson Drilllng Schools, lne.

IV. Evaluatlon 01 Rig Efficiency A. Pactors contrlbuting lo lmproved rig efflclency

Rig efficiency has started lo improve again after a l. More rig choice and belter rig selection.
sharp drop ln efficiency between 1975 and 1981. 2. Betler optirnization of rnud, hydraulics, bit
Between 1975 and 1981 lhe average number of wells selection & weighl ". RPM prograrns.
drilled by mobile rigs in Ihe Gulf of Mexico de- 3. More cooperalion between rig personnel and
creased from 8.23 wells per rig in 1975 to 3.8 wells engineering personnel in implementing the
per rig in 1981, or a decrease ln drilllng efficiency of drilling program.
.54 percent. Sorne of Ihe faclors lhat have improved 4. Training of rig personnel in operations drilling
efficiency recently are: technology. One company today puts rig
supervisors and drilllng engineers in the same
class lo teach Ihem drilling optimization lech-
ruques. The rig supervisor has lo bring offset
well data and plan an optimized well just like
Averoge Depth (tt.)
lhe drilling engineer. This makes Ihe drilling
supervisor more familiar wíth the drilling
prograrn and more appreciative of what engi-
neers are doing to plan lhe drilling programo
The resu11 is lhat Ihe d.rilling program is imple-
mented and monítored better.

Many contractors are putting Iheir drillers and

toolpushers through dri11ing schools similar lo
Ihe Murchison Operations Dri11ing Technology
Prograrn and this greatly improves cooperation
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82' between Ihe contractor and operator in imple-
YEAR menting lhe drilllng program and working
Souce: 0I'f1hcn 01 5eoutI "1tT~ O:tebet toward cornmon objeclives.
A-..etOQe .... deplh • GUt' á Me»co
Fig. 2.15
5. Betler ways to evaluate rig efficiency based on I
Ihe lime it takes lo perform various drilllng
operations. The following IADC/SPE article, "A
Practica! Melhod for Evaluating Rig Perfor-
mance" shows what one company is doing lo
lIlU lOl ~'1 1'0 llID.L evaluate rig efficiency lo help with the rig
se1ection process.
WeUs/RlQ » ~. ... .. Ref.-lADC/SPE-11350-Why Rig Efficiencies
Daysl'Ne• •
• Have Decreased - Solutions (1983)
A

» •
...
B

»
..
" M •.. .. ~ .., ..
'. " n
" " • •
Yecr
Scxsce: Ofhhote Rlg 0:T.0 SerW:::es
""""'"
loo!cdtJ rtg ~ CI """'" •
otfc!«'lr::y ~ el MeJ6co
Ag. 2.15

20 - Rig Se1ection

B. Amele - Practica! Method For Eva!uating Rig Performance
© "SPE-AIME" (Permissíon lo copy obtained from SPE -
July 1985)
IADC/SPE 11364
A Practical Method tor Evaluating Rig Performance
by B. A. Shelkho lesloml. J. D. Miller. ond R. E. Strong . Amoco Produc fion Co.
Copyright 1983, IADC/SPE 1983 Drilling Confer ence
This paper was p resented at tite IADC/SPE 1983 Drilling Conference held in New Orleans, Louisiana.
February 20-23, 1983. The material ís subject to correctíon by tite author, Permission to copy is restricted lo
an abstract of not more than 300 words. Write SPE, 6200 North Central Expressway, Drawer 64706, Dalias,
Texas 75206.
ABSTRAer
The concept of Drilling Rig Efficieney ha s historically
referred only lo a rig's mechanical capability. This paper
introduces a practica1 method of calculating rig efficien-
ey, incorporating both mechanícal performance and tite
performance of tite contractor's personnel. By de velop-
ing a concept called Contractor Controlled Time, tite
effect of tite rig crew on various drilling operations can
be íncluded in the efficieney calculation. Several exam-
pIe calculations of rig efficieney are p resented using
actual fie1d da ta. Thís paper also addresses tite effective
cost of a rig to th e operator ba sed on efficieney and tite
normal fixed costs of tite drilling operation. Thí s new
approach to rig efficieney can be ap plied to development
drilling ar eas wíth sorne límíted application elsewhere.
The results of this study have provided a means of
comparing rigs and detennining which is tite most
efficient and cost effective. The results can also pinpoint
those operations where a particular rig ís inefficient.
This type of information provides a method of eva!ua t-
ing rigs on a uniform and consistent ba sís.
INTRODUcnON
The concept of dri1ling rig efficieney has historically
been associated witlt a rig's mechanícal capability.
Generally a rig's size, mechanical cond ítíon, horsepower
rating and maximum load has been considered by many
as determíníng efficieney. This concept of efficieney ha s
totally ignored the rig crew , and their abili ty to perform
rou tine drilling ope rations.
Thís pape r d escribes a new method of evaluating
d rilling rig efficieney, incorporating th e pe rforma nce of
lADe/sPE
Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc,
tite contractor's personnel an d tite mechanical capa bility
of tite rig. Efficieney is calcula ted based on th e time it
takes a rig to perform various dri1ling operations. An
inefficient rig costs tite Ope ra tor or Con tractor both time
and money. This paper also provides a method of
calculating daily rig cost based on efficieney. Equations
for rig efficieney and adjusted daily rig cost are included
wíth a comparison of rig efficiencies.
The concep ts and equations di scussed in this paper
provide a practical method for both Operator and
Con tractor to evaluate and compare d rilling rigs.
lliEORY
A complete evaluation of dri1ling rig efficieney
should inc1ude tite effect of Con tractor personnel on tite
overall drilling operation. To account for rig crew
ínfluence, tite time required to perform tite component
drilling operations directly controlled by tite rig and
crew is used as a bas ís for evaluating overall rig perfor- -
manee. Rig efficieney is titen a function of both tite rig
and rig crew's mechanical and operational ability. The
theory implies that any ríg should be able lo equal tite
optimum or fastest time, if a particular rig is as efficien t,
both rnechanically and operationally.
Drilling a well consists of many individual opera-
tions influenced by tite Contractor, Operator and outside
sources . We have identified tite operations directly
controlled by only tite rig and rig crew. The tim e
required lo perfo rm these operations is d efined as "Total
Contractor Controlled Time" (TCCT> (See Equation 1
Appendix A). Appendix B lisis tite Contractor con trolled
categories
_
u sed _.iIl·.th;s -.stuQv'lan d defines th em as th ey
... -.c:,.;.1 \,j",\. í'ttI:1 .•'J ~ ". .-r
n'.~;:'":·~ ·{.::,. ~ ~ . ':'."":. 'lI,PT \
\ n!ll" ';: 1 JU l. 1~l\'j \ Rig Selection - 21
\.:.:'~~~~;-..--.:=-:;-i!'-'' '~~E':':~\
Murchison Drilling Schools, loe.
relate to Con tractor Controlled Time. Routine operations
such as rigging up and down, nippling up and down,
cutting drilling líne, lubricating and repairing the rig are
direcUy controlled by the rig's design, condition and the
crew's experience and ability. Driiling, lrip and connee-
tion time has also been considered in this study as
Contractor Controlled Time.
As a basis for comparison we selected rigs drilling
in various drilling areas (see Figure 1), where total depth
and geology were essentially the same for each well.
This equalizes drilling, lrip and connection time between
wells. Additionally, these drilling areas were standard-
ized to the point lhe drilling program was lhe same for
each well . Driiling parameters such as hole configura-
tion, bit type, weíght-on-bít, rotary speed, etc. are
lherefore essentially identical. This normalizes operator
and outsíde influence on lhe drilling, lrip and connection
time. Following lhese basic assumptions, drilling, lrip
and connection time becomes a function of lhe rig and
rig crew's ability to carry out lhe drilling programo
lt is important to note any Contractor Controlled
Time associated wilh trouble or nonroutine drilling
operations is not included in the TCCT equation. We
recognize Total Contractor Controlled Time ís not
limited to lhe categories listed in Appendix B. However,
for the sake of uniformity and to provid e a fair compari-
son, non-routine operations have been ignored in our
analysis .
Having developed lhe concept of Contractor Con-
trolled Time, an optimum or 100% level of rig perfor-
mance had to be defined to allow calculation of rig
efficieney. The "Optimum Contractor Controlled Time"
(OCen, Equation 2, is defined as lhe sum of the fastest
time achieved byany ríg, for each Contractor Controlled
category. Therefore, each drilling area has its own
OCCT. When a faster time is achieved for any Contrae-
tor Controlled Category, lhe OCCT is changed to reflect
lhe new optimum performance leve!.
Rig effideney is calculated usíng Equation 3 as lhe
Optimum Contractor Controlled Time divided by lhe
Total Contractor Controlled Time for each rig. The
optimum Contractor Controlled Time may seem unat-
tainable by a particular ríg, but if one rig has achieved
lhe optimum time lhen rigs of equal effideney should be
able lo duplicate this time.
In lhe early development of our theory it became
apparent it was impossible to attain 100% efficieney in
all fields. However, a comparison could be mad e
between rigs regardless of lhe efficieney obtained in a
particular field. This melhod of calculating rig efficieney
22 - Rig Selection
provides a relative measure of rig performance. Poor
performance in any category can be identified and
hopefully improved through discussion wilh the rig
personnel while drilling the well.
Rig Efficieney
Table 1 is a tabulation of lhe time dislribution for
each rig used in this study. The time dislribution was
obtained dírectly from lhe daily IADC reports for a
single well in each field. The table includes Contractor
Controlled Operations and additional routine drilling
operations experienced while drilling. The "Other"
category includes time spent on miscellaneous operations
like working stuck pipe, pumping soft line, rigging up
surface equipment, laying down drill pipe and collars,
waiting on service companies, cleaning mud tanks , BOP
drills and changing BHA's . Total Contractor Controlled
Time ís also tabulaled for each rig in Table 1. The
Optimum Con tractor Controlled Time for each drilling
area is shown in Table 1 as the sum of lhe underlined
values in each Contractor Controlled category. Rig
efficieney for each rig studied is calculated in TabIe 2.
Allhough none of lhe rigs studied were operating at
100% efficieney, several were operating very close to lhe
optimum leve!. The efficiencies calculated in Table 2 are
based on past performance and can be used to predict
future performance in each drilling area.
Effective Daily Rig Cosl
Table 2 shows at least one rig is operating ineffi-
cienUy in each drilling area studied. This inefficient rig
is costing lhe Operator and Contractor more to opera te
on a daUy basís, The real daUy cost of a rig to lhe
Operator or Contractor can be calculated using Equation
4. This "Effective Daily Rig Cost" is simply the rig's
actual daywork price divided by its efficieney for the
particular drilling area. When comparing rigs, the
Effective Daily Rig Cost can reveal substantial cost
differences and can be a usefuJ tool in rig selection.
Effective Daily Fixed Cost
Other daUy costs besides rig costs are associated with
drilling wells. These olher costs have been tenned as
rig's "DaUy Fixed Cost" and include such items as fuel,
water, mud, rental equipment, labor, mud logging and
any other daUy drilling expense. This fíxed cost is
incurred every operating day and ís therefore a function
of the operating time for each well. A rig's daily fíxed
cost can be calculated using Equation 5. The total
operating time for each rig studied is surnmarized in
Table 1 and is the sum of the time spent in every catego-
ry listed in the table. Total Operating days can then be

ca!eulated for each rig by Equation 6. By applying lhe
concept previously used in caleulating rig efficieney,
Optimurn Operating Time for a particular field ean be
ca!eulated from Equation 7 and 8 using lhe minimurn
times shown in Table 1. The ratio of total operating
days to optimurn operating days indicates lhe overall
efficieney of lhe entire drilling operation, including bolh
contractor controlled and operator influenced operations.
The "Effective Daily Fíxed CosI: (Equation 9) lherefore
represents lhe real fixed cost due to the ríg's overall
drilling efficieney.
Efiective Daily Drllling Cost
The bottom line in evaluating drilling performance
is lhe overall cost lo the Operator or Contractor. Equa-
tion 10 combines lhe Effective Daily Rig Cost and lhe
Effective Daily Fixed Costta provide a daily measure of
overaJI drilling costo TIUs "Effective Daily Drilling Costo
ean be used by lhe Operator or Contractor to evaluate
rigs on a complete cost basís. These cost are surnma-
rized in Table 3 for lhe rigs included in this study.
Investigation of Results
From lhe data contain ed in Table 2 we have been
able to delermine rig efficieney varies greatJy. We have
a1so seen a ríg's efficieney wil1 remain essentiaJIy
constant when operating in difierent fields, In Table 3
lhe effect of bolh Rig and Operating efficieney provides
lhe Effective Daily Drilling Cost, which is a practica!
measure of lhe overall drilling performance.
An example of the results obtained using lhis
method of evaluating rig efficieney is íllustrated in
Figure 2. Contraclor H Rig No. 2 achieved 65% efficien-
ey and $8307 Effective Daily Rig Cost after drilling Well
No. 1. A meeting was held wilh lhe Contractor to
discuss lhe concepl and lhe performance of Rig No. 2 in
each Contractor Controlled Category. After lhe meeting,
Contractor H was convinced improvements could be
made. . Figure 2 shows that Rig No. 2 efficieney im-
proved in a subsequent well by 18% and lhe effective
Murchison Orilling Schools, Ine.
daily rig rost decreased $1800. Thereafter lhe improved
efficieney of Rig No. 2 has aIso been maintained.
Conclusions
The effect of lhe Contractor's personnel on lhe
drilling operation should be included when evaluating
rig efficieney. TIUs melhod of caleulating rig efficieney
includes bolh rig and rig crew performance. This
provides a practica! measure of drilling rig performance,
which ean aid in rig contract negotiation, and rig selec-
tion.
The concepts discussed are currently applicable in
development drilling areas, wilh limited use in wildcat
drilling areas. Work is currently underway to develop
a malhematical model of this type of rig evaluation for
use in rank. wildcat drilling areas.
TIUs melhod of ca!eulating rig performance requires
a data base for accurate ca!culations. A larger data base
will naturaJIy improve accuraey of lhe results, However,
we have effectively used lhis melhod in areas where
limited data is available. A computer program would
greatJy aid in evaluating rígs, especiaJIy in areas of high
activity.
the concepls discussed in lhis paper area intended lo
provide lhe groundwork for developing a more uniform
melhod of evaluating rig performance. TIUs should
result in more efficient rig operations, lhereby reducing
overall drilling cost throughout lhe industry.
Acknowledgements
We would like lo thank lhe management of Amoro
Production Company (USA), producing subsidiary of
Standard 0iJ Company (Indiana) for granting permission
lo publish this papero
We also appreciate lhe support of lhe drilling staff in
helping compile some of lhe data needed for lhis papero
Rig Selection - 23
Murchlson Drilllng Schools, Inc,

APPENDIX A-Equations Used In AnaIysis

1. Contractor Controlled Time (Hrs.) = Total of Rig Time in:

(Drill)+(Trip)+{Lub. Rig)+(Rep. Rig)+(Conn.)+(N.U. BOPS)+(N.D.BOPS)+(Cut Drlg. Line)+(Rig Up Tune)+(Rig
Down Time) (

:z. Optimum Contractor Controlled Time (Hrs.) = Total of mínimum times In:
(Dri1l)+(Trip)+(Lub. Rig)+(Rep. Rig)+(Conn.)+(N.U. BOPS)+(N.D.BOPS)+(Cut Drlg. Line)+(Rig Up Time)+(Rig
Down Time)

Optimum Contractor Controlled Time = Equation 2

3. Rig Efficieney =
Contractor Controlled Time Equation 3

Effective Daily Rig Cost ($/Day) =

Daily Rig Rate DaiIY Ris Rate
.
=
Rig Efficieney Equation 3

5. Daily Fixed Cost ($/Day) = (Mud)+(Supervisory Labor)+(Contract Labor)+(FueD+(Water)+(Mud Log-

ger)+(Rental)+(Misc.)

6. Total Operating Days = Total Operating Time (Hours)/24 Hours

7. Optimum Operating Time (Hrs) = Total of minimum times in :

Equation No. 2 + (Surnmation of Minimum Time not included in Optimum Contractor Controlled Time)

8. Optimum Operating Days = Optimum Operating Time (Hours)/24 Hours

Daily Fixed Cost x Total Operating Days 9

9. Effective Daily Fixed Cost ($/Day) =
Optimum operating Days

10. Effective Daily Drilling Cost ($/Day) = Effective Daily Rig Cost + Effective Daily Fixed Cost.

APPENDIX B - Glossary of Contractor
Controlled Time
GLOSSARY OF CONTRACTOR CONTROLLED TIME
1. Drilllng time
Drilling Time is the total rotating hours required
to drill a well, excluding remaining time. This
Time is influenced by the Operator's decisions.
Therefore, it should be excluded from the total
rotating hours. Drilling time is considered a
Contractor Controlled item in a drilling area
where the drilling program is relatively uniformo
:z. Trip Time
Trip Time is the total hours required for normal
drilling operations associated wilh changing the
drill bit. Trip time associated wíth a drill stem
test should not be included unless it is a normal
part of the drilling program or the trip coincides
wíth a scheduled bit change. Trip time resulting
from washouts in the drill string are to be in-
cluded because they refiect the condition of the
rig equipment and the contractors operating
practíces, It should be noted lhat increasing trip
speed may lead to unsafe drilling practices such
as excessíve swab or surge pressures, and is not
recommended for improving efficieney. Trip
time is considered Contractor Controlled because
it is directIy associated with Drilling Time and is
a function of the rig and crew .
3. Lube Rig Time
Lubrication time is the time required to grease
the rig to maintaln proper rig operation. Rig
lubrication is controlled and performed solely by
the contractor's personnel.
4. Rig Repair Time

24 - Rig Selection

Rig repair includes lhe time to repair any com-
ponent of lhe drilling rig wlúch directly effects
lhe proper continuous operation of lhe rig . Rig
repair time is Contractor Controlled because it
reflects the condition and operating practices of
lhe rig and rig crew. 8.
s. Cutting DrlU Une Time
Thís category includes lhe time it takes lo slip
and cut lhe drillline. This practice is Contractor
Controlled and should be included if it is a
nonnal practice on each weJl analyzed.
6. Connection T ime 9.
Connection time starts when lhe KeJIy is picked
up for making a connection and ends w hen
rotation begins for drilling new hol e, Reaming
and waslúng to bollom should not be considered
as Connection time. Connection time is Contrae-
tor Controlled because it is a function of lh e rig
crew and equipment.
10.
7. Nipple-Up Time
Thi s operation is defined as lh e time it takes lo
assemble and connect lhe Blowout Preventer
system for operationally safe drilling. Excessive
testing time due to leaks or faulty connections
should be included.
Murchlson Drilling Schools, Inc,
However, excessive time due to failure of lhe
BOP lest equipment should be excluded because
this function is usually perlormed by someone
olher !han lhe Drilling Contractor.
Nipple-D own Time
Thís categ ory includes time lo di sassemble and
d isconnect lhe Blowo ut Preventers in order lo
change preventer size, or rig down. Nip pling
down lhe BOP's is usually performed by lhe rig
crew and is therefore, a Contractor Controlled
item.
Rig Up Time
Rig up time begins when lhe derrick and sub-
structure are on location and ends w hen lhe rig
is ready to begin drilling operations. Rigging up
is usually performed by lhe Contractor's person-
nel. However, if a delay is caused by outside
service personnel, this delay should be omítted.
Rig Down Time
Rig down time starts when lhe rig is released by
Operator and ends w hen lhe derrick is laid
down. Rigging down is a1so usually performed
by lhe Contractor's personnel.
Murchlson Drilllng Schoois, Ine.

TABLE 1
TIME OISTRIBllT10N

COND
CUT CSG

RUTO DRL RMG CRG

'"
CIRC
MUO TRIP
LUBE
R1G
REP
R1G
DRL
LNE
DEV
SUR LoeS '"
CMT

.EASTTEXAS - FIEl.D A
Contractor A Rig 1 41.00 595.00 4.SO O 18.00 81.50 2.73 8.SO 3.00 6.73 29.00 24.00
Contractor B Rig 1 38.00 570.00 3.50 O 19.00 100.73 8.73 7.00 2.00 7.73 19.00 22.00
Contractor e Rig 1 SO.OO 697.50 20.73 O 29.25 152.00 2.50 16.00 5.00 8.73 8.00 25.00
Contractor D Rig 1 47.00 652.00 4.SO O 37.50 100.00 14.25 27.50 4.00 5.25 33.SO 26.00
Opt. Operating TIme
for Píeld 38.00 570.00 3.50 O 18.00 81.50 2..50 7.00 2.00 5.25 8.00 22.00
OpL ConL Contrl d.
TlIIle 38.00 570.00 81.SO 2.SO 7.00 2.00

EASTTEXAS - FIEl.D B
Contractor D Rig 2 29.00 366.00 2.50 O 10.50 57.00 6.73 9.73 1.00 4.73 16.25 18.SO
Contr actor E Rig 1 39.00 474.00 3.SO O 16.00 78.SO 11.25 13.00 2.73 6.25 17.00 19.50
Contractor F Rig 1 32.SO 369.00 2.SO O 19.73 99.25 S.25 7.25 2.25 52 28.00 22.00
Opt. Operating Time
for Field 29.00 366.50 2.SO O 10.SO 57.00 5.25 7.25 1.00 4.73 16.25 18.SO
Opt. Cont. Contrl d.
Time 29.00 366.SO 57.00 5.25 7.25 1.00

EASTTEXAS - FIEl.D e
Contractor A Rig 1 33.00 429.00 3.50 O 16.00 68.73 1.50 3.00 7.00 8.25 21.00 20.SO
Contractor B Rig 1 31.00 399.00 2.SO O 15.00 92.73 5.00 4.SO 1.73 6.73 14.SO 2225
Contractor e Rig 1 41.00 497.73 5.SO O 38.SO 106.00 11.73 33.00 3.00 8.73 17.00
Opt. Operating TlII1e
for Field 31.00 399.00 2.SO O 15.00 68.73 I .SO 3.00 1.73 6.73 14.SO 20.SO
Opt. Cont. Contrld.
Time 31.00 399.00 68.73 I .SO 3.00 1.73

NDRTIl MlOiIGAN I
Contractor G Rig 1 24.00 162.25 O O 5.00 34.50 3.25 6.75 8.75 29.25 8.00
Contractor G Rig 2 39.00 204.25 1.00 O 9.00 49.00 6.00 30.25 2.00 12.SO 18.00 12.00
Contractor H Rig 1 SO.OO 223.75 I.SO O 7.00 114.00 5.00 25.00 9.SO 12.00 19.5O
Contractor H Rig 2 43.SO 200.SO O O 8.25 104.00 7.SO 100SO 3.SO 8.SO 8.73 9.SO
Opt. Operating Time
for Field 24.00 162.75 O O 5.00 54.SO 3.24 6.73 7.00 8.SO 8.73 8.00
Opt. Cont. Contrld.
Time 24.00 162.25 54.SO 3.25 6.75 2.00

soirra MlOiIGAN
Contractor H Rig 1 33.00 186.SO O.SO O 7.50 60.00 3.SO 9.SO 2.00 19.00 16.00 10.25
Contractor H Rig 2 19.00 125.50 O O 5.00 35.00 5.SO 4.50 2.00 21.SO 15.00 9.SO
OpL Operating Time
for Field 19.00 125.00 O O 5.00 35.00 3.SO 4.50 2.00 19.00 15.00 9.SO
Opt. Cont. Contrld.
Time 19.00 125.SO 35.00 3.SO 4.SO 2.00

26 - Rig Selection
 Murchis on Drilling Schools, lne.

TABLE 1 lcontd)

..
NU

NO TST 5Q DlR
TOTAL
CONT TOTAL
CONTRLD OPER
W OC BOP BOP DST PB CMT F15H WRK CONN OTHER TIME TIME

EAST TEXAS - FIELD A

Centractnr A Rig 1 8.00 11.75 8.50 O O O O O 32.75 25.25 776:15 900.25
Cen tractor B Rig 1 8.50 10.00 7.00 O O O O O 27.75 31.00 764.25 882.00
Centraetor e Rig 1 12.00 11.50 9.00 O O O o O 28.25 84.25 962.75 1161.75
Centractor D Rig 1 12.50 18.00 9.75 O O O so.oo O 29.25 62.SO 892.00 1134.00
Opt. Operaling Tane
for fi e1d 8.00 10.00 7.00 O O O O O 27.75 2.25 835.75
Opl Conl Contr1d.
Tmle 10.00 27.75 738.75

EAST TEXAS - FIELD B

Cen tractor o Rig 2 9.50 13.00 7.50 O O O O O 25.75 67.00 508.75 645.25
Cen tractor E Rig 1 10.50 23.SO 6.50 O O O O O 32.50 9.00 674.50 762.75
Centractor F Rig 1 12.00 24.25 8.50 O O O O O 27.25 40.50 567.00 705.SO
Opt. Opera ling Time
for fie1d 9.50 13.00 6.50 O O O O O 25.75 9.00 582.25
Opt. Conl Contrld.
Tmle 13.00 25.75 S04-75

EAST TEXAS - FIELD e

Cen tractor A Rig 1 8.50 17.50 8.50 O O O O O 331.25 13.00 591.00 690.25
Centr actor B Rig 1 9.50 17.00 5.50 O O O O O 29.50 73.75 580.50 730.25
Centractor E Rig 1 6.50 14.00 5.50 O O O O O 30.00 16.00 736.50 834.25
Opt. Operaling Time
lor fie1d 6.50 14.00 5.50 O O O O O 29.50 13.00 632.75
Opt. Conl Centrld.
Tone 14.00 29.50 548.50

NORTIi MIOllGAN
Centr actor G Rig 1 9.50 19.5O 6.50 O O O O O 10.00 22.00 260.25 349.25
Centr actor G Rig 2 14.50 24.00 6.00 O O O O O 16.75 26.00 371.25 470.25
Centr actor H Rig 1 16.00 37.SO 7.00 O O O O O 16.75 31.00 470.00 573.SO
Centractor H Rig 2 18.00 16.25 5.00 O O O O O 10.50 25.75 396.25 48Q.00
Opl Operaling Time
for fie1d 9.SO 16.25 5.00 O O O O O 10.00 22.00 331.25
Opio Conl. Centrld.
Time 16.25 10.00 259.00

SOUlH MIOllGAN
Ccntractor H Rig 1 12.00 14.25 5.00 O O O O O 19.50 25.50 328.25 424.00
Centractor H Rig 2 14.50 14.SO 3.00 O O O O O 24.75 24.00 23D.75 317.75
Opl Operaling Tone
lor fie1d 9.00 14.25 3.00 O O O O O 19.50 24.00 307.75
Opio Conl Centrld.
Time 14.30 19.50 223.25

Rig Selection - 27
MUl·¡;,ison Drilling Schools, lne.

T ABLE 2- R1G EFFICIENCY

Rig
O CCT CCT Efficieney
(h oun) (houn) ('Jó)
East Texas-Field A
Contractor A Rig 1 738.75 776:15 95
Contrectcr B. Rig 1 738.75 764.25 96 Rig Efficlency <")
Contractor C. Rig 1 738.75 962.75 77
Contractor D, Rig 1 738.75 892 00 83
W" No.l

j!., ,¡ Texas--Beld B
Contr actcr D, Rig 2
Contracto: E, Rig 1
Contracta F, Rig 1
504.75
S04.73
504.75
508.75
674.50
567.00
99
75
89
I
o ID

Effec 1tve Da llv Rig Ces! (Sl00J!DaI')

..I
1", h::r~ElI'Ic*1cy
,,: WefNo . 2
,
" al

East Te.us-Field e
Contractor A Rig 1 548.50 591.00 93 "'", W"No.l
Contractor B, Rig 1 548.50 580.50 94 ,
1 WGlNo.2
Contrectcr E, Rig 1 548.50 736.50 74
,,,
North Michigan o , , • • • 7
• • .,
Contractor G, Ríg 1 259.00 260.25 99 ' I rJmffJlJy ~

Contractor G, Rig 2 259.00 371.25 70 M1d reU1J - ConITo:::tOl' H. R1~ 2

Contractor H, Rig 1 259.00 470.00 55 Ag.2. 16
Con tr actor H, Ríg 2 259.00 396:15 65

South Michigan
Contractor H, Ríg 3 223.25 328.25 68
Contractor H, Ríg 4 223.25 230.75 97

TABLE 3-EFFECTIVE D Rl LUNG COST

Effective Effective Effective

Da Uy DaUy D aUy DaUy D aUy
Rig Rig Rig Fixed Total Optimal Fixed D rilling
Co sl Efficiency Cast Co st Operadn g Operating Co,. Cast
(S) ( ~) (S) (S) Day' Day' ($) (S)

East Texas-Field A
Contractor A, Rig 1 6,250 95 6,578 3,500 37.50 34.8 3,771 10,349
Con tractor B, Rig 1 6,500 96 6,771 3,500 36.75 34.8 3.696 10,467
Contractor e, Rig 1 6,400 77 8,311 3,500 48.41 34.8 4,869 13,180
Contracto, D, Ríg 1 6,700 83 8,072 3,500 47.25 34.8 4,752 12,824

East Texas-Píeld B
Contracto, D, Ríg 2 7,158 99 7,230 3,500 26.89 24.3 3,873 11,103
Contracto, E, Ríg 1 7,330 75 9,773 3,500 31.78 24.3 4,577 14,350
Contracto, F, Rig 1 5.600 89 6,292 3,500 29.40 24.3 4,235 10,527

Easl Texas-Field e
Contractor A, Rig 1 6,250 93 6,720 3,500 28.76 26.4 3,812 10,533
Contracto, B, Ríg 1 6.500 94 6.915 3.500 30.43 26.4 4,034 10,949
Contracto, E, Ríg 1 7,330 74 9.905 3,500 34.76 26.4 4,608 14,513

North Michigan
Contractor G, Rig 1 5,800 99 5,859 3,500 14.55 13.8 3,690 9,549
Contracto, G, Rig 2 5,800 70 8,286 3,500 19.59 13.8 4,968 13,254
Contractor H, Rig 1 5,400 55 9,818 3,500 23.90 13.8 6,062 15,880
Contracto, H, Rig 2 5.400 65 8,308 3,500 20.00 13.8 5,072 13,380

South Michigan
Contractor H, Rig 3 5,400 68 7,941 3.500 17.67 12.8 4,832 12.773
Contractor H, Rig 4 5,400 97 5,567 3,500 13.24 12.8 3,620 6.187

28 - Rig Selection
 Murchison Drilling Schools, Ine.

.....'h.",
'.1...,

Location of Fields
Fig. 2.17

Rig Selection - 29
Murchison Drilling Schools, Inc.

FORMULAS

1. Wind Load P = .004V 2

P = wind load #/ft '

v = wind velocity mph allowable shorter than 136' mast

11 .76 Ibs/ft ' (54 rnph) w /pi pe stan d back taller than 136' mast

22.5 Ibs/ft 2 (75 mph) w/pipe stand back

52.9 Ibs/ft ' (115 mphl w /o pipe stand back

2. Derrick compression load

Fd =:.:...: (W ) + B
"
Fd = total compression load

n = number of working lines

W = hook load lbs.

B = travel and crown block weight

3. Substructure load

SL = (MP + MR)

SL = Substructure load

MP = maximum air weight of drill string

MR = maximu m air we ight of rotary table load

4. Power Requirements - Hoisting

HP = WVb x.!x ....!...
33,0 0 0 e de

W = hook load lbs

Vh = block speed ft/min

33,000 = constant ft-lbs/min/HP

e = hook-draw w orks efficiency norma l reduction of 2% per working line

6 lines-88% , 81Ines-84%, 10 IInes-80%, 12Iines-76%

de draw works efficiency - 85%
Compound loss - 5% /engine drive shaft t o compound

30-Rig Selection
 Murchison Orilling Sch ools. Inc .

Torgue x rom
5. Rotary HP RHP = 520

RHP assumptions: Soft rock 15 HP/1000 ft at 120 rpm

Hard rock 20 HP/1000 ft at 120 rpm
Soft rock 20 HP/1000 ft at 200 rpm
6. Orill pipe wt/ft

OD 2 1< ID' 1< ) (.1 2)

( 4 (.283) (30 ) + TJ
wt = 4
ft 31.5

00 pipe 00
ID pipe ID
12 inches/ft
.28 3 #/in 3 density of steel
30 length of tu be
TJ weight of tool joint
31.5 length of TJ + tube

P x Q
7. Pump HP = 1714
P = pressure psi
Q = pump output GPM

Example Problem:
TO 15 .000 ft
Surface casing 9·5/8" in 12·1/4" hole @ 3000 ft
Production 7". 29 #/ft in 8·3/4" hole @ 15.000 ft
Orill pipe 14.400 ft 16.6 Ib/ft
Orill collars 75.000 #
Traveling block 20.000 #
Crown block 5.000 #
Mud weight 10 # /g al
8 lines 4 travel sheaves, 5 crown sheaves
00 drill pipe 4 .5 inches
ID drill pipe 3.86 inches
TJ weight 120 lb
Rock type hard 3 engine com pound

(Al Calculate weight 11ft of drill pipe

( 4 • 5 2 1< 3 . 86 2 1<
) (1 2 ) ( .2 83 ) (30) + 1 2 0
4 4
=
3 1. 5

( 1 5 .9 0 - 11. 70) (101. 88 ) + 1 20 = 17 . 4 l b /f t

31.5

Rig Selection-31
Murehison Orilling Sehools. Ine.

(B) Caleulate derriek eomp ression load

Fd = 8 ; 2 [ (1 4, 400 x 17 .4) ( .862 ) + 7 5 , 0 0 0 ( .8 62 ) + 2 0 , 0 00 + 5000 1 =

10 10
(2 1 5 ,983 + 64 , 65 0 + 2 5 , 0 0 0 ) = ( 305,63 3) = 382,0 41 lbs
8 8

IC) Casing load

10
Fd = (1 5 , 0 0 0 x 29 x .862 + 2 0 , 0 0 0 + 5 0 0 0 ) = 4 99 ,9 6 3 lbs
8

(O) Substrueture load· Caleulate 2 ways

(1) Maximum pipe set baek: 14.000 x 17 .4 + 75.000 = 325.560 lbs.
(2) Maximum rotary table load : 15.000 x 29 x .8 62 = 374.970 lbs .
API Standard 4E states that substruetures must simultaneously support (1) and (2)
Therefore. sub 700.530 lbs min o700.000 lb substrueture
>

l E) Power Requirements • (1) Hoisting 121 Pump (3) Rotating

(1) Hoisting HP = 3 0 5 ,6 33x 90 ( 1) ( 1 ) = 1167HP

33,00 0 .84 --:SS

Compound Loss 3 x 5 = 15

dra wwork s i np u t = 116 7 = 1 3 7 3 HP

. 85

The 1373 HP is for intermittent serviee

(2) Pumps • assume 2000 psi @ 550 gpm

HP = 2 0 0 0 x 55 0 = 6 42 HP
1714

A pump has two effieieneies : meehanieal • 85% and volumetrie • 90%

HP input to pump =
64 2
= 8 3 9 HP
. 85 x . 9

Compound 10 5 5 3 motors 3 x 5 = 15%

8 39
= 987 HP
. 85

Continuous serviee rat ing 85%

987
= 1161 HP
.8 5

32-Rig Seleeti on
 Murehison Orming Sehools, Ine .

(3) RHP 20 x 15 = 300 HP assume 1300 ft lbs torque

RHP = 1 3 0 0 x 1 20 = 30 0 HP
52 0

Correetions f or dra wworks and eompound

300
= 4 15 HP
. 85 x . 8 5

Continuous service

4 1 5 = 48 8 HP
. 85

(F) Total Horsepower

Total Horsepower = Pu m p HP + Rot ary HP = 11 61 + 48 8 = 1649 HP

Probl em:

TD 8000 ft
Produetion 5·1/2" , 17 # /ft @ 20,000
Orm pipe 3·1/2" , 13 .3 #/ft 00 3. 5" ID 2.764" TJ = 47#
Orm eollars 55,000 #
Tr aveling block 15,000
Crown block 3 ,000
Mud w eight 10 # / gal
8 Iines 4 traveling sheaves 5 erown sheaves
Roek type: soft
3 engines
M ud pump pressure 2000 psi @ 450 gpm
Pull stands 70 ft/minut e

Caleulate:

1. Orill pipe weight #/ft

2. Oerr iek eompressive load
3. Casing load
4. substrueture load
5. Power requirem ents
a. hoist
b. pump
e. rotating

Recommend:

1. Oerriek rating and reason for you r answer

2. Substru eture rat ing
3. Rig HP

Rig Seleetion· 33
Murehison DriJIing Schocls, Ine .

RIG SELECTION CA LCULATION - WORKSHEET

,. DriJI pip e we ight (Iblft)

wt ~ (OD 2 I D2 )
ft (
- - ) 8 0 + T J ~ -(-
(
- --~ 80 + - - ~

2. Derriek eompression load

Fd ~ n + 2 ( W) ~ B ~ + 2 .2--!-) + _ _ ~
N

3. Casing load

Fd ~ (n + 2) D x wt (BF) + B ~ ( + 2)
-- x -- x -- + -- ~
( n) ft ( )

4. Substruetu re load , Ma x pipe setbaek

DPL x ;~ + DC x--+-- ~

Max RTL

RTL ~ D x ca s ing ;~ x BF ~ - - x - - x - - ~

Total Substrueture Load =

5. Powe r Requirements

Hoist ~ HL x vel _1_ x ) x~(~-..!...)

_ 1_ ~ --l--,-L....:. x -..!... x -..!... ~
33 ,000 eff eff 33 ,000

No. engines x 5 = eff loss 5x =

Drawworks inpu t ~ Hoi st HP x e~f ~

Drawworks HP ~ - - x -..!... ~ - - -

Pump HP ~ DQ )x (
1 714 1 311

Input t o engin e s ~ Pump HP from Comp ound Input HP ~ -- ~

ef f 0.85

Rotary HP .03 26 D = .0 278 x = _ Total Rig HP =

34 -Rig Seleetion