à

à
à ´
à
à c
Galaxy Group of Science
à
àMarks:25
à \ c ´
Subject:12th-Che ´ Date:08/10/18
´
àChapter:1,2,3,4
\ D
2 sem3 chap1234
´
Time:01H:00M
´
à
à
à[A] Answer the following questions : [Each carries 1 mark] [02]
à
à ´ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® D
E12)
à 1. Calculate the partial pressure of He gas over the solution, having 2.4 ´ 10–3 mole fraction of gas
à
à D
in its saturated solution at 273 K temperature. The value of Henry's constant is 6.71 ´ 10–6 bar.
à ®
àà
à 2. When O2 gas is passes over water at 25oC, 1 millimole
D O2 gas is dissolved in 5400 ml water. Find the
à
value of KH. [PO = 2 ´ 10–9 bar]
à
à ® 2
à c
D
[B] Answer the following questions : [Each carries 2p marks] [06]
´ ´ ´
à
à
à ´ ´ ne–
=
1. Give ´
Nernst equation of following ˆˆˆˆ†
reaction aA + bB ‡ˆˆˆ ˆ cC + dD and explain a, b, c, d.
\ ´
à 2. Explain it : The mixture obtaind after concentration and roasting of copper pyrites has impurities
p p
of iron. ´ ´
à
à 3. Write short note on concentration of Zinc ore.
à
[C] Answer
à = the
° following
- nquestions
Q ´
: [Each carries 3 marks] ´ [09]
à
à 1. Find out the packing efficiency
à ] of body centerd unit cell.
à
à
à B] is passed´ for 1 hour from the solutions of Hg (ClO ) , Hg(ClO ) , CuSO
2.) 2.68 ampere electric current 2 4 2 4 2 4
à
à
à and AgNO3. How many moles of each ´ metal will be deposited on cathode ?
à ´
¾® D
3. Explain the method to obtained chlorine from brine. Write oxidation-reduction reaction and product
¾®
obtained on anode and cathode.
à
à
à \
[D] Answer the following questions
à ®® 18 : [Each carries 4 marks] [08]
à @
à 1. Write types of defects and describe Schottky and Frenkel defects.
à 2. Explain molal®elevation constant. Derive its formula.
à ®
à ® D
à
à + ® D
+ ® (s)
à
à
à
à ´
à = °® - \
® \
à
à 1
à \
å = ° -
à D . x
®
à

+
® +

\ = ° - o ]

å
\ = ° (x)

à å ´
´ ´
< ___ >
´ ´
d
– Å
 Answer Key
Marks:25 Subject:12th-Che Date:08/10/18
Chapter:1,2,3,4 2 sem3 chap1234 Time:01H:00M

Section [ A ] : 1 Marks Questions

No Ans Chap Sec Que PageNo BookType

RA
1 - Chap 2 A E12 Kumar
2 - Chap 2 A B4 Kumar

ND
Section [ B ] : 2 Marks Questions

No Ans Chap Sec Que PageNo BookType

KE
1 - Chap 3 A 30 Kumar
2 - Chap 4 A 40 Kumar
3 - Chap 4 A 55 Kumar

N
Section [ C ] : 3 Marks Questions
HA
No Ans Chap Sec Que PageNo BookType
1 - Chap 1 A 12 Kumar
AS

2 - Chap 3 A E23 Kumar

3 - Chap 4 A 16 Kumar
AK

Section [ D ] : 4 Marks Questions

No Ans Chap Sec Que PageNo BookType

PR

1 - Chap 1 A 23 Kumar
2 - Chap 2 A 37 Kumar
AR
M
KU

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 à c
´ ´
à \ c ´
à c
´ ´ Paper Solution
à \ ´
à \ c ´
Marks:25 ´
Subject:12th-Che Date:08/10/18
àChapter:1,2,3,4
\ ´ 2 sem3 chap1234 ´
Time:01H:00M
´
[A] Answer the following questions : [Each carries 1 mark] ´
[02]
´
1. Calculate the partial pressure of He gas over the solution, having 2.4 ´ 10–3 mole fraction of gas
E12)
´
in its saturated solution at 273 K temperature. The value of Henry's constant is 6.71 ´ 10–6 bar.

RA
à ´
According to Henry's law pHe = KH · cHe
= 6.71 ´ 10–6 ´ 2.4 ´ 10–3
à ´
à = 1.61 ´ 10–8 bar c

ND
à ´
àà \ The partial ´pressure
´ of the gas will be 1.61 ´ 10–8 bar.
´
´ is passes over water at 25oC, 1 millimole O gas is dissolved in 5400 ml water. Find the
2. When O2 gas 2
àà
à \
à value of KH . [PO = 2 ´ 10–9 bar] ´
2

KE
àà
à 6 ´ 10–4 bar
¾¾¾¾¾ ® ´ ˆˆˆˆ†
‡ˆˆˆ ˆ ´
[B] Answer the following questions : [Each carries 2 marks] [06]
à ´
ààà
´ ne– ´
1. Give Nernst ¾¾¾¾¾
equation of ®
following reaction aA + bB ˆˆˆˆ†
‡ˆˆˆ ˆ cC + dD®and explain a, b, c, d.

N
à ´
àà
à Nernst equation :
´
HA
àà RT ´ ®
Ecell = E°cell - ln Q ´
à nF
à ´
à RT [C]c [D]d
= E° – ln ´
\ = ° cell- nF n Q[A]a [B]b
AS

18
à a, b are coefficient of reactant
] and @
\ c, d are co-efficient of product
B]
18
AK

à 2. Explain it : The mixture obtaind after concentration and roasting @ of copper pyrites has impurities
à of iron.
à
ààà Method : The mixture obtained by roasting is smelted with sand (SiO2) in blast furnace.
PR

àà Sand and iron oxide combine to form iron silicate (FeSiO3) which is called slag.
ààà It is light it froats on the mixture and so it is repeatedly removed. This iron oxide is removed as slag
à during the smelting.
à
à (i) 2FeS(s) + 3O2(g) ¾® 2FeO(s) + 2SO2(g)
AR

à à
(ii) FeO(s) + SiO2(s) ¾® FeSiO3(s)
+
à + ® (s)
à ¾®
If cuprous oxide is formed with cuprous sulphide during roasting is converted to cuprous sulphide.
àà
Cu O + FeS ® Cu ¾®S + FeO
M

+2 (s) (s) 2 (s) (s)

+ = ® ° on (s) -
à 3. Write short note concentration of Zinc ore.
à ®
KU

à ZnS which is the sulphide containing ore 1 of zinc, froth floatation process is used for its concentration.
\ =
= galena
° ° -
à It contains (lead- sulphide-Pbs) sandx etc. as the impurities. It is grinded and converted to powder
àà form.
1
àà \ It is taken in= a° vessel and - water is added to it. Air is passed through after adding turpentine oil.
x
àà As zinc® +
sulphide mineral
+ is light it comes up with the light froth obtained by bubbles of air, while other
à impurities remain in the solution or settle down.
à The frorth obtained by froth floatation process is frequently removed with sieves.
+
® +
[C]
à Answer
\ the following
= ° questions - : [Each carries
o ]3 marks] [09]
à
\ = ° (x)
\
àKumar = °
Prakashan -
Kendra o ]
Welcome To Future M:91-7359 662200
à
\ = ° (x)
 // Page:2 //
1. Find out the packing efficiency of body centerd unit cell.

à
G B

H A

c
à a

RA
F C
F
b
E a D

ND
à As shown in the figure the atom in the centre touches two other atoms diagonally arranged. Hence, in
DEFD.
b2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2

KE
b = 2a
Now, in DAFD
à
C2 = a2 + b2 = a2 + 2a2 = 3a2
D .

N
\ C = 3a
à The diagonal length of body centred cube c = 4r, where r is radius of the atom because all the three
HA
spheres touch diagonally.
\ 3 a = 4r
4
\a =
AS

r
3
4 3
à The total number of atoms in this type of arrangement is 2 and so its volume will be 2 ´ pr .
3
AK

3
æ 4 ö
Volume of cube = a3 = ç r
è 3 ÷ø
Now, packing efficiency
PR

Volume occupied by two sphere in unit cell

= ´ 100%
Total volume of unit cell
2 ´ 43 p r 3 8 pr 3 ´ 100
AR

´ 100% = 3

( )
= = 68%
( )
3
é 4 rù
64 r 3
ëê 3 ûú 3 3

2.) 2.68 ampere electric current is passed for 1 hour from the solutions of Hg2(ClO4)2, Hg(ClO4)2 , CuSO4
M

and AgNO3. How many moles of each metal will be deposited on cathode ?
1
2(aq) + e ® Hg(l )
Hg 2+ –
KU

à
2

1 1
Hg 2+ + e – ®® Hg(l )
à 2 (aq) 2
à
1
Cu 2+ + e –®® Cu(s)
à 2 (aq)
Ag+(aq) + e– ® Ag(s)
à ®
As the electrolytes are arranged in the series and same quantity of electricity will pass through them.
Quantity of®electricity = 2.68 ´ 3600 = 9648

à 9648
=
= 0.09998 F = 0.1 F
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´
à Thus, 0.1F quantity of electricity will pass through each electrolyte. Hence, as shown earlier 0.1 mole
Hg22+, 0.05 mole Hg2+, 0.05 mole Cu2+ and 0.01 mole Ag+ will be reduced to metal getting deposited on
 à 2
´ + e– ® Ag
Ag+(aq) (s)
àà
à // Page:3 //
As the electrolytes are arranged in the series and same quantity of electricity will pass through them.

à Quantity of electricity = 2.68 ´ 3600 = 9648

àà
9648
= = 0.09998 F = 0.1 F
96500
àà
à Thus, 0.1F quantity of electricity will pass through each electrolyte. Hence, as shown earlier 0.1 mole
Hg22+, 0.05 mole Hg2+, 0.05 mole Cu2+ and 0.01 mole Ag+ will be reduced to metal getting deposited on
àà the cathode.
3. Explain the method to obtained chlorine from brine. Write oxidation-reduction reaction and product
àà
obtained on anode and cathode.

RA
ààà
Oxidation means to release electrons and reduction means to gain electrons,
à The process to obtained chlorine from brine is as under,
à
àà 2Cl–(aq) + 2H2O(l) ® 2OH–(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)

ND
àà For this reaction, DGo = +422 kJ
à ®
Eo = –2.186 (by calculating from = DG° = –nFE°) So the reaction can be done in forward direction if we
àà D ´
apply more than – 2.186 V emf from outer side.
à Cl2 is obtained at anode, ´H2 andD
´ NaOH is obtained on cathode.

KE
Oxi. : 2Cl–(aq) ® Cl2(g) + 2e
´ – (\´ Cl2 on anode)
à Red. : 2H2O(l) +2e ® 2OH(aq) + H2(g) (\ H2 gas an cathode)
– –

à ®
NaOH is obtained \
in solution,
®NaOH ® \

N
Na+ + OH–
(aq) (aq) ® (aq)
à
HA
[D] Answer the following
® questions : [Each carries 4 marks] [08]
®
1. Write types of defects and describe Schottky and Frenkel defects.
à
à The type of point defects are (1) Stoichiometric (2) Non-stoichiometric (3) Impurity defect.
AS

(1) Stoichiometric defect :

àà
à This is such a point defect that it does not disturb the stoichiometry of the solid.
.2
à It is called an intrinsic or thermodynamic defect. It changes with temperature.
AK

2
àà This is also of two types ´ : (A) Vacancy defect (B) Interstitial defect.
à (A) Vacancy defect : 80
à å Some of the sites of the lattice are vacant i.e. there is vacancy instead of particle. Such a crystal
PR

à is called a crystal having vacancy defect.

å .2
4
AR
M

Vacancy defect
å Because of this, there is decrease in density of the substance because the number of atoms in unit
cell decreases.
KU

å å If the substance is heated such defects develop.

(B) Interstitial defect :

å
å In some crystals when the particles like atom or molecule get arranged in the interstitial sites of
the crystal it is called that the crystal posseses interstitial defect.
å This defect increases the density of the substance because the number of atoms for unit volume
increases.

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 the crystal it is called that the crystal posseses interstitial defect.
å This defect increases the density of//
thePage:4
substance//
because the number of atoms for unit volume
increases.

Interstitial defect
å Both the types of defects as shown above are exhibited by nonionic solids. Ionic compounds have

RA
always to maintain the electrical neutrality.
å This type of defect has two types :
(i) Schottky defect (ii) Frenkel defect

ND
(i) Schottky defect :
å This defect is originally the vacancy defect in the ionic solid. The number of cations and anions
either not available or are not arranged in the crystal will be same, because the crystal even after

KE
the defects is electrially neutral.

N
HA
AS

Schottky defect
å Schottky defect produces decrease in density of substance as it is in vacancy defect.
AK

å The number of this defect is very significant. As mentioned earlier, there are approximately 106
Schottky defects per mole or NaCl crystal at room temperature.
å There are approximately 1022 ions in 1cm3 volume. Hence, there is one Schottky defect per1016 ions
PR

approximately.
å The cations and anions in ionic, solids whose sizes are same or whose co-ordination numbers are
high, show Schottky defect. e.g. Nacl, KCl, AgBr.
AR

(ii) Frenkel defect :

å This defect is also shown by ionic solids. Generally the smaller ion (cation) displaces from its
general (original) site and arranges in the interstitial site in the middle.
M

å Hence it creates vacancy defect and produces interstitial defect at its original sites.
KU

å Frenkel defect is also called dislocation defect. There is change in the place of particle. There is no
increase or decrease of them and so density of the solid does not change.
å Frenkel defect is observed in such ionic solid substances in which there is large difference
between the ionic size of cations and anions. e.g. ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, AgI.
å The reason for this is that the ions Zn2+ and Ag+ are of smaller size. This defect is seen in solid

substances whose co-ordination numbers are low.

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 // Page:5 //
substances whose co-ordination numbers are low.

RA
Frenkel defect
(2) Non-stoichiometric defect : There was no disturbance in the stoichiometry of elements but many

ND
inogranic solids are known which possess non-stoichiometry. The constituent elements in that are
in non-stoichiometric ratio. The reason for this is the defect in the crystal structure. There are three
types of this defect.
(i) Metal excess defect (ii) Metal deficiency defect (iii) Displacement defect

KE
(i) Metal excess defect :
å Alkali halides like NaCl and KCI show this type of defect.
å Suppose sodium chloride is heated in presence of vapour of sodium, sodium deposits on the surface
of the crystal. Hence Cl– ions diffuse in the layer of the crystal and combines with sodium atom and

N
forms NaCl.
å It is due to the loss of electron in formation of Na+ from Na atom. The electrons released diffuse
HA
in the crystal and reach the site of the anion. Due to this, there is increase of sodium in the crystal.
å The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called F-centres.
å Hence, the crystal of NaCl possesses yellow colour. When the visible light falls on the crystal of
AS

NaCl, the energy is absorbed and electron is excited. As a result the yellow colour appears.
å Similarly, excess of lithium in lithium chloride, crystal shows light pink colour and excess of
potassium in KCl shows the violet colour due to excitation.
AK
PR
AR

å Excess metal defect due to presence of extra cations on the interstitial sites : Zinc, oxide is a
M

white coloured substance at room temperature.

å It becomes yellow when heated because it loses oxygen.
1
ZnO ¾¾ ®
KU

+2 –
D Zn + 2 O2 + 2e
å Now Zn+2 increase in the crystal and so its formula will be Zn1+x O. This extra Zn2+ ion will be
arranged in interstial site and electron will be arranged in the neighbouring interstitial site.
(ii) Metal deficiency defect :
å It is very difficult to prepare so many solid substances according to their stoichiometry and they
possess less number of metal atoms than the calculated ones according to stoichiometry.
å The well known example in this is of FeO which is mostly in the form showing stoichiometry
Fe0.95O. In fact, it is in the range of Fe0.93O and Fe0.96O.
å In the crystal FeO, some of Fe2+ ions are found missing and the decrease in positive charge is
satisfied by Fe+3 ions.
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 // Page:6 //
substances whose co-ordination numbers are low.

RA
Frenkel defect

ND
(2) Non-stoichiometric defect : There was no disturbance in the stoichiometry of elements but many
inogranic solids are known which possess non-stoichiometry. The constituent elements in that are
in non-stoichiometric ratio. The reason for this is the defect in the crystal structure. There are three
types of this defect.

KE
(i) Metal excess defect (ii) Metal deficiency defect (iii) Displacement defect
(i) Metal excess defect :
å Alkali halides like NaCl and KCI show this type of defect.
å Suppose sodium chloride is heated in presence of vapour of sodium, sodium deposits on the surface

N
of the crystal. Hence Cl– ions diffuse in the layer of the crystal and combines with sodium atom and
forms NaCl.
HA
å It is due to the loss of electron in formation of Na+ from Na atom. The electrons released diffuse
in the crystal and reach the site of the anion. Due to this, there is increase of sodium in the crystal.
å The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called F-centres.
AS

å Hence, the crystal of NaCl possesses yellow colour. When the visible light falls on the crystal of
NaCl, the energy is absorbed and electron is excited. As a result the yellow colour appears.
å Similarly, excess of lithium in lithium chloride, crystal shows light pink colour and excess of
AK

potassium in KCl shows the violet colour due to excitation.

à

à
PR
AR

àå
M

Excess metal defect due to presence of extra cations on the interstitial sites : Zinc, oxide is a
white coloured substance at room temperature.
å It becomes yellow when heated because it loses oxygen.
KU

1
ZnO ¾¾ ® +2
D Zn + 2 O2 + 2e
–

à å Now Zn+2 increase in the crystal and so its formula will be Zn1+x O. This extra Zn2+ ion will be
arranged in interstial site and electron will be arranged in the neighbouring interstitial site.
àà (ii) Metal deficiency defect :
å It is very difficult to prepare so many solid substances according to their stoichiometry and they
à possess less number of metal atoms than the calculated ones according to stoichiometry.
å The well known example in this is of FeO which is mostly in the form showing stoichiometry
à Fe0.95O. In fact, it is in the range of Fe0.93O and Fe0.96O.
å In the crystal FeO, some of Fe2+ ions are found missing and the decrease in positive charge is
à satisfied by Fe+3 ions.
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D
(iii) Displacement defect :
D
å Sometimes the atoms in the lattice of the crystal are exchanged mutually from their sites to the
 b
Tb = Boiling point of solution
//point
(Tb – T0b) = DTb = Elevation in boiling Page:7 //
à Experimental observations indicate that molal elevation (DTb) is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of solute dissolve in dilute and ideal solution.
à It is written in the mathematical form as,
DTb µ m
DTb = kb ´ m
1000 w 2
but molality m =
M2 w1

RA
putting this value of molality in above equation
K b ´ 1000 ´ w 2 DTb ´ M 2 ´ w 1
DTb = and Kb =
M 2 ´ w1 1000 ´ w 2

ND
where, Kb = molal elevation constant
DTb = elevation in boiling point
M2 = molecular mass of solute

KE
w2 = mass of solute
w1 = mass of solvent
à Elevation in boiling point for one molal solution is called solvent’s molal elevation constant (K b).
à Unit of Kb is Kelvin kilogram mole–1 [K kg mol–1].

N
HA
AS

à
AK
PR

D
AR
M
KU

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