Thermodynamics

By:

Danilo P. Metra Jr.,MEng’g.

Definitions of Terms

Saturation Temperature – is the temperature at which liquids start to boil or the

temperature at which vapors begin to condense.
Subcooled Liquid – is one which has a temperature lower than the saturation
temperature corresponding the existing pressure.
Compressed Liquid – is one which has a pressure higher than the saturation
pressure corresponding to the existing temperature.
Saturated Liquid – is a liquid at the saturations (saturation temperature or
saturation pressure) which has temperature equal to the boiling point
corresponding to the existing pressure.
Vapor – is the name given to gaseous phase that is in the contact with the liquid
phase, or that is in the vicinity of a state where some of it might be condensed.
Definitions of Terms

Superheated Vapor – is a vapor having a temperature higher that the saturation

temperature corresponding to the existing pressure.
Degrees of Superheat, 0SH – is the difference between the actual temperature of
superheated vapor and the saturation temperature for the existing pressure.
Degree Subcooled, 0SB – is the difference between the saturation temperature for the
given pressure and the actual subcooled liquid temperature.
Wet Vapor – is a combination of saturated vapor and saturated liquid.
Quality, x – is the percent by weight that is saturated vapor.
Percent Moisture, y – is the percent by weight that is saturated liquid.
Latent Heat of Vaporization – is the amount of heat added to/remove from the
substance in order to convert it from saturated liquid/saturated vapor to saturated
vapor/saturated liquid with the temperature remaining constant.
Definitions of Terms

Sensible Heat – heat that causes change in temperature without a change in phase.
Latent Heat – heat that causes change in phase without a change in temperature.

Properties of Wet Steam

Subscripts used/symbol used
f – represents properties of saturated liquid
g - represents properties of saturated vapor
fg – represents to a change by evaporation
v – specific volume
s – specific entropy
u – specific internal energy
 Properties of Wet Steam

Subscripts used/symbol used

f – represents properties of saturated liquid
g - represents properties of saturated vapor
fg – represents to a change by evaporation
v – specific volume
s – specific entropy
u – specific internal energy
vg = vf + vfg; hg = hf + hfg
sg = sf + sfg; ug = uf + ufg
Exercises

Specify whether the steam is wet, dry, or superheated for the following conditions:
1. t = 2000C, p = 1.44 MPa
2. t = 2200C, p = 2.318 Mpa
3. p = 1.0 MPa, s = 6.672 kJ/kg0K
4. p = 3.0 MPa, t = 2340C
5. t = 2500C, v = 54.2x10-3 m3/kg
6. p = 11.0 MPa, h = 2805 kJ/kg
7. p = 4.0 MPa, s = 5.897 kJ/kg0K
8. p = 15.0 MPa, t = 3100C
Exercises

9. What are the specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of steam at 1.50 MPa and 2540C.
10. At 2500C a mixture of saturated steam and liquid water exists in equilibrium. If the specific volume of the
mixture is 0.04159 m3/kg, calculate the following: (a) percent moisture, (b) enthalpy and (c) entropy.
11. Steam at a pressure of 0.90 MPa has an entropy of 4.9678 kJ/kg0K. What are the specific volume, internal
energy and enthalpy?
12. Steam at a temperature of 3000C has a specific volume pf 0.09765 m3/kg. Determine the pressure,
specific internal energy, enthalpy and entropy.
13. A 0.0856 m3 drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor at 3700C. (a) Find the mass of each if
their volumes are equal. What is the quality? (b) Find the volume occupied by each if their masses are
equal.
14. Steadily flowing streams of steam A and B meet and mix, then flow in a steady state in a pipe C, all under
adiabatic conditions. Steam A is at 5.5 MPa, 3700C and flows at 160 kg/s; steam B is saturated vapor at
5.5 MPa and flows at 160 kg/s. (a) Determine the state of mixture C if ∆𝐾𝐸 ≈ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑃𝐸 ≈ 0. (b) If the
speed of the fluid in C is 30 m/s, what is the pipe diameter?