COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Lecture # 9
28th Feb 2007

Instructor
WASEEM KHAN

Centre for Advanced Studies in Engineering

Superheterodyne Receiver
A superheterodyne receiver converts the received RF signal to an
intermediate frequency (IF) first.

fIF = fRF -fLO

Tunable

In the second stage, after necessary filtering, IF signal is demodulated to get

the baseband signal.
It is used for demodulating amplitude as well as angle modulated signals.
Practically all radio and TV receivers are of superheterodyne type.
Tunable oscillator is used to tune a particular channel; as fLO varies, received
fRF changes accordingly (fIF remains constant).

Problem
A message signal is given by
m(t) = 2cos(10 t) + 5cos(5 t)
The message signal modulates a carrier signal given by
c(t) = cos(500 t)
Sketch the Fourier transform of the message signal and
the modulated signal.

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Digital Communications
Most of the modern communication systems are
employing digital techniques.
If the original information is not digital, it is digitized
before transmission.
The information is represented by a sequence of ones
and zeros.
Sequence of bits is converted to signal that can
propagate through channel.
The receiver extracts the same sequence of bits from the
received signal and converts back to analog (if the
information was originally analog).

Digital Communications
What is digital?
The information is digital, not the transmitted signal

Why digital?
- Easy to regenerate the distorted signal
- Regenerative repeaters along the transmission path can detect a
digital signal and retransmit a new, clean (noise free) signal
- These repeaters prevent accumulation of noise along the path
- This is not possible with analog communication systems

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Digital Communications
Why Digital?
Good processing techniques are available for digital
signals, such as
- Data compression (or source coding)
- Error Correction (or channel coding)
- Equalization

Easy to mix signals and data using digital techniques

- Voice, video, text, etc. can be combined

Flexible and low-cost hardware

Encryption techniques are easier to implement

Modulation in Digital Systems

Modulation is a process by which one or more characteristic
properties of a sinusoidal waveform are varied according to
the message signal.
The variable characteristics of a sinusoidal waveform are
Amplitude
Phase
Frequency
These characteristics when changed, declare three major
categories of modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Modulation in Digital Systems

Generally speaking modulation is the process of shifting of
baseband signal to a high frequency band. This is bandpass
modulation.
Digital baseband modulation is the process of converting the
bit-stream into a sequence of baseband symbols or baseband
signal.
M-ary signal may assume one of M possible symbols
representing log2(M) bits.
A binary signal can represent a single bit while an 8-ary signal
represents 3 bits.
Once the information is converted into a bit-stream, groups of
bits are mapped onto available symbol-set.

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Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK)
Modulation Process
In Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK), the amplitude of the
carrier is switched between two
(or more) levels according to
the digital data
For BASK (also called ON-OFF
Keying (OOK)), one and zero
are represented by two
amplitude levels A1 and A0

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