Module 1.

2: Work and Heat

1.A gas compressed from initial volume 0.42m3 to 0.12m3according to law P=a+bV, a=600kPa and b=-1200kPa/m3. Calculate work by
plotting the process on P-V diagram and by formula.

𝑃1 = 600 + (−1200)𝑋0.42 = 96𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃2 = 600 + (−1200)𝑋0.12 = 456𝑘𝑃𝑎

1
𝑊 = 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑃1 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
2
1
𝑊 = 𝑋(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )𝑋(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) + 𝑃1 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
2
1
𝑊 = 𝑋(0.42 − 0.12)𝑋(456 − 96) + 𝑃1 (0.42 − 0.12) = 82.3𝑘𝐽
2

By formula:

2
(𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 )
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑉 = 𝑎(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑏
1 2

(0.422 − 0.122 )
𝑊 = 600(0.42 − 0.12) + (−1200) = −82.3𝑘𝑃𝑎(𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚)
2

2. Consider the expansion of air inside a cylinder as shown in figure. The initial volume is 0.0025m 3, pressure is 10 MPa, If air under
goes a quasistatic process according to PV1.4=C. Final volume is 0.2m3. Find work done by air, amount of work done against the
spring, assume atmospheric pressure as 101.325kPa.

𝑃1 𝑉11.4 = 𝑃2 𝑉21.4

𝑉1 1.4 0.025 1.4

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 ( ) = 10 ( ) = 0.544𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉2 0.2

𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2 10𝑋103 𝑋0.025 − 0.544𝑋103 𝑋0.2

𝑊= = = 353𝑘𝐽
𝑛−1 1.4 − 1

𝑊12 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 101.325(0.2 − 0.025) = 17.73𝑘𝐽

𝑊𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 353 − 17.73 = 335.27𝑘𝐽

3.A gas is compressed from 0.3m3 to 0.1m3 the process follows P=aV-2, where a=8kPa/m-2, find work done.

2
1 1 1 1
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑎𝑉 −2 = − 𝑎 [ − ] = −8 [ − ] = 53.33𝑘𝐽
1 𝑉2 𝑉1 0.1 0.3

4. Consider a piston cylinder as shown in figure. Piston has a mass mp, atmospheric pressure is Patm, spring constant is K, single point
force is F. Piston is restricted in its motion by upper and lower stops. Gas pressure is P. obtain an expression for P as function of V
and moving boundary work.
Let X = distance moved by spring

By force balance

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑚𝑝 𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 + 𝐹 + 𝐾𝑋

𝑚𝑝 𝑔 𝐹 𝐾𝑋
𝑃= + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + + , 𝑎𝑠 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑉
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑚𝑝 𝑔 𝐹 𝐾𝑋𝐴
𝑃= + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + + 2
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑚𝑝 𝑔 𝐹 𝐾
This is of form 𝑃 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑉, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴2

2
(𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 )
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑉 = 𝑎(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑏
1 2

5. Hydrogen contained in piston cylinder device at 1.01325bar, 0.425 m 3 at this state a linear spring with spring constant 219kN/m is
touching piston but exerts no force on it. The cross sectional area of piston is 0.279m3, the hydrogen gas is heated to expand till
volume is doubled. Find i)final pressure ii)total work done by hydrogen iii) fraction of work done against spring.

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 + 𝐾𝑋

𝐾𝑋
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 +
𝐴
𝐾𝑉
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 +
𝐴2

𝐾(𝑋2 − 𝑋1 )
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 +
𝐴

(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) 2𝑉1 − 𝑉1 0.425

𝑋2 − 𝑋1 = = = = 1.523𝑚
𝐴 0.279 0.279

219𝑋1.523
𝑃2 = 101.325 + = 1297𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0.279
2 2
𝐾𝑉 𝐾(𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 )
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ (𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ) 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) +
1 1 𝐴2 2𝐴2

219(0.852 − 0.4252 )
𝑊 = 101.325(0.85 − 0.425) + = 255.73𝑘𝐽
2𝑋0.2792

𝐾(𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 ) 219(0.852 − 0.4252 )

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = = = 212.67𝑘𝐽
2𝐴2 2𝑋0.2792
6. Consider a two part process with expansion from 0.1m3 to 0.2m3 at a constant pressure of 150kPa followed by an expansion from
0.2m3 to 0.4m3 with linearly increasing pressure from 150kPa to 300kPa. Sketch the process on P-V diagram and find the total work
done.

𝑊 = 𝑊12 + 𝑊23 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)

1
𝑊 = 𝑃1 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑃1 (𝑉3 − 𝑉2 )
2
1
𝑊 = 𝑃1 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑃1 (𝑉3 − 𝑉2 )
2
1
𝑊 = 𝑃1 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑋(𝑉3 − 𝑉2 )𝑋(𝑃3 − 𝑃2 ) + 𝑃1 (𝑉3 − 𝑉2 )
2
1
𝑊 = 150(0.2 − 0.1) + 𝑋(0.4 − 0.2)𝑋(300 − 150) + 150(0.4 − 0.2) = 60𝑘𝐽
2

7.A balloon of flexible material is to be filled with air from a storage bottle until it has a volume of 0.9m3. The atmospheric pressure
is 101.325kPa. Determine the work done by the system comprising the air initially in the bottle given that the balloon is light and
require no stretching. Sketch the system before and after the process.

𝑊12 = 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒

𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 = 0 (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)

2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 101.325(0.9 − 0) = 91.1925𝑘𝐽
1

8. A spherical balloon has an initial diameter of 25cm and contains air at 1.2 bar, when heated diameter increases to 30 cm during
heating pressure is found to be proportional to diameter. Calculate work done.

𝑃∝𝑑

𝑃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑

4 4 𝑑3 1 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋 = 𝜋𝑑
3 3 8 6
1 1
𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋3𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 = 𝜋𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑
6 2
2 2
1 2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑 𝐶 𝜋𝑑 𝑑𝑑
1 1 2

2
𝑃1 1 2 𝜋𝑃1 𝑑2 4 − 𝑑1 4
𝑊=∫ 𝑑 𝜋𝑑 𝑑𝑑 = [ ]
1 𝑑1 2 2𝑑1 4

𝜋𝑥120 0.34 − 0.254

𝑊= [ ] = 0.7905𝑘𝐽
2𝑥0.25 4

10. A gs system has mass m, occupies a volume at a pressure of P and temperature of T. These properties are related by
𝑎
(𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑏) = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 . Obtain an expression for work done when gas expands from V1 to V2. Calculate work done for 10 kg gas
𝑉2
expands from 1m3 to 10m3 at 293K, assume a=15.7X104Nm4 and b=1.07X10-2m2 . Take R=0.279kJ/kgK.

𝑎
(𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑏) = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑉2
𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑎
𝑃= −
(𝑉 − 𝑏) 𝑉 2

2 2
𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑎
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑉
1 1 (𝑉 − 𝑏) 𝑉
 (𝑉2 − 𝑏) 1 1
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 +𝑎( − )
(𝑉1 − 𝑏) 𝑉2 𝑉1

(10 − 1.07𝑥10−2 ) 1 1
𝑊 = 10𝑥0.279𝑥293𝑙𝑛 −2
+ 15.7𝑥104 ( − ) = 1744.8𝑘𝐽
(1 − 1.07𝑥10 ) 10 1

11.A gas initially at 100kPa 6000cm3, final volume is 2000cm3. Determine the boundary work for the following i)𝑃 ∝ 𝑉 ii) P varies
inversely as V iii) 𝑃𝑉 2 = 𝐶

i) P=CV
2 2
𝑃1 2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝐶𝑉𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑉
1 1 𝑉1 1
𝑃1 𝑉2 2 − 𝑉1 2 100 0.0022 − 0.0062
𝑊= ( )= ( ) = −0.2667𝑘𝐽
𝑉1 2 0.006 2

1
ii) 𝑃∝
𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶 Iso thermal process
𝑉2 0.002
𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 = 100𝑥0.006 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = −0.6591𝑘𝐽
𝑉1 0.006

iii) 𝑃𝑉 2 = 𝐶

2 2
𝐶 1 1
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 2 ( − )
1 1 𝑉 𝑉1 𝑉2
1 1
𝑊 = 100𝑥0.0062 ( − ) = −1.2𝑘𝐽
0.006 0.002

12.Consider a rectangular free surface of water in piston cylinder system as shown in figure. The width of the chamber is b and
𝑉ℎ
atmospheric pressure is Po. If the force exerted by water on the piston is given by 𝐹 = [𝑃𝑜 + ] ℎ𝑏 where V is specific weight of
2
water. Obtain an expression for work done by the atmosphere on water when the chamber length is slowly increased from X 1 to X2.
Express the answer in terms of Po, b,h,X1,X2,V.

2 ℎ2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑃𝑜 𝑏 𝑋𝑑ℎ
1 ℎ1

𝑉 = ℎ𝑏𝑋 = 𝐶 = ℎ1 𝑏𝑋1

ℎ1 𝑋1
𝑋=
ℎ
ℎ2
ℎ1 𝑏𝑋1 ℎ2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑚 = ∫ 𝑃𝑜 𝑏 𝑑ℎ = 𝑃𝑜 ℎ1 𝑋1 𝑏 𝑙𝑛 ( )
ℎ1 ℎ ℎ1

𝑋2 𝑋2 𝑋2 𝑋2
𝑉ℎ 𝑉ℎ1 𝑋1 ℎ1 𝑋1
𝑊𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑋 = ∫ [𝑃𝑜 + ] ℎ𝑏𝑑𝑋 = ∫ [𝑃𝑜 + ] 𝑏𝑑𝑋
𝑋1 𝑋1 𝑋1 2 𝑋1 2𝑋 𝑋

ℎ2 𝑉ℎ1 𝑋1 1 1
𝑊𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑏ℎ1 𝑋1 [𝑙𝑛 ( )+ ( − )]
ℎ1 2 𝑋1 𝑋2

13. An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12m2and contains gas at a pressure of 1.5MPa. The gas expands according to a process
which is represented by a straight line on a P-V diagram. The final pressure is 0.15MPa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the
piston if the piston stroke is 0.3m.
 1
𝑊 = 𝑋𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
2

1
𝑊 = 𝑋(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )𝑋(𝑃1 − 𝑃2 ) + 𝑃2 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
2

V2-V1=0.12X0.3=0.36m3

1
𝑊 = 𝑋(0.036)𝑋(1500 − 150) + 150(0.036) = 29.7𝑘𝐽
2

14.A fluid in a horizontal cylinder with friction less piston is continuously agitated by means of a stirrer passing through cylinder
cover. The cylinder diameter is 0.4m. The stirring process lasts for 10 minutes. The piston slowly moves out a distance of 0.485m
against the atmospheric pressure of 101kPa. The net work done by the fluid during the process is 2kJ. The speed of motor driving
stirrer is 840 rpm. Find the torque in the shaft and power output.

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑟 + 𝑊𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

2𝜋𝑁𝑇 2𝜋𝑥840𝑥(10𝑥60𝑥𝑇)
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑟 = =
60𝑥1000 60000

𝜋𝑑 2 101𝑥𝜋𝑥0.42 𝑥0.485
𝑊𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝑃 𝑥0.485 = = 6.156𝑘𝐽
4 4

2𝜋𝑥840𝑥(10𝑥60𝑥𝑇)
2= + 6.156
60000

T=0.0787Nm
2
15. A perfect gas undergoes a process where 𝑇 ∝ 𝑉 −5 , calculate the work done by the gas in going from state 1 in which pressure is
100 bar and volume is 4 m3 to the state 2 in which volume is 2 m3. Also calculate the final pressure.

2
𝑇𝑉 5 = 𝐶

𝑃𝑉 2
𝑉5 = 𝐶
𝑚𝑅

𝑃𝑉 1.4 = 𝑚𝑅𝐶

𝑃𝑉 1.4 = 𝐾

𝑉1 1.4 4 1.4
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 ( ) = 100 ( ) = 263.9𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑉2 2

𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2 100𝑋100𝑋4 − 263.9𝑋100𝑋2
𝑊= = = −319.2𝑥100𝑘𝐽
𝑛−1 1.4 − 1

16.A fluid under goes the following process in sequence to complete a cycle. 1. Heated reversibly at constant pressure of 1.05 bar
until it has a volume of 0.02m3. 2. It is then compressed reversibly according to law PV=C to a pressure of 4.2bar. 3. It is then
allowed to expand reversibly according to law PV1.3=C 4. Finally it is heated at constant volume back to initial conditions. If the
work done during constant pressure process is 515 Nm, calculate net work done by the cycle. Sketch on PV diagram.

Process 12:

𝑊12 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )

515 = 1.05𝑥100000(0.02 − 𝑉1 )

V1=0.0151m3

Process 23

𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑃3 𝑉3
 𝑃2 1.05
𝑉3 = 𝑉2 ( ) = 0.02 ( ) = 0.005𝑚3
𝑃3 4.2

𝑉3 0.005
𝑊23 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑙𝑛 = 1.05𝑥100000𝑥0.02𝑙𝑛 = −2911𝑁𝑚
𝑉2 0.02

Process 34:

𝑉3 1.3 0.005 1.3

𝑃4 = 𝑃3 ( ) = 4.2 ( ) = 0.998 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑉4 0.0151

𝑃3 𝑉3 − 𝑃4 𝑉4 4.2𝑥100000𝑥0.005 − 0.998𝑥100000𝑥0.0151
𝑊34 = = = 1976.7𝑁𝑚
𝑛−1 1.3 − 1

W41=0

Wnet=515-2911+1976.7+0 = -419.3 Nm.

17. A system consists of a cylinder and piston machine. The external normal load applied to the piston is given by F=-7000+15000L
Newton, where L is the distance in meters from the closed end of the cylinder to the piston. How much work is done when the
piston moves from the position L=1m to L=1.5m. Sketch the PV diagram for process.

F=-2000+15000L

2 2 2
−7000 + 15000𝐿 𝐹
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = ∫ 𝑃 𝐴 𝑑𝐿 = ∫ 𝐴 𝑑𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑃 =
1 1 1 𝐴 𝐴

𝐿2 2 − 𝐿1 2
𝑊 = −7000(𝐿2 − 𝐿1 ) + 15000 ( )
2

1.25
𝑊 = −7000(0.5) + 15000 ( ) = 5875 𝐽
2

18.A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an initial pressure of 16 bars. The fluid is allowed to expand reversibly behind a piston
according to PV2=C until volume is doubled. The fluid is then cooled reversibly at constant pressure until the piston comes back to the
original position. Heat is then supplied reversibly with the piston locked in position until the pressure rises to the original value of 16
bars. Calculate the net work done for an initial volume of 0.05 m3.

2
1 1
𝑊12 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 2 ( − )
1 𝑉1 𝑉2

V2=0.05x2=0.1m3

1 1
𝑊12 = 16𝑥100𝑥0.052 ( − ) = 40𝑘𝐽
0.05 0.1

𝑊23 = 𝑃2 (𝑉3 − 𝑉2 ) = 400(0.05 − 0.1) = −20 𝑘𝐽

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊12 + 𝑊23 + 𝑊31

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 40 − 20 + 0 = 20𝑘𝐽