HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF SOME LOCAL PLANTS FOR THE USE OF

COSMETICS AND HOUSE SMOKING AROUND HARAMAYA TOWN.

ADVISER: HIWOT

BY: TADESSE WUBANTE

ID NO 2824/12

MAY 2023

HARAMAYA ETHIOPIA
Table of Contents
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ IV

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ V

ACKNWOLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ VI

ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................... VII

Summary .................................................................................................................................... VIII

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Back Ground of the Study .................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Statement of the problem ..................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Objective of the study .......................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3.2. Specific objective .......................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Significance of the study ...................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 3

2.1. Definition and Scope of Ethnobotany .................................................................................. 3

2.2. Importance and current trends of ethnobotany ..................................................................... 3

2.3. Indigenous knowledge.......................................................................................................... 4

2.4. Importance of Cosmetic and House Smoking plants ........................................................... 4

2.4.1. physical benefits ............................................................................................................ 4

2.4.2. Psychological benefits ................................................................................................... 5

2.5. Threatened, Rare and Endangered Plant Species ................................................................. 5

2.6. Conservation and Management of Cosmetic and House Smoking Plants ........................... 5

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 6

II
3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 6

3.1. Description of the Study area ............................................................................................... 6

3.2. Study design ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.3 sampling size ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.4. Sample technique for data collection ................................................................................... 7

3.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 7

3.6 Ethical consideration ............................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTE FOUR ............................................................................................................................. 8

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 8

4.1 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................. 8

4.1.1. Informants Background Information ............................................................................. 8

4.1.2. Identified herbal cosmetics ............................................................................................ 8

4.1.3. Identified house smoking plants .................................................................................... 9

4.1.4. Plant part used to herbal cosmetics.............................................................................. 10

4.1.5. Plant part used for house smoking ............................................................................... 11

4.1.6. Method of preparation of traditional herbal cosmetics and house smoking plants ..... 12

4.2. Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 14

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 14

5.1. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 14

5.2. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 14

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 16

III
List of Tables
Table 1:Informants back ground information ................................................................................. 8
Table 2:Traditional herbal cosmetics plants in the study area ........................................................ 9
Table 3:Traditional herbal house smoking plants in the study area................................................ 9
Table 4:Method of preparation and use of traditional herbal cosmetic plants .............................. 12
Table 5:Methods preparation and use of traditional herbal house smoking plants....................... 13

IV
List of Figures
Figure 1:Plant part used for cosmetics .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 2:Plant part used for house smoking ................................................................................. 11

V
ACKNWOLEDGMENTS
First and for most all praise be to God who allowed me and granted me this success and give me
the strength to advance to my dreams, all my effort success has happened with help of God, Thanks
to God. Secondly, I would like to thank my dear adviser Hiwot Worku for his special support and
guidance in motivating and correcting me with all the mistakes that I have made. Next, I would
like to thank my beloved parents who have supported me all my life both advising and financially.
Lastly special thank goes Haramaya town administration and residents of different kebeles. I
appreciate and deeply acknowledge the people of the kebele for their willingness to responded
with an appropriate information cooperative assistance for the success of my work.

VI
ACRONYMS
IUCN=International union for the conservation of nature

WHO=World health organization

UNEP=United nation environmental program

CSA=Central statistical agency of Ethiopia

IK=Indigenous knowledge

SCBD=Secretariat of the convention on biological diversity

VII
Summary
Ethnobotany is the study of the interaction between people with plants. The purpose of the study
will be to organize and document information on the use and conservation of cosmetics and house
smoking plants by Haramaya town people. The study involved tradition healer’s knowledge elders
and local communities. Various ethnobotanical techniques will be used to collect and analyze the
data by semi- structure interview, guided field walk, observation, descriptive statistical analysis.
The informants include both men and women. Women have enough skill to use cosmetics and
house plants other than men and young generations. Even if plant species used for cosmetics and
house smoking present in the area the lack of interest and the expansion of modern cosmetics
highly influence to use the local plants for cosmetics and house smoking. Different part of the
plants such as leaf, root, seed, and stem were prepared by cutting, girding as a powder, add with
water and burring with fire, then the prepared cosmetics and house smoking plant parts are used
to made their body parts to be healthy and beauty, used for good flavor or aroma of the house
respectively.

VIII
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Back Ground of the Study

Despite the fact that a large number of cosmetics have been developed by the pharmaceutical
industry. Indigenous phototherapy is still practiced in many rural areas using treatments handed
down from generation to generation. The world health organization (WHO) has emphasized the
importance of traditional indigenous, medicines since a large majority of rural people in the
developing countries still use the medicines as the first use in health care (Goleniowskiet al,2006).
There are numerous cosmetics and house smoking plant described for treatments of many diseases
and herbal medicine is an integral part of Moroccan culture. In modern society herbal cosmetics
based on this heritage continuous to flourish and plays a pivotal and indispensable role in the
current public health care (Eddouks, 2002). In Morocco, some studies have local pharmacopocia
(Bellakhdaret.al, 1990); Ziyyatet al, 1997). Unfortunately, knowledge regarding the use of
traditional plant is lost from one generation to another (Tabuti, 2002). Factors such as migration,
acculturation, alteration of the physical and biological environments, the rural exodus new media.
Expertise loss due to health of the elderly etc. ---- are causing a rapid loss of traditional knowledge
which would make such studies primordial (Gonzalesz-Tejeroet al, 2008).

Ethnobotany tries to find out how people have traditionally used plants, for whatever purposes,
and how they are still doing so (Eyndenet al., 1992). Thus, ethnobotany tries to preserve valuable
traditional knowledge for both future generations and other communities. Recently, the subject has
adopted a much more scientific and quantitative methodology and has studied the ways in which
people manage their environment (Phillips and Gentry, 1993a, b; Martin, 1995; Cotton, 1996;
Höftet al., 1999).

1
1.2. Statement of the problem
Ethiopia had diversity of plant species however, there was not enough ethnobotanical study
had done on cosmetics and house smoking plants. since the ethnobotanical studies of local
plants for cosmetics and house smoking used by the local people of Haramaya town was not
identified and documented in a good way. These is one way of loss of indigenous plants from
generation to generation due to the lack of identification of local plant for the use of cosmetics
and house smoking.
➢ what action is taken to traditional cosmetic and house to conserve?
➢ what special care is given in taking from wild to garden for their cultivation?

1.3. Objective of the study

1.3.1. General objective

➢ To identify and document cosmetics and house smoking plant species used by the
indigenous people of Haramaya town.

1.3.2. Specific objective

 To identify and provide insightful importance of cosmetics and house smoking plants.

To document the indigenous knowledge (IK) of people on the use of cosmetics and house
smoking plants in the study area.

 To investigate methods of preparation by the local people of the area for use

1.4. Significance of the study

The major aim of the study was to provide complete information for whom wants to know and
identify some use of plants local plants particularly those used for house smoke. The study was
developed the awareness of the society about cosmetic and house smoking. This study would help
to initiate medicine users to provide full information about cosmetic and house smoking to the
society.

2
CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Definition and Scope of Ethnobotany

Ethnobotany was first defined in 1896 by harsh Berger (Plot kin 1991): Balick and Cox, 1996)
was about plants used by primitive and aboriginal people. In broad terms ethnobotany is
understood as the study the relationship and interactions between plant and human (Farnsworth, et
al, 1994). It was further explained as the study of how the people of particular culture and religion
make the use of indigenous plants. While ethnobotanist explore how plants are used for such things
as food, shelter, medicine, clothing hunting and religious ceremonies. It is the science, which
studies the relationship between a given society and its environment and in particular the plant
world (Aumeeruddy, 1996).

Many earlier ethnobotanical studies, whether of healing techniques or other plant uses, simply
produced lists of plants deemed useful by the people of an area. The early ethnobotanists often
made little effort to understand how the indigenous people viewed the plants in their own culture
(Balk and Cox 1996). Martin (1995) noted that laboratory analysis of cosmetic and house smoking
plants and other useful plants is a costly and time-consuming endeavor. A good to start with its
first to know the relationship between the traditional knowledge and modern science that are tied
together across a wide gulf based empirical verification (Martin, 1995: Balick and Cox.1996).

2.2. Importance and current trends of ethnobotany

Ethnobotany deals with the relationship between primitive human society the current generation
the future; and their plant environment more simply it is anthropological approach to botany.
Importance is chiefly realized with respect with varied economic uses of plants by the primitive
human society (Tiwari, 2003).

The identification and documentation of plants ethnomedical importance in many cultures has long
been an active area of research and has been connected with various objectives. However almost

3
no studies have sought to understand local cosmetic and house smoking floras and indigenous
knowledge (IK) as method for sustainable development in their responding localities (Jain, 2002).

2.3. Indigenous knowledge

Indigenous Knowledge have many definitions however Haverkortet al. (1999) explained that the
actual knowledge of people in three class. The first class was classical knowledge (derived of the
great cultural expression Aristotle). Second traditional knowledge transmitted orally from
generation to generation and indigenous knowledge related to a specific environment. Third
external knowledge brought by education mass media and churches.

When it comes to indigenous knowledge on biodiversity this matching process probably is that
much in need of scientific validation (therefore casted effects are almost trivial). But raises merely
questions effectiveness and efficiency (Hens.2006).

2.4. Importance of Cosmetic and House Smoking plants

Plants are universally recognized as a vital part of the world’s biological diversity and essential
resources for the plant (SCBD.2009). many thousands of wild plants have great economic and
cultural importance providing food, cosmetic, house, smoking, medicine fuel clothing and shelter
for humans around the world. Plant also plays a key role in maintaining the earth’s environmental
balance and ecosystem stability. They also provide habitat for the world’s animal and insect life
(SCBD,2009)

2.4.1. physical benefits

Some natural oils have been mentioned earlier, but essential oils are very important and have such
different effects that they need to be categorized alone. Aromatic plants and their oils have
been used as incense, perfumes, cosmetics and for their medicinal and culinary applications.
Whether they are added to a bath or massaged into the skin, inhaled directly or diffused to scent
an entire room, these natural aromatic oils have been used for over a thousand years to relieve
pain, care for the skin, alleviate tension and fatigue, invigorate the entire body, and to produce a
sense of the body.

4
2.4.2. Psychological benefits

Traditionally aromatherapy often divides aromatic oils into those which are yin (passive, calming)
and those which are yang (active, stimulating). Although this is neither a scientific nor exclusive
definition, in balance, every oil is considered either more stimulating nor more calming (Purohit
and Kasper, 1994). Studies describe the effects of odors on memory and mood, since the fragrance
compounds are absorbed by inhalation and are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and interact
with receptors in the central nervous system (Buchbauer and Jirovetz, 1994; Purohit and
Kapsner,1994).

2.5. Threatened, Rare and Endangered Plant Species

Threatened spices present scientific economic and moral challenges: scientific then extinction
would remove evolutionary links that contribute to understanding of plants life Economic because
endangered species or some of their genes might prove useful in the future and moral because
mankind is to blame for having caused or contributed to their endanger state (Trinket al 1995).
Ethiopian’s flora comprised of approximately 6,000 higher plant species (Hedberget al. 2009), is
essential to human well-being and ecological diversity, but is increasingly threatened by a range
of anthropogenic pressures. The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) lists a number
of important and linked environmental issues facing Ethiopia, including water access and
availability, livestock and land degradation, and threats to biodiversity and endemism (UNEP
2008). These long-standing problems have acute impacts on plant communities, and are further
heightened by a rapidly growing rural population. Some 85% of Ethiopians live in rural areas, with
the vast majority of these people (approximately 90%) living in the highlands and dependent on
small-scale, rain-fed subsistence agriculture (Zeleke 2010). Furthermore, between 70 and 80
percent of the population depend on traditional plant-derived medicine for their primary healthcare
(Abebi 1986, Assefaet al. 2010).

2.6. Conservation and Management of Cosmetic and House Smoking

Plants
Conservation as defined with in the world conservation strategy is the management of human use
of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generation while

5
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generation (IUCN, 1980).At
the heart of conservation is sustainable use of resources (including biodiversity).That is using
resources in ways that enable the resources to meet the need and aspirations of the current user
without jeopardizing the resources ability to meet the needs and aspirations of the future users
(Quansah, N. and QuansahR.P. 1995).The objective of conservation is to conserve maximum
diversity within each species to ensure that its genetic potential will be available in the future.
Ideally, all plants should be conserved as evolving populations in their natural ecosystem.
However, this is not practically feasible for all species.

CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study area

The study will be conducted in Haramaya city hararage zone of the Oromia Region. The town that
found in the east from Addis Ababa the capital city of Ethiopia; the city is found at 500 km distance
away from Addis Ababa the capital city of Ethiopia to the eastern direction its altitudinal location
falls between 1600-2100m above sea level. The city found bordered by different hararage woredas;
kersa in West, kombolcha in the East; dire dawa in the North; aweday in the South. The Maximum
and minimum temperature of the city is between is 23 and 14oc respectively. Rain occurs during
march to May and June to September is short rainy and long seasons respectively. and the average
annual rain fall of the town falls 751mml per year. Based on the 2005 Census conducted by the
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), accordingly the total population of the city is 15,317
of whom 7,796 men and 7,521 are women. Of these total populations about 41 percents are
orthodox and 44 percent are Muslims while 15% are protestant. their income is mainly based on
crop and chat production that is agriculture together with livestock rearing; few are traders.

6
3.2. Study design
The study was conducted in Haramaya town Hararge Zone Oromia regional state. From February
to June 2018 on ethnobotanical study of some local plants for the use of cosmetics and house
smoking.

3.3 sampling size

The informants were 30 people age of between the age of 28 and above was intended to be selected
from town resident people

3.4. Sample technique for data collection

The methods employed for data collection was primary data collection; field, guided field walk,
and semi-structure interview secondary data sources. informants were interviewed with A fan
Oromo and Amharic language focused on indigenous knowledge of the local community about
plants for the use of cosmetics and house smoking.

3.5 Data Analysis

The data will be analyzed by descriptive statistics which is used to collect, organize, summarize
and presents data in a meaningful form by using tables and charts to describe the data in percentage.
The most useful information was gathered on cosmetic and house smoking plants like mode of
application, methods of preparation, and plant part used are analyzed through descriptive statistics.

3.6 Ethical consideration

During the study there were many issues which were undermined. These were moral feeling of the
community arrangements with informants, pre awareness to society about the goal of the study
looking for many evidence accuracy and relevance of the data are the major one.

7
CHAPTE FOUR

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULTS

4.1.1. Informants Background Information

In order carry out this research 30 respondents were selected for interview and questionnaire the
following table describes the characteristic of the respondents based on age, sex and marital status.

Table 1:Informants back ground information

No No of respondents No of respondents in%

1 Male=6 20%
Sex Female=24 80%
Total=30 100%
2 28-32=4 13.3%
age 33-37=6 20%
38-42=5 16.7%
43-47=8 25.7%
48-52=7 23.3%
3 Marital Single=2 6.67%
status Married=27 90%
Divorced=1 3.33%

As the above table (1) had shown that 80% of respondents were females while, 20% were males.
The age of respondents was 28-32 (13.3%), 33-37 (20%), 38-42 (16.7), 43-47 (25.7%), 48-52
(23.3%) and the marital status were single 6.67%, married 90% and divorced 3.33% respectively.

4.1.2. Identified herbal cosmetics

A total of 10 herbal cosmetic plants that belong to 10 genera and 8 families were identified. Family
Rutaceae was constituted of 3 species. The rest lauracce, sapindaceae,oleaceae,balsmainacea,

8
anacardiaceae, solanaceaeae and meliaceae constituted 1 species. This reveals that there is high
potential of indigenous knowledge with regard to herbal cosmetics although they are not interested
to practice.

Table 2:Traditional herbal cosmetics plants in the study area

Cosmetics plants
Scientific name Common name Family Habit Habitat
Ocimumlamfolium Damakase Rutaceae Shrub Cultivated
Perseaamerican Avocado Lauracece Tree Cultivated
Citrus limon Lome Rutaceae Tree Cultivated
Dedobaeaangustifolia Kitkita Sapindaceae Tree Cultivated
Oleaeurope Woyra Oleaceae Tree Cultivated
Impatiens tinctoria Insolasa Balsmainaceae Shrub Cultivated
Mangiferaindica Mango Anacardiaceae Tree Cultivated
Lycopersicumesculentu Timimatim Solanaceae Herbaceous Cultivated
m
Meliaazedarach Nime Meliaceae Tree Cultivated
Ziziphusmucronata Krkura/Gaba Rhamnaceae Tree/Shrub Cultivated

4.1.3. Identified house smoking plants

A total of 6 herbal house smoking that belong to 6 familes were identified. Family Oleaceae,
Myrtaceae, Asteraceae and Liminanceae constituted 1 species each.

Table 3:Traditional herbal house smoking plants in the study area

House smoking plants

Scientific name Common name Family Habit Habitat
Oleaeurope Woyra/Awliea/ Oleaceae Tree Forest

Eucalyptus globulus Nech-bahrizaf Myrtaceae Tree Cultivated

Echinopskebericho Kebericho Asteraceae Shrub Forest

9
 Otostegiaintergrifoli Tunjit Laminanceae Shrub Forest
a

Meliaazedarach Nime Meliaceae Tree Cultivated

4.1.4. Plant part used to herbal cosmetics

The analysis for plant parts using (Fig.1) indicates that the local community frequently uses fruits
(40%) for herbal cosmetic preparation and leaf take the second proportion (28%), the rest stem
and root constitute (18%) and (9%), respectively.

Chart 1. plant part used for cosmetics

Plant part used for cosmetics

Root
9%

Stem
Furit
18%
40%

Leaf
28%

Figure 1:Plant part used for cosmetics

10
 4.1.5. Plant part used for house smoking
A total of 6 plant species belong to 6 families being used for house smoking were recorded form
indigenous people. The major plant parts utilized in herbal recipe included seed (35%) stem (30%)
root (20%) and leaf (15%).

Chart 2. plant parts used for house smoking

Plant part used for house smoking

Leaf
15%

Seed
35%

Root
20%

Stem
30%

Figure 2:Plant part used for house smoking

11
4.1.6. Method of preparation of traditional herbal cosmetics and house smoking
plants
The data was arranged according to taxonomic identification of plants, local names, and part of
plants used use preferences and preparation methods used by local peoples.

Table 4:Method of preparation and use of traditional herbal cosmetic plants

Scientific name Common Parts used Treated body parts /cosmetics Recipe(prepar
name use/ ation)
Perseamericana Avocado Fruit Face hair Peel and put
on face and
hair
Citrus limonia Lome Fruit Hair perfume body limp Lemon juice is
cracks mixed with
water or
glycerin
Bad breath Chewing
lemon fruit
Impatiens Insosla Root Hand and leg Grinded as
tictoria powered
Magniferaindic Mango Fruit Face Feel and put
a on face
Lycopersicumes Timitm Fruit Face Timatim juice
culenttum mixed with
avocado or
glycerin
Asparagus Nime Stem Teeth Cut
official
Rulachalepensis Tsenadam Leaf Body perfume Massaged
Oleaeurope Woyra Stem/branch Teeth Cut

Dodobaeangusti Kitkita Stem/breach Teeth Cut

folia

12
Table 5:Methods preparation and use of traditional herbal house smoking plants

Scientific name Common name Part of plant used Method of preparation

Olea Europe Awliea/Woyra/ Root/Stem Added on fire
Juniperus procera Yabeshatid Seed/Leaf Dried the seed or leaf
then Put on fire

Eucalyptus globulus Bahrizaf Seed/Leaf Dried the seed or leaf

then put on fire

Echinops kebercho Kebercho Root Added on fire

Otostegia Tunjit Leaf Added on fire
intergrifolia
Meliaaz edarach Nime Stem Added on fire

4.2. Discussion
The study results were conducted by the information from the informants on the local use of plants
for cosmetics and house smoking. This research concern with ethnobotanical study of plants:
indigenous knowledge on plants used as cosmetics in haramaya harargie Ethiopia. They said that
indigenous plants were used as cosmetics for women for beautiful aroma and as perfume. They
also said women used plant as smoking for good aroma of their body. Their study confirmed with
my study because they studied about cosmetic and house smoking plants used by the local people
specially the women.

As shown on the above tables there are different plant species which used for cosmetics and house
smoking was identified and documented accordingly. The different plant parts used to for different
function. For example, the stem or branch of Oleaeurope (Woyra), Meliaazedarach (Nime) and
Dodobaeangustifolia (Kitkita) are used to teeth brushing, and the root part of Tmpatienstiktoria
(Insosla) used for local women hand and leg cosmetics. There are some plant parts used for house
smoking such as the stem part of Meliaazedarach (Nime), the root or stem part of Oleaeurope
(Woyra) and the dried seed or leaf part of Juniperus procra (Yabeshatid) are added on fire and use

13
as a good smile or aroma for house smoking. The local herbal cosmetics plants are mostly prepared
by women through cutting, washing with water, griding and squeezing then, add with glycerin and
used for their different body parts example for hand, hair, leg and face cosmetics. Also, other local
plants are prepared by the local peoples especially by women through cutting and drying, of the
plant parts and adding on fire or burning by fire for their house best smoking.

CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusions
16 cosmetics and house smoking plant species were collected and recorded from Haramaya town.
The woreda is relatively medium in cosmetics and house smoking plant diversity. Some cosmetics
plans are more preferable than the others in the study area cure the ailment like acne, hear growth,
bad breath, fairness, facial spots, allergy, wrinkles lip and cracks eye. Trees were found to be
dominant traditional cosmetics and house smoking plants remedies in the study area followed by
shrub, herb and climbers. Fruits were also found to be the most harvested plant parts for preparation
of the remedies followed by leaf and roots.

The major causes for the loss of flora and other problems that treating cosmetics and house
smoking plants were lack of awareness, secrecy, oral based knowledge transfer, unwillingness of
young generation and influence of modern educations; synthetic products.

5.2. Recommendations
Based on the research findings the following recommendations were given.

• The local people harvest plants from the forests for different purposes with little awareness of
it treat the cosmetic and house smoking plant diversity. So, awareness creations among them
must be done by agricultural extension workers in the woreda to ensure sustainable harvesting
practiced.
14
• The local communities of the study area have to involve in conservation and managements of
plants in general and cosmetics and house smoking plants in particular.
• The woreda administration must involve in awareness creation on traditional healers to transfer
their knowledge to the next generation without secrecy.
• The woreda agricultural workers must involve in identifying cosmetic and house smoking
plants and encouraging the local people to cultivate cosmetic and house smoking plants in their
home gardens.

15
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