É¥

P-B.IO#
in
◦
last e-
np
orbital
/ p subshell .

It
in P Block
>
Ge
-

Max 6
group
' -6 He ⑤
•
GEC → ( ) ta ns2np except
 Gt3 GIY 615 GIG 617 618

nsznp
'
nsznpz ns2np3 ns2npY as2np5 nRnpˢᵗ
④ ④ ⑤ ④ ④ He
④
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ④ ⊕
④
⑦ ⑤ ⑦ ④ ⊕
⊕ ⊕ ⊕
④

Max oxidnnum of a
group = Sum of Ssp electron .

=
Group oxidation number
 He
C N O Ne
B
Si P S Ar
Al - - - - '
"

iij
-
- - -
- - -

Se 1er
Ga '

- - - - -
- - -
-
;
; '

'

Te Xe
In ' Sb :

Sh '
a- . . .
- -
i
"
. _ . . . .

TI Pb Bi Po Rn
 inertpae.ve/tect- → down the group , zest increases

nucleus becomes
powerful
.

' -6
)
( IG
Ns2np , nucleus attracts electron

ns2 electron becomes

inert in nature .

→ down the group , lower oxidation state is stable .

⑨
↳
roup ox idh no -

2)
 ◦ P block has metal ,
nonmetal , metalloid

↑ metallic character ↑
•
down the
group size
non-metallic character ↓

Siess high
IE%
•
Nonmetal →
→ IE

Electronegativity high
.

→ →

°
Metal → size more → IE less

→
Electronegativity less

•
metal →
forms Cation
•
nonmetal →
forms anion
?⃝
• bond b/w metal 8 nonmetal → ionic bond → more En difference .

↓
Lotion anion

• bond btw non metal & -

nonmetal →
Covalent bond less Indifference

◦ bond btw metal & metal → metallic bond

'
nonmetal → acidic nature
oxide

• metal → basic nature

oxide
# First member
of group differs from other member .

•
Small size .

High IE
•
.

absence d orbital
of
•

Max covalence s + 3P
◦
→ 4
☐ ☒
Vacant d orbital
other member has it
forms more
•

than * bond . N=_N

-3 CEC
AIFG
-

B → B Fy Al →
CIN

• 2nd Period elements ( first member

of groups) forms PA Pit bonds
-

N=0
.

•
other members can
form Pñ - dñ s dñ -
dñ .

c=N
 oxidation number
of first elements
☐

oxidation number 2nd period element may exceed 4

of
.

0=14
- -

O
N +5 oxoanion 1403
-

→ →

⑤
0×0 anion -3
p +5 Poy ⊕
→ →

/
-
0 No ,

I
 c %¥nam 1-13130] Ortho boric acid

(
°
# 19% ) ◦Quran "
149213407.101120
Borax
→
B → nonmetal
↳ B' ☆ 181 %) 149213407.41120 Kernite
Bauxite 1-1203.21120
Al → metal
↳ shows
che%%a cryolite Nas Alfio

similarity to B
Gq → it

In → 1,

is
Tl →
( IG ) ns2np
' Electronic configuration
•
inner cure
of
B 2nd p Cee ] ZSZZP '
elements differs

At 3rd p [ Ne ] 352 zpl

•

therefore physical
,

properties
8 chemical
45241°
'
ga na p [ Ar ] are different .

In 5th p [ Kr ] 552 Spl

Tl 6ᵗʰ P [ ✗ e) 4f 65 opt
 Size
size
group
→
down the
generally
.

B B

^
At
135pm
}
Ga
Transition contraction
4ᵗʰ Period ha

µµa☒M
^

↓ At 143pm
d block In
↓ ^
"Ñ
d subshell Tl in
yanina
*
* ^
} almost same size
shielding
contraeh.org#GthP-fsnbshell-VeoyfoorShie1dicySi2eVeaySma4
poor
-

,, to
I
si2e↓( Transition
 size
✗

* meat Contraction
B due to lanthanides transition
×
there is abrupt order of ionization
Energy .

Tl NIMT
<
V
(DHI ) ionization (DH)z <
ionization
Ga 014T

At
×
Aluminium < ( )3
AH <
ionization
(DH ) "
ionisation
In India
Successive Ionization Energy always
increases DH , DHzhbuzLA.MY
.

<
 EN_ Electronegativity
attraction of bonded / shared
paired of electron .

less size more attractive more EN

B
v
} First decreases

At
^
increase
marginal

}
Gq
a
after Aluminium
In

TI
 Physical properties
B→ nonmetal ,
typical extremely hard black color
,
solid

"
faces
lattice icosahedron Str
B →
strong crystalline →
12 Corner
point
↓
So high melting point contains Boron

RestmemembersAFTI-ftme-4-wm.si
high electrical
Conductivity .

Galium → 10W
Mp → 303K → 30°C → exists as
liq in summer .

Density
M,a÷
down the
group density ↑
=
BLAK hat In Ltl
 chemicalpoopertiesoxidationstate.ms
2
npl
Stab of +3 Oxidation state

*
AP gats "
> pets
④ ④ B. > > > in

B → +3 Stab oxidation state

of +1

"
4h4 Tet
'
At → +3 B < At 4 in <

Ga → +3

+1

In → +3
\ +1

+3
Tl 1- Stable → Inert
pair effect
?⃝
 9h Boron due to small size IE
high
•
is

AH 1- A Hz 1- AHS sum
of Ionization
•

Very high
,
energy is

removal is very difficult

.

•
So 3 e-

SO Boron do not form +3 ion .

•

•
So Boron do not form ionic bond to only forms Covalent Compound .

A 1+3 AHS is Very

•
But Al forms because DH , + AHL 1-
small .

Tet
}
Tet ( stable )
'
•
>
•
Tets → Tet ( self
'
Red P → others oxdn → oxidizing Agent )
-
 Chemical Reactivity

B 152 252 ' ] general

→
24 t M"

]
I 11Ñ § 3 bond t

4 bond

incomplete
octet
•
Trivalent state → 6 e- around Central atom →

achieve stability Unstable

• 50 ita-EPE.to .

lewis acid

•
Bxz > At ✗ 3 > aax , > Inxs > Tex
{ lewis acid
}
•
BF} 8 Belz accepts lone pair & behave as lewis acid .

from ÑH]
 :NH3

,¥FiHz ¥
"
'
→
-
a aktcom#
/
a

Lewis
1%-13 Audduct
Lewis 1
Additimfsorduct
a

acid base
,,
> BE ,,

octetEom1
SE
PEN spˢ=
Tetrahedral
 B. 1=3 t MHz →
BF} ← NH }

L B adduct
LA -

sp2 5ps

Auminiumnss.ie/n-.cani+a.%FfT!:#
planar

Can't adduct
→ form

Alclz →
becomes stable →
by forming dimer
Nz4
cliff É☐ :
"
,B ¥
A

/
( Altus
, *
\ Babar / naar

☒\
a "

Bridge
sp
}
sp
Iet It

completes complete

Banana Bond -73 Center 4 electron

Alzc / 6 →
dinner →
 Hydrolysis
131=3 } Partial Hydrolysis
-

Betz → [B( OH )y] + HCl

131383

BI
}
{ Complete hydrolysis
01-12
is

"
1-

+
HBO

HI
+

10112
¥ -4%3-01-1
a

,Éii
c'
-
- a →
-13--01
→
a
/ /
.
, a

+10142 110¥12
a
t,

[Blondy]
no
JE
-
OH ←

µ
_
B- OH ← Ho FI !
-

←
% >B- on
131=3 1- HZÉ → BLOH ) }
1- HF
- 8

reacts with 131=3

-

HF 1-131=3 B
→ Fy
-

B. Fz 1- H2O → B. ( OH )3 t HF + BFY

Alclz 1- Hzo → (A) (1120/6)+3

↳sp3d2-
[Blots )y ]
-

BCI } 1- 1120 →

↳ sp3
 Reaction with air
=N±
tarnishes Reactim"
crystalline Boron →
✗ Crystalline Boron ✗ →

Amorphous Boron + Oz → Bzoz ( acidic) Amorphous Boron + Nz → BN

At 1- Nz → AIN
AKO ]
AI 1-02 amphoteric
]
→

Ga →
Crazies Matei 310T¥ # Iast not ti
Zn Be At Ga Cr
In 1h20 mn
3)
→
Basic
Tl →
Tlzo visual song → oxide
At forms thin
protective( air of Ak03 Pb Sn →
Amphoteric
Al becomes panire unreactive )
 Reaction with acid-base
even at moderate
temp
a÷÷e
3. Oron reaction →
# → no →

# Boron reacts with

oxidizing acid
{ Conc HMO } $ Conc Hzsoy
}
B t lone HMOs
/ Conc Hzsoy → 1-131303 + 502

At 1- " "
→ D- 1203
+ NO z
-08

# Al reacts with acid / base

At tticlcdil ) → A/ 43 + Hz↑
At 1- NaOH ( dit ) → N9[A1 ( only ] tH2↑
*
NAA / 02
sodium metaborate
 Reactionwithhalogen
E t ✗2 → EX } Tl # 1-1×3

Tl → TIX
Reaction with H2O

Coldwater ✗
/
→
3 → Hot
At becomes
AizOg+µz
cold water ✗×
→
→

A ,
passive
.

↳ Hot water →

Ga → , , → ✗

In → is
→ ✗

Tl ,, - ✗
→
 Compounds of Boron
◦ white
crystalline powder 3ora✗_
-

[ By 05 ( )y ]
N92B407.MN#qHygp3
◦
Naz OH .
8h20

-o gµ
5 B B
linkage
◦
O

(
-
-

B-
•
8 water
of crystallization ✓ o

•
Reaction with water o -

9213407 + Hzo → NaOH ⑤ trong base)

\p2
+ weak acid]
I
1731303 (

bM
OH
?⃝
 Heat Boric anhydride
t.

↳
Naz By 07 -
101120 Naz By 07 2NaB0ztB20z-
Borax sodium meta borate first is
liquid
( swell up ) #

# Borax heated in Bunsen Burner flame with solidifies into

glass
like material called
cobalt oxide
{ Coo
} On a
loop of platinum wire .

Borax Bead
a blue color bead is
formed
ⁿhʰⁿhʰTW
.

Co(B0z)z it identifies transition

COO + ( Naisoztbzo } , →
metal on the basis

B of color .
 HAWI KILT Borax
Heat Water
Acid Tempt
149213407.101120 D- N' 9213407 t 101120

1- Nacl
NazBy07 + Hcl →
HzBy0z
Tetra boric acid

11213407 + H2O →
1-131303 Boric acid

1131303 A- 13203 Boric

anhydride
 BooicAcid→H3B03_
solid
White
crystalline
•

•
Soapy touch .

•
mild antiseptic .

Cold water →
Sparingly soluble

Hot water →
completely soluble
113130 ] 1- NaOH
1- H2o
Preparation By 07 →
Naz -

Bcl } + 1120 → B( oh)z t HCl

layer structure →
1303 units are
joined by Hydrogen Bond .
 - H : : :: : :O 0
O
B-
is /
°
\o/
-
H ::
:H
:

÷ Boric acid is
ti
µ
slippery .

% bond ( weakbond)
☐
/ Hydrogen
# Weak monobasic acid
but it lewis acid
# not a
protonic acid a .

?
+

Hzot
-

> B- OH + Hzii →
[Bloody ] t H or

✓
4¥
 Heating
1-131303 37¥ HBOZ 1- H2O

above meta boric acid

E-
13203
Boric oxide
/ Boric anhydride
 diborane 13211 →
ppm → metal hydride
•
Colorless

toxic
highly
•

•
catches
fire on
exposure to air .

BZHG 1- 02 → 13203 + H2O DH = -1976 kt / Mof

BzH6tHz0-H3B0ztHzTPrefsaratio@B.F
>
+ Liat
↳
H
Hy
-
→ BH } ¥9 BzH6 + Lift Alfz

"
↳% NABHY 1- Iz → 1321-16 + NAI + Hz↑

lnduitn.at#MNaHtBF3-BzH6tNaF
 clevageofBz.MG/3zH6tii(me)3

:|
→ Boron adduct

base

>B B
,
BHS ◦
Nemetz

→ 13211ft Co → BHz.co
☐ →=
In / _=o+
3 center 2 e- bond

e-
deficient
 Boroiine
RxnwitH3
1321-16 + ÑHz → BH3•NH3
or

base
ef 1321-166 •

2MHz
or

[BHz(NH3)z]+
-

[ Buy ]
f. ☐
B3NsH6tH2↑ benzene)

Boña- inorganic
(
 H i
☐

¥
"
µ
n →
I
-

l B-→
B B -
n
n → /
n
-

☐ /☐ µ
+

:| I
H H

all Boron → 3T
bond →
Sp2
Inorganic Benzene is more

benzene all nitrogen →

spz
reactive than organic
because BzNsH6 has polar bond .

molecule is
Overall
nonpolar
.
 strofdiborane B2
BBA_
•
Banana Bond
' - - - -
"
•
4 terminal B- H bond

(B)
[
' '

120 B

%
-

qz
.

: 2
Bridge B H bond

[
-

+, .
"
. . _

H
. . -
. . .

2 center 2 e- bond

3 3 center 2. e- bond

Boris →
Bullet-proof vest $
Aircraft
- =
 The End
iron family
84<4-3114 one
Jen
challanqe →

$Cid ¥
99i
series ÑÑaET
NÑ