[52 Three States of Matter 1 Matter can exist in three states: solids, liquids and gases. 2 The state of matter depends on the arrangement and movement of its particles. @ Matter also exists in the state of plasma, like in the Sun. The kinetic theory of matter 1 The kinetic theory of matter states that: * All matter is made up of minute particles * The particles are discrete and can be separated * The pure matter has the same type of particles * The particles in matter have kinetic energy Arrangement and movement of particles 6 1 Liquids and gases are fluid because both are able to flow easily. ‘Smoke cell and its components Glassell lamp - cover ~ 5 dase con cover 2 The random movement of liquid and gas Particles are called the Brownian movement. 3. The Brownian movement is caused by collision between the fluid particles or between the Particles and the wall of the container. partic] | smoke particle wait ot _ | ‘container Figure 5.4 Brownian movement of smoke and air particles 4 We can observe the Brownian movement by investigating the movement of smoke particles under a microscope, as shown in Figure 5.5. (a) Under the microscope, the smoke particles look like shining spheres that move very rapidly and randomly. (b) The smoke particles collide frequently with the air particles and with the wall of the container. (©) The collisions produce in a zigzag form of movement. — microscope transformer Figure 5.5 Investigating the movement of smoke particles under the microscope Powered by CamScannerChapter 57 | Form 1 Table 5.1 The differences between solids, liquids and gases ‘Solids Liquids Cases Diagram Arrangement of particles * Close together and orderly | * Further apart and # The spaces between irregular ‘The spaces between particles are very small | # The spaces between particles are very large Very far apart and irregular particles are small Movement of | * Only vibrate in fixed ‘+ Move freely and randomly | ¢ Move freely and very particles positions but slowly rapidly + Do not move freely Physical * Fixed shape «Take the shape of the * Take the shape of the properties | « Fixed mass container container © Fixed volume «Fixed mass ‘No fixed mass * Cannot be compressed —_| ¢ Fixed volume © Takes the volume of the * Do not flow * Difficult to compress container © Rate of diffusion is very | ¢ Can flow © Can be compressed easily low * Rate of diffusion is * Can flow | moderate © Rate of diffusion is high Examples * Rock © Water © Oxygen * Wood * Alcohol © Nitrogen * Iron * Mercury © Hydrogen ‘The following diagram shows an equal volume of ‘The volume of the mixture is less than 100 mi. water and alcohol are being mixed together. Explain why. [2 marks} Answers 50 ml alcohol ‘There are small spaces between the particles of both liquids 7. lt (m) wee Therefore, the particles of water and alcohol fill up the empty spaces between the particles {80 mi mixture of water and alcoho! Powered by CamScannerWhat is the meaning of the rate of diffusion? 1_ Diffusion is the random movement of particles from a higher concentration region to a lower concentration region, as shown in Figure 5.6. low concentration region ePheig T high concentration region Figure 5.6 The model of simple diffusion 2 The faster the particles move, the higher the rate of diffusion. 3 The rate of diffusion refers to how fast the diffusion occurs. 4 If the diffusion occurs faster, the rate of diffusion becomes higher. What is the difference in the rate of diffusion in solids and liquids? The rate of diffusion is high in liquids, but low in solids. 5 The rate of diffusion is affected by the size of space between the particles. (a) The rate of diffusion is high if the space between the particles is big. (b) The rate of diffusion is low if the space between the particles is small Sol Liquid Gas > Rate of Rate of diffusion: diffusion Low High Figure 5.7 @ Diffusion is different from absorption Diffusion occurs due to difference in the concentration of particles, whereas absorption occurs due to the pulling force between liquid particles To investigate the difference in the rate of diffusion of particles in solids and liquids (a) Manipulated: Medium of diffusion (a solid and a liquid) (b) Responding: Rate of diffusion of particles (c) Constant: Temperature of substance Table 5.2 ‘Apparatus set-up Procedure Observation (A) Diffusion in a solid ‘colouriess gel —f— test tube —] copper) sulphate, —— crystal ‘Observation is recorded after 2 days The gel turns blue after a few days ‘01 turns btue —} m= Powered by CamScanner Chapter 5 Form 1| ‘Apparatus set-up Procedure Observation (8) Diffusion in a liquid minutes distiled water coppertt) sulphate crystal ‘Observation is recorded after 15 The water turns blue after a few hours 1 The rate of diffusion in a liquid is higher than the rate of diffusion in a solid. 2 The hypothesis is accepted. (Assessment 73 momenta csesess — wronwuer Fei Sess Eliza puts a drop of red colouring liquid into three glasses, each containing a different type of liquid. She observes that the rate of change of the liquid colour is different for each type of liquic What is the change in the state of matter? —_— 1 The state of matter will change when matter is heated or cooled. 2 When heated, the particles of a solid will absorb heat. As a result, (a) the kinetic energy increases. (b) the particles vibrate and move rapidly. (c) the particles move further away from each other. (a) Explain why are the rates of change of the liquid colour different. [2 marks} (b) What would happen if the mineral water is replaced with jelly? [1 mark] (0) What factor affects the rate of change of the liqui colour? [1 mark} Answers (a) The rates of change of the liquid colour are different because the size of spaces between the particles in all the liquids are different /. The bigger the space between the particles, the higher the rate of diffusion V. (b) The rate of change of colour will become very low ¥. (0) Type of liquid ¥ (d) the solid turns into a liquid and finally into a gas (water vapour and steam). 3 When cooled, the particles of a gas will release heat. As a result, (a) the kinetic energy decreases. (b) the particles vibrate and move slowly. (c) the particles move closer to each other, (4) the gas turns into a liquid and finally into a solid. Powered by CamScanner4 Figure 5.8 shows the changes in the states of matter through various processes. ———+—| solid * Melting Freezing + Sublimation Liquid Deposition * Evaporation! Condensation Boiling + + Gas + — > Releases heat —+ Absorbs heat Figure 5.8 The change processes of the states of matter @ the reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation. Table 5.3 The effect of heat on the change processes of the states of matter based on the kinetic theory Heat Process (+) absorbed Explanation () released * Particles absorb heat, gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster ‘Melting, ‘* At melting point, solid particles have enough energy to overcome the force (solid > liquid) - of attraction between the particles and move freely ‘© At melting point, a solid tums into a liquid * Particles absorb heat, gain kinetic energy and move faster Evaporation ‘© At any temperature below the boiling point, the liquid particles have (liquid — gas/ + enough energy to overcome the force of attraction between the particles vapour) and escape ‘© The liquid tums into a gas in the form of water vapour Particles absorb heat, gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly Boiling (liquid / # At the boiling point, the liquid particles have enough energy to overcome — gas/steam) the force of attraction between the particles and escape + At boiling point, a liquid turns into a gas (steam) ‘Sublimation (solid — gas) * Particles absorb heat, gain kinetic energy and move faster A solid turns directly into a gas, without going through the liquid phase (liquid + solid) * Particles lose heat and kinetic energy Deposition (gas « Particles are held strongly by the force of attraction ~ solid) - * The particles move very slowly © A gas turns into a solid, without going through the liquid phase Particles lose heat and kinetic energy Freezing, Particles are held strongly by the force of attraction ‘The particles cannot move freely but only vibrate locally At the freezing point, a liquid turns into a solid Condensation (gas = liquid) Particles lose heat and kinetic energy Particles are held strongly by the force of attraction ‘The particles move slowly A gas tums into a liquid Mater (77) Powered by CamScanner Chapter 5 Form 1(Assessment "4 + ‘The following diagram shows the changes in the state of matter through processes P, Q, R, S and T. ae R (at boiling point) — — ae Gas Problem statement Does the temperature of water change during freezing and boiling? The temperature of water does not change during freezing and boiling. (a) State two processes that absorb heat. [2 marks} (b) State the process that occurs only at the freezing point. {1 mark] (c)_ Name the reverse process of T. [1 mark] Answers (a) PV and RV (b) Q¥ (c) Sublimation 7 To investigate the changes of a substance during physical changes (a) Manipulated: Freezing and boiling of water (b) Responding: Temperature of water (c) Constant: Mass of water Table 5.4 Freezing of water Boiling of water ‘Apparatus set-up thermometer | — ico + table sat |— distited water Procedure [+ Distilled water in the test tube is cooled | + Water is heated until it boils. until it freezes. * Temperature is recorded every 10 minutes + Temperature is recorded every 10 minutes | until the temperature becomes constant. until the temperature becomes constant. Powered by CamScannerFreezing of water Boiling of water Graph : temperature (0) temperature (10) ti (minute) tie (minute) Cooling curve Heating curve Analysis ‘* The graph appears horizontal. This shows |* The graph appears horizontal. This shows that the temperature does not change during | that the temperature does not change during freezing. boiling. 1 1 The temperature of water does not change during The mass of a substance remains unchanged during freezing and boiling. physical change. 2 The hypothesis is accepted. Pat B (a) Manipulated: Physical changes of substance Problem statement (b) Responding: Mass of substance (©) Constant: Temperature of surrounding Does mass remain unchanged during physical change? Table 5.5 [Change in the physical state Dissolution of a solid Expansion of a solid metal clecronic bal balance heat Procedure Procedure Procedure © The mixture of sugar and water is | * The mass of a metal ball at room stirred until the sugar dissolves. | temperature is recorded. * Change of mass is recorded. | * The metal ball is heated and then its mass is recorded. © The ice is left to melt. * Change of mass is recorded. Result Result Result The mass of ice does not change | The mass of water does not change | The mass of the metal ball does not when it melts. when the sugar dissolves in it. | change when it expands. ysical state, dissolution of solids 1 The mass does not change during physical changes, such as changes in ph) and expansion of solids. 2 The hypothesis is accepted. sen (a0 Powered by CamScannerWhat is the law of conservation of Phases Exar mass? mples — oo — Evaporation © Liquid milk is The law of conservation of mass states that: evaporated to obtain powdered milk. matter cannot be created nor destroyed * Seawater is evaporated matter can change its states to obtain common salt __ © when matter undergoes a physical change, its Gandensation’))] © Water vapour condenses mass remains unchanged (conserved) on the surface of a cold glass. * Dew is produced when What are the examples of changes water vapour condenses of state of matter? on leaves. FSF 5 Sublimation © Mothballs turn into Table 5.6 Changes in the physical state of matter and their naphthalene vapour. | examples * Iodine crystals turn into iodine vapour when Phases Examples heated. Melting * A.candle melts when * Dry ice produces lighted. white fumes at room © Tin is melted into tin ‘temperature. nuggets. Freezing © Sweet cream tums into 7 ice-cream when frozen. Boiling * Water is heated to ene produce steam to rotate turbines in hydroelectric power prevent the growth of bacteria. stations. ‘© Water vapour becomes ‘* Raw water is boiled to ice crystals in the form kill bacteria. of snow or frost. (Assessment "5 “The diagram shows the heating of iodine crystals in {@) lodine cysials melt and tum into an a test tube. iodine solution (b) Iodine crystals sublime into purple fume (0) This process absorbs heat lodine crystal (a) This process releases heat test tube holder [2 marks] Answers 4 (vv ov Mark (V) for the correct statements about this activity. 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