Chapter I

INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the background information of the study, the statement of the problem, objectives
of the study, significance of the study, conceptual framework, scope and limitation, and definition of terms.
1.1 Background Of The Study
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is a widely used construction material, it applies in many building
applications, from residential to commercial structures. They are budget friendly, flexible, strong, energy-
efficient, and resistant to adverse weather conditions in design. There are two classifications of CHB, the non-
load bearing and load bearing. Non-load bearing CHB carries their own weight; they are used as partition walls,
façade, and other walls that cannot support loads of the structure. Load bearing CHB transfers its weight to a
foundation structure while carrying a resting load, similar to columns and beams. The thickness of non-bearing
CHB can range from 7.5 cm to 10 cm and has a strength capacity of 500 psi. While, load bearing CHB can convey
800 psi of solidarity with a 15 cm to 20 cm. Portland cement (PC), sand (fine aggregate), and gravel (coarse
aggregate) are the primary components of CHB production. Also, concrete admixtures made of natural or
manufactured chemicals may also be added during concrete mixing; to enhance specific properties such as
workability, durability, and compressive strength. By combining Portland cement with natural and synthetic
pozzolans, a high-strength concrete (HSC) is created through the development of the concrete's microstructure.
In addition, a new preventive measure that promotes environmental sustainability is discovered. Concrete gains
properties such as reduced heat of hydration and improved resistance to chemical agents as a result of pozzolana
activity. (Viswanathan and Balagopal, 2020). According to the International Green Building Council, the
construction sector is responsible for 39% of global carbon emissions and consumes a large amount of raw
materials and natural resources. Due to the fact that natural aggregates are typically sourced from rivers, their
availability has become a major environmental concern (Sérifou, et. al., 2013). As a result, developing suitable
materials to use as a substitute for conventional materials is important.

In 2019, PSA estimates that coconut is a major export, accounting for 3.6% of the country's agricultural
gross-value-added (GVA) alongside rice, corn, and the banana. The nation continues to be the world's leading
coconut exporter and producer. The majority of coconut oil and copra meal are produced in the Philippines, which
also has the largest number of coconut trees in the world. Coconut oil is produced by many businesses, including
Philcoco in San Luis, Gingoog, Misamis Oriental and Brgy. Canitoan, Cagayan de Oro City. The majority of the
waste generated by the production of these goods is composed of coconut husks and coir dust, which are either
disposed of in landfills or burned. Copra and coconut oil production produce a lot of waste products, including
coconut husk. The Philippines, home to approximately 500 million coconut trees, produce 6 million tons of
coconut husk annually as biomass. Additionally, in 2023, it is found that The Philippines is the second largest
producer of coconut products in the world (PH Coconut Industry, 2023). Waste products are composed of coconut
husks and coir dust.
According to a study by Philip R. et al., coconut husk debris contains a high amount of silicon oxide,
which makes it a particularly good candidate for use in blends and may enhance the pozzolanic reactivity and
cementitious properties. The debris acquired after the burning of coconut husk is named as coconut husk ash
(CHA). According to a study of Bonneau et al. (2010) Coconut husk ash was found to contain a large amount of
Potassium (K) (26%), silica (SiO2) and Chlorine (Cl) (9% each). Silica is one of the largest groups of ingredients
in cement, making up about 18% to 25%. Silica can be sourced from sand, gravel, and other argillaceous rocks.
When used in moderation, enough silica helps form di- and tri-calcium silicates which add strength to the cement.
Overusing silica can actually increase cement's strength, but also quicken the setting time. According to the study
of Philip et al. (2020), to make it easier to burn and collect the ash from the coconut husk, it is dried outside for
two to three weeks before being burned for three hours in the open air and then cooled for about 12 hours. The
ash is then collected and analyzed with an IS sieve to achieve the desired fineness; this ash is then used in
subsequent processes (Viswanathan et. al. ,2015). According to research, when Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) is used
as a partial cement replacement, the compressive strength and workability of concrete are significantly correlated.
According to a study by Philip R. et al., partial replacement of cement with coconut husk ash (CHA) at a ratio of
up to 15% results in a superior compressive strength compared to the traditional mixture. Conversely, exceeding
this ratio to more than 15% will cause a reduction in compressive strength, rendering it less effective than
conventional methods. Therefore, the researcher opted to implement a cement replacement of no more than 15%.
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 Mangima stones (phyllite schist) can be found throughout Mindanao, particularly in the province of
Bukidnon. Although several varieties can be extracted, the properties of these materials are very similar, with the
main difference being their color. Mangima stones have gained popularity in the construction industry due to
their finishing properties. Because of its durability and appearance, it is used as decorative tiles for wall finishing.
These Mangima stones produce a significant amount of junk when they are cut into tiles, which are typically
disregarded as waste. Due to the region's abundance of these natural rocks, it is necessary to identify alternate
applications for them that will result in long-term economic advantages. Studies show that another alternative of
using these wastes is to crush them into sizes incorporating used as aggregates for concrete mix. According to
Cabahug et. al. (2011) it is found that using coarse Mangima aggregates in place of regular gravel can improve
the strength of concrete. According to a recent study (Calibara and Cabahug, 2020), Mangima stone has the
potential to be utilized as a fine aggregate. Mangima stone was used as the fine aggregate in the Eduria et al.
(2016) study's preparation of mortar, and it was discovered that 50% of the Mangima fine aggregates were able
to achieve compressive strengths that were higher than those of the conventional aggregates. Their study served
as one of the foundations for this research project, which took into account the addition of coconut husk ash
material in the ideal design mixture.
Several investigations were explored using coconut husk ash (CHA) as cement replacements in concrete
mix. However, there are very limited studies conducted on concrete with the incorporation of Mangima stone as
a fine aggregate replacement material and no experimental work was performed on concrete hollow block with
the inclusion of various dosages of fine aggregate replaced with Mangima stone along with the partially replaced
cement with coconut husk ash (CHA). Therefore, our primary objective is to examine the fresh and hardened
properties of CHB by substituting 50% Mangima stones for fine aggregate and gradually increasing amounts of
coconut husk ash (CHA) for cement.
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
The researchers want to know the compressive strength of the CHB-CHA with MS. The researchers are
determined to answer the following questions:
1. What are the chemical and physical properties of Coconut Husk Ash (CHA)?
2. What are the physical properties of Mangima stones (MS)?
3. What are the compressive strengths and workability of Concrete hollow blocks using 50% mangima stone
as a partial replacement of fine aggregates with coconut husk ash as a partial replacement for cement
with 5%, 10%, and 15% in 7,14, and 28 days of curing?
1.3 Objectives Of The Study
The study aims to achieve the following:
1. To determine the chemical and physical properties of Coconut Husk Ash (CHA).
2. To determine the physical properties of Mangima Stone (MS).
3. To determine the compressive strength and workability of Concrete hollow blocks using 50% mangima
stone as a partial replacement of fine aggregates with coconut husk ash as a partial replacement for cement
with 5%, 10%, and 15% in 7,14, and 28 days of curing.
1.4 Significance Of The Study
The significance of this study is to determine the use of coconut husk ash and crushed mangima stone in
the field of engineering. This study helps to find out the strength and other effects of coconut husk ash as the
partial replacement of cement and mangima stones as the partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete
hollow blocks. It may also help the different sectors in engineering industry such as:
Construction Industry
The improvement of this new material would furnish neighborhood networks with many advantages. The
industry would expand employment opportunities in rural areas and provide new business opportunities for
farmers and locals. It would likewise give another kind of revenue to the local area as the principal provider of
coconut husk and mangima stone waste.
Future Researcher

3
 The findings of this study will help future researchers investigate the compressive strength, workability,
and density of concrete hollow blocks with the use of coconut husk as a partial replacement for cement, and
Mangima stone as fine aggregate.
1.5 Conceptual Framework
This study aims to determine whether natural waste materials such as mangima stone and ash from
coconut husks can be used to create concrete hollow blocks, which could assist in minimizing impacts on the
environment and promoting sustainable development. In many tropical regions, mangima stone and coconut husk
ash are two waste materials that can be used as partial replacement for cement and fine aggregates, respectively.
The inclusion of mangima stone and ash from coconut husks in concrete has been shown in previous
research to enhance its properties. A study by Awwad et. al., for instance (2020) discovered that coconut husk
ash partially replaced cement and increased concrete's compressive strength. Arora et. al.'s other study (2020)
discovered that the partial substitution of mangima stone for fine aggregates decreased the density of concrete,
making it a more environmentally friendly building material.
In view of these past examinations, the current review plans to research the attainability of utilizing both
coconut husk ash and mangima stone as fractional substitutions for cement and fine aggregates, separately, in
substantial empty blocks. The effects of these waste materials on the compressive strength, density, and other
properties of the concrete hollow blocks will be the subject of the study.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
● Cement ● Laboratory testing for the ● The physical & chemical
○ Coconut physical & chemical properties properties of CHA as to sieve
Husk Ash of CHA as to sieve analysis , analysis , specific gravity &
specific gravity & absorption, absorption, unit weight, loss
unit weight, loss on ignition, on ignition, and Silicon
and Silicon Dioxide test. Dioxide test.
● Laboratory testing for the
physical properties of MS as to ● The physical properties of MS
sieve analysis , specific as to sieve analysis , specific
gravity & absorption, moisture gravity & absorption, moisture
● Aggregates content and unit weight. content and unit weight.
○ Coarse ● Laboratory testing for the
■ Choker workability and compressive ● The workability and
⅜” strength of the CHB using compressive strength of the
○ Fine CHA as a partial replacement CHB using CHA as a partial
■ Mangima of cement and mangima stone replacement of cement and
Stones as a partial replacement of fine mangima stone as a partial
aggregate. replacement of fine aggregate.

● Water

Table 1. Input-Process-Output
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1.6 Scope And Limitation Of The Study
This study has a primary focus on comparing the compressive strength, water absorption, specific gravity,
workability, and density of regular CHB and CHB-CHA with the incorporation of MS. While the study does not
include testing other properties of CHB, it is intended to be persuasive in its elegant approach.
In the preparation of CHA, coconut husks are carefully dried and incinerated before being sieved. The
study also explores the partial replacement of CHA for ordinary Portland cement, ranging from 5% to 15%.
Additionally, the study incorporates the use of MS as a partial replacement for fine aggregates, following the
findings of Eduria et al. (2016). To ensure accuracy, three samples were taken per percentage per curing day,
with the molded CHB being cured for 7, 14, 28 days.
Due to the strict timeline of a maximum of 2 semesters, the study and tests conducted were limited.
Specifically, the focus was restricted to coconut husks exclusively sourced from a coconut plantation in Brgy.
Canitoan, Cagayan de Oro City, Type I ordinary Portland cement as per American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C150 (2019) standards and Mangima Stones will be collected in Libona, Bukidnon, Misamis
Oriental. Additionally, the testing methods adhered to the exacting standards of both ASTM and DPWH in the
realm of construction materials.
1.7 Definition Of Terms
ASTM - The ASTM International, previously known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is a
highly regarded international standards organization that produces voluntary technical standards for a diverse
range of materials, products, systems, and services.
ASTM C29 - Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregates.
ASTM C128 - Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
ASTM C618 - Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in
Concrete.
Choker - It consists of a clean crushed stone that is smaller than the stone in the recharge bed. The choker used
must be able to pass through a 3/8" sieve and be retained in a 4-mm sieve.
Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) - An organic waste from burning of Coconut Husk.
Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) - A Type of Concrete Block Used for building internal and external walls.
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) - A rectangular block of standard size that is commonly used in building
construction.
Fine Aggregates - composed of natural sand or crushed stone particles that are smaller than ¼”. They are also
referred to as 1/4” minus due to their size and grading.
Mangima stones (phyllite schist) - A metamorphic rock that develops under high temperature and pressure; the
fine aggregate replacement.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) - The most common type of cement in general use around the world as a
basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout.
Partial Replacement - To replace a portion of the cement and aggregates, supplementary cementitious materials
will be utilized. For instance, in this research, CHA will be utilized as a partial replacement for OPC cement, and
mangima stones will be utilized in aggregates.
Pozzolana/Pozzolanic - A material which, when mixed with a hydraulic cement, will react with the lime from
the cement and water to produce cementitious products of its own.
Silica - Also known as silicon dioxide (SiO2), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, most
commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
Universal Testing Machine - A machine is used to test the compressive strength of hollow blocks that contain
coconut husk ash and mangima stones.
X-Ray Fluorescence - A general term for several spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials
by using X-ray radiation.

5
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of various scholarly research and literature on Coconut
Husk Ash, carefully selected and examined by the researchers. It includes studies on CHA as a Pozzolanic
material, its preparation, and its application in construction materials. The chapter also provides an insight into
the impact of CHA as a partial admixture in civil engineering, based on the findings of related studies.The
majority of research and literature sources were international, with a few local contributions.
Additionally, this chapter offers a compelling case for the significant role of CHA and Mangima Stones
in the construction industry.
2.1 Related literature In Foreign & Local Setting
With a land area of 30 million hectares, of which 47 percent is agricultural, the Philippines is primarily
an agricultural nation. Approximately 13 million hectares are dedicated to agricultural crops, including food
grains, food crops, and non-food crops. The country's major biomass energy resources are rice, coconut, and
sugarcane, which are grown extensively. The predominant agricultural waste materials in the Philippines are rice
husk, rice straw, coconut husk, coconut shell, and bagasse. Given that one-third of the country's agricultural land
produces rice, significant quantities of rice straw and hulls are generated, presenting promising opportunities for
biomass power plants. (Zafar, 2019).

Furthermore, the Philippines boasts the greatest abundance of coconut trees globally, which has enabled
it to dominate the world market for coconut oil and copra meal production. Unfortunately, the potential of the
coconut waste materials, such as the shells, husks, and coir dust, is vastly underutilized, despite the fact that the
country's 500 million coconut trees yield significant amounts of biomass, including 4.1 million tonnes of husks,
1.8 million tonnes of shells, and 4.5 million tonnes of fronds annually.
In the last quarter of 2022, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported a production of 4.24 million metric
tons of coconut (including husk), marking a 1% increase from the previous year. The Davao Region was the top
producer, contributing 13.3% of the total output, followed by Northern Mindanao and the Zamboanga Peninsula.
While the area planted with coconut decreased by 0.7% from the previous year, it still remains a vital crop in the
Philippines (the Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines, 2016). In continuation, As per the
latest statistics on the coconut industry in the Philippines, it has emerged as the second-largest producer of coconut
products on the global stage. Unfortunately, this growth has resulted in a significant amount of waste generated
from the production process, primarily comprising coconut husks and coir dust. Regrettably, these byproducts
are either disposed of in landfills or burnt, causing further harm to the environment. (the Philippine Statistics
Authority | Republic of the Philippines, 2023).
Coconut husk ash (CHA) must meet the standards set forth by ASTM C618 to be used in concrete.
Specifically, it must have a certain minimum silica content depending on its classification as a pozzolan.
The DPWH has established standard specifications for concrete hollow blocks (CHB) in accordance with
the Department Order 230 series of 2016 "Standard Specification for ITEM1046 – Masonry Works". It is
important to ensure that the physical requirements of CHB align with either ASTM C90 or ASTM C129,
depending on the type of CHB being used, to ensure its load bearing capabilities. In addition, components such
as air-entraining agents, coloring pigments, and finely ground silica must adhere to the appropriate ASTM
standards, or pass rigorous testing to guarantee their durability in masonry construction.
ASTM C90 and ASTM C129 cover the physical specifications of both solid and hollow masonry units
made from hydraulic cement, water, and mineral aggregates. These standards include three classes of masonry
units suitable for both load bearing and non-load bearing applications: Normal weight, medium weight, and
lightweight. The Load Bearing CMU must meet minimum compressive strength requirements, while the Non
Load Bearing CMU must also meet minimum compressive strength requirements. These specifications ensure
that masonry units are of high quality and durable for construction purposes.
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2.2 Related Studies In Foreign & Local Setting
Pozzolan, also known as Pozzolana, is a substance derived from pyroclastic rocks found near Pozzuoli or
Rome. It can be either natural or artificial inorganic materials that react with calcium hydroxide (lime) or similar
substances to harden when mixed with water. Natural pozzolans are formed from volcanic eruptions or certain
sedimentary rocks, while artificial pozzolans include materials such as fly ash, burned shales, silica fume, burned
clays, thermally active materials, rice-husk ash, and coconut husk ash. When burned at a specific temperature,
coconut husk ash exhibits a pozzolanic character with over 80% silica content. (McCarthy & Dyer, 2019)
In 2016, Krishna, N. K. et. al conducted a study which revealed that the use of agricultural waste as a
substitute or supplement to cement has become a significant topic due to the growing environmental concerns
and the high levels of CO2 emissions during cement production. There have been multiple studies exploring the
potential of agricultural waste, such as rice husks, coconut husk, and corn cob, as a source of pozzolanic materials
which can be used as replacements, or additives to cement in concrete manufacturing. These pozzolanic materials,
such as rice husk ash, coconut husk ash (CHA), fly ash, and nut shell ash, have properties similar to cement and
can react with calcium hydroxide to create cementitious compounds. The integration of these materials as a partial
substitute for cement can lead to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions during the manufacturing process.
The research conducted by Utsev and Taku (2012) has revealed that coconut husk ash (CHA), a by-
product of agriculture, can be utilized effectively in the concrete industry. CHA acts as a pozzolan, which
enhances the mechanical properties of concrete. When combined with Portland cement, CHA reduces the lime
content and increases the amount of C-S-H gel, resulting in improved cement quality and stronger concrete. As
a replacement for cement, CHA enhances the durability of concrete over time through pozzolanic reaction,
reducing water and chloride permeability, improving chemical resistance, strengthening the adherence between
the binding matrix and aggregates, and decreasing drying shrinkage, thereby minimizing the development of
cracks in the concrete. These findings underscore the potential of CHA as a sophisticated and compelling
substitute for traditional concrete components.
Utsev and Taku (2012) have suggested that incorporating 10 to 15% CHA in both heavyweight and
lightweight concrete production is an optimal replacement for OPC. Furthermore, a judicious substitution of 20%
cement with CHA has yielded an optimal level of compressive strength after 28 days. This approach is both
refined and compelling in its effectiveness. It is crucial to note that for optimal outcomes, the CHA content should
not surpass 5% of the cement's mass.
In the study of Philip, Reshma & Ajay, V. & Reji, Amal & Athulya, S. & Santhosh, Asween. (2021).
Concrete is strong and versatile, perfect for various constructions. Portland cement production harms the
environment, especially through carbon dioxide emissions. Adding agricultural residue during concrete
production may help reduce resource depletion and waste collection. Cement costs are rising, making it too
expensive to use. Alternative binding materials like coconut husk ash (CHA) are being used instead. This study
examines the chemical properties and potential uses of ash from coconut husks, which are burned to produce
charcoal. This study explores the effect of CHA on concrete's setting time, workability, strength, and porosity.
Extensive research indicates that the use of Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as a partial cement substitute is
closely associated with enhanced compressive strength and workability of concrete. A study conducted by Philip,
Reshma & Ajay, V. & Reji, Amal & Athulya, S. & Santhosh, Asween. (2021), reveals that incorporating up to
15% of CHA in cement replacement yields superior compressive strength compared to the traditional method.
However, exceeding this percentage may lead to a decrease in compressive strength, making it less efficient than
conventional techniques.
The study conducted by Danjuma and Amamat (2020) investigated the use of Coconut Husk Ash (CHA)
and Palm Oil Husk Ash (POHA) as partial substitutes for cement in concrete. The ashes were obtained by burning
the husks of coconut and palm oil, respectively. Through various tests on control paste and incorporating the
ashes, the compressive strength properties of the concrete were determined. The findings showed that the use of
CHA ash at replacement levels of 15% - 25% may result in a weakened concrete, which could have a negative
impact on the overall strength of the structure. Hence, it is crucial to carefully consider the replacement levels of
CHA ash when opting for green concrete.
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 The research conducted by Ettu et al. in 2019 examined the strength properties of cement sand crete in
South Eastern Nigeria. The study investigated the use of eight agricultural by-products, including Rice Husk Ash,
Saw Dust Ash, and Coconut Husk Ash, as replacements for Ordinary Portland Cement. The experiment involved
producing 105 sandcrete cubes with varying percentages of OPC replacement with each of the eight ashes and
testing them for compressive strength at different curing ages. The results indicated that the blended cement
sandcrete showed increased strength with curing age, but decreased with an increase in percentage replacement
of OPC with pozzolans. Although the compressive strength values for the 3-21 day period were lower than the
control values for all percentage replacements of OPC with pozzolan, the 90-day strength of 5-15% replacement
of OPC with each of the eight pozzolans was higher than that of control, ranging from 10.40N/mm2 to
11.8N/mm2. This study highlights the potential of using agricultural by-products as a sustainable alternative to
traditional cement, with the added benefit of enhancing the strength properties of cement sandcrete.
The research "Stabilization Of Poor Lateritic Soils With Coconut Husk Ash" by J.R. Oluremi, S.I.
Adedokun, and O.M. Osuolale discovered that coconut husk ash contains a significant amount of K2O, SiO2,
and CaO. This study evaluated the soil's characteristics such as liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index,
maximum dry density, and optimum water content. The results demonstrated that adding 4% of coconut husk ash
can significantly improve the soil's California bearing ratio. Nevertheless, the ash can increase the plastic limit
while decreasing the plasticity index. The research concludes that coconut husk ash is an effective method to
enhance lateritic soils with low CBR values, but not suitable for soils with the high liquid limit.
Research has shown that silica can be obtained from agricultural waste through a process of acid leaching
and alkaline treatment, followed by acid precipitation (Mishra and Banerjee, 1988). The usage of agricultural
waste products in this manner has proven to be both economically viable and commercially feasible.
The Synthesis of Anuar et.al, 2018, reveals that the successful extraction of SiO2 from coconut husk ash
presents a cost-effective solution to producing silica from agricultural waste products. Following chemical
treatment, the percentage of silica obtained increased significantly from 9.24% to 91.76%. Interestingly, the form
of silica obtained varied depending on the methodology used for extraction, with acid leaching resulting in
crystalline silica and alkali treatment yielding amorphous silica. Ultimately, coconut husk ash shows promise as
a highly pure alternative source of silica that can help reduce production costs.
In a study titled "Coconut Husk Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Block Production,"
Oluremi et al., 2012 explores the potential use of coconut husk ash (CHA) as a substitute for cement in the
creation of sandcrete blocks. Through the casting, curing, and crushing of 140 blocks of various compositions, it
was discovered that a maximum compressive strength of 2.10 N/mm2 was achieved with a 5% replacement of
CHA at the 28-day mark. While increasing the percentage of CHA did lead to a decrease in strength, the 5%
replacement level proved to be suitable for building construction, as it exceeded the minimum 2.0N/mm2
requirement for non load-bearing walls set forth by Nigeria National Building Code (2006).
A study conducted by Utsev and Taku in 2012 delved into the impact of using Class F fly ash (FA),
coconut husk ash (CHA), and rice husk ash (RHA) as cement substitutes in concrete. The study explored various
proportions of these materials to evaluate their effect on the workability, setting time, compressive strength, and
pullout strength of the concrete. It was found that FA, CHA, and RHA can be effectively used as cement
replacements, leading to the production of sustainable and eco-friendly products. Specifically, the combination
of 20% FA and 20% RHA yielded a 15.3% increase in compressive strength after 180 days compared to the
reference composition. While there was a slight decrease in this parameter when FA and CHA were combined,
FA and RHA mixtures consistently exhibited the highest compressive and pullout strengths across all aging times
tested.

A recent study conducted by Getes and Caingles has found that Mangima stone is primarily composed of
SiO2, while Eggshell powder contains a significant amount of CaO, making it a valuable material for cement
production. The addition of ESP as a cement additive has been shown to increase the compressive strength of
paver blocks when used in concrete. Additionally, the study found that using crushed Mangima stone as a
replacement for fine aggregate was successful. The optimal mixture for paver blocks was determined to have a
water-cement ratio of 0.57, crushed Mangima stone as the fine aggregate, and 15% ESP as the cement additive,
resulting in the highest compressive strength. These findings provide valuable insights for the construction
industry, highlighting the potential of these materials to improve the quality and durability of concrete structures.
8
 As per research conducted by Calibara (2020), crushed Mangima stone can be utilized as a refined
component in a concrete blend with a water-cement ratio of 0.57. The Mangima stone can be effectively crushed
into the required sizes by using mechanical crushers. Additionally, the inclusion of chemical admixtures in the
concrete mix can be considered depending on the intended use. The study also revealed that incorporating a
water-reducing admixture by 1.0% resulted in the highest compressive strength. Overall, the findings highlight
the potential of using crushed Mangima stone as a fine aggregate in concrete.
Cabahug et al. (2011) conducted a thorough examination of Mangima stone as a coarse aggregate to
determine its quality. The study includes tests for specific gravity, abrasion, unit weight, absorption, gradation,
and compressive strength. The results revealed that Mangima aggregates had a higher specific gravity than basalt
aggregates. Although the absorption test showed that blended Mangima aggregates were more permeable than
basalt aggregates, the unit weight of Mangima aggregates was higher. This research involved replacing half of
the conventional fine aggregates with Mangima stone fine sand, and adjusting the weight by partially replacing
cement with a ratio of 6%. To assess strength, three measurements were taken at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days.
The results showed that the combination of Mangima stone and conventional fine aggregates created a superior
composite material, making it a viable replacement for traditional fine aggregates. Therefore, Mangima stone can
be considered as a viable material for concrete and can be used as a fine aggregate due to its unique properties.
Additionally, The study's discoveries suggest that the Mangima stone has the capability to function as a feasible
replacement material for coarse aggregates in the creation of structural concrete. This conclusion is derived from
the fact that the concrete with Mangima has displayed favorable compressive strength. The experimental results
demonstrate that the aggregates possess superior strength capacity compared to the traditional basalt aggregates.
The study entitled “Performance Evaluation Of Plain Concrete Made From Phyllite Aggregates” by
Afrifa & Asamoah, 2016. Through a series of property tests, it has been discovered that the phyllite aggregates
possess a flaky and elongated shape, with a relative unit weight of 2.72. However, the mechanical properties of
the phyllite aggregates, such as water absorption, aggregate impact, crushing, Los Angeles abrasion, and 10%
fines, are all within the specifications outlined by British Standards for aggregates that are utilized in the
production of structural concrete. As for the density of phyllite concrete, it ranges between 2300-2850 kg/m3,
which results in the creation of normal weight concrete. In conclusion with the study, Phyllite concrete exhibits
comparable compressive strength development to conventional concrete, albeit at a slower pace after 28 days. Its
strength class is lower than that of conventional concrete using the same mix, but can be enhanced through a
reduction of the water cement ratio for each strength class.
Kristana Mae Gutierrez's research in 2016 suggests that employing mechanical methods to break down
Mangima stone is a practical solution to improve the separation and distribution of particles, leading to enhanced
control over particle size and grading. To incorporate Mangima stone into fine aggregates in cementitious
materials, the water-cement ratio needs to be adjusted due to its high absorption rate. Further research is needed
to explore alternative raw materials for mortar production while adhering to proper protocols to minimize errors
and inconsistencies.
2.3 Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies
The presence of pozzolan is of paramount importance in the creation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in
the amalgamation of water, calcium hydroxide/Portland Cement in concrete blends. This results in a decline of
expansion caused by the alkali-silica reaction, while simultaneously contributing to the concrete's robustness,
impermeability, and resistance to sulfate. Coconut Husk Ash (CHA), with its copious amounts of silica, is a
superb synthetic pozzolan. The inclusion of CHA in concrete blends will elevate its characteristics and guarantee
its prolonged viability.
The aforementioned research primarily employs CHA replacement levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in
concrete mixes containing Portland cement, pozzolans, and other binders. These samples are cured for varying
periods including 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The results of these studies indicate that the properties of CHA-concrete
samples increase with both higher replacement percentages and longer curing periods. However, some studies
also suggest that beyond a 15% replacement level, workability of the concrete mortar is reduced and
improvements in compressive strength are diminished. Nevertheless, certain characteristics such as permeability
continue to improve.

9
 Extensive research and analysis have conclusively demonstrated the potential of utilizing coconut husk
ash (CHA), a byproduct of agricultural waste, as an admixture in construction materials. Aligning with the
findings of multiple-reviewed studies, our research endeavors to explore the replacement percentages of CHA in
relation to ordinary Portland cement - specifically 5%, 10%, and 15% - in various construction materials.
Additionally, the promising results of previous research on Mangima Stones as a partial replacement for fine
aggregates up to 50% have been taken into account. We will implement these replacement percentages in our
study, substituting CHA for OPC and MS for sand in the production of concrete hollow blocks (CHB).
Furthermore, our materials will undergo rigorous testing in accordance with ASTM standards for masonry
materials.
Extensive research and analysis have firmly established the potential of Mangima stones (MS) as a partial
substitute for aggregates, particularly in fine aggregates. Studies have revealed that the Mangima stone could
serve as a viable substitute for coarse aggregates in the production of structural concrete. Moreover, the
combination of Mangima stone and conventional fine aggregates has resulted in a superior composite material,
making it an ideal substitute for traditional fine aggregates. Therefore, the unique properties of Mangima stone
make it a feasible material for concrete and a suitable substitute for fine aggregates. Additionally, the use of
mechanical methods to break down Mangima stone can improve particle size and grading, leading to better
control over separation and distribution. However, the high absorption rate of Mangima stone requires adjustment
of the water-cement ratio when incorporating it into cementitious materials. As per the study conducted by
Calibara (2020), Mangima stones can be utilized as fine aggregates in a concrete mix with a water-cement ratio
of 0.57.

10
 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This paper will employ an experimental approach to gather data, with CHA undergoing Silicon Oxide
Test to determine its silica content, and MS undergoing physical testing. This rigorous testing process will provide
valuable insights into the potential of this innovative building material.

3.1 General Procedure

The diagram depicted in Fig. 1 outlines the systematic approach to effectively achieve the study's
objectives. Initially, the materials, including coconut husk, Mangima stone, aggregates, and OPC, will be
carefully prepared through washing, drying, burning, and crushing. Subsequently, laboratory testing will be
conducted to determine the physical and chemical properties of the materials, which include sieve analysis,
specific gravity, unit weight, absorption, loss on ignition, and Silicon Oxide test. The ACI standard will be
adopted in the design mix computation, and the slump test will be performed to assess the workability of the
mixture. The concrete hollow blocks will undergo three different curing periods (7, 14, and 28 days) before
subjecting them to compressive strength testing. Ultimately, the outcomes of this comprehensive procedure will
enable the attainment of the study's goals.

11
12
 Figure 1. Flow of the Study.

3.2 Material Gathering Procedure

3.2.1 Coconut Husk

The researchers aim to procure brown, fibrous coconut husks as they are commonly abundant and easily
acquirable in the area where they are cultivated. The preferred site for the procurement of coconut husks is Zone
2 of Canito-an, a district located within Cagayan de Oro city in the Misamis Oriental province.

3.2.2 Mangima Stones

The mangima stone used will be acquired at the province of Bukidnon, specifically at Libona, Bukidnon,
Misamis Oriental, since Bukinon province is an abundant source of the mangima stone. Given the abundant
availability of natural rocks in the region, it is imperative to explore alternative applications that can yield
sustainable economic benefits over a prolonged period .Researchers aim to collect mangima cutting waste and
subsequently subject it to manual pulverization in order to obtain finely-powdered particles that can be utilized
as partial substitutes.

3.2.3 Conventional Aggregates

The researchers will use conventional fine aggregates and crushed mangima stone as fine aggregates
which must pass through sieve no. 4 (4.75mm) and be retained at sieve no. 200 (0.075mm). The conventional
aggregates will be obtained from Tagoloan and the crushed mangima stone will be obtained after crushing the
mangima stone manually or using stone crushed.

For coarse aggregates, the researchers will use conventional coarse aggregates which will be obtained
from a contacted seller in Tagoloan. It's important to note that the choker utilized in the research must pass
through the 3/8" sieve.

3.2.4 Portland Cement

The Portland Cement that will be used is Type I ordinary Portland cement that conforms to the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C150 (2019) criteria. It will be acquired from BL Canitoan Gen.
Merchandise located at Brgy. Canitoan , Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental.

3.3 Preparation Of Materials

3.3.1 Drying of Materials (Coconut Husk & Mangima Stones)

In order to produce the finest results, it is essential that the coconut husks are meticulously dried and the
Mangima Stones are expertly crushed. First, the husks are washed to eliminate any contaminants and then spread
out on a pristine, level surface to be dried under the direct rays of the sun. This process takes up to two weeks to
ensure that the husks are completely dry and will burn completely. Similarly, the Mangima Stones are
meticulously cleaned and dried before being either manually crushed or processed with a stone crusher.

The Mangima stone will be crushed using a stone crusher at the Laboratory in University of Science and
Technology of the Southern Philippines.

3.3.2 Burning of the Coconut Husk

According to the research conducted by Ikeagwuani, C.C., Nwoji, C.U., Okonkwo, C. in 2015, the
coconut husk will be elegantly and effectively transformed into ash through an open or unrestrained combustion
process, utilizing a sufficiently large metal container for containment. The burning process will take
approximately 3 hours, with the container being covered to prevent the ash from escaping, and then cooled for
about 12 hours. The resulting coconut husk ash will be meticulously sifted through a sieve with a diameter of
13
75µm (0.075mm). Finally, the ash will undergo thorough testing to determine its physical and chemical
properties.
The researchers are aware of the possible negative effects of burning materials that may release pollutants
into the air, so they will follow guidelines and regulations to ensure proper safety measures are taken.
Furthermore, they have dutifully obtained permission for the burning process to be conducted in the designated
location.

3.3.2 Crushing of Mangima Stones

Following the thorough cleaning and drying of the Mangima stones, they will be processed through a
meticulous crushing process. This can be achieved either through the use of a mechanical crusher located at
Diversion Road Bulua or through manual crushing techniques. The resulting crushed Mangima Stone will then
undergo a thorough washing process before being sun-dried on a clean, level surface. Only once the fine
aggregates have been deemed suitable for use will they be tested for their physical strength.
3.4 Laboratory Testing
3.4.1 Physical tests (CHA & MS)
➢ Sieve Analysis
We will use the standard Sieve Analysis Test Method from the American Society for Testing and
Materials C136/C136M (2014) to test both fine and coarse aggregates. Fine aggregates must pass through
sieve no. 4 (4.75mm) and be retained at sieve no. 200 (0.075mm). CHA sieve must pass through sieve no.
200 with a diameter of 75µm (0.075mm) with ease.
➢ Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
This method concerns the Relative Density and Absorption of Fine Aggregates, as described by
ASTM C128. The aim of this standard test is to determine the bulk and apparent specific gravities of fine
aggregate, which are used to assess the quality of the aggregate.
➢ Bulk Density (Unit Weight)
Bulk density or unit weight is determined by measuring the weight per unit volume of a substance.
Voids within an aggregate mass refer to the empty spaces between particles. This measurement is done in
accordance with ASTM C 29/C29M-17a standard specification. Knowledge of these factors helps in
evaluating the quality and efficiency of aggregate materials used in engineering and construction projects.
➢ Moisture Content Determination
This test measures the amount of moisture present in the material. It is typically performed by
drying a known weight of the material in an oven and then calculating the percentage of moisture loss.
The level of moisture content is of utmost importance, as it can significantly affect the stability, durability,
and handling of the material.
3.3.2 Chemical Tests (CHA)
➢ Loss on Ignition
The loss on ignition test is used to analyze minerals and is done according to ASTM C 114 and
AASHTO T 105. This test involves heating a sample at a specific temperature to allow volatile substances
to escape until the mass remains constant.
➢ Silicon Dioxide Test

The silicon dioxide test methods cover the chemical analyses in obtaining the silica content of our
CHA sample. Within specifications, standard reagents are used for test methods. The material obtained

14
 by this method has a high degree of purity and homogeneity, in addition to requiring processing
temperatures to obtain reactive silica content from coconut husk ash.

3.3.3 Workability Test

➢ Slump Test
In order to guarantee the uniformity of the concrete blend, it is crucial to conduct a slump test in
accordance with the ASTM C 143 guidelines. This evaluation also involves verifying the compliance of
any incorporated substances. It is of utmost importance that the slump test measurement does not exceed
10cm.
3.3.4 Compressive Strength (CHB in 7, 14, and 28 days)
➢ Compressive Strength Testing
Compressive strength is a measure of a material's ability to withstand compressive forces without
deformation or failure. It is determined by subjecting the material to a compressive load until it fractures.
This test provides valuable information about the material's structural integrity and load-bearing capacity.
3.4 Proportioning of Sample
The CHB's dimensions consist of a 4-inch width, 8-inch height, and 16-inch length. To guarantee optimal
quality, the researcher will employ Type I ordinary Portland cement that conforms to the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) C150 (2019) criteria. The study will adopt an initial water-cement ratio of 0.57,
as prescribed by the ACI 211.1 standards.

Mix Portland Cha Water Sand 3/8” Choker

(1:4:2) Cement (Kg) (l) (Kg)
(Kg)
Conventional Mangima
(Kg) (Kg)

Control 18.4 0 10.488 72.8 0 36.8

Control Mix 18.4 0 10.488 36.4 36.4 36.8

Design Mix-A 17.48 0.92 10.488 36.4 36.4 36.8

Design Mix-B 16.56 1.84 10.488 36.4 36.4 36.8

Design Mix-C 15.64 2.76 10.488 36.4 36.4 36.8

Table 1. Design Mixture of the study
Water Cement Ratio=Weight of Water/Weight of Cement
For pozzolanic materials:
Water Cement Ratio=Weight of Water/Weight of Cement +Weight of Pozzolan
3.5 Molding

15
 The sample will be crafted in accordance with the standardized dimensions shown in the figure and will
be executed with utmost finesse at Zone-2 Canitoan, located in the city of Cagayan de Oro. Figure 2 shows that
the CHB has a width of 4 inches, a height of 8 inches, and a length of 16 inches. The thickness of its web and
face shell are both 1.25 inches.
Fig 2. Dimensions of concrete hollow blocks.
3.6 Curing
The aim of the curing process is to protect the concrete hollow block against moisture depletion and
bolster its durability by preventing cracks. Adequate shading from sunlight is crucial for effective curing.

Following the removal of the CHB sample from the mold, the curing process will commence for a duration of 7,
14, or 28 days.. After 24 hours of air drying, the CHB samples will be submerged in water.
3.7 Data Analysis
The data collected will undergo a thorough and methodical analysis. For this study, we will be utilizing
the One Way ANOVA: Single Factor data analysis in both Microsoft Excel and Google Spreadsheets to ensure
the utmost accuracy and reliability of our findings. Through this analysis, we will obtain valuable insights such
as the average, variance, F-Value, F-Critical Value, and P-Value, all of which will provide a definitive answer to
the researcher's problem.
3.8 Chronological Schedule of the Study (Gantt Chart)

Task June July August Septemb October November

er September
Septemb Septemb Septemb Septemb
er er er er

Material
Preparation

Physical
Testing of
materials

Chemical
Testing for
CHA

Proportioning
of Concrete
Mixture

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 (Workability
Test)

Production of
CHB

Curing

Laboratory
Testing of
CHB

Data
Interpretation

Table 2 shows the chronological order of events in the study.

3.9 Budget Matrix

The researchers will gather the necessary materials and perform various laboratory tests, which will come
at an additional cost. The list of materials and tests to be conducted has already been determined.

LABORATORY Qty. Unit Price TOTAL

TESTS/MATERIALS
MATERIALS

Type I Portland Cement (40 kg) 1 bag

Coconut Husk 200 kg - -

Mangima Stone as Fine Aggregates 80 kg - -

Conventional Sand 8 bag 40 ₱ 320.00

Conventional Gravel (Choker ⅜”) 6.5 bag 42 ₱ 305.5

Concrete Hollow Block Molder 3 piece - -

Metal Container for Burning 1 piece 1,200 ₱ 1,200.00

Plastic Container for Curing 1 piece 300 ₱ 300.00

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 LABORATORY TESTING

Coconut Husk Ash

Sieve Analysis 1 sample 180 ₱ 180.00

Specific Gravity and Absorption Test 1 sample 150 ₱ 150.00

Unit Weight Test 1 sample 250 ₱ 250.00

Loss On Ignition 1 sample 150 ₱ 150.00

Silicon Oxide Test 1 sample 240 ₱ 240.00

Mangima Stones

Sieve Analysis 1 sample 250 ₱ 250.00

Specific Gravity and Absorption Test 1 sample 280 ₱ 280.00

Moisture Content 1 sample 150 ₱ 150.00

Unit Weight Test 1 sample 250 ₱ 250.00

Conventional Fine Aggregates

Specific Gravity and Absorption Test 1 sample 280 ₱ 280.00

Sieve Analysis 1 sample 250 ₱ 250.00

Conventional Coarse Aggregates

Specific Gravity and Absorption Test 1 sample 280 ₱ 280.00

Sieve Analysis 1 sample 250 ₱ 250.00

Concrete Hollow Blocks

Compressive Test 45 sample 120 ₱ 5,400.00

Subtotal ₱ 10,452.2

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 MISCELLANEOUS FEE

Conference Fees ₱ 3,600

Transportation Fees - - - -

Printing and Binding - - - ₱ 2,000

OVERALL TOTAL ₱ 16,052.5

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