REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS

A Project Report On
REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS

Presented By

PATHAK KHANJAN M. (206200319001)

THAKAR JENIL K. (206200319038)
JADAV BHAVYA R. (206200319007)
SIDPARA DEEP A. (206200319029)

SUBJECT: - 3361910 PROJECT–2

6th semester, Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

2022-2023

Under The Guidance of:-

MR. VIPUL T. SHEKHADA

Co-Guide:

MR. HARDIK VORA

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 1

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Department of Mechanical Engineering

S.R. Name Enrollment Number

No.
1 PATHAK KHANJAN M. 206200319001

2 THAKAR JENIL K. 206200319038

3 SIDPARA DEEP A. 206200319029

4 JADAV BHAVYA R. 206200319007

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, RAJKOT

REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS

Guided By:

MR. VIPUL SHEKHADA

Lecturer in Mech. Engg

Co-Guided By:

MR. HARDIK VORA

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 2

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

CIRTIFICATE

This is to certify that the entitled Project “ REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS ”,

Submitted by
PATHAK KHANJAN M. (206200319001),THAKAR JENIL K. (206200319038),JADAV
BHAVYA R. (206200319007),SIDPARA DEEP A. (206200319029)
in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Diploma Engineering in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING to the Gujarat Technological University .

Guided by :

H.O.D.

MR. VIPUL SHEKHADA Mechanical Engineering

Department

Government Polytechnic Rajkot

CO-Guided by:

Mr. HARDIK VORA

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 3

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

ABSTRACT

 The Reynolds Experiment, conducted by Osborne Reynolds in the 19th century, aimed to
investigate the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow in fluid dynamics. Reynolds
conducted the experiment using a pipe to study the effects of fluid properties and flow
conditions on the flow behavior. The key objective was to observe and understand the
factors leading to the onset of turbulence.
 In the experiment, Reynolds observed that at low flow velocities and viscosities, the flow
remained smooth and orderly, known as laminar flow. As the flow velocity and/or
viscosity increased, a critical point was reached where the flow became unstable and
transitioned into turbulent flow. Turbulent flow was characterized by chaotic and
irregular motion, with eddies and swirls forming within the fluid.
 To quantify this transition, Reynolds introduced the dimensionless Reynolds number,
which compared the inertial forces to the viscous forces in the fluid. The Reynolds
number played a crucial role in determining the flow regime, with lower values indicating
laminar flow and higher values indicating turbulent flow.
 Reynolds' experiment provided valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow and the
transition from laminar to turbulent flow. It established the concept of the Reynolds
number as a fundamental parameter in fluid dynamics, enabling engineers and scientists
to predict and analyze flow patterns in various systems. The experiment's findings have
had a significant impact on engineering applications, such as designing efficient pipes,
optimizing heat transfer, and understanding aerodynamics.

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 4

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

PREFACE

Mechanical Engineering Department Project work is subjected to application of knowledge of

various subjected of diploma course & through knowledge of different subjected of mechanical
engineering an essential & execution of project work.

The project report has been prepared keeping the above view in mind. It is raised that error might
have kept in spite of the care taken on all most as expected. We will feel grateful to the reader if
they could bring to our attention to the error if noticed by them.

We are the final year students of mechanical engineering department of Government polytechnic
Institute, bhuj. We have decided to select “REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS” in our
final year project. We have selected this project because each and every member of our group
wants to do some excellent work for our collage.

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 5

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

ACKNOWELEDGEMENT

For the student of final year diploma, the project work envisages tremendous weight age in the
marking of a confident engineer, where he has to give due considerations to:
REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENNT APPRATUS
Though the work was of great magnitude, it was great pleasure working as a team, in achieving
the above; I would like to express my sincere thanks to:
MR.VIPUL SHEKHADA
He guided and helped us throughout the entire project. His job was like a guardian who takes
care of the child by giving appropriate counseling and caters the needs of the child by giving the
maximum knowledge of both theory and practical.

In the end I would like to thank all the team members who showed great co-ordination and
interest.

PATHAK KHANJAN M. (206200319001)

THAKAR JENIL K. (206200319038)
JADAV BHAVYA R. (206200319007)
SIDPARA DEEP A. (206200319029)

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 6

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

 List of tables:

Sr no. Name of table Table no. Pg no.

1. Make or buy decision 2.1 15

2. Part list 2.2 20

3. List quantity and 3.1 23

specification of
consumables

4. List of required tools and 3.2 24

measuring instruments

5. Specifications of 3.3 25
measuring instruments

6. Costing of parts 4.1 26

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 7

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

 List of Figures

SR no. Name of figure Number of Page no.

figure
1. Types of flow 1.1 11

2. Turbulant flow 1.2 12

3. Transition flow 1.3 13

4. Laminar flow 1.4 14

5. Transparent pipe 2.1 16

6. Water storage tank 2.2 17

7. Ball valve 2.3 18

8. IV kit 2.4 18

9. Assembly of 3.1 22
Reynold’s appratus

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 8

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

 As we are aware that for determining the type of flow we

use to calculate the Reynolds number and on the basis of
Reynolds number we use to decide the flow type. So let us
see here the basics behind the determination of type of flow
based on the Reynolds number.

 Reynolds had explained this concept with one experiment,

which is explained here, in 1883. Reynolds had concluded
that transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow in a pipe
depends not only on the velocity but also it depends on the
diameter of the pipe and viscosity of the fluid flowing
through the pipe.

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 9

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
1.2 Problems and solution during project work

PROBLEM: There was the problem of making the needle in the center of the
liquid flowing pipe for making the flow straight to the path to the end of the valve.

SOLUTION: For making the needle at the center of the pipe we use soldering to
the mess that used to save water from waste particles. And then make the needle at
the center of the pipe.

1.3 Working of project

The Reynolds experiment is a classic experiment in fluid dynamics that was

conducted by Osborne Reynolds in 1883. The experiment investigated the
63transition between laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe. Reynolds used a glass
tube, which had a diameter of 3/4 inch and was 4 feet long. The tube was
transparent so that the flow inside could be observed. The flow can be observed
with the help of the ink that is flown in through the needle in the middle of the
water flowing pipe. Then the flows can be controlled with the help of the valve that
can be fitted at the end of the pipe.

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 10

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
 Reynold’s number:

Reynolds number (NRe) is defined as the ratio of the Inertia force to

viscous force. It is a dimensionless number which gives the information
about the types of flow such as Laminar flow, transitional flow and
turbulent flow. Depending upon the Reynolds’s number value.

 Reynolds Number (NRe) = Inertia force/ Viscous force.

NRe = ⍴L2V2/μVL = ⍴LV/μ

For pipe flow, L is taken as the diameter of the pipe and Reynolds
number for pipe flow is NRe = ⍴dV/μ.

FIGURE 1.1 : Types of flow

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 11

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

FIGURE 1.2: Turbulant flow

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 12

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

FIGURE 1.3: Transition flow

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 13

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

FIGURE 1.4: Laminar flow

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 14

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

CHAPTER-2
Details of REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT

2.1 MAKE OR BUY DECISION & COST CALCULATION

TABLE 2.1 Make and Buy Decisions

SR BUY MAKE NOS. Avg

NO. COST
(Rs)
1 Transparent 01 300
pipe

2 Pipe 01 300
holding
stand

3 Water storing 01 1000

tank

4 valve 02 160

5 IV kit 01 100

TOTAL 1860

2.2 Standard specification and drawing of buy part

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 15

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

1. Transparent pipe :

Diameter= 20 mm

Length= 1350 mm

Material plastic

FIGURE: 2.1 Transparent Pipe

2. Water storing tank:

c/s= 500*500 mm

length= 1000 mm

material= stainless steel

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 16

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

FIGURE: 2.2: Water Storage Tank

3. Valve:

Diameter= 20.5 mm

Ball valve

Material= PVC

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 17

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

FIGURE: 2.3: Ball Valve

4. IV kit:

FIGURE: 2.4: IV kit

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 18

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Component Details:-

 Transparent pipe: This pipe is made of plastic. Which allow us to see the flow of water
and die .

 Needle: The needle is placed between the transparent pipe .It is used to straighten the
flow through out the pipe.

 Pipe holding stand: This stands hold the the setup of the transparent pipe.

 Water storing tank: Tank is used to store the water which is to be flowed through
transparent pipe. And also provide the enough head to flowing pipe.

 Valve : to regulate and stop the water flow

 M-seal: to join pipes and seal the tank .

 Iv kit : it used to release the ink into pipe through neddle

 M-seal: It is used to eliminate leakage between joint of pipes and also to make the
structure leakage proof .

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 19

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

 Component and specification

TABLE 2.2 Part list

SR. NO. PART NAME

1 Metal Stand for storage tank (176X51)
stand square at 60-65cm

2 Metal tank (100X50)

3 PVC Pipe (150-160cm)

4 Coupling(0.75 inch)

5 Ball Valve (PVC)

6 Ink Tank

7 Iv kit

8 Metal Net

9 Die

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 20

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
2.5 FLOW PROCESS CHART
Flow process chart of main components (2-3) components

Sr. Description
No.
1 Purchasing of Pipe, Valve,
Tank, IVY kit
2 Transport To workshop
3 Cutting of pipes & drilling
of hole in tank
4 Welding of frame
5 Assembly of pipe and
stand with tank
6 Inspection
7 Fitting of IVE kit
8 Final inspection
9 Storage

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 21

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

2.6 ASSEMBLY DRAWING of project

Assembly drawing with dimensions:

Figure 3.1: Assembly of Reynold’s appratus

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 22

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

3. Process planning and Manufacturing

TABLE 3.1 List, quantities and specifications of consumables.

SR no. Name of Quantity Price

consumable

1. Welding electrode 02 40

2. M-seal 05 100

3. Feviquick 04 20

4. Neel 02 80

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 23

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
Table 3.2 List of required tools and measuring instruments.

SR no. Tools Machines Measuring

instruments

1. Metal Sheet Scissor Hammer drill Vernier caliper

2. Hammer Arc welding

3. Smooth File

4. Punch

5. Marker

6. Wiser

7. Drill Tool

8. Spanner

9. Emery paper

10. Soldering

11. Measure Tape

12. Paint Brush

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 24

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
Table 3.3 Specification of Machine / Equipment use

Sr. Machine Specifications

No. Name

1 Current -200amps

Arc Welding Frequency - 50 Hz

Supply – 230-440v

Phase – 1/2ph

2 Spindle Speed -440-4700rpm

Drilling machine Hole Dia Range – 2-24mm

Max. Thickness Of Plate – 10cm

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 25

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

CHAPTER- 4 COST CALCULATION OF PROJECT

Table 4.1 costing of Parts

SR. NO. PART NAME COST

1 Metal Stand for storage tank (176X51) 1800
stand square at 60-65cm

2 Metal tank (100X50) 1000

3 PVC Pipe (150 cm) 300

4 Coupling(0.75 inch) 100

5 Ball Valve (PVC) 80

6 Ink Tank 50

7 Iv kit 100

8 Metal Net 50

9 Ink 80

10 Feviquick 30

11 M-seal 100

TOTAL Rs 3690

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 26

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.2 CONCLUSION


The Reynolds Experiment, conducted by Osborne Reynolds in the 19th century, was a
significant contribution to the understanding of fluid flow and the concept of turbulence.
While I don't have specific details about a particular Reynolds experiment in mind, I can
provide a general conclusion based on Reynolds' work.

 Reynolds' experiment involved the study of fluid flow through a pipe, specifically
examining the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow. Laminar flow refers to a
smooth and orderly flow of a fluid, where individual layers of the fluid move parallel to
each other. Turbulent flow, on the other hand, is characterized by chaotic and irregular
motion of the fluid, with eddies and swirls.

 Reynolds observed that whether the flow is laminar or turbulent depends on the
properties of the fluid, such as viscosity, density, and velocity, as well as the size and
shape of the pipe. He introduced a dimensionless number, now known as the Reynolds
number (Re), which is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluid. The
Reynolds number helps determine the type of flow in a given situation.

5.3 : FUTURE SCOPE

Here are some potential future scopes and applications related to the Reynolds experiment:

1. Fluid Dynamics Research:

2. Engineering and Industrial Applications:

3. Renewable Energy Technologies:

4. Aerospace and Aviation:

5. Biomedical Engineering:

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 27

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

6 REFERENCE

1] Reference of Book:-

 DR P.R Rethaliya, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, Atul Prakashan,2019-20

Edission,Pg 123-124

2] Reference of Wikipedia: -

 URL: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number
 URL: - https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110241

3] Reference of Paper: -

 Bird, R. Byron; Stewart, Warren E.; Lightfoot, Edwin N. (2006).

Transport Phenomena. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-11539-8.
 Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN
9780674031166.
 Dwivedi, P. N. (1977). "Particle-fluid mass transfer in fixed and
fluidized beds". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design
and Development. 16 (2): 157–165. Doi: 10.1021/i260062a001.

4] Reference of research papers

i) HYDRONAMIC STABILITY BY ARNOLD SOMMERFELD-
Blasius, H. 1912. Das Aehnlichkeitsgesetz bei Reibungsvorg/ingen. VDI-
Z. 56: 639- 43 Blasius, H. 1913. Das Aehnlichkeitsgesetz bei
Reibungsvorgiingen in Fliissigkeiten. VDI Mitt. Forschumdsarb. No.
131.39 pp. Drazin, P. G., Reid, W.
H. 1981. Hydrodynamic Stability. Cambridge: Univ. Press Ekman, V. W.
1910. On the change from steady to turbulent motion of liquids. Ark.
Mat. Astron, Fys. 6(12): 1-16 Flamant, A. 1900. Hydraulique. Paris:
Brranger. 2rid Ed.

ii) Kinetics of Gaseous

Derek Jackson and Brian Launder School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil
Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, United

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 28

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
Kingdom; email: jdjackson@manchester.ac.uk,pg23-24
LOG BOOK

Sr. No. Work performed Date Sign Remakes

1 Preparation of purchasing list 18/02/2023

Purchasing of equipments ,
2 04/03/2023
tools and materials

3 Measuring and cutting of pipes 18/03/2023

Drilling tank and assembly of

4 01/04/2023
stand and pipes
5 Welding of frame 15/04/2023

Painting of frame
6 29/04/2023
and tank

7 Soldering of net 01/05/2023

8 Fitting of IV kit 02/05/2023

9 Final testing and measurement 06/05/2023

10 Reading and calculation 20/05/2023

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 29

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

 Photo gallery:

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 30

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 31

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 32

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 33

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 34

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 35

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 36

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 37

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`

 Observation table :

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 38

 REYNOLD’S EXPERIMENT APPRATUS
`
Sr. Discharge velocity reynold Type of
no flow
(m3/sec) number
1. 108*10^-5 0.03789 721.80 Laminar

2. 121*10^-5 0.0424 807.72 Laminar

3. 115*10^-5 0.04035 767.71 Laminar

4. 361*10^-5 0.1902 3673.81 Transition

5. 476*10^-5 0.1673 3188.88 Transition

6. 414*10^-5 0.1453 2769.83 Transition

7. 674*10^-5 0.2367 4509.27 Turbulent

8. 722*10^-5 0.2536 4831.46 Turbulent

9. 634*10^-5 0.2225 4238.67 Turbulent

Mechanical Department, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot. Page 39