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Notes - Reproductive Health
Notes - Reproductive Health
Class 12th
Contents
NOTES
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
IA
– Total population - 1.27 billion
– Literacy rate - 74.04%
– Population density – 382 / sq.km
D
– Sex ratio – 940 female / 1000 male
– Population growth rate 1.7%(17/1000/ year )-2001
*
– N
(2001 census) Doubling rate - 33 years (population explosion)
country
* Replacement level = no. of children which can replace the couple to maintain ‘zero growth rate’
IA
# Prevention of sex crime & sex abuse
# Research in reproductive health - eg SAHELI
# Improved medical facilities
D
* Steps to overcome Overpopulation –
1.
2.
3.
Hum do humare do – one child norm
N
Motivate smaller families by contraceptive usage(min 3yr gap b/t children)
* Statutory ban on Amniocentesis for sex determination to legally check increasing female foeticide
– A fetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in amniotic fluid
surrounding developing embryo
O
* Infertility:
– Couple unable to produce children in spite of 2 years of regular unprotected sexual
cohabitation
– Reasons- physical, congenital disease, immunological, drugs, psychological (Mental stress)
et.c
IA
– Legal adoption is as yet one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood
– 2 types- primary and secondary
D
* Infertility male factors-
– Cryptorchidism
– Blocked / absent vas deferens
– Higher scrotal temp
N
SI
– Alcohol & smoking
– Hydrocele
– Kleinfelter syndrome
O
– Mumps-orchitis
– Drugs
O
– Erectile dysfunction
– Ejaculatory dysfunction
IA
induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the lab
– Fertilization outside the body in almostsimilar conditions as that in the body
– The zygote at early embryos (with up to 8 blastomere) could then be transfered to the fallopian
D
tube (ZIFT- Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomere into the
uterus (IUT- Intra Uterine Transfer)
– Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian of another female who cannot
produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development
– Fertilization is inside the body
ET
* Contraceptive methods –
– Ideal contraceptive - Easily Available, Effective, should not Interfere with sexual drive, desire
and sexual act of the user , NO or least side effects, User-friendly, Reversible
– Possible ill effects – nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irregular menstrual bleed-
ing, breast cancer
IA
Contraceptive Methods
* Natural (3) –
1. Rythm / calander / periodic absteinence –
D
– avoidance of sexual intercourse from day 10 – 17 of menstrual cycle, when ovulation is
expected (fertile period/unsafe period)
– Prevent insemination / fertilization
– No side effects
N
– Strong will power , Chances of failure high
SI
– Regular menstrual cycle
– Male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina, just before the ejaculation to avoid the
insemination
O
a) Physical barrier –
– Male condoms (Nirodh- thin rubber/latex sheath covers penis in male)
– Female condoms- cover vaginal and cervix (Femshield)
– used just before coitus so that ejaculated semen would not enter into female reproductive tract
and can prevent conception
– protects user from contracting STDs and AIDS
– both male and female condoms –disposable, can be self inserted, gives privacy to user
– Success rate – 99%
IA
– High failure rate , if not used properly
D
N
SI
O
O
ET
IA
A) Non -medicated IUDs –
– eg : Lippes loop (polyethylene coated with BaSO4)
– Increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus
D
B) Cu – releasing IUDs – CuT , Cu7, Multiload 375
N
– Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of the sperms
– Makes uterus unsuitable for implantation Slow growth of endometrium - retards implantation of
fertilized egg
O
IA
6. Breast cancer( rare)
– Cautious use -
1. Family H/O breast cancer
D
2. Undiagnosed genital bleeding
3. Porphyria
4. Diabetics
5. Hypertensive & cardiac disease
N
SI
6. Epilepsy
7. Liver disease
8. Migraine
O
IA
– Eg. Norplant
– 6 silicon tubes, filled with LNG
– Effective for 5 years
D
– Inserted subdermaly/ subcutaneously in upper arm
– Success rate > 99%
N
SI
O
O
ET
IA
D
– In India , many orphaned & destitute children
– Our law permits legal adoption N
– Legal adoption is as yet , one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood
SI
* Sexually transmitted diseases STD’s / venereal disease (VD) /
Reproductive Tract Infections(RTI)
O
– Late complication- PID, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage /abortions, still birth, cancer of
reproductive tract.
ET
* Prevention –
1. Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners
2. Always use condoms during coitus
3. In doubt, refer qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed with
disease
Bacterial STDs:
1. Chlamydiasis - C.trachomatis (obligate intracellular parasite)
– Males-urethritis ( burning / frequent /painful micturition / pus through urethra), prostate , seminal
vesicle infection ,epididymitis , orchitis , infertility
Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments corner Building,
Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota, Rajasthan
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
– Females-cervix and vagina (dischrage /itching / backache) , urethra , FT , Uterus infection ,
infertility , ectopic pregnancy , abortions etc
– Passes from mother to baby during delivery through birth canal (blindness of baby)
– T/t-antibiotics (tetracycline/doxycycline)
IA
3. Chanchoid - Haemophilus ducrei (gram-ve)
– Soft, painful ulcer with necrotic base (bleeds on touch), on penis in male and vulva/ vagina in
female
D
– Treatment- antibiotics
IA
– Saline fomentation, painkillers, Acyclovir (anti- viral drug, delays progression of disease)
Protozoal STDs:
D
* Trichomoniasis – flagellated protozoa, Trichomonas vaginalis
– If vaginal acidity disturbed,
– Yellow greenish discharge, foul / fishy smell, itching , burning at vulva
– Treatment – Metronidazole to both partnerso
N
SI
o World Population day – 11th July
o World Health day - 7th April (1948 - WHO headquarters at Geneva)
O
Infertility:
Couple unable to produce children inspite of 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation
Reasons- physical, congenital disease, immunological, drugs, psychological etc
O
Legal adoption is as yet one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood
ET
o First IVF baby in the world – Louis Joy Brown in England (25 July1978)
o First IVF baby in India – Dr. Subhash Mukherjee (Durga - 3rd October 1978)
IA
3. GIFT – Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian of another female who
cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further
D
development
Fertilization is inside the body