The architecture of the Philippines reflects the country’s

complex cultural identity. First colonized by Spain,

then Japan and finally America, Filipinos joke that they spent
400 years in a convent, five in a prison camp, and 45 in
Hollywood. This complexity finds its creative expression in the
work of these six post-war architects, whose vision
simultaneously captured the country’s history while looking
towards the region’s future.

Manila street scene |© Pixabay

Leandro Locsin
Leandro Locsin (1928-1994) was in some ways a quintessential Renaissance man. A brilliant
architect, interior designer, artist, and classically trained pianist, Locsin was also a keen art
collector, amassing a sizable collection of fine Chinese art and ceramics during his lifetime. It
is for his buildings, however, that he is remembered. From airport terminals to memorial
chapels, arts centers to stock exchange structures, Locsin left his mark on the urban
landscape of the Philippines.
Locsin was determined to reconfigure western architectural mores for a Filipino audience.
His most substantial contribution to Filipino architecture is the Cultural Center of the
Philippines, a collection of five buildings that demonstrate the architect‟s drive to find a
vernacular form of modernist architecture. The National Theatre building within the complex
is a good example of Locsin‟s trademark style. Known as “floating volume,” it consists of a
two-floor-high block of travertine marble cantilevered 12 feet into the air. The theatre harks
back to traditional Filipino dwelling huts, but on a monumentally modern scale.

Despite the wide range of buildings Locsin created, all of them have one thing in common:
concrete. His ability to make this most monolithic of materials appear weightless, and to
elegantly combine Western brutalism with vernacular elements, led Locsin‟s peers to dub
him the “poet of space.”

UPLB Public Library, designed by Leandro Locsin |© Julia Sumangil/Flickr

Ildefonso P Santos
The father of Philippine landscape architecture, Ildefonso Paez Santos, or IP Santos as he
was known, created some of the best-loved urban spaces in the Philippines. Landscape
architecture, which deals with parks, plazas, and green spaces, was a little-considered
element of urban planning in the first half of the 20th century. However, Santos changed that,
carrying out pioneering work that, after four decades in the profession, led him to become
National Artist for Architecture in 2006.
One of his earliest successful projects was the Makati Commercial Center, an outdoor
shopping mall in which the shop fronts and walkways were interspersed with garden trails,
fountains, and public artworks. This led him to be commissioned to revitalize Manila‟s Paco
Park, the work for which he is perhaps best remembered. A former Spanish cemetery and
Japanese ammunitions store, the park was transformed into a national park in 1966. Between
1967-1969 Santos revived the park‟s grounds and incorporated the original park structures,
including memorial sites and fortification walls, into a space for urban recreation.

View from the pathway at Paco Park|© Wikimedia Commons

Pablo Antonio
One of the first exponents of modernist architecture in the Philippines, Pablo Antonio (1901-
1975) is revered as a pioneer and the foremost architect of his time. This success was perhaps
unexpected for a boy who was orphaned at 12 and who dropped out of his first architecture
program. It was during his studies at the University of London that Antonio began to shine,
completing a five-year program in only three years. He went on to revolutionize popular
architecture in the Philippines, eschewing the fashionable neo-classical style for his own
version of art deco. Antonio was acutely aware of the demands made on architecture by the
unforgiving Philippine climate. Buildings such as the Galaxy Theatre, the Far Eastern
University, and the Manila Polo Club display practical innovations such as natural
ventilation systems and sunscreens, all of which are rendered in Antonio‟s signature style:
clean lines, strong shapes, and simplicity. As Antonio‟s son Pablo Jr explains, “for our father,
every line must have a meaning, a purpose. For him, function comes first before elegance
and form.”

Far Eastern University by Pablo S. Antonio Sr. |© Wikicommons

Juan Nakpil
The son of veterans of the Philippine Revolution, Juan Nakpil (1899–1986) was committed
to the belief that architecture built in the Philippines should reflect its culture and people. In
his early career, Nakpil spent time studying in the United States and France, absorbing the
lessons of international architecture. When he returned to Manila in the mid-1920s, Nakpil
applied his new-found knowledge to Filipino structures. He worked on the restoration of the
home of national hero Jose Rizal and, like Locsin, took inspiration from traditional stilt
houses, remaking them in cantilevered concrete on a mammoth scale. His own holiday home
was designed along these lines, combining traditional nipa roofing (made out of natural
materials) with a poured concrete base. Nakpil worked on dozens of buildings across the
nation, from the Manila Jockey Club and the Quiapo Church, to the Mabini Shrine and
government departments. Despite his determination to make buildings specifically for
Filipino citizens, some of his designs were considered too radical by the public. Nakpil‟s
stainless steel pylon, superimposed over a granite obelisk memorialising Jose Rizal was
unpopular and was soon removed. But Nakpil‟s failures were few, and he remained one of
the Philippines‟ most popular and revered architects until his death. He was named a
National Artist for Architecture in 1973.

Quiapo Church, Manila |© shankar s./Flickr

Francisco Mañosa
Francisco „Bobby‟ Mañosa has been challenging architectural convention in his native
country for five decades. He displayed an artistic temperament from an early age and
remained a keen painter throughout his life. Along with his three brothers, Mañosa
eventually chose to pursue architecture, and before long became the “outspoken champion of
indigenous architecture,” thus popularizing the idea of Philippine architecture for Filipinos.
Mañosa‟s distinctive style, known as Contemporary Tropical Filipino Architecture, is a
heady mixture of seemingly incongruous elements. Coconut lumber, rattan, shell, thatch, and
even indigenous textiles are juxtaposed with hypermodern materials: metal, glass, concrete.
The Coconut Palace at the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex typifies Manosa‟s
style. Its coconut gourd roof, coconut shell chandelier, and pineapple fiber bedcovers are
infused with technological innovation for the modern era. In 2009 Mañosa was designated a
National Artist in Architecture.
 Carlos A. Santos-Viola

An urbane young man who enjoyed lawn tennis and playing the saxophone, Carlos Santos-Viola
was also a gifted architect. He was a devout Catholic throughout his life, and many of his best
known designs were executed for the Iglesia Ni Cristo, a Filipino religious group. Santos-Viola
created churches for the group all over the archipelago, designed in a style quite distinct from
that of his contemporaries. Instead of the monumentalism of Leandro Locsin or the art deco
simplicity of Pablo Antonio, Santos-Viola chose to incorporate Gothic and Baroque elements
into his modern churches.

The Central Temple he built for the Iglesia Ni Cristo shows these revivalist flourishes working in
harmony with Santos-Viola’s passion for geometric shapes and, perhaps more than anything
else, functionality. The desire for functionality informed almost all of Santos-Viola’s work, and
he was fond of asserting that “the structure must not only look good but must also be made
well.”

IglesiaNiCristo,Manila|©WikimediaCommons