Journal of Advanced Research 32 (2021) 133–138

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Advanced Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jare

A new general integral transform for solving integral equations

Hossein Jafari a,b,c,d,⇑
a
Department of Mathematics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
b
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, UNISA0003, South Africa
c
Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 110122, Taiwan
d
Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Azerbaijan University, Jeyhun Hajibeyli, 71, AZ1007, Baku, Azerbaijan

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

A new general integral transform

which is covered all class of integral
transform in the class of Laplace
transform.

We investigated the application of
this new transform for solving ODE
with constant and variable
coefficient.

This new transform can handle easily
for fractional order integral equations
and fractional order differential
equations.

We have discussed the advantage and
disadvantage of other integral
transformed which is defined during
last 2 decades.

We proved the related theorems for
this new transform.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Introduction: Integral transforms are important to solve real problems. Appropriate choice of integral
Received 7 June 2020 transforms helps to convert differential equations as well as integral equations into terms of an algebraic
Revised 2 August 2020 equation that can be solved easily.
Accepted 23 August 2020
During last two decades many integral transforms in the class of Laplace transform are introduced such
Available online 28 August 2020
as Sumudu, Elzaki, Natural, Aboodh, Pourreza, Mohand, G_transform, Sawi and Kamal transforms.
Objectives: In this paper, we introduce a general integral transform in the class of Laplace transform. We
2010 MSC:
study the properties of this transform. Then we compare it with few exiting integral transforms in the
31B10
44A10
Laplace family such as Laplace, Sumudu, Elzaki and G\_transforms, Pourreza, Aboodh and etc.
26A33 Methods: A new integral transform is introduced. Then some properties of this integral transform are dis-
cussed. This integral transform is used to solve this new transform is used for solving higher order initial
Keywords: value problems, integral equations and fractional order integral equation.
Laplace transform Results: It is proved that those new transforms in the class of Laplace transform which are introduced
Fractional order integral equations during last few decades are a special case of this general transform. It is shown that there is no advantage
Integral equation
between theses transforms unless for special problems.
Ordinary differential equations

Peer review under responsibility of Cairo University.

⇑ Address: Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of South Africa, UNISA0003, South Africa.
E-mail address: jafarh@unisa.ac.za

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.08.016
2090-1232/Ó 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
H. Jafari Journal of Advanced Research 32 (2021) 133–138

Conclusion: It has shown that this new integral transform covers those exiting transforms such as
Laplace, Elzaki and Sumudu transforms for different value of p(s) and q(s). We used this new transform
for solving ODE, integral equations and fractional integral equations. Also, we can introduce new integral
transforms by using this new general integral transform.
Ó 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open access article
under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction A new integral transform

Integral transforms are precious for the simplification that they In this section, we present a general integral transform which is
bring about, most often in dealing with differential equations cover most or even all type of integral transforms in the family of
subject to specific boundary conditions. Appropriate choice of inte- Laplace transform.
gral transforms helps to convert differential equations and integral
equations into terms of an algebraic equation that can be solved Definition 1. Let f ðtÞ be a integrable function defined for
easily. The solution achieved is, of course, the transform of the t P 0; pðsÞ – 0 and qðsÞ are positive real functions, we define the
solution of the original differential equation, and it is necessary general integral transform T ðsÞ of f ðt Þ by the formula
to invert this transform to complete the operation Z 1
[13,23,30,37,38]. Tables are available for the common transforma- T ff ðtÞ; sg ¼ T ðsÞ ¼ pðsÞ f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt; ð1Þ
0
tions, those list many functions and their transforms.
During last two decades many integral transforms in the class of provided the integral exists for some qðsÞ.
Laplace transform are introduced such as Sumudu, Elzaki, Natural, Thus, we can obtain the integral transform of any general func-
Aboodh, Pourreza, Mohand, G_transform, Sawi and Kamal trans- tion. In Table 2, we provided new integral transform of some basic
forms [1,3,6,7,14,15,18–21,34,36]. In Table 1, we listed few of them functions. It must be mentioned that the new integral transform
with their definitions. (1) for those f ðt Þ are not continuously differentiable contains terms
These transforms have been used for solving different type of with negative or fractional powers of qðsÞ.
integral equations, ordinary differential equations (ODEs), partial Let for all t P 0, the function f ðt Þ is piecewise continuous and
differential equations (PDEs) and fractional differential equations satisfies jf ðtÞj 6 Mekt , then T ðsÞ exists for all qðsÞ > k. Since
(FDEs) as well as [5,8,10–12,16,23–25,27,32,33,38,40]. Also the
combination of these type transforms with other methods such R1 R1
as the Adomian decomposition and the homtopy perturbation kT ff ðtÞ; sgk ¼ jpðsÞ 0
f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dtj 6 pðsÞ 0 jf ðt ÞjeqðsÞt dt
R1 pðsÞM ð2Þ
methods has been used to solve various type of ODEs, PDEs and 6 pðsÞ 0 Mekt eqðsÞt dt 6 kq ðsÞ
;
FDEs [2,4,17,22,28,31,39,35].
In this work, a new integral transform is introduced and is used
the statement is valid.
to obtain analytical solution of higher order ODES with constant
and variable coefficient and integral equations. The paper is
Theorem 1. Let f ðt Þ is differentiable and pðsÞ and qðsÞ are positive
arranged as follows.
real functions, then
In Section ‘A new integral transform’, we introduce a general
integral transform in the class of Laplace transform. In Sec-  0 
(I) T f ðtÞ; s ¼ qðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞf ð0Þ,
tion ‘Relation between the new transform and other transforms’,  00  0
we compare the given integral transform with those existing inte- (II) T f ðt Þ; s ¼ q2 ðsÞT ff ðtÞ; sg  qðsÞpðsÞf ð0Þ  pðsÞf ð0Þ,
n o Pn1 n1k
ðnÞ ðkÞ
gral transform in the class of Laplace transform. Then this integral (III) T f ðt Þ; s ¼ q ðsÞT ff ðt Þ; sg  pðsÞ k¼0 q
n
ðsÞf ð0Þ.
transform is applied to ODEs and integral equations in Sec-
tion ‘Solving IVP and Integral equations by new transform’. Finally,
some conclusions are summarized in Section ‘Conclusion’.
Proof. (I). In view of (1) we have

Table 2
Table 1
Table of new integral transform.
Definition of some integral transforms
R1 Function New integral transform
Laplace Transform Lf f ðt Þg ¼ f ðtÞest dt T ðsÞ ¼ T ff ðtÞ; sg
0 f ðtÞ ¼ T 1 fT ðsÞg
R1
f ðt Þes dt
t
Sumudu transform [36] Sf f ðt Þg ¼ 1s pðsÞ
R01 1
s t qðsÞ
Elzaki transform [15] Ef f ðt Þg ¼ s 0 f ðt Þe dt pðsÞ
R1 t
Natural transform [21] N f f ðtÞg ¼ Rðs; uÞ ¼ s 0 f ðutÞest dt qðsÞ2
R ta C½aþ1pðsÞ
Aboodh transform [1] 1 1
Af f ðtÞg ¼ K ðsÞ ¼ s 0 f ðtÞest dt qðsÞaþ1
; a>0
a-Integral Laplace Transform [27] R1 1
pðsÞ
La f f ðtÞg ¼ 0 f ðtÞesa t dt; a 2 Rþ 0
sin t 2
qðsÞ þ1
R1
Pourreza transform [3,5] HJf f ðt Þg ¼ s 0 f ðtÞe s2 t
dt sinðatÞ apðsÞ
R , if qðsÞ > jIðaÞj
1 a2 þqðsÞ2
Mohand transform [6] Mf f ðtÞg ¼ RðsÞ ¼ s2 0 f ðt Þest dt qðsÞpðsÞ
R1 cos t
Saf f ðtÞg ¼ s12 0 f ðtÞes dt qðsÞ2 þ1
t
Sawi transform [7]
R1 et pðsÞ
K f f ðt Þg ¼ GðsÞ ¼ 0 f ðt Þes dt qðsÞ1, qðsÞ > 1,
t
Kamal transform [18]
a
R1 tHðt  1Þ eqðsÞ ðqðsÞþ1ÞpðsÞ
Gf f ðtÞg ¼ F ðsÞ ¼ s 0 f ðt Þes dt; a
t
G_transform [19,20]
qðsÞ2
is integer 0
f ðt Þ qðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞf ð0Þ

134
H. Jafari Journal of Advanced Research 32 (2021) 133–138

 0  R1 0
T f ðtÞ; s ¼ pðsÞ 0 f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt It is easy to show that all of those integral transforms are a spe-
 R1 
¼ pðsÞ eqðsÞt f ðt Þj1
0 þ qðsÞ 0 f ðt Þe
qðsÞt
dt cial cases of Eq. (1). In the next section, we can compare these
transforms with classical Laplace transform. Also we get idea, that
¼ qðsÞT ff ðtÞ; sg  pðsÞf ð0Þ:
how can we choose one of these transforms and how can we define
0 00 0
To proof (II), we assume hðtÞ ¼ f ðt Þ so f ðt Þ ¼ h ðt Þ now a suitable functions for pðsÞ and qðsÞ in the equation (1).

 0  R1 0 Solving IVP and Integral equations by new transform

T h ðt Þ; s ¼ pðsÞ 0 h ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt ¼ qðsÞT fhðtÞ; sg  pðsÞhð0Þ
 0  0
¼ qðsÞT f ðt Þ; s  pðsÞf ð0Þ In this section, we apply this new integral transform for solving
0
ð3Þ
¼ qðsÞ½qðsÞT ff ðt Þ; sg  pðsÞf ð0Þ  pðsÞf ð0Þ high order IVP with constant coefficient and variable coefficient as
¼ q2 ðsÞT ff ðt Þ; sg  qðsÞpðsÞf ð0Þ  pðsÞf ð0Þ:
0 well as. Also we apply it to obtain exact solution of few type of
integral equations and FDE.

Solving IVP with constant coefficient

By induction we can prove (III). h
Consider the following IVP:
Theorem 2. (Convolution) Let f 1 ðt Þ and f 2 ðtÞ have new integral
transform F 1 ðsÞ and F 2 ðsÞ. Then the new integral transform of the yðnÞ ðt Þ þ a1 yðn1Þ ðt Þ þ    þ an yðtÞ ¼ g ðxÞ; ð5Þ
Convolution of f 1 and f 2 is 0 ðn1Þ
yð0Þ ¼ y0 ; y ð0Þ ¼ y1 ;    ; y ð0Þ ¼ yn1 : ð6Þ
Z 1
1
f1  f2 ¼ f 1 ðtÞ f 2 ðt  sÞds ¼ F 1 ðsÞ  F 2 ðsÞ: ð4Þ
0 pðsÞ Now we apply new integral transform to both side of equation (5).
In view of Theorem 1, we have
 
Proof. T yðnÞ ðt Þ þ a1 yðn1Þ ðtÞ þ    þ an yðt Þ ¼ T fg ðxÞg;
 ðn Þ   ðn1Þ 
R1 R1 T y ðt Þ þ a1 T y ðt Þ þ    þ T fan yðt Þg ¼ T fg ðxÞg:
T ff 1  f 2 g ¼ pðsÞ 0 eqðsÞt 0 f 1 ðt Þ f 2 ðt  sÞdt
R1 R1 P
n1
¼ pðsÞ 0 f 1 ðsÞds 0 eqðsÞt f 2 ðt  sÞdt qn ðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞ qn1k ðsÞyðkÞ ð0Þ þ a1 qn1 ðsÞT ðsÞ ð7Þ
R1 R1 k¼0
¼ pðsÞ 0 eqðsÞt f 1 ðsÞds 0 eqðsÞt f 2 ðt Þdt ¼ pð1sÞ F 1 ðsÞ  F 2 ðsÞ: P
n2
pðsÞ qn2k ðsÞyðkÞ ð0Þ þ    þ an T ðsÞ ¼ GðsÞ:
k¼0
h

Relation between the new transform and other transforms By substituting the initial conditions in the equation (7) we have
hðsÞT ðsÞ ¼ GðsÞ þ WðsÞ; ð8Þ
In this section, we discuss about relation of the new integral
 n 
transform (1) with the Laplace, a-Laplace, Sawi, Elzaki, Sumudu, where hðsÞ ¼ q ðsÞ þ a1 q ðsÞ þ    þ an ; GðsÞ ¼ T fg ðxÞg and
n1

Natural, Aboodh, Pourreza, Mohand, G_transform and Kamal trans- P

Pn2
forms[15,21,36]. WðsÞ ¼ pðsÞ n1 n1k
k¼0 q ðsÞyk þ a1 k¼0 q
n2k
ðsÞyk þ    þ y0 . From
In view of (1) and definition of the above transforms which are
(8), we find T ðsÞ as
listed in the Table 1, we have:
GðsÞ WðsÞ
T ðsÞ ¼ þ : ð9Þ
(i) If pðsÞ ¼ 1 and qðsÞ ¼ s then this new transform gives the hðsÞ hðsÞ
Laplace transform.
Finally, by apply the inverse transform T 1 on both sides of the
(ii) If pðsÞ ¼ 1 and qðsÞ ¼ sa then this new transform gives the a-
1

above equation, we obtain the exact solution:

Laplace transform.


(iii) If pðsÞ ¼ 1s and qðsÞ ¼ 1s then this new transform gives the GðsÞ WðsÞ
yðt Þ ¼ T 1 þ T 1 : ð10Þ
Sumudu transform. hðsÞ hðsÞ
(iv) If pðsÞ ¼ 1s and qðsÞ ¼ 1 then this new transform gives the
Aboodh transform.
(v) If pðsÞ ¼ s and qðsÞ ¼ s2 then this new transform gives the Example 1. Consider the following third-order ODE
Pourreza transform. y000 þ y00  6y ¼ 0; ð11Þ
(vi) If pðsÞ ¼ s and qðsÞ ¼ 1s then this new transform gives the
yð0Þ ¼ 1; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0; y00 ð0Þ ¼ 5:
Elzaki transform.
By applying T on both side of (11) we have
(vii) If pðsÞ ¼ u and qðsÞ ¼ us then this new transform gives the
Natural transform.
T fy000 ðt Þ þ y00 ðtÞ  6yðtÞg ¼ T f0g;
(viii) If pðsÞ ¼ s2 and qðsÞ ¼ s then this new transform gives the ð12Þ
T fy000 ðt Þg þ T fy00ðt Þg  6T fyðt Þg ¼ 0; 
Mohand transform.
q3 ðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞ q2 ðsÞy0 þ qðsÞy1 þ y2
(ix) If pðsÞ ¼ s12 and qðsÞ ¼ 1s then this new transform gives the
Sawi transform. þ q2 ðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞðqðsÞy0 þ y1 Þ  6T ðsÞ ¼ 0;
(x) If pðsÞ ¼ 1 and qðsÞ ¼ 1s then this new transform gives the by replacing the initial conditions in above equation we have
Kamal transform.  
q3 ðsÞ þ q2 ðsÞ  6qðsÞ T ðsÞ ¼ pðsÞq2 ðsÞ  pðsÞ þ qðsÞpðsÞ:
(xi) If pðsÞ ¼ sa and qðsÞ ¼ 1s then this new transform gives the
G_transform. So

135
H. Jafari Journal of Advanced Research 32 (2021) 133–138

pðsÞq2 ðsÞ  pðsÞ þ qðsÞpðsÞ pðsÞ 1 pðsÞ 1 pðsÞ     0 0

T ðsÞ ¼ ¼ þ þ : (II) T t 2 f ðtÞ ¼ ð1Þ2 qp0ððssÞÞ q01ðsÞ TpððssÞÞ
q3 ðsÞ þ q2 ðsÞ  6qðsÞ 6qðsÞ 3 qðsÞ þ 3 2 qðsÞ  2    
1 1 1 T ðsÞ 0 0 0
ð13Þ (III) T ftn f ðt Þg ¼ ð1Þn qp0ððssÞÞ  0 Þ 
q0 ðsÞ q0 ðsÞ q ðsÞ pðsÞ |fflffl{zfflffl}
1
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} n1times
Now in view of Table 1, by applying T on both side of (18) we find n1times
the exact solution as
n o n o n o
yðt Þ ¼ 16 T 1 pðsÞ
qðsÞ
þ 13 T 1 pðsÞ
qðsÞþ3
þ 12 T 1 pðsÞ
qðsÞ2
ð14Þ Proof. (I). From definition we have
¼ 16 þ 13 e3t þ 12 e2t : Z 1
T ðsÞ ¼ T ff ðtÞg ¼ pðsÞ f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt; ð20Þ
0

Example 2. Consider the following third-order ODE from the above equation we have
Z 1
y000 ðtÞ þ 2y00 þ 2y0 ðtÞ þ 3yðtÞ ¼ sin t þ cos t; ð15Þ T ðsÞ
¼ f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt; ð21Þ
pðsÞ
yð0Þ ¼ y00 ð0Þ ¼ 0; y0 ð0Þ ¼ 1: 0

By applying T on both sides of (15) we have now we take derivative on both sides of Eq. (21) respect to s, it leads

 0 R1
T fy000 ðt Þg þ 2T fy00 ðt Þg þ 2T fy0 ðtÞg þ 3T fyðtÞg ¼ T fsin tg þ T fcos tg; T ðsÞ
pðsÞ
¼ q0 ðsÞ 0
t f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt ¼ q0 ðsÞ T ftpðfsðÞtÞg ; ð22Þ
  ð16Þ
q3 ðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞ q2 ðsÞy0 þ qðsÞy1 þ y2
 2  after simplification we have
þ2 q ðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞðqðsÞy0 þ y1 Þ
 0
þ2fqðsÞT ðsÞ  pðsÞy0 g þ 3T ðsÞ ¼ q2pðsðÞþ1
sÞ
þ qq2ðsðÞp ðsÞ
; pðsÞ T ðsÞ
sÞþ1 T ft f ðt Þg ¼  : ð23Þ
q0 ðsÞ pðsÞ
by replacing the initial conditions in above equation, we have  0
R1
  (II). From (I) we have pðsÞ t f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt ¼  pqððssÞÞ T ðsÞ
. Now by tak-
q3 ðsÞ þ 2q2 ðsÞ þ 2qðsÞ þ 3 T ðsÞ 0 pðsÞ

pðsÞ qðsÞpðsÞ ing derivative form both sides of this equation we have
¼ þ þ pðsÞqðsÞ þ 2pðsÞ; R1   0 0
q2 ðsÞ þ 1 q2 ðsÞ þ 1 q0 ðsÞ 0 t 2 f ðtÞeqðsÞt dt ¼  q01ðsÞ TpððssÞÞ where
R 1 T ft 2 f ðt Þ
g
by simplification, we get q0 ðsÞ 0 t 2 f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt ¼ pðsÞ , so substitute is there leads to
pðsÞ   0 0
T ðsÞ ¼ : ð17Þ   pðsÞ 1 T ðsÞ
q2 ðsÞ þ 1 T t 2 f ðt Þ ¼ ð1Þ2 0
q ðsÞ q0 ðsÞ pðsÞ
Now in view of Table 1, by applying T 1 on both sides of (17) we
Following the same procedure we can proof (III). h
find the exact solution as


pðsÞ
yðt Þ ¼ T 1 ¼ sin t: ð18Þ Theorem 4. Let pðsÞ and qðsÞ are differentiable (q0 ðsÞ – 0), and
q 2 ð sÞ þ 1
f ðtÞ 2 C n , then
n o  
ðn Þ pðsÞ d 1 n ðnÞ o
T t f ðt Þ ¼  0 T f ðt Þ :
Remark 1. All the above mentioned integral transforms for ODEs q ðsÞ ds pðsÞ
with constant coefficient give same solution.
Proof. From definition (1), we have
Remark 2. In view of (10), if we choose the Laplace transform for n o Z 1
ðn Þ ðn Þ
ODEs with constant coefficient, the volume of calculation be T f ðt Þ ¼ pðsÞ f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt: ð24Þ
minimum. 0

By derivation of above equation respect to s we have

Solving IVP with variable coefficient n o
  Z 1 ðnÞ
d 1 n ðn Þ o ð n Þ
T t f ðt Þ
T f ðt Þ ¼ q0 ðsÞ t f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt ¼ q0 ðsÞ :
Now consider the following type of IVP problems ds pðsÞ 0 pðsÞ
y ðt Þ þ a1 ðtÞ yðn1Þ ðt Þ þ    þ an ðtÞ yðtÞ ¼ g ðxÞ;
ðnÞ
ð19Þ ð25Þ
0 ðn1Þ
yð0Þ ¼ y0 ; y ð0Þ ¼ y1 ;    ; y ð0Þ ¼ yn1 : Thus
n o  
where ai ðt Þ ¼ bi t mi ; bi 2 R and mi 2 N. It is clear that ðn Þ pðsÞ d 1 n ðnÞ o
T t f ðt Þ ¼  0 T f ðt Þ :
mi ¼ 0; 1; 2;    ; n so we must find the integral transform of q ðsÞ ds pðsÞ
 
T ai ðt ÞyðlÞ ðt Þ . According to value of ai ðt Þ and order of derivative
h
yðlÞ ðt Þ; l ¼ 0; 1;    ; n  1, we have different cases. In follow, we pre-
sent few theorems which are useful to solve these type of IVP.
Theorem 5. Let pðsÞ; qðsÞ and f ðt Þ are differentiable (q0 ðsÞ – 0), then
Theorem 3. Let pðsÞ and qðsÞ are differentiable and q ðsÞ – 0, then 0 n o h   n o i
ðn Þ ðn Þ
T t 2 f ðt Þ ¼ qp0ððssÞÞ d 1
ds q0 ðsÞ
d
ds
1
pðsÞ
T f ðt Þ :
 0
(I) T ft f ðt Þg ¼  qp0ððssÞÞ T ðsÞ
pðsÞ
Proof. From Theorem 4, we have
136
H. Jafari Journal of Advanced Research 32 (2021) 133–138

n o Z  
ðn Þ
1
ðn Þ pðsÞ d 1 n ðn Þ o
T t f ðt Þ ¼ pðsÞ t f ðt Þ eqðsÞt dt ¼  0 T f ðt Þ : 1. Laplace transform: as2 T 00 ðsÞ þ sð4a  bÞT 0 ðsÞ þ T ðsÞð2a  b þ cÞ
0 q ðsÞ ds pðsÞ dn!
snþ1
¼ 0:
ð26Þ
2. Pourreza transform: as2 T 00 ðsÞ þ sð5a  2bÞT 0 ðsÞ þ T ðsÞð3a  2bþ
By derivation of above equation respect to s we have dn!
4cÞ 4 s2nþ1 ¼ 0:
    Z 1
d 1 d 1 n ðn Þ o ðnÞ
 T f ðt Þ ¼ q0 ðsÞ t 2 f ðt ÞeqðsÞt dt 3. Elzaki transform: as2 T 00 ðsÞ þ sðb  4aÞT 0 ðsÞ þ T ðsÞð6a  2b þ cÞ
ds q ðsÞ ds pðsÞ
0
0
n o dn! snþ1 ¼ 0:
ðnÞ
T t 2 f ðt Þ
0
¼ q ðsÞ ; 4. Sawi transform: as2 T 00 ðsÞ þ sð2a þ bÞT 0 ðsÞ þ T ðsÞðb þ cÞ  dn! sn1
pðsÞ
¼ 0:
Thus
5. Sumudu transform: as2 T 00 ðsÞ þ bsT 0 ðsÞ þ cT ðsÞ  dn! sn ¼ 0.
n o pðsÞ d  1  d  1 n o
ðn Þ ðnÞ
T t 2 f ðt Þ ¼ 0 T f ðt Þ : ð27Þ
q ðsÞ ds q ðsÞ ds pðsÞ
0
Remark 4. It is clear that we still have another second order ODE.
h But for the Laplace, Pourreza and Elzaki transforms, we may have a
simple second order ODE if coefficient of T 0 ðsÞ and T ðsÞ be zero.
For example, if in Eq. (28), we have a ¼ 2; b ¼ 5; c ¼ 1; d ¼ 24
Theorem 6. Let pðsÞ; qðsÞ and f ðtÞ are differentiable (q0 ðsÞ – 0), then
and n ¼ 2, then we can apply the Pourreza transform as a best
choice. It gives T 00 ðsÞ ¼ 96
s7
. It can be easily solved. By solving this
(I)
2 3 equation, we find yðt Þ ¼ 85 t 2 which is the exact solution.
6    7 For another test example, Let a ¼ 1; b ¼ 4; c ¼ 2; d ¼ 12 and
 0  d6 1 d 1 d 1  0  7
T t n f ðt Þ ¼ ð1Þn qp0ððssÞÞ ds 6 0  0 T f ðtÞ Þ   Þ7: n ¼ 2 in Eq. (28), So the Elzaki transform is a best choice. It gives
4q ðsÞ ds q ðsÞ ds p ðsÞ 5
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} T 00 ðsÞ ¼ 24s2 . By solving this equation, we find yðt Þ ¼ t 2 which is
ntimes
2 3 the exact solution [16].
6    7
 00  61 d 1 d 1  00  7
(II) T tn f ðtÞ ¼ ð1Þn qp0ððssÞÞ dsd 6 0  0 T f ðt Þ Þ   Þ7: Solving Integral equations
4q ds q ds pðs Þ 5
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}
ntimes
2 3
n o 61  d   n o 7 Example 4. Consider the following Volterra integral equation [20]
(III) T tn f ðmÞ ðtÞ ¼ ð1Þn qp0ððssÞÞ dsd 6 7
1 d 1 ðmÞ Z
6 0  T f ðt Þ Þ   Þ7: t
4q ds q0 ds pðsÞ 5
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} yðt Þ ¼ t þ yðsÞ sinðt  sÞdt; ð30Þ
ntimes 0

By applying this new transform on both sides of this equation

and using Convolution Theorem we get
Proof. It is similar to Theorem 5. h
Y ðsÞ ¼ T ft g þ pð1sÞ F ðsÞ  Y ðsÞ!Y ðsÞ ¼ qpððssÞÞ2 þ pð1sÞ pðsÞ
qðsÞ2 þ1
Y ðsÞ;
Remark 3. If qðsÞ be a constant, then we can not use that integral 2
Y ðsÞ ¼ qðqsðÞsÞþ1 pðsÞ
¼ pðqsÞqðsÞ 2
þ qpððssÞÞ4 !yðt Þ ¼ t þ 16 t 3 :
2
transform to solve ODE with variable coefficient. qðsÞ2 ðsÞ4

Example 3. Consider the following second-order ODE with vari-

Example 5. Consider the following Volterra integral equation [20]
able coefficient Z x
2 00 0 yðt Þ ¼ 1  ðt  sÞyðt Þdt: ð31Þ
a t y ðtÞ þ b ty ðtÞ þ c yðt Þ ¼ d t ; n
n 2 N; ð27Þ 0
yð0Þ ¼ y0 ð0Þ ¼ 0:
By applying this new transform on both sides of this equation
where a; b; c and d are constants. We apply T on both side of the and using Convolution Theorem, we have
above equation:

  Y ðsÞ ¼ T f1g  pð1sÞ F ðsÞ  Y ðsÞ!Y ðsÞ ¼ pqððssÞÞ  pð1sÞ pðsÞ

qðsÞ2
Y ðsÞ;
a T t 2 y00 ðt Þ þ b T ft y0 g þ c T fyðt Þg ¼ d T ft n g: ð28Þ 2 ð32Þ
Y ðsÞ ¼ qðqsðÞs2Þþ1 pðsÞ
qðsÞ
¼ qpððssÞÞq2 þ1
ðsÞ
!yðt Þ ¼ cos t:
Now in view of Theorems 3 and 4, we have
h   i h i
a qp0ððssÞÞ d 1 d 1
T fy00 ðt Þg  b qp0ððssÞÞ d 1
T fy0 ðt Þg Example 6. Consider the following fractional integral equation
ds q0 ðsÞ ds pðsÞ ds pðsÞ

þc T fyðt Þg ¼ d T ftn g; yðt Þ ¼ g ðt Þ þ Ia yðtÞ; a 2 Rþ ; ð33Þ

h   i h i ð29Þ a
a qp0ððssÞÞ dsd q01ðsÞ dsd pð1sÞ q2 ðsÞT ðsÞ  b qp0ððssÞÞ d 1
ds pðsÞ
qðsÞT ðsÞ where I is the well known Riemann–Liouville fractional integral
pðsÞ operator [8,9,25–27,29,32,33,38]. It is defined by Ia yðtÞ ¼ Cð1aÞ
þc T ðsÞ ¼ n! d qnþ1 : Rt
ðt  sÞa1 yðsÞds.
ðsÞ
0
Rt
By substituting Cð1aÞ 0 ðt  sÞa1 yðsÞds instead of Ia in Eq. (33)
and apply Convolution Theorem 2, we have
In the below, we listed the transformation of Eq. (29) for different
integral transforms:
137
H. Jafari Journal of Advanced Research 32 (2021) 133–138

Y ðsÞ ¼ T fg ðtÞg þ Cða1ÞpðsÞ F ðsÞ  Y ðsÞ [10] Bokhari A, Baleanu D, Belgacem R. Application of Shehu transform to
Atangana-Baleanu derivatives. J Mathe Comput Sci 2020;20(2):101–7.
CðaÞpðsÞ
Y ðsÞ ¼ GðsÞ þ CðaÞpðsÞ qðsÞa Y ðsÞ;
1
ð34Þ [11] Chand M, Hammouch Z. Unified fractional integral formulae involving
n o generalized multiindex Bessel function. In: 4th International Conference on
1
Y ðsÞ ¼ 1
qðsÞa 1
T fg ðtÞg!yðt Þ ¼T 1
qðsÞa 1
GðsÞ ; Computational Mathematics and Engineering Sciences (CMES-2019). CMES
2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1111. Springer,
Cham, 2020.
[12] Cho I, Hwajoon K. The solution of Bessel’s equation by using Integral
Transform. Appl Mathe Sci 2014;7(122):6069–75.
where GðsÞ is T fg ðt Þg. [13] Davies B. Integral transforms and their applications. New York, NY: Springer;
2002.
[14] Eltayeb H, Kiliman A, Fisher B. A new integral transform and associated
Conclusion distributions. Integral Transforms Special Funct 2010;21(5):367–79.
[15] Elzaki TM. The new integral transform Elzaki Transform. Global J Pure Appl
In this paper, we introduce a general integral transform. After Mathe 2011;7(1):57–64.
[16] Elzaki TM, Elzaki SM, Hilal EMA. Elzaki and sumudu transforms for solving
that we compare some integral transforms with this new integral some differential equations. Global J Pure Appl Mathe 2012;8(2):167–73.
transform. It has shown that the new integral transform cover [17] Jafari H, Sadeghi Roushan S, Haghbin A. The Laplace decomposition method for
those exiting transforms such as Laplace, Elzaki and Sumudu trans- solving n-th order fuzzy differential equations. Ann Fuzzy Mathe Informat
2014;7(4):653–60.
forms for different value of pðsÞ and qðsÞ. We used this new trans-
[18] Kamal H, Sedeeg A. The new integral transform Kamal transform. Adv Theoret
form for solving ODE, integral equations and fractional integral Appl Mathe 2016;11(4):451–8.
equations. Few examples have been presented to illustrate the effi- [19] Kim H. On the form and properties of an integral transform with strength in
integral transforms. Far East J Mathe Sci 2017;102(11):2831–44.
ciency of this integral transform.
[20] Kim H. The intrinsic structure and properties of laplace-typed integral
transforms. Mathe Probl Eng, 2017, Article ID 1762729, 8 p.
Compliance with Ethics Requirements [21] Khan ZH, Khan WA. N-transform properties and applications. NUST J Eng Sci
2008;1(1):127–33.
[22] Khan M, Salahuddin T, Malik MY, Alqarni MS, Alqahtani AM. Numerical
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal modeling and analysis of bioconvection on MHD flow due to an upper
subjects. paraboloid surface of revolution. Physica A 2020;553:124231.
[23] Kexue L, Jigen P. Laplace transform and fractional differential equations. Appl
Mathe Lett 2011;24(12):2019–23.
Funding [24] Panasare PD, Chalke SP, Choure AG. Application of Laplace transformation in
cryptography. Int J Mathe Archive 2012;3(7):2470–3.
[25] Lin S, Lu C. Laplace transform for solving some families of fractional
Not applicable. differential equations and its applications. Adv Differ Equ 2013;2013:137.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-137. 9pages.
Declaration of Competing Interest [26] Li C, Qian D, Chen YQ. On riemann-liouville and caputo derivatives, discrete
dynamics in nature and society, volume 2011, Article ID 562494, 15 pages, doi:
10.1155/2011/562494.
The author declare that they have no conflict of interest. [27] Medina GD, Ojeda NR, Pereira JH, Romero LG. Fractional laplace transform and
fractional calculus. Int Mathe Forum 2017;12(20):991–1000.
[28] Nadeem S, Malik MY, Abbas N. Heat transfer of three-dimensional micropolar
Acknowledgments fluid on a Riga plate. Can J Phys 2020;98(1):32–8.
[29] Podlubny I. Fractional differential equations. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999.
I would like thank the editor and reviewers for their time spent [30] Rashid S, Hammouch Z, Kalsoom H, Ashraf R, Chu YM. New investigations on
the generalized K-fractional integral operators. Front Phys 2020;8:25.
on reviewing my manuscript and their comments helping me
[31] Singh J, Kumar D, Baleanu D, Rathore S. An efficient numerical algorithm for
improving the article. the fractional Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson equation. Appl Math Comput
2018;335:12–24.
[32] Sweilam NH, AL-Mekhlafi SM, Baleanu D. Nonstandard finite difference
References
method for solving complex-order fractional Burgers’ equations. J Adv Res.
2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.04.007 [In Press].
[1] Aboodh KS. The new integral transform aboodh transform. Global J Pure Appl [33] Sweilam NH, Al-Ajami TM. Legendre spectral-collocation method for solving
Mathe 2013;9(1):35–43. some types of fractional optimal control problems. J Adv Res 2015;6
[2] Abbas N, Malik MY, Alqarni MS, Nadeem S. Study of three dimensional (3):393–403.
stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid over an isotropic slip surface. Physica [34] Shah K, Junaid M, Ali N. Extraction of laplace, sumudu, fourier and mellin
A 2020;554:124020. transform from the natural transform. J Appl Envron Biol Sci 2015;5(9):1–10.
[3] Ahmadi SAP, Hosseinzadeh H, Cherati AY. A new integral transform for solving [35] Tanveer A, Salahuddin T, Khan M, Malik MY, Alqarni MS. Theoretical analysis
higher order linear ordinary differential equations. Nonlinear Dyn Syst Theory of non-Newtonian blood flow in a microchannel. Comput Methods Programs
2019;19(2):243–52. Biomed 2020;191:105280.
[4] Ali U, Malik MY, Rehman KU, Alqarni MS. Exploration of cubic autocatalysis [36] Watugala GK. Sumudu transform: a new integral transform to solve
and thermal relaxation in a non-Newtonian flow field with MHD effects. differential equations and control engineering problems. Int J Math Educat
Physica A 2020;549:124349. Sci Technol 1993;24(1):35–43.
[5] Ahmadi SAP, Hosseinzadeh H, Cherati AY. A new integral transform for solving [37] Yang XJ. A new integral transform operator for solving the heat-diffusion
higher order linear ordinary Laguerre and Hermite differential equations. Int J problem. Appl Mathe Lett 2017;64:193–7.
Appl Comput Math 2019;5:142. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40819-019- [38] West BJ, Bologna M, Grigolini P. Fractional Laplace Transforms. In: Physics of
0712-1. Fractal Operators. Institute for Nonlinear Science. New York, NY: Springer;
[6] Abdelrahim Mahgoub MM. The new integral transform mohand transform. 2003.
Adv Theoret Appl Mathe 2017;12(2):113–20. [39] Ziane D, Baleanu D, Belghaba K, Hamdi Cherif M. Local fractional Sumudu
[7] Abdelrahim Mahgoub MM. The new integral transform sawi transform. Adv decomposition method for linear partial differential equations with local
Theoret Appl Mathe 2019;14(1):81–7. fractional derivative. J King Saud Univ-Sci 2019;31(1):1018–364.
[8] Baleanu D, Wu G. Some further results of the laplace transform for variable- [40] Zhang J. A Sumudu based algorithm for solving differential equations. Comput
order fractional difference equations. Fract Calcul Appl Anal 2019;22 Sci J Moldova 2007;15(3):45.
(6):1641–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/fca-2019-0084.
[9] Baleanu D, Diethelm K, Scalas E, Trujillo JJ. Fractional calculus: models and
numerical methods. World Scientific Publishing Company; 2012.

138