Research: Definition M • · · · ·

Research r . ' ~arnng, 1:'1portance, Types and Qualities of research;

. opp icahons 1n functional areas of business Emerging trends in

ht·
b us1ness research. • •
An ..., . Research
t . 6 the Sci lifl
en c M . . .
ethod: Charactens!Jcs of scientific method.

lfl ~!9
S eps 1n research process. ,
Con~~pt of Scientific Enquiry: Formulation of research problem, Management
0 UNIT Research question, Investigation . question, Research proposal,
ts of O research proposal, Drafting a research proposal, Evaluating
a research proposal..

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VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
. Q.1. Define the concept of research.
Ans. , Research is~ systematic, formal and precise process employed to gain the solutions to problems
or to discover and_ 1nterpret n~w facts and relationships. It comprises of defining and redefining
problems, formul_atmg hypothesis, collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and
reaching concluswns and at last, carefully testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.
Q.2 . . Enlist the various features of research.
Ans. The various features of research are:
1. It is based on logic and objectives.
2. It is a systematic activity based on reliability and validity.
3. The accuracy is a sensitive point to meet the purpose.
4. It is the age of science and thus the modern culture is over-ridden with scientific attitude and
scientific method of approach.
Q.3. Classify the various types of research. .
Ans. Various types of research are classified as follows:
1. On the basis of application-Pure and applied research.
2. On the basis of objectives-Exploratory, descriptive and causal research.
3: On the basis of extent of theory-Theoretical and empiricc1l research.
4. On the basis of methodology-Qualitative and quantitative research.
Q.4. Whatls applied research? (2016-17, 17-18)
Ans. Applied research is a practical ·research or a need. based research related to problem solving
in nature and is conducted to reveal answers to specific questions related to action performance and
policy research. It tries to provide the solution to eradicate the various types of practical prolnems
related to ;eal life and social life. . . · '
Q.S. What Is meant by basic research?
Ans. Basic research is a fundamental research that is problem solving in nature, but it solves
theoretical problems that have direct impact on action, performance and policy research. It is a research
to obtain knowledge about a particular subject rather than its practical usage,. testing of hypotheses
and theories. ·
Q.6. Define descriptive research. .
· Ans. Descriptive research is the research to describe the_state_ of_ affairs or characteristics of i
su~ject under study. It is based on the co~cept of re_flect1ve thm~mg and di~cusses about the
bJ~Ctives regarding a research study. It deals with answermg the quest10ns regardmg a phenomenon
or situation. · · , ...., ·
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·- ·~- . IQuestion Bonk f n-1.e..\0
- luatlon research? ·
Q.7. Whatls eva h I·s the systematic measurement and judgement ab ·
ti O n researc d& out a ·h,_
Ans. Eva Iua
. -
1 . based on the criteria use ,or eva1uating an object like b fl s1.""tion lo
provide the feedba~k is etc Evaluation research is a comparative ·analysis w~ne ts, effidenCJ.
sustainability, apphcattones~sed ·to determine their way of accomplishment so that it ere the Origi.,,;
. . s of study are ass can be irn ''<II
obJe.:v~at are the _ are~s whe~ p_r~~_uctl~~ rese~~ch_Is ~~nd_uc~ed? ·: . . _ Pl'O\tect
Q . d ction research is conducted m the areas of; . .
Ans. P:od~ trateg:t'es and methods for troubleshooting. ,
1. Fm mg s · · h d , · · .
2. Finding ne"': and be~er production r:11et o s. . . .. .
3 _ Ways of standardismg and cont_rollmg _
p ro~uction. Th1_s research 1s dynamic in natu
needs continuous improvement m process, product design, cost, etc. re and
_ Q.9. What do you inean by lndus~rl~lresearch? . , · ·. . i ·•
Ans ..- Industrial research is a practical concept that 1s concerned with the well being of a co
• planned effort to gain better information and improve the n~w and the existing produetsrnp~Y. It
is a processes, Industrial research 1s
and · ·carne
· d·
, ou t m
· th e areas WI"th ·stan · d ardisation of proc ' serv1ces
. decisions regarding minimising the cost. ' ··· ; · · · -, · . - ·- - ,_ . esses,
Q.10. Discuss about organlsatlonal research. , ,
!s
Ans. Organisational ~esearch a_field that con~titutes many discipl~nes. and facilitates the managers
to explore various theories and findmgs that are relevant to the orgamsat1on; It helps the managers to
increase their problem solving efficiency and allow the managers to investigate a problem scientifically
that enhances the efficiency of managers. . , . _ ·
.. Q.11. Mention the four parts Involved In any resear~h ln~estlgatlon. .
Ans. The four parts involved in any research investigation are_: ! 'I
1. Defining the problem.
2. Formulating a hypothesis.
•'·, ..
3. Collecting the facts or data. __
4. Analysing the facts and drawing conciusions.
Q.12. Give the four motives to do research. . . . . . . J

Ans. The four motives to ·do research are:

. 1-. To gain the knowledge about hidderi facts.
2. To innovate new concepts, theories, etc. . ' -· 1 . ..
3. To know the cause-effect relationship. _ ·· ·, ' ' ..
4. To understand, analyse and explore the.phenomena. _
. Q.13._Dlffe_~n~atebetwee~qualltatlv~a~~quantl~atl~~·resear~h. · : . - .-·. :. : ;~nd.ltls
· Ans. Qualitative research 1s concerned with quahtat1ve phenomena relating to quahty O ,
conducted to study and analyse the human behaviour, and evaluate findings }n a broadl~yel. lendfic
Q_uantitative research ·is based on the measurement . of 'q uantity or amount.· :itcomes It/~:
techmque that attempts to analyse the data using statistical measures so _as to co clud hypotheses
n
of a research problem, and is carried out in a structured way to develop and test varl~us . . .
usingmathematicalandstatisticaltechniques. · \, · ;· · _.._., ·
Q.14~ How do research helps the management? ,
Ans. Rf:!search helps the management in following ways:
1. It helps iri assessment of problems and opportunities. . . ,,
•i i. It recognises the potential opportunities and threats. ' · · ' · ·•.
3. · It assis~ the managers in selecting the best alternative·courses of action. ·
4. It helps to evaluate the course of action. · · · ts.
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· It allows managers to formulate the strategies th~t help in achieving tbe targe

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eusiness Research Methods

Q.15, How can ~~earchers overcome the business problems? . ' . · . ·

Ans. Res~a.rchers can.overcome the business prqblems by considering the following precautions:
1. Trammg 0e ~es_earchers in various aspects of research methodology.
2. Strong association between various organisations and research institutions to conduct the
research properly. · ·
3. Buildin? trust by not misusing the data provid~d by compa'nies or individual respondents.
4. Centralised database for .maintaining the records of their conducted researchers.
. 5. Compilation and revision ofresearch work.
6. Top management support in research studies.
Q.16. What Is research process? .
Ans. Research process consists of a series' ~f steps that are necessary to effectively carry out
research. It aims at representing information effectively so that it can be used i_n future research studies.
It discovers and analyses a range of significant and reliable information about a particular issue or
problem with systematic planning and involves several steps for complete analysis of the research
problem.
Q.17. What do you understan~ by business research?
Ans. Business research is a research conducted for describing the business problems of a particular
business. It is the planning, collection and analysis of data relevant to business decision-making and
the communication of the results of this analysis to management.
Q.18. Why do you study business research?
Ans. The reasons for studying business research are as follows:
1. It is used to estimate the expenses for a business. ·
2. It helps to determine prices in organisations. '
3. It assists managers in the decision-making process.
4. It helps to evaluate market trends. •
Q.19. What Is a research problem? (2017-18)
Ans. A common statement whtch defines the issue upon which a research is to be conducted is
called a research problem. It proposes the line of investigation which is taken by the researcher for
conducting a research.
A research problem usually includes the areas of researcher's concern, any modification or
improvement that the researcher wants to create, any problem or difficulty that has to be resolved by
the researcher, etc.
Q.20. Write a short note on 'Task of deflnln~ a research problem'. (2014-15)
Or The task of defining the research problem often follows a sequential procedure. Justify the
statement.
Ans. Defining research problem solves half of the problem. It is crucial for fulfilling the requirements
of a research study and in this, all the aspects of problem are identified after which a problem statement
is formulated. It helps to select tll.e research design and data collection methods easily. Improper
definition of the research problem causes the failure of entire research study and ~hould follow a
sequential procedure. .
Q,21. What are the steps In problem definition? .•
Ans. The research problem should be defined with the help of following steps:
1. General statement of research problem.
2. Analysing the nature of research problem. ·
3. Literature review and·developing ideas to conduct research.
4. Rephrasing ofresearch problem.
5. Redefining the research problem.

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 4 I · · - IQuestion 8·~fu
Wh tare the factors considered for determ Inlng-the research obJectlv ? . r M,B.f\.
Q, 22 · a" tors that should be determined for the effective research ob· es.
i
Ans The ,ac . . . f h Jectives
Research question focusmg on cer:am aspects _o t e research providin are:
· Research hypotheses are assumptions made and tested to analyse the g U~efu\ infol'ln .
2· undary of the study should be defined and selected. • variables. atton.
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. Eiery aspect should be clear and specific that cannot be present in b
4. . ·· · • road obj .
Q. 23 . What are the purposes of literature survey? . ective.
. Ans. The purposes of literature survey are: (2o14- 5)
1
1. To provide credibility to the research.
2 · To understand
.
the research problem and provide methodology a d kn ·
. , · . n owl d
·
topic. · · · · • . e ge about th
3. To provide opportunity for constructive criticism of previous research e
4. To show that research is adding to existing body of knowledge in existin ·
5. To help in avoiding repetition. · · . g pool of theories.
Q.24. What do you mean by scientific enquiry?

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Ans. Scientific enquiry is a way to investigate things and propose expl~nations for th : · b ·

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. propounde . ·· , · .
Q.25. What Is a research proposal?
Ans. A research ·proposal is a document proposing a research project and constitutes a re · i
sponsorship of that research. Proposals are evaluated on the cost and potentialimpact of the ::~~s:
research and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out. .
Q.26. Whatls the goal of a research proposal?
Ans. The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem
and to presentthe practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. They must provide
persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study.

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Fi: [I] ,I. ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the objectives of research? · . .
-· Ans. · ObJ' ectives of Research: The purpose of research is to discover answers to queStlons tbrodutbgb
. . . "f · urpose an e
the application of scientific procedures. Each research study has its own speci ic P
objectives ofresearch are as follows: . . ·· · ·. exploratory or
L To gain familiarity with_a phenomenon. Th~s type of study is known as
formulative research. · . · t' nor a group. ThisiS
. . · 1 · ct·
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a part1cu arm Vl u .1 ·ct als1tua 10

called descriptive research. · · Th' 1·s called diagrarnrnatlc

3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs. is .
h . . . . . d hypothesis
researc . . , . . ·., , , . . . . 'ables. This is calle .
4. To test the hypothesis of a causal relationship between ~an . , inga
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testing research. . . . · ndin its details for deve p
5. To explore the unknown object or phenomenon by underS t a g _
hypothesis. · · · . h ~ct~ristic behaviour, etc.
6. To describe the features of phenomenon like its observations, c a . ·..
 eusiness Research Methods I5
7. To pro~de explanation about h~w and why a phenomenon operates in a specific way.
8. To predict future activities on the basis of explanations. · · ·
9. To influence activities by emphasising on applying the existing theories and models.
Q.2. What actions guarantee good business research? List criteria of good business research.
Ans. Actions for Good Business Research: A good business research is one in which meaningful
outcomes can be extracted from the problem being studied for which the situation of the problem
a
is analysed systematically. Business research is systematic and object-oriented process directed
towards discovery and development of an organised body of knowledge. There are some actions that
guarantee good business research: . · · ·
1. It should abide by the ethical standards.
2. Research should be conducted efficiently.
3. Re-examining the data till correct findings are arrived.
4. Suitability, efficiency and accuracy of research.
Criteria of Good Business Resear~h
Following are the criteria of a good business res~arch:
.· 1. The purpose ·of the research sll.ould be clearly defined. A simple and clear cut concept should
be used to define a research: . · ·
2. The concept, definitions and procedure of re~earch sh~uld be clearly stated. Proper details ·
must be given so that research may be repeated for advancement. · .
3. A good research design should be used and planned to yield good results. A good research
design should have the quality of objectivity, reliability, validity and generalisation.
4. The researchers should have a complete knowledge of the subject and must be able to report
this with complete frankness, flows in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the
findings. · , .· · ..
5. The analysis·. of data must be complete keeping in view the entire aspects of the research. ·
Nothing should be left <;mt. For proper analysis, validity of the collected data should be checked.
6. The conclusion should fulfil the requirement of the research enq~iry and should be confined
to the study.
7. .The researcher should be experienced which leads to better confidence in the results.
8. Use of secondary data in research allows the researcher to complete the research within the
time frame. ·
9. A research i~ reliable when it produces similar results for different samples.
Q.3. What do you mean by conclusive research? Give Its classification.
Ans. Conclusive Research: Conclusive research tests the hypothesis of a research problem
formulated by exploratory research and draws definite conclusions for implementation. After validating
the hypothesis, a decision-making framework can be formulated. ·
The conclusive •research · is classified into exploratory research, descriptive research and
experimental research which are· discussed below: ·
1. Exploratory Research: It is a formulative research conducted to explore the unknown facts or
P_henomena that ·are not previously defined. In it, researchers seek to gain better knowledge about a
situation and formulate new concepts and theories by developing and testing hypotheses. · . . .
. 2. Descriptive Research: A descriptive research is carried out with specified objectives and hence,
It results in definite conclusion. This research tries to describe the characteristics of the respondents in
relation to a particular project or a practice/culture of importance.
3. Experimental Research: An experimental research is used to study the effect of a set of factors
on the response variable of a system of study. This research is conducted in a controlled environm t
and analysed using ANOVA. · · en

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 6 I· &'IM /Question Bank for ~.B,A.
. Q. 4. Write short notes on the foUowlng:
9 .
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.. (I) Descriptive research vs Analytlcal research. · .
(II) Applled (Action) research vs Fu_ndamental (Pure) research .
.(Ill) Quantitative rese~rch vs Qualltatlve research. ·
. (Iv) Conceptual research vs.Emplrlcal research. · .
Ans (i) Descriptive.Research vs Analytical Research: The major purpose of des . .
.
is description . .exists
of the state of affairs as 1t . . at present.
. Th e meth_ods of research utilised
criptive
. re s~arch
research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational metho~~~escr1Ptive
In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or inform t' ·
available and analyse them to make a critical evaluation of the material. . . ion already
(ii) Ap_plied (Action~ Research vs Funda~ental (~ure) Res~arch: Applied research ai
· finding a solution for an immediate problem facin~ a society or an mdustriaJ/business or . m~ at
· whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with the formulation of a theory. Resea;~nisati?n,
concerning human behaviour carried on to make generalisation about human behaviou:. stu dies
examples offud. n am~ntal researc · hbt , u rest~rr. h mam ·1y a1mmg
· · at certam · co~clusion
• facing a,areaso
co · 1
social and business problem, is an example of applied researc:h. · · · ncrete
. ·Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some processing practi
problems, whereas basic (pure) research is directed towards finding information that has a broad baca1
. .
of app11cation. · · . . .. . .. . se
(iii) Quantitative Research vs Qualitative Research: ·Quantitative research is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount. It _is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of
quantity. · · · ·· ·· · ,
. On the other hand! qualitative research is concerned with qualitative·phenomena relating to quality
or kind. Fori_nstance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behaviour, i.e. why
people think or do certain things, we quite often talk about motivation research which are important
topics of qualitative research. This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and
desires, used in depth interviews for the purpose. . · . . . ·, .
(iv) Coriceptual Research vs Empirical Research: Conceptual research is'•related to some
abstract ideas .or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or
to re-interpret existing ones, . . , I • • ,

· On the other hand, empirical research relies on ·experience or observation alone. rt·is a data
based research, coming up with a conclus~on which are capable of being verified by observation or
experiment. This can also be called as experimental type of research.
Q.5 . .What Is research? Discuss . the appllcatlons of re~earch In various f~nctlonal.areas of
management . . (2015-16)
Ans. Research: Refer to Sec-A, Q.1.
Applications of Research in Various Functional Areas of Management
·Following are the applications in various functions of management: ·
· L Acc~unting and Finance: The areas where research is conducted in this field include budged~l}'g
·
contro I systems, designing new practices and methods for inventory costmg, · dec·isions regar •m
capital structure and capital budgeting, etc. · . '-- · . f umer
· 2. Marketing Research: This research is carried out on the market on the basis c~nsdepth
taste
O
d &
s an pre,ere~ces that can be understood wjth the help ofresearc hes ~on ducted. to
·n get an m-
effectiveness,
knowledge about 1t. This research is carried out in areas of sales analysis, advertisi g .
new product development; etc. · · · . : .· ., · ·. . 1 ' theories
3 0 . ls ti . , lore the
in vanous
efficiency. sueh
nd ·nd ~n a onal Research: This research facilitates managers to exp
a _fl mgs relevant for the organisation and helps to increase their problem solv g ..

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 lness Research Methods
BUS ·
th
a research allows e managers to investigate a problem scientifically that enhances the efficiency of
[llanagers. .
4. Indu 5trl_al Rese~rch: It i~ concerned with the well being of a·company and is a planned effort
to have b~tter mformatio~ and improve the new and existing products. The areas related to sue~ a
research mclude developing new products and services to gain market. share, decisions regardqig
st
[llinimising _the co ~sta ~dardisation of processes, developing strategies for improving the relations
with customers and public. . . . _ . ,.
5. Production Research:_This research is dynamic in nature and needs continuous improvement
in process, product de~i~, cost, etc. This research is conducted in the areas of finding ne:,v and better
production methods, finding strategies and method for troubleshooting, etc. ,
Thus, rese~rch methodology js a broad term ~ith applicability in various disciplines .
. Q.6. What do you mean by research? Explaln Its significance In modern times. · (2013-14)
Ans. Research: Refer to Sec-A, Q.1.
Significance of Research
Research plays a vital rc'e for an organisation as it provides valuable informatio; to the managers
that help them in decision-making at various stages of operation. · ·
Resear~h alwa~s fac~litates plan~ing and consequently progress. _..\\edge .B
Research gives sat1sfact1on of knowing the unknown facts. The 0~,. Research is Oqr
increasingly co~plex_nature of business has forced government · not summary of IC}.
O
to focus attention ·on the use of research in solving operational what is available on given
O
problem. Research as an aid to economic policy, has gained an added t . b t • • I analysis
importance, both for government and business establishments. The opi\ u on ~:iginobl
significance of research can also be understood keeping in 'view the . O O speci IC pro em.
following points: ' · · ,.
1. As a routine matter, a fair amount of data is collected by the administration. It is the task of a
researcher who utilises this data and takes decisions. Such information indicates about what
. is happening in the economy and what changes are taking place.
2. Operation research and marketing research are crucial things and their results are helpful in
taking decisions. The structure and development of a market can be u.nderstood by marketing .
research. Research enables an organisation to decide on what to produce, how much to
produce and whom to produce.
• 3. Research has an important role in guiding social planning, knowledge of the society and the
cultural behaviour of people .that require proper planning for _their development. Research
in social stience is concerned both with knowledge for its own sake and with knowledge for
what it can contribute·to practical concerns. . .
4. Research is a tool for management to scan its environment and identify its opportunities and
problems existing in the environment. · .
5. Research facilitates the managers to identify, explore, refine and·quantify the opportunities
· that exist in the environment. · ·
6. It assists the managers to select the best among the alternative courses of action and forecast
. the necessary future activities to be taken by analysing the case that helps in planning. . •·
Q. t Discuss the problems en.countered by research In lndla.
• ·Or Discuss the various practical problems faced by the researcher In lndla. c _1 )
2015 6
Ans. Problems Faced by Researchers: The business problems encountered by the researchers in
lndiaare: · , . i . .· •

· 1. Lack of Fund:. Researchers need sufficie!}t fund t~ c_o~duct a research properly but companie~
~o not allocate this.for the research and development act1v1t1es. .. ·
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2 Absence ofEthics in Research: Research work reqmres a strong code of co d ·
but r~searchers do not follow the ethical norms due to which they have no coorct·n ~ct to be followed
. 1nation ,
3 _No Coordination Among Researchers: Research 1s a well coordinated acti . ·
. · among·th e researc h ers Ie~ d s. to biasness
departments, but lack of coord mation · inVltyoftheco
th . ncerned
. · O · · d t t 'th.th
4. No Cooperation: rgamsations o no c~opera e w1 . e researchers due to lack e research ·
5. Lack of SkiHed Researchers: Research 1s a systematic process that requir h of trust.
be well trained in collecting data, sampling and analysis but researchers have no ees t e researcher to
methodology. . · . ·xpertise, in research
6. Lack of Confidence: Researchers manipulate the data to present in the way th ·
of the lack of confidence on the outcome of research activity. ey want because
7. Lack of Library Management: There is a lack of books, journals and reports , I'b .
to which the crucial time of researchers are wasted on finding the useful informatio;~r~m~vie~ due
material. . . . . adable
8. Costly Affair: Printing and publishing the research work proves to be costly for th
associates so research work is a costly affair. e research
9. No Proper Knowle_dge: Researchers have not a proper knowledge about the domain due
which they copy the material from the other research works. to
10. No Centralised Database: There is no centralised database syst~m available for research d
to.which it is difficult to find the information about research related works. ue
Q.8. Distinguish between research method and research methodology. Specify the criteria of good
research. . · ' . ·
Or Differentiate between research methodology and research methods. . ,2 .
015 161
Ans. Difference Between Research Method and Research Methodology . ·
1. Method is the way of doing something. All those methods which are used by the res~archer
during the course of studying his research problems are termed as research methods.
Methodology is the science or study of a particular subject. The method a researcher follows
- in pursuing a research is research methodology.
2. Method or mode of procedure implies the whole series of subject that a researcher follows
in the process of making a contributioll to the field of knowledge. Methodology is a study
description, the explanation and the justification ofmei:hods and the methods themselves.
3. Research methods are used to study the research problems. But research methodology is a
systematised investigation to gain new knowledge about the phenomena or problems and
in its wider sense it includes the· philosophy and practice of the whole research process. It
provides standards which the researchers use for integrating data and reaching conclusions.
4. Methodology is a science and philosophy of methods. Both methods are understood in a
different manner dealing with the whole process of inquiry. . · .. . .
5. Thus, it can be said that the techniques for collecting data are referred to as methods while th e
logic applying the scientific perspective to the study of events is termed as methodology.
Criteria of Good Research
One expects scientific research so as to satisfy the following criterion: dcept
1. Purpose Clearly Defined: The purpose of the research should be clearly defined an con •
be used. · · . ff' , nt detail
· 2. Research Process Detail: The · research procedure used shoul d b e descn'bed m su keeping
icie the
to permit another researcher in order to repeat the research for further advancement, .
continuity of what has alread beenattaine .
eusiness Research Methods
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3. Research Des_ign thoroughly Planned: The procedural design of the research should be
carefully planned to _yield r_esults that are possible. · · . · · ·
4. ~de~u~t~ Analysis for Decision-makers Need: The analysis of data should be sufficient to
reveal its sigmftcance and the method of analysis used should be appropriate. So, the validity and
reliability of data should be checked carefully.
5. Finding Presented Unambiguously: Presentation of the data should be comprehensive, easily
understood to the decision-maker and so much organised that the decision-maker can readily locate
critical findings. · ·
Q.9. What are the latest emerging trends In research?
· Ans. Latest E~er?ing Trends· in Research: In the past few years, many organisations have
adopted technologies mto their business models in hopes to increase efficiency, become more flexible
and to transform their current business functions. Business research, too, has adopted new techniques
and methodologies in order to keep up with the evolving markets and extend, its reach. Following are
the emergingtrends in business research: · ·.
1. Expanding Market Freedom: The market share and product line are expanded by organisations
through research input. So, emergence of competitive and free markets is an important factor in this
regard.
· 2. International Research: This provides benefits to the countries on the global scenario. The
decisi~ns to be taken iil unfamiliar cultures are also influenced by this research.
3. Relationship Marketing: This concept mainly emphasises upon building and maintaining long-
term relationships with stakeholders ·o f the company by recognising the mutual benefits of both the
stakeholders and the company. .
4. Information Revolution: This has created a tremendous change in the overall business
environment and has completely changed the way·in which world does business. Some of the IT
developments are internet, e-mail, intranet, browsers and websites.
Q.10. What Is scientific method of research? Differentiate between scientific and non-scientific
methods. (2017-18)
Ans. Scientific Method of Research: This method of research refers to the specific methods and
techniques for acquisition or enhancement of current knowledge pertaining to research. The main
objective is to gather data with the help of observation and experimentation process through which
variable hypotheses·can be formulated. ·
.. Difference between Scientific and Non-scientific Method
S.No. Basis of difference Sclentiflc methods Non-scientific method . ·
1. Definition Formal methods which att~mpt to Informal methods that are basically
represent the truth and establish planned and ·based on random
a systematic linkage . between thought process.
information through rationality and
logic,
2. Source Experimentation !ogical arguments, Emotions, intuitions and experiences.
observation and their combination.
3. Obectivity Highe; degree of objectivity is seen. It is characterised by lesser
objectivity.
4. Precise The procedures for scientific methods These ·methods possess random
are·systematic. . thinking and disorganised
procedures.
 &'-fM. j Question Bank for M,B,A,
5. D~scribed by These are di:iven by proper evidences Philosophies . are the basis of th
and_facts. methods. ese
'·
6. . Objective The main objective is generalisation of The ·main · objective :is pro 'd•
. Vi Ing
facts to assist identical cases. philosophies and theories.
7. Nature These ~ethods are experimental in These . methods . are _theoretical I
nature. nature. · ·· · n

Q.l1. What are the characteristics of scle_ n_tlflc method of .research? Discuss Its benefits and
limitations. . · · · · · .
Ans. Characteristics of Scientific Method of Research: Following a~e the characteristics of .
scientific method ofresearch: · .. . . · · , . , · ",
1. Experimental: Scientific method is experimental in nature that examines the facts and believes
in hypothesis suppported by relevant facts. · _. . · , . . . . _, ,
2. Provisional: .This means outcomes obtained from these methods ·~re .debatable and any
researcher can question them. · · . • . · ·,
3. Objective: Scientific methods are supported by facts and their objectives. , .
4. ·structured: Scientific methods are syst1rmatic and follows a structured and well organised
procedure. . _ . . . · ' · ·
5. Collective: The existing information is upgraded and en_h anced through new findings and data.
So, scientifi_c methods are·collective in nature. ·
6. Deterministic: Scientific methods try to establish causal relationships between occurrences
and the factors responsible for them. ·
7. Rationalism: The findings of scientific study are backed byJogical reasoning and not influenced
by traditions, customs, or beliefs. · ·
8. Generalisation: This is possible and provides benefit to various researchers done for scientific
purposes.
Benefits of Scientific Method .
1. Provides greater adaptability to the researchers. II

2~ Ensures increased applicability.

3. Provides realistic approach to the problem. ,~
.
. :i. Focuses on proactive interpretations. ·
. '
5. 1-'ormulate generalised theorems _o n the basis of scientific logics.
Limitations of Scientific Method
1. Lo~of depende~cy -on researchers.
2. Constant threat of data, manipulation, negligence, duplication etc.
3. . L?t of time and huge costs are incurred. I
4. Information generated does 'not qualify on qualitative grounds.
Q.12. Whatls the'basls ofsclentlflc method? Give Its types. · ·· . , ·
Ans. · Basis of Scientific Method: The scientific method is based on certain 'Articles offaitb. These
are as follows: . . . .. .. . . · .
1 R r . · · · · · · . • . conclusion Is
d . · e ies on Empincal Evidence: Truth is established on the basis of evidence. .
a m;tted only when it is based on evidence and is reached on the basis of the result of analysis. ~rise
im · U~e of Relevant Concepts: Concepts are logical constraints or abstractions created frhoom!J
press1ons percepts d . · · g that we ·
' _ .. an expenences. They are symbols representing the meamn ..
 · eusiness Research Methods 1. 11
3. Co?Imitm~nt to Objectivity: It means forming a judgement upon facts which are·unbiased by
ersonal 1mpress10ns. ·· . .
p 4. Ethical Neutrality: .Science aims at nothing but making true and adequate statements about its
objects. Scienc~ do~s not ~ass_normal judgement on facts. ·· · .
5. Generahs~tion: Scientists are not concerned with isolated events but with the commonahty of
a series of events which they aim at discovering. . . . . .
6. Verifiability: When his conclusion is tested by others under the same conditions, then ·it is
accepted as correct. · ' · · · , .
7. Logical Reasoning Process: This reasoning process is used for drawing inferences from the
finding of a study or for •arriving at conclusion.
Types of Sdentific Method ·
Following are the types of scientific method:
i. Hypothetico Deductive Method: This method iniJ;iat~s by building a general theory followed
by observation and experiments to obtain a result. In other words, the method involves construction
of a general theory, formulating hypotheses based on it, testing and .analysing the hypotheses and
ultimately accepting or multifying the hypotheses according to the analysis. · · ,
2. Case Study: It refers to conducting an exhaustive and detailed analysis oft.h e similar events
oc~urred in different organisations.
. .
This 'method assists in gaining comprehensive knowledge
. . of the
situation and provides multifacete~ viewpoints to the proqlem. , .
3. Action Research: In this method, an already identified problem is taken up by the researcher
who then starts to observe and collect data with a view to solve forth coming problems. The solution is
then implemented without considering their pros and cons. The problems are then addressed and the
consequences are analysed.
Q.13. What Is a research question? How can you write a research question?
Ans. Research Question: A research question is an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or
issue. It is the initial step in a research project. The 'Initial step' means now we have an idea of what we
want to study, the research question is the first active step in the research project. .
A metaphor for a research project is a house. Our data collection forms the walls and our hypothesis
· that guides our data collection is the foundation. So, what is the research question? It is the ground
beneath the foundation. It is what everything in a research project is built on. Without a question, we
can't have a hypothesis. Without the hypothesis, we won't know how to study what we're interested in.
A research question forms the base of where we are going, so we have. to write a good research
question. If our.foundation is built on something shifty, like a house built on sand, then everything
following that, will be about correcting that initial issue instead of making an awesome home/research
project. . . . .· · . . ·
Writing a Research Question: Writing a good research question means we have so~ething we
Want to study. Let's say we're interested in the effects of television. We will examine the steps anq then
look.at how we could write a research question.
1. Spe~ify the specific concern or issue,
2. Decide what we want to know about the specific concern or issue,
3. Turn what we want to know and the specific concern into a question,
4. Ensure that the question Is 'answerable, , . ·
5. Check to make sure the question is not too broad or too narrow.
be This is the basic process in writing a research question'. Writing a good qu~stion will result in a
tter research project. · ., ' . .
' ' '

':
~\. •
"
' .... ·
 12 I &'ita IQuestion Bank for "1,B,A,
4 laln the steps to the man~gement research question.
Q.l .SExp to the Management Research Question: There are six steps to th
Ans. teps · d'l h e manag
researc h ques tl·on hierarchy for a management I emma t at can h be faced at work· ernen1
St I Management Dilemma: Here we try to answer t at what factors have re .
etp 0• blem? What environmental factors have stimulated the issue? _ su 1ted in the
curren pr · . . · , ·
For example; An increased number of complamts have been received regrading a pr d ·
. · delay in its delivery. · . 0 . ~ct due to
~•Aedge Bo Step II. Management Question: How can mana .
qr}(
O..,... . The . eliminate the factors that are causing this problem? Hgement fully
.l'lt:.• investigative
· question c~<}. ava il the oppo~umty · ?· · · ow can theY
d termines the specific For example, What can be done so that the delay ind I'
e
alternative option managers the product does not occur again? e Ivery of
would take to help solve the :ep III. Research ?,U~Stlon=J:y taking which course of action '
problem. canbl e ~Whanagement ef1m1~ate_ e factors that are causing the
pro em. at course o action 1s available so that opportun ·ty
be availed? . 1 can
For example; Should the delivery service be switched to another company? · .
IV. Inves~gative .Question: Wnich alternate is most suitable for the managers in order to
availStep
the opportumty?
For example; Which specific delivery company can be used for the delivery of this product? .
Step V. Measurement Question: How can the questions be measured? What needs to be asked
or observed for the information needed to solve the problem and the management research question?
For example; What is the approximate delivery time of the best delivery company in the city?
Step VI. Management Decision: Based on the findings gained from the research, what action
course should the management take?
not? For example; Based on the data
· gathered, should the company switch to a new delivery company or
Q.15. How can you draft a research proposal?
Ans. Drafting a Research Proposal: A properly drafted research proposal signifies a ·carefully
planned research project, reflects researchers competencies, etc. Drafting a research proposal involves
. . . . ' .
1. Developing Ideas Logically: All the ideas involved should be established logically upon each
other in order to justify and support the research study. It will not only seek support from authorities
and concerned committees but will also reflect the importance of conducting the research. ·
2. ~etermining the Depth of a Proposal: A researcher s~ould pr?~erl_Y fol!ow the ?uidelines :~
determme the depth ·of the proposal's content as well as provide specific d1rect10ns for its growth
development. . .' . .. h t ven
3. Identifying Critical Points: The important critical points should be h1ghhghted _sut
t ; ~ or
a speedy reader can easily recognise them. For this purpose, the researcher can capita ise, 01
italicise such points. . fth proposal,
4. Developing an Appealing Copy: A researcher must develop an app~ahng copy O e
i.e. copy of the same content without any spelling, grammatical or punctuat10n error. '
Q.17. Explain the research proposal evaluation criteria. · · 'dered while
Ans. Research Proposal Evaluation Criteria: The following points should be consi ·
evaluating a research proposal: .
1. Ethical Aspects: The aspects that should be considered under this are: ft ny experiment,
·(a) Safety: It entails that no human subject should be harme d,.durm. galland
thea necessary
er a detai·15 of
survey or interview. The participants should be clearly conveyed .
· conducting the experiment. ·
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aus1ne 55
Research Methods I 13
(b) Confidentiality: It must be maintained and for this data should be merged with th e
accumulated disclosed data so that the sources of data c;nnot be traced by others.
(c) Anonymity: I~ means i_dentity of any individual, group or organisation should not be revealed
through any disclosed mformation. ..
2. Training Aspects: These consist of the following : .
(a) Orientation: !he hired assistants should be well-explained about research objectives, types
of data collect10n methods, data preparation techniques, data analysis etc. ·
(b) Rehearsals: Assistants should get rehearsed through replicate environments as well as real
life situations. . . ·
3, Cooperation: A research project cannot be successfully executed without a proper cooperation
and participation fr~m managers, project assistants, employees, administraUon. This co?pera_ti~n can
be assured by ensurmg openness about researc.h study, required data, sincerity and confiden~iahty._
4. Legal Aspects: The main consideration here is to obtain individual unit's consent after d1sclosmg
the project details and its implications. · ·

~ection[i)
H•)Ufj ANSWER M•liiiM:fi
Q.1. What Is_the meaning of research? Give I~ characteristics.
Or Define research and discuss its characteristics. (2016-17)
Ans. Meaning of Research
Research is a matter of raising a questfon and then trying to find an answer. In other words,
research means a sort of investigation describing the facts that some problem is being investigated
to shed for generalisation. Therefore, research is the activity of solving a problem 'which adds new
knowledge and developing of theory as well as gathering of evidence to test generalisation. Research
provides a structure for decision-making.
There are basically four parts involved in any research investigation:
1. Defining the problem.
2. Formulating a hypothesis.
3. Collecting the facts or data.
4. Analysing the facts and drawing conclusions.
Some definition of research are as follow~:
'Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis, collecting,
organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last, carefully
testing the conclusion to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis'. -Cliffor Woody
'Research is the manipulation of things, concepts or symb?ls ~or the purpose of generalising to
extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids m the construction of theory or in
the practice of an art'. . • · -Encyclopaedia of Social Science
The definition throws light on four things as follows: •
1. Manipulation of things
2. Generally
3. Extending knowledge
4. Building up theory or practice .
p ~n short, research is an inquiry into the natur~ of the reason for and the consequences of an
re:cuJa~ set of circumstances, whether these circumstances are experimentaIJy controlJed 0 ~
ded Just as they occur.

t
 · _14 I Gffr6 IQuestion Bonk f
Characteristics of Research . . . or 1-1,B,A,
The characteristics of research are as follows:
. 1 •Loaic and Objective: The purpose of any research is to find out facts ·& · •·
. . .,. · ' · Th I · · &
inferences or generalisation 1s a m~st. e cone us1ons ~r m,erences must .be logical. Su ,or Which d~aWing
vegetarian city people have longer hfe and all the vegetarian educated village people h PP 0 se, all the
We can infer that vegetarianism is the cause of longevity. . ave also long life,
Objectivity means reality, which is fundamental to all science of research. The crit . . ' .
is that all researchers should arrive at the same conclusion about the phenomenon ena ho~ 0 hJectiVity
pursuing research . · . ·0 n w tch th ey are .
. 2. Reliability and Validity: Truth is a basic need for research. This is achieved on! b · · .
and reliable data. In dealing with any real life problem, it is often found thatdata at haid Y~e sufficient
an~ h~~ce it is ne~e~sary to collect appr?priate data_ which is suita?le for the purpose ~:~~adequate
rehab1hty and validity of data, error or bias of sampling may be avoided. True research 0att · y. For the
out an unbiased answer to the decision-making problem. · . empts _to find
3. Accuracy: The accuracy is a sensitive point to meet the purpose, in a pragmatic m
study for which it is unde~ken, The experimenter must be an expert with regards to the ~nnef ?f th e
the information. In other words, the data are collected, recorded and analysed with completciSion of
as much as possible by using standardised tools. · · . . e accuracy
'! . 4._ Scien~ific lritegr~ty: _I~ is the age of s~ience a~d thus the·modern culture is over-ridden. with
. scientific attitude and scientific method of approach with the fast development of science. The scientific
research has become a reliable instrument for the advancement of knowledge as well as material gai
Further scientific research is a continued research using scientific methods. - · n.
· 5. Recording and Reporting: A systematic approach is essential in good research. Each step must
be so planned that leads to the next step. It is not possible to go back and correct the mistakes of the
previous steps. Thus, every term should be carefully defined, every procedure is described in detail;
every limiting factor is identified, every reference is carefully determined and every result is carefully
and objectively recorded. By recording, we must be aware that it is a source·of investigation for further
research and may be used as secon_d ary data for other researchers.. ·
Q.2. 'A research scholar has to work as a Judge and derive the truth and not as pleader who Is only
eager to prove his case In favour of his plaintiff'. Discuss the statement pointing out the objectives of
research. • (20_13-14)
· Ans; The statement stated above is absolutely true as the purpose of research is to discover answers
to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The mairi aim of research is to find the
· hidden truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment. Research is a search for
knowledge through systematic methods concerning generalisation and the formulation of theory..
· Research process begins with the identification of research problem that follows da_ta coll~ction,
·analysis and ends with a conclusion . of findings. It is conducted in an ll,nbj~s~d man~er Withou~
manipulation of ffndings. Research plays an important role in management dec1s10n-making tbroug
systematic analysis of the situation and finding new ways to support the operati?ns. ·· t It is
· · . Resea_rch_is a contribution to the existing stock of knowledge m~king for its ad~anc~reJng the
a sys~ematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulatmg a hypo~esis, co ec se is to
facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching the conclusions in the form of solution. Its purpo
dis~over answers to questions through applying scientific procedures. · : · ~- · ho is only
·· . · ·So, a research scholar has to work as ;i judge arid derive the truth and not as plea er w .
eager to prove his case in favour of his plaintiff. · ·
. . . •·. •· ..

.Objectives of Research . ·:,

. . Research is based
·· · · ·
on the foilowing obje~ves: . . .
··· '
. . . '. .. . ' a researcher
. d h"l1 explonng, h
· . . 1, Exploring Unlmown: This is tqe main objective of research an -~. e h . · otheses and t e
·tri~s to understa~d
. . ' the. details of the. . situation •. in developing ·prebmmary yp · ·.
 ~- Research Methods
,
j ' 15
,

raJisations. This allows_th e researchers to develop theories and ~xplain the questi~ns of how a nd .
gene henomenon operates particularly. · ; · , .
whY; ~escribing Featur~s: Research des:ribes the features of,a phen~meno~ and is one of the core
. . . .
1, 1

JI
fI
w
'I'
j
ctNities of ~esearc~ where a rese~rcher either ob~_e rves phenomenon, conducts tests to measure the
a cteristlC behaVIour and describes the change m attitude of the object. . , . ,· ·
!J
cha~- EXJ>Iaining Phenomenon: Providing explanation is another.objective where the ~esearcher has
the aim tci explain ~ow and why_ a phenomen~n operates specifically. The researchers develop ce~in
theories that exp!fyiai~ thteh ~ehaffiviour of a particular phenomenon by determining the factors causmg
ge and identl ng eir e ects on the phenomenon. , · ·· · . ·
cha"4. predicting Future Activities: This is the main aim of research and prediction can be done on the
basis of explanations re~arding a phenomenon. ~orecasting activity ca~ be performed in the ~esea~ch
on the basis of explanation. Thus, predictions are made on the basis of cause and effect relationships
in a phenomenon. · · . ,. . ·
5. Influencing Activities: This is the last objective of research that emphasises on applying the
·existing theories and models instead ofdeveloping new theories influencing various areas of environment.
Most of the research conducted in social, behavioural and educational area falls in this category.
Q.3. Describe the different types of research. Clearly point out the difference between an experiment
and asurvey. (2013-14) .
Ans. Types of Research
The research can be classified on different bases which are as under:
I. On the Basis of Applications
On the basis of applications, research can be classified as: ·
1. Basic or Fundamental Research: The main objective. is to provide models and theories
a
regarding some phenomena and this research seeks to obtain knowledge about particular subject.'It
is carried out to discover and gain better insight about a specific phenomenon. Basic research can take
I
I
;
the forms of: · ·
(i) Discovery: To find new explanations or ideas.
(ii) Invention: Designing new methods and techniques. .
(iii) Reflection: Analysing theories, models or techniques in organisational or social contexts.
2. Applied or Action Based Research: This research applies the existing knowledge, theories
and methods, to solve a particular issue.·It is the practical application of concepts provided by basic
research and tries to solve the existing problems and also provide the solutions to eradicate them
related to real and social life.
II. On th~ B~is of Objectives · ·
,
. .
On the basis of objectives, research can be classified as:
. .

~a) Exploratory Research: It is an initial research w~ich analyses the data and explores the
11:1
i
i,;
I.
:s.sibi!ity of obtaining as many relationships as possible between different variables without knowing .i'II '

eir use and application. . · · · . "

Po Th~ research provides a basis for general finding. Researchers and practitioners can explore the
~slbihty of using such general finding in future. This type of research lays the foundation for different
. ~~esis ofresearch problems. •. . · · . , . , , . '
I'.
I
fferent _types of exploratory research are as follows: . , ·. , ·
· (a) Literature survey: It is a study involving a collectioi:i, of literatures ,in the selected area
of research ,in which the researcher has limi~ed experience and critical examination and .
II I

comparison of them to have a better understandmg. It also helps the researchers to update "th
the past data, data sources and results, which will be useful .for related researchers in fu:e. I,.
,,
I
- 1·:•
-~.
.·, :·
.. ':· J . : • -·
 16 &t,6 IQuestion Bank for ~.
. 1•1,8,~
Som e of the examples.
of such review of the old research word, demographic analy ,
, ;, f d . sis, Peti
stock exchange, index repo':5, cross companson o census, eta1ls of dif!erent countries. Odie
(b) Experience survey: Expenen_ce suryey ~ea~s. survey of people who .had practical ex e .
with the problem to be stud1~d. T.hese md1v1duals can be top executives, sal~s rn~ntience
wholesalers, retailers posses~mg valuable knowl~dge and infor?1ation about the pro agers,
This survey gathers the ~xpene~ces of ~he experts m terms of their skill and kn owled ehie~.
have been developed over a penod of time or through other studies. . · g Whtch
Some of the ·e~amples of the experience survey are ,bidding of tendel'S, materials la .
manpower planning, monsoon prediction, product pricing technology, etc. · p •nnin&
(c) Study of Problems ~o .have an Insight: T_his _is a special kind of study orient d
insi~ht into rese~rch to?ics._Thi_s kind of stu~y ~s mainly a ~ase study oriented. Fo:
e! have
the implementation of 1ust-m-t1me manufacturmg system m a company. The sue lnple,
implementation of JIT (Just-in-time system) in Indian industries can be studied ~:ss ~the 0

· case study approach coupled with a carefully designed questionnaire. rou a

2. Conclusive Research: The exploratory .research lays the foundation for the formulati
hypothesis. Conclusive re~e~rch tests ti:ie hypoth_esis of a rese~rch problem formulated by explo~~ of
research and draws defimte concluswns for 1mplementat1on. After validating the hypothe • ry
,._ · .d . dec1s10n-ma
·· k'mg framework can be ",ormulated..The conclusive research sis, .a
_._,\e Qe J3 classified into descriptive research and experimental research whic~
. A · Oo are described below: · ·: ·
...L~ . .. . .. ~t(') (a) Descriptive Researc~: A descriptive research is carried
~ : scientific enquiry . out with specific objectives and hence, it results in definite
progresses through a sen es conclusions. This research tries to describe the characteristics
of laboratory stages which of the respondents in' relation to a particular project or a
often involve the manipulation practice/culture of importance. :· . ··
of various properties of the ' · For example; Consider television as a product where the degree
physical world. of use of the tele'(rision varies with respect to age, sex, income level
. . and profession of the respondents as well as place and time of use.
Hence, the degree of use of television to different types of respondents will be of importance
to a researcher. .· .
(b) · Experimental Research: An experimental research is used to study the effect of a set of
factors on the response variable of system of study. This research is cqnducted in a controlled
environment and analysed using ANOVA.
• : 1 •

. · Table: Experimental Design .·

· Profession
• Housewife
. Employees Unemployed Business

<25
25-35
35-60
. >60 · · •· .··.. ..
. , ' . ., . •·. .. I Let
.1oscae.
. . ft d ink by respondents on 1 ion of the 11
Consider an example of a ratin~ of the_ taS t e of a so rratin be the age and profes~e factors, ·
the factors which affect the responsible va~1able, namely th e bl ~e number of levels of pJications
· respondents. A sample experimental design is·shown in th e ta e'.mental combination, 3 r~he design
age is four and that of the professiol} is also four. _For each e"¥:n the respondents as perbination of
. are carried out to minimise the error. After collecting the data h::er each factor of a com_
shown in the table, a factorial allalysis can be done to teS t w . _ .· . . _ . ·
 I -
1.
i
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·
s~si11ess
Research Methods
. lw I,
I!,I ·i·!
ctors bas a significant effect on the responses ·writeable, 'Rating'. Each factor and the·combination of II
factors are knbWD as components 0 f th e ½NOVA MODEL'. The conclusion may be that whether or not 11 '
fa·ch ,ompone?t has an effe~t on th e re~ponse variable at a given significance level. , ·

I
1:.
ea _Modelh~g Research. A mode~ Is an abstraction of reality. Many of the real life problems of ·
3
iness situations can_ be formulated _as _models. Different types of models applied to business
b!ations areas follows. . . ·, · . ·. . . . . , • . . ,.
si . (a) . Sy111}?0Uc ~odel:_ 1-t is a re~resentation of the performanc~ me~s~re of the ·system of intei:est
, . in terms of its var'.ables. This means that the attributes of a system are related by an equat10n
·!<Down·as regress10h equation. It is an example of symbolic model. . • · · .
(b) Mathematical .Model: Ma~hematical models are mainly operations research models which
are aimed to solve complex real life problems arising in the direction and management oflarge
systems of men, .material, machines and money in.industry, business and government. Some
examples of mathematical mode.Is are linear programming models, transportation models, ·
assignment models, inventory models, etc. ·
(c) Simulation Model: Sim.ulation is an experiment mainly conducted over _a real life in a scaled
· time frame to_extract as many average operational statistics as possible to formulate respective
· · ·dedsion guidehnes at all levels of management in.industry, business and government.
III. On the Basis _of Extent ofTheory . .
Research can be classified on the basis of extent of theory a~:
1. Theoretical Research: It seeks to add new knowledge by discovering new ideas and theories
with the help of existing theories and explanations. It emphasises on studying rather than testing
the theories and models. It is based on secondary data instead of primary data and striVf:S to ·gain
knowledge about the existing theories to improve the body of knowledge through the addition of value
w~ . .
.Z. Empirical Research: It is ·data-oriented and provide~ insights through observation or ·
experiences. In it, the primary data are collected, analysed and tested to prove some hypotheses and
be
can conducted through both the qualitative and quantitative cipproaches. ·
IY. On the Basis of Methodology
Research can be classified on the basis ofinethodology as:
1. Qualitative Research: It is conducted to stud,Y. and analyse the human behaviour .a nd· is
considered as a preliminary stage of quantitative research. ,Its objective is to get an in-depth knowledge
about a particular behaviour by collecting new information using various techniques. . ..
a
2. Quantitative Research: It is scientific . technique that attempts to analyse the data using
statistical measures for c'oncluding the outcomes of a research problem. It is carried.out in a structured 1,
Way to develop and test various hypotheses using mathematical and statistical techniques.
~w
· . iscellaneous Types .
There are also some other types of research w,hichare: .
.
· . · .· •· . . . . · . . !
i I

. 1. Evaluation Research: It is defined as·the systematic measurement and j~dgement about·a

.I
Situation to provide the feedback and is based on criteria used for evaluating an object like benefits ·

::~~ni~~ .Rese~rcb: It i's a p~~cipat~ry rese~;c~ whe~~ active ~m~iem solving is do.ne b; .
· fol'lnvtdua}~ on a team in an organisati~n to 1mprov~ th 7method of solv!ng issues. It is an ·organised
1 SOlvinof investigati?n that is col~ective and evaluative m nature and tries to correlate_ .the problem

· · g tnethods WI th research. . · • · 0
·
~~istorlcal Research: It is an ?rganised att~mpt_to collect the data regarding historical events,
Occurr ngthem and interpre~ng the events and to 1dent1fy the causes, effects and trends regarding past.
t _ :ences impro~ng the present ~nd future. . · · · ·. . . . : · . .· .
r 18 I
• Th'
6lfM. IQuestion Bank for
. '
search is a systematic effort to trace-back the causes resulting i
~,B.4.

4. Ex-pos~ ~actor. . is r~hat have caused the effects are identified. It is a scientific an slpeq~
effect and in it, the actions . bles
d dependent vana • ·
.
·
na Ysis Of
indepe nd ent an Difference between an Experiment and a s·urvey ·

Scientific procedure wherein the fac- Technique of gathering

·
infonn ti
a onre,
Meaning
1. tor un'der study is isolated to test hy- garding a variable under study from the
pothesis. respondents of the population. ·
Relatively small. ~arge '.
2. Sample
Physical and naturai'sciences: : Social and behavioural sciences,
. 3. Suitability
Experimental research. Descriptive research.
4. Used in
Laboratory research. Field research.
. s. Example
Data collection Through several readings of experi- Observation_, interview, questionnai re,
6. . r •
ment. case stud , etc. ' ·

. Q.4. Explain what research Is and how academic research Is different from organisational research
· Ans. Research: It is made up of two words-'Re', i.e. repetitive .o r iterative process ·a~d 'Searc~
denotes making a thorough examination of or looking over carefully so as to find something. Jt is a
scientific process where new facts, ideas and theories are established and proved in different areas of
knowledge. Research aims at adding ideas to the existing stock of knowledge for the betterment which
are established and proved in different areas of world. · '
So, research is a systematic; formal and precise process that is employed so ·as to gain solutions to
the problems, or to discover arid interpret new facts and relationships: . ·
In other words, it is a systematic activity that is directed towards discovery and the development
of an organised body bf knowledge. · · ·· ·
Difference between Academic Research and Organisational Research

1. Definition It is a research conducted for academic It refers to any type of research done
purposes like the research cond~cted when starting o~ running·~ny' kind of
by students as part of their s~dies organisation., , 't'

or by academicians for _carrying out

research by itsel[.

2. Meaning It refers . to research _based articles Organisational research documents

and other scholarly offerings in ·the means contract charts, technical
journals or texts. pamphlets , that· relate to business
world. •. · ·. ·

3. Basis This research is based on literature It is related with actual management

review at different parts of study.
and business problems that occur in !
the world. · I'

In this, it Is ekpected ·. to, produce

Such a research involves the goals like
4. Goals
get money, publish pape~s and the
~om~thing of 'value . to
. .
the
company
reputadon
I
whether its a product, patents,
graduate students.
on the bas'is ~f circumstances. I

l ·t
i
I
I
 . ess Research Methods
911 s1n . ·119
Audience
s. The audience in this research is Here: the audience is top management.
general public.
6. Custome~ In this rese~rch, the customers of the In it, the customers of the research are
research are the society. the business.
7, problem basis This .research is . based . on societal This is based on a business problem
problems or_issues like educational or situation like c~nsumer ·behaviour
research. research.
8. Nature Here, th e res~archer gets a lot· of In it, the researcher gets a lot of freedom
freedom to do what he want to set the .but he is not much _constrained and
agenda. needs to answer to the company for
what he do.
i'
l
Q.5: Explain research methodology. Explain In brief the major steps In doing research. (2014-15) I

Or Define research methodology. (2017-18)

Ans. .· · . . Research Methodology .
The research _methodology. 1s a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studymg how research is done scientifically. In it,we study the various steps
that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind
them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods/techniques but also the
methodology. Researchers not only need to know how to develop certain indices or tests, how to calculate
the mean, mode, median or the standard deviation or chi-square, how to apply particular research
techniques, but they also need to know which of these methods or techniques are relevant and which are
,not and what would they mean and indicate and why.
Steps in Doing Research
The major steps involved in doing research are as follows:
1. Identify the Problem: The first step is the process of ideiitifying and understanding the research
problem. What is the problem? What type of information is needed? · ·
2. Review the Literature: Now the problem has been identified and the researcher must learn
about the topic under investigation. Researcher must review literature related to the problem . .
3. Clarify the Problem: The researcher classifies the problem and narrows the scope of the study.
4.'Clearly Defin·e Terms and Concepts: These items need to be specifically defined as they apply
to the study. _
5. Define the Population: Researcher has to define the population and focus on a specific group '
of people, facilities, employee evaluation, etc. _ · · . , ·. ·
6. Develop the Instrumentation Plan: The instrumentation plan serves as the road map for the
entire study like-when data will be collected and the content of the study. . . ,.
7. Collecting the Data: The collection of data is a critical step in providing the information needed
I
to answer the research question. There are two types of data:
(a) Primary data. . . (b) Second?ry data.
. .
·
•
II
8. Analysis of Data: This step involves the followmg aspects:
(a) Coding. · (b) Editing. .
(c) Tabulation and analysis. (d) Interpretation.
(e) Recommendations. .
h 9. Preparation of Research Report: Keeping_the objectives of the study in mind, the researcher I:
s OUld prepare the research report. . · . · • .· . · , . .
Thus, research methods are the methods over which research can be carried out and are used to
~se and collect data so that meaningful ou~co~~s can be extracted fr~m the ~roblem being studied.
te~ esearch methodology is defined as the sc1ent1f1c procedure for solvmg various problems that are
ted_to research. . . _ · · ·· ' ·
 &tra IQuestion.Bonk for tvl,B,A,.
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Q.G. Briefly discuss the steps In research process. ,201 6
Or Explain steps Involved Iii research process. · ·17, 17. 18)
Ans. . Research Process . (2015_1
.Research pro~ess· cons1_sts
· of a senes
. o f s t eps w h'1ch are necessary to effectively car · 6J
1
O
The various steps involved in the research process are not mutually exclusive and th ry_ Utresearc~ t
not separate. Thus, major ·s teps should be considered.as grouping or classes of ope et~anous steps ar ,
· · d· h h · ra 10ns or • . e 1
hundreds of which. are involve in researc eac correspondmg to .some requirem . en_t of research
actl\'ities' I,
· Steps Involved .m Research Process . . . · . · i
Following are the major steps involved in research process: f:
. 1. Formulation of the Research Problem: The first step in research is formulation of the
problem. Without a problem, research cannot proceed because there is nothing to proc · d ;esearch
proce~d towards. It is the .most ~mportant step in applied research, as poorly defined prci:i:ms:Iand
yield useful results. Poorly defmed problems cause confusion and does not serve the purp not
researcher. Thus, a problem sets the goal or direction ofresearch. · · ose of the
. , Research begins when the researcher .experiences a difficulty or a challenge which is the b .
component of a research problem. There are no principles which can guide an investigation to :ic .
significant p:oblem~ for research. A careful study of literature will ·guide him and his sensi~li: :
experience directs him to formulate the problem. .' • : . ,.
As ~is is the most critical step_in re~earch proc_ess so i~s imp~oper definition can ca~se failu;e of
the entire research study; The process s_h ould be defmed as: · .
. ' . t
· (a) Stating th~ problem in a general way is important. The defined problem should address on
operational issue and should be stated on the basis of specific logic. ; ·
(b) . The next step is to analyse the nature of the research problem and to understand it, researchers
need to identify and analyse its cause.
(c) . The problem is not defined unkss its available literature is properly studied or examined
thoroughly. ' · · ·
(d) After this, it is necessary to develop ideas for conducting the research for which researchers I
... _ , discuss the problem with experienced individuals. . . .· . .
· (e) The research problem is rephrased to form a specific proposition and the underlying factors .
. , , _ are defined and analysed. .. i • : .
(f) The process ofredefining the research problem is kept feasible and logical so as to maintain ;
the flow of research that helps in formulating hypothesis accurately. 1.
-.. ·2. Extensive Literature Survey (the Review of Previous Literature): Once the problem ~
formulated, the next. step is to write down a brief summary. A brief summary of previous researcd
should be given so that the researchers and readers may be familiar with what is already kno~n an
. 'th h . . ' . . . d kn 0 ledge Th1sstep
:· WI w at 1s still ,unknown and tested. The effective research 1s base upon past '!" · th sis,
helps to eli_minate.the replication of work and provides useful basis for the form~Iat10n of hyp~li:hed
For extensive survey literature the abstracting and indexing journals and pubhshed-or unpu rtS
· b'bl' h. ' d' rnment repo '
1 , 10grap 1es should be consulted. Academic journal, conference procee mgS, gave h robJern
commission reports and boo · aies parallel to researc P 1
should be carefully consu for researcher. eof .
3. Formulation of · )>lem. The purpo:etof ,
research is to find the so ould propos_e atative '
suggested solutions or · olve. Such ttted as
·.solutio~s. formulated as tions for~~n~icat~S i
hypothesis may or may' othesis 0thesis
the expected outcomes earch. AhYP ,
~.o_ntrols .a nd directs th
,
. ' ss Research Methods
9us1ne . . .
. . "oesearch Design:
. A research
· ·. des 1·gn 1
·s a P
· Ian compnsmg
. . the researcher's
· ·. •
dec1s10ns a b ou t the ··.
4
. rocedures _of samplmg, data collection and analysis of data in respect of a: given study, which aim to ·
P fi) the .obJ~ct of the study.
ful I'A research design
.
. is. a I ogica
· · · · ·· .
·
. I and systematic
·•
. planning and directing
· ·
.·
I
. . .
.
of a piece of research.'
· -Pauline V. Young
Th US, the process of ~or king out a research design involves, making decisions abou~ the technique .
I
to be em~I?yed for collectwn .0 f r~levant data. The safeguar~s to be employed are the validity, reliability
and precision, the ~ode of drawmg the sample analysing the data, interpreting the results. , · ·.
5. sample Design: The ~esearcher must decide the way of selecting a sample or a sample design.
In other words, a ~ample des_ign is a definite plan determined before any data are actually collected foi; ·
obtaining a sample from a given population. Samples may be probability samples or non-probability
i
samples. Probability sample means that the selection of units in the sample is based on chance while
non-probability sample is not based on chance. . , ·. . , . , . . ·
. 6. Collection of Data: In order to study any matter statistically, the first step is to collect data.
After drafting a satisfactory plan; the most crucial and lengthy stage of the statistical investigation is ·
•coHection of data'. The sources of data are called primary and secondary data. Primary data are based ·
on primary source of information. These are collected by investigator, either on his own or through ·
. some agency set-up for the purpose. The -source of data is caHed secondary if the data have already
.been collected, tabul.a ted and presented in some form by someone else for some purpose. .
· 7. Analysis of the Data: The purpose of data analysis is to summarise the completed observations
in such a way that they yiE!Id answers to the research questions. The analysis consists of specific sub-
tasks such as coding, tabulation and drawing of statistical interferences, etc. Editing is the procedure
that improves the quality of the data for coding. With coding, the stage is ready for tabulation and
statistical computations are needed in a study.
8. Conclusions or Generalisation: In this stage, hypothesis is ·compared with the conclusions
drawn on the basis of data. For testing a hypothesis, various tests such as chi-square test, t-test, f-test
have been developed by statisticians. Any test.may be applied depending upon the nature and object of
research inquiry. Hypothesis testing will result in either accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. ID: case a
hypothesis fits the finding ( hypothesis accepted), the theory which suggested the hypothesis would be
proved. As a matter of fact, the real value of research lies in its ability to arrive at certain generalisations ..
If the hypothesis is rejected, the blow of disproof will pass onto theory which originated the hypothesis.
9. Report Writing: After collecting and analysing the data, the final stage of a research study is to
make inferences and report writing. The report of the survey or research study is, thus, the statement !,.
that contains in brief, the procedure adopted and the findings arrived at by the researcher of a research
study. Report must be simple, but it requires considerable thought, skill, effort, patience and penetration
and overall approach to the problem, .d ata analysis as well as firm control over language and greater
objectivity. So much care is required for the effective preparation of the research report to make it useful
for the management and audience: · · · ·
Q.7. What are the various areas of management In which research Is carried out?
Ans. · Areas ·of Management
m Research is condu~ted to discover or e_xplai~ a theory or to. solve .a specific problem faced by
anagement. Various areas of management m which the research 1s earned out are as given below:
1. Finance and Accounting: In the field of finance and accounting, the research is conducted in l
the areas of:
(a) Budgetary control system. .
. ·· . ·• .
i
(b) Individual's attitude towards investment decisions . .
(c) Designing new practice·s and methods for the inventory costing. I
 &'fr-6. j Question Bank f
,
(d) Treatment of depreciation and its effect on earnings. ' ' or 1,~

.
(e) Practice of transfer pricing. . ·
(f) Effect of mergers and acquisitions on profitability.
2. Human Resour~e De~elopment and _Organisa~on Behaviour: These are the
research and the issues m which research studies are earned out are: · . domains
. '
· (a) Attitudes of employees. ·
'

·(b) · Leadership characteristics and styles.

(c) Assessment centre and evaluation.
(d) Mechanisms used for performance appraisal.
(e) . Individual behaviour and personal relations. .
. · 3. Marketing Research: Itis_used ~ythe companies on the bas!s of customer tastes and re ,
understood by the researches. It 1s earned out for consumer behavioural attitudes, distribuJ ferences
efficiency, etc. Examples related to this research a.~. . on channel
(a) Analysing the buying behaviour of consumen,.
(b) Forecasting the demand for products.
(c) Decisions regarding media selection 1vt proper advertising.
(d) Measuring the effectiveness of advertising.
(e) : Estimating the product potential.
(f) Market testing of new products.
(g) Decisions related to positioning strategies.
4. Organisational Research: It is a field that constitutes many disciplines and facilitates th
m~nagers to expl~r~ various theories an~ findings relevant for the organisa~on. It helps the manage~
to mcrease the eff1C1ency of problem solvmg. It also allows the managers to mvestigate a problem that
enhances managerial efficiency. . . · ·
I · · S. Prodqction Research: It is dynamic in nature and needs improvement in process, product
-.i design, etc. This research is conducted in the areas of: ·
, · . : (a) Finding new and better production methods. . · • .·
(b) Finding strategies and methods for troubleshooting.
(c) Ways to standardise and control production. . .
. 6. Industrial Research: It is a practical concept concerned with the well being of a companiltisa
planned effort to gain better information and hence improve the new and existing products. The areas
where this research is carried out are:
(a) : Finding ways to improve the quality of products.
(b) .Developing new products and services.
(c) Decisions regarding minimising the cost.
(d) Standardisation of processes and developing strategies for improving relations with customers
andpublic. . · · · · ·
Q.8. Write a detailed note on research problem.
. Or What d~ you mean by researc·h problem? Discuss Its components ..
Ot How a research problem Is selected and what are Its advantages?
Ans. Research Problem . ·. eed
Without a problem, research cannot proceed because there is nothing to proceed from au<l ~rocmes
towards. A properly selected problem sets the goals or direction of research. The term 'Pr~blem. coosed
from the Greek word 'f'roblema' meaning a thing thrown before, in broader sense, a que st wn prop
for solutions or a matter s'4ted for examination. , . bstacles, of
?he need of clearing up confusion, of straightening out of an ambiguity, of over_c~m:;:a problem: 1
covermg the gap between things as they a.re and as they may be when transformed IS m.
-John Dewer
 ss Research Methods 23
susine ' .

·
•problem is. a ~i~t~onWfor which we have no re~dy and successful response by instinct or by
previously acqmre a It. e must find out what to do.' . .

1. The problem must be worth studying. .

· · , -R.S. Woodworth
Aproblem can be called a research problem only when it satisfies the following conditions: ·
'Il
2. It must have social and managerial relevance.
3. There must be facts needed for research. f
. 4. It must come out with practical solutions to·the issues. ,
5. It must be up•to-date or_relevant to th~ current social or managerial happenings.
6. It must involve clarity of meaning and limited scope of study. · · ,
7. It must be explicit and original.:
8. It must be verifiable and testable.
components of Research problem
There are five components of research problem: ,
. 1. Research Consumer: There must be ~n individual ~r a group which has some difficulty. The
1ndividual may be the researcher himseif and the group n1ay be a group of researchers or scientists. Fo_r
1
most problems, there are also other participants. The researchers' is a_participant in the problem. So,
all the individuals or groups, who may be affected by a.decision,·are the part of the research consumer.
2. Research Consumer's Objectives:The research consumer must have objective(s) to be attained
at, 'If one wants nothing, one cannot have a problem.' ,. .
3. Alternative Means to Meet the Objectives: The research consumer must have objectives which
he desires. Means are courses of action. This means that there must be at least two means available to
a researcher for if he has no choice of means, he cannot have a problem.
4. Doubt in Regard to Selection of Ultimates: The existence of alternative courses of action is
not enough. To experience a problem, there must remain some doubt in the mind of a researcher with I
regard to the ·selection of alternatives. Without such a doubt, there c'a n be no problem: This means that
research consumer must have a question concerning the relative efficiency of the possible alternatives. i
5. One or More Environments: There must be one or more environments to which the difficulty
or problem pertains. A change iri environment may produce or remove a prop Iem.
i
Selection of Research Problem - ··
The research problem undertaken for study mus't be carefully selected. It should not be borrowed.
It should spring from the researcher's mind like a sprout springing from "its 'own seed. A -research.
problem rightly and rationally selected solves half of the problems. . . . .
The following points may be observed by a re_searcher in selecting a research problem:
. 1. A subject in which inte~sive as well as extensiv~ work (subject which is.over done) have already
· been done should be avoided. In this connection, new discovery is difficult. ·
. 2. A novel problem may lead to new ways of looking at the problem for the sake of novelty and
. _controversial subject should be avoided. ·
3. Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided.
4. A fair amount of sources of research should be available so that research proble~ may be
· carried out. In the absence of resources, no research is purposeful. . •
Advantages of Research Problem: These are ~s follows: ··
1. It gives an enlightened picture of problem at every stage. · .
2. It paves the way to complete the research within the stipulated time and the cost will moderate.
3. It has unlimited advantage and boost the morale of the researcher. · ·· "
r · Precautions of Research Problem: These are as follows: · .
1111111

(JltM. / Qu~stion Bonk t

Off,i,I
·t. -: Ability to grasp and having time to deal with its broad implications.
2.. Resources to carry the stu~y forward . . ·
. 3. . Applicability to stu~y techniques for the particular topic chosen .
.Q.9~ Define research proposat Explain Its purpose and key elements.
Ans: . . · · .\ ·,' ~. .· '· · · ·Research Proposal .
. : A rese.arch propos·a1 is a·,deta,iled'descriptio'n of a proposed study designed to in . ·
sti
problem. It expiains the r~ason,that why specific issues have to be resolved and what v~ bgate a~
' ' . • . SUJta le r
design should be chosen so as to examme them. A research proposal is intended to conVi esearq
that we have a worthwhile research project and that we have the competence and th nee 0tJieri
complete it. . .. • .. : .. . . . e Work-plan~
Pur1>ose of Resea_rch Proposal
The rnain purposes of a research proposal are as follows:
1. To prevent distraction from·actual topic.
2. Vital for third parties including supervisors, instructors, commissioners,.etc.
3. To convinee others about th~ research study. · '
4. To focus and define research plans. . . .
5. To discuss the efforts·of other researchers: ·
6.. To support the researcher in defining the research contents. -, .
7. To represent plans, services and competencies of the research in its best possible way.
8. To suggest and recommend information essential to solve research questions.
Elements <>f Research Proposal · · . ·' · . .
The elements of a research proposal are h.ighlighted below:
1.Title: It should be concise and ·descriptive. It.must be informative and catchy. An effective tide
not only prick's the readers interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal
Often titles are stated in ·terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly' indicate the
independent and dependent variables. The title niay need to be revised after completion of writing of
the protocol to reflect more closely the sense of the study. . . .
2. Abstract: It is a brief summary that include the main research question, the rationale for the
I
r· study; the hypothesis (if any) and the method. Descriptions of the method may include the design. /·
procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used. It should stand on its own and not refer
the reader to point in the project description. • . ·• . · ·· ·. . · .
3. Introduction:' The introduction provides the readers with the background information. Its
. purpose is i:o establish a framework for the research, sci that readers can understand how it relates 10
~ther resear~h. It should answer ~e question of ~hy the r.esearc~ needst~ be d:one and what
its relevance. It puts the proposal m context. The mtroduction typically begms with a statement , for
:i'!
research problem in precise and clear terms. The statement of the problem is the essential basis d
the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, :methodol~gy, work pla~:s
budget, etc): It is an integral part ofselecting a research topic. It will guide and put mto shdarpe:be the
the research design being considered for solving the problem. ·• It·allows· the mves
· tit ga 0 : ffl ~m d to point
probJerri systematically, to reflect on its importance, its priority in the country and region, an ·ew·oftbe
out why the proposed research on the problem should be undertaken.·It aIso fa ciTtates1 ...peer
.. . reVJ
research proposal by the_funding agendes. , ·. . .. · . . > · , · · · ., the r~search. The1
4. Objectives: Research objectives are the goals ·to .b~ achieved by -~on~u£!lng . ; . ··. .
may be stated as 'General' and 'Specific'. · · ' · · ·· · ·' ·

' ., ...
eu.siness Research Method~ 25
The general o~jective of the research is what is to be accomplished by the research project, for
example, to d~~ermi_ne ~he th er or not a new vaccine should be incorporated in a public health program .
. . The spec1f1c ob1ect1ves relate to the specific research questions, the investigator wants to answer
through the propos7d study and may be presented as primary and secondary objectives, for example,
prima~ to determme_ the degree_ of protection t~at is attributable to the new vaccine in a study
populat10n by co~panng the vaccmated and unvaccinated groups and secondary, to study the coS t •
effectiveness of this programme. · · . . ._
- S. ~ariables: During the planning stage, it is necessary to identify the key variables of the study
and their me~hod of me~surement and unit of measurement must be clearly indicated. Four types of
variables are important m research: . , ·· , . . ·
(a) lndependen! Variable~: Variables that are manipulated or treated in a study in order to see
what effect ~1fferences m them wm have on those variables proposed as being dependent on
them. The different synonyms for the term 'Independent variable' which are used in literature
are-cause, input, predisposing factor, risk factor, determinant, antecedent, characteristic and
attribute.
(b) Dependent Variables: Variables i~ which changes are results of the level or amount of the
independent variable or variables. . · · . ·
Synonyms: Effect, outcome, consequence, result, condition, disease. ,
(c) Confounding or Intervening Variables: Variables that should be studied because they may
influence or 'Mix' the effect of the independent variables. For instance, in a study of the effect
of .measles (independent variable) on child mortality (dependent variable), the nutritional
status of the child may play an intervening (confounding} role. · · ·
(d) Background Variables: Variables that are so often of relevance in investigations of groups or
populations that they should be considered for possible inclusion in the study, e.g., sex, age,
ethnic origin, education, marital status, social status, etc.
The objective of research is usually to det1mnine the effect of changes in one or more independent
variables on one or more dependent variables. For example, a study may ask '.Will alcohol intake
. (independent variable) have an effect on de_v elopment of gastric ulcer (dependent variable)?'
. Certain-variables may not be easy to identify. The characteristics that define these variables must
be clearly identified for the purpose of the study. _ ·
6. Questions and/or Hypotheses: If a person as a researcher know enough to make prediction
concerning what he is studying, then the hypothesis may be formulated. AJ'l:ypothesis can be defined
as a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or_. . d ·
more variables. In other words, the_ hypothesis ~ra?slates the problem · . \e e
Q }J
statement into a precise, unambiguous pred1ct10n of expected . <:i-0 , Quality of . Oo&
outcomes. Hypotheses are not meant to be haphazard guesses, ~U 1 1 t t O h ?~
but should reflect the depth of knowledge, imagination and 'T •proposa _re a es t e
experience of the investigator. In the process of formulating the degre~ to "':'hich the pr?po_sal
hypotheses, all variables relevant to the study m4st be identified. com~hes_with the application
For example, 'Health education involving active participation by guidelines and is of high
mothers will produce more positive changes in child feeding than quality.
health education based on lectures'. Here, the independent variable
is types of health education and the dependent variable is changes in child feeding.
7. Methodology: The method section is very important because it tells the research committee how
we plan'to tackle our research problem. The guiding principle for writing the methods section is that it
should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine wh~ther the methodology is sound
_Soi_ne even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researche;
to implement the study. Indicate the methodological steps one will take to answer every question or to
test every hypothesis illustrated in the qllestionsfhypotheses section. ' "' . · ..
' ;
.11