INDUSTRIAL

INSTRUMENTATION
ASSIGNMENT
GROUP - 7
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES USED INSIDE AND
OUTSIDE THE SUBMARINES

COMPLETED BY:-

PUNEET SINGH(2020UIC3607)

SUYASH RAJ (2020UIC3608)

KABIR BATRA (2020UIC3609)

AARAV GUPTA (2020UIC3610)

ROHIT PURTY (2020UIC3611)

INTRODUCTION
Submarine are naval vessel that is capable of propelling itself beneath the water
as well as on the water’s surface. This is a unique capability among warships, and
submarines are quite different in design and appearance from surface ships.
Pressure measurement is a critical aspect of submarine operations, both inside
and outside the vessel. Submarines operate in extreme environments, including
high-pressure conditions underwater, where accurate pressure measurement is
crucial for the safety and performance of the submarine and its crew. Among the
systems required for the operation of a submarine and completion of its mission,
some have a remarkable similarity with those used in surface ships, whereas other
systems are very uniquely designed only for the environment a submarine
operates in.

It is to be noted that a typical diesel electric submarine would have more than 150
systems in all, some of which are used to cater to the major systems on-board.
One of these systems is “Pressure measurement system”.

Inside a submarine, pressure measurement is a critical aspect to ensure the safety

and proper functioning of various systems and compartments.

Here's an overview of how pressure is measured inside a submarine:

1. Pressure Hull

2. Depth Measurement

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3. Compartment Pressure

4. Ballast Tanks

5. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

6. Life Support Systems

The pressure measurements inside a submarine are typically displayed and

monitored on pressure gauges, digital displays, or control panels. The readings are
closely monitored by the crew to ensure the submarine operates within safe
pressure limits and to detect any abnormal pressure variations that may require
attention or corrective action.

Pressure measurement on the exterior of a submarine is primarily focused on

measuring the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the surrounding water at different
depths. This is crucial for maintaining the submarine's structural integrity and
ensuring safe operations. Here's an overview of how external pressure is
measured on a submarine:

1. Depth Sensors

2. Pressure Hull

3. Sonar Systems

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4. Pressure Ports

5. Structural Monitoring

The external pressure measurements on a submarine are important for

maintaining the structural integrity of the hull, determining the submarine's
depth, and ensuring the safety of the crew. Accurate and reliable pressure
measurement systems are essential to monitor external pressure conditions and
make informed operational decisions.

MANOMETER
Manometers are devices used to measure pressure, and they can be used in various
applications in submarines. One common use of manometers in submarines is to monitor
the pressure in the ballast tanks.

Ballast tanks are used to control the buoyancy of the submarine. By adjusting the amount
of water in the ballast tanks, the submarine can be made to sink or rise in the water. In
order to maintain the desired depth, the pressure in the ballast tanks needs to be carefully
controlled.

Manometers are used to measure the pressure in the ballast tanks and ensure that it
remains within safe operating limits. The manometer consists of a U-shaped tube filled
with a liquid, such as mercury or water. One end of the tube is connected to the ballast
tank, and the other end is open to the surrounding atmosphere.

As pressure in the ballast tank increases or decreases, the liquid in the manometer tube

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will move up or down, indicating the pressure difference. The pressure readings can then
be used to adjust the amount of water in the ballast tank and maintain the desired depth.

In addition to monitoring pressure in ballast tanks, manometers can also be used to

measure pressure in other areas of the submarine, such as the engine room or control
room. By carefully monitoring pressure, submarine operators can ensure safe and efficient
operation of the vessel.

STRAIN GAUGE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

Strain gauges are sensors that work based on the concept of strain, which is the
deformation of a material in response to an applied force.

Strain-gauge transducers are used for narrow-span pressure and for differential
pressure measurements. Essentially, the strain gauge is used to measure the
displacement of an elastic diaphragm due to a difference in pressure across the
diaphragm.

Inside a submarine, strain gauges are usually attached to the hull or other
structures to measure the strain caused by pressure. As the pressure increases,
the hull or structure experiences deformation, which is detected by the strain
gauge. The gauge converts this strain into an electrical signal, which can be
measured and calibrated to determine the pressure.

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In a submarine, strain gauge pressure transducers are typically used to measure
the pressure of seawater outside the hull. This information is important for a
variety of reasons, such as determining the submarine's depth and position, as
well as providing data on the conditions outside the hull.

The strain gauge pressure transducer is typically installed on the hull of the
submarine and consists of a thin metal diaphragm that flexes in response to
changes in pressure. The diaphragm is attached to a series of strain gauges that
are designed to measure the amount of flexing that occurs.

As the diaphragm flexes, the strain gauges produce an electrical signal that is
proportional to the amount of pressure being applied. This signal is then sent to a
data acquisition system, where it is converted into a digital signal that can be
used by the submarine's control and monitoring systems.

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 Overall, strain gauge pressure
transducers are an important tool for
measuring pressure in submarines,
and they play a critical role in helping
to ensure the safety and performance
of these underwater vessels.

BOURDON TUBE GAUGES

A Bourdon tube gauge is a mechanical device used to measure pressure in various
applications. It consists of a C-shaped tube, typically made of metal, that deforms
in response to changes in pressure. Here's a more detailed description of its
working:

Working:

Pressure Application: When the pressure to be measured is applied to the inlet, it

enters the Bourdon tube and acts on the inside surface of the tube. The pressure
exerts a force that tends to straighten or curve the tube, depending on the
direction of pressure change.

Tube Deformation: As the pressure increases, the Bourdon tube tends to

straighten out. This causes the cross-section of the tube to shift, resulting in an
elongation or expansion of the tube. Conversely, when the pressure decreases, the
tube tends to curve, causing a contraction or reduction in its length.

Mechanical Linkage: The mechanical deformation of the Bourdon tube is

transferred to a mechanical linkage system. This system amplifies and converts
the linear motion of the tube into rotational motion.

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Pointer and Scale: The rotational motion is connected to a pointer that moves
along a calibrated scale. The scale is marked with units of pressure, such as psi,
bar, or kPa. The pointer indicates the pressure value corresponding to the tube's
deformation.

Pressure Indication: By observing the position of the pointer on the scale, the user
can read the measured pressure value.

The working principle of a Bourdon tube gauge is based on the elastic properties
of the tube material. The tube's deformation is directly proportional to the
pressure applied, allowing for accurate pressure measurement within the gauge's
specified range.

Bourdon tube gauges are known for their durability, accuracy, and relatively low
cost. However, they may have limitations in measuring rapidly changing or
pulsating pressures due to the response time of the mechanical system. Regular
calibration and maintenance are essential to ensure accurate readings. Bourdon
tube gauges are used in submarines for measuring pressure. They are crucial for
depth measurement, ballast tanks, air systems, hydraulic systems, engine room,
and fire suppression systems.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE GAUGE

A differential pressure gauge is a device used to measure the difference in
pressure between two points in a system. It consists of two pressure inlets
connected to the points where the pressure is to be measured. Here's a
description of its working principle and use in submarines:

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Working Principle:

1. Pressure Difference Application: The system's high-pressure inlet is connected

to the point where the higher pressure is expected, while the low-pressure inlet is
connected to the point where the lower pressure is expected. The pressure
difference between these two points is sensed by the gauge.

2. Bourdon Tube or Diaphragm Deformation: The pressure difference causes the

Bourdon tubes or diaphragms to deform. The tube or diaphragm connected to the
high-pressure side tends to straighten out, while the one connected to the
low-pressure side remains relatively unchanged or curves slightly.

3. Mechanical Linkage and Output: The mechanical deformation of the Bourdon

tubes or diaphragms is transmitted to the mechanical linkage system. This system
amplifies and converts the motion into rotational motion, which is then displayed
on a scale with a pointer. The pointer indicates the measured differential pressure
value.

Use in Submarines:

Differential pressure gauges find various applications in submarines, including:

1. Filter Monitoring: Submarines have filtration systems to maintain clean air and
water supplies. Differential pressure gauges are used to monitor the pressure
difference across the filters, indicating when they need to be cleaned or replaced.

2. Ventilation Systems: Differential pressure gauges can be utilized to measure the

pressure difference between the inside and outside of a submarine's
compartments. This helps ensure proper ventilation and prevent the ingress of
water or contaminants.

3. Leak Detection: By measuring the pressure difference across specific

compartments or systems, differential pressure gauges can detect leaks in seals,
valves, or pipes. Sudden changes in pressure differentials may indicate a leak that
needs to be investigated.

4. Hydraulic Systems: Differential pressure gauges are employed to measure the

pressure difference across hydraulic components in submarines, such as pumps,
valves, or actuators. This aids in monitoring system performance and identifying
potential issues.

Differential pressure gauges provide valuable information about pressure

differentials, which can help maintain the safety, efficiency, and reliability of
various systems within a submarine.