EBooksandPublicLendingRightinCanada

SubmittedtothePublicLendingRightCommission June2011 PaulWhitney

Theconclusionsandopinionsstatedinthisreportarethoseofitsauthor,PaulWhitney. Theydonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialviewpointandpoliciesofthe PublicLendingRightCommission.

TableofContents 1. 2. 3.

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ExecutiveSummary Introduction EnglishLanguageeBooks A. Context B. PLRCommissionStakeholderConcerns 1. Authors 2. Libraries 3. Publishers C. EBooksinEnglishCanadianPublicLibraries 1. Overview 2. LibrarytoGo 3. CurrentandPendingDistributionofeBookstoLibraries FrenchLanguageeBooks A. Overview B. Law51andtheBookTradeinQuebec C. MajorPlayersintheQuebeceBookPublishingIndustry D. RegroupementdesditeursCanadiensFranais(RECF) E. IntegratedLibrarySystems(ILS) F. PilotProjects G. Summary EBooksandthePLRCommission A. Introduction B. WhatisaBook? C. WhatisaLoan? D. TheCatalogueRecord E. SamplingIssues Summary Appendices A. Definitions B. KeyStatisticsFromtheEnglishLanguageLibrarySurvey C. CanadianPublishersinLibrarytoGo D. AudioBooks E. StakeholdersConsulted F. CULCStatements

1.ExecutiveSummary
TherearetwoprimaryissuestoconsiderinassessingthepresenceofeBooksinCanadianpubliclibrary collections: TheglobalstruggletosettleonuniformtermsandconditionsforsellingeBookstolibraries. RelativetothesituationintheUSforUSauthors(andevensomeCanadianauthors),thelow availabilityofCanadianauthoredeBooksfortheCanadianlibrarymarket.

ThepresentdebatesoneBookavailabilityinlibrariesaretakingplaceinacontextwhereallPLR stakeholdershaveseriousconcernsovertheimpactofdigitaldisseminationontheirinstitutional, corporateandindividualfutures.ThePublicLendingRightCommission(theCommission)isconsidering whetherornottoadmiteBookstothePublicLendingRightprogramme(PLR)beforedecisionshavebeen finalizedoneBookpricing,distributionchannelsandlicencetermsandconditionsfortheCanadianpublic librarymarket. AsurveyoflibrariessampledbyPLRforEnglishlanguagetitlesindicatesthatwhileeBookholdingsanduse aregrowingrapidly,theiradoptioninlibrariesislaggingbehindtheconsumermarketplace.Boththe profileofpubliclibraryusersandthelackofappropriatetitleavailabilitytolibrariescontributetothis situation.NoCanadianlibrarybooksupplierispositionedtodistributeeBookstolibrariesinthe foreseeablefuture,althoughseveralareattheearlystagesofexploringoptionstointroducethisservice. EnglishCanadianpublishersprimarilyuseUSbasedsupplierstodistributetheirtradeeBookstoCanadian libraries.TheexceptionistheCanadianElectronicLibrarywhichisprovidingPDFeBookaccessforarange ofCanadiantradeandprofessionaltitlestoaverysmallnumberofpubliclibraries.Lackofavailabilityof CanadiantitlesineBookformisrepeatedlycitedasacauseoffrustrationforCanadianpubliclibrarians. FrenchlanguagelibrariessampledbyPLRreportnomeasurableFrenchlanguageeBookholdingslikelyto beeligibleforPLRintheircollections.AlthoughtheselibrariesdonotcurrentlyoffersucheBookstoany appreciableextent,librariansinterviewedareveryeagertoaddeBookstocollectionsofferedtopatrons. CurrenttrendsinthebookpublishingindustryincludingthependinglaunchofaneBookdistribution platformbyDeMarqueandplannedupgradestolibrarycomputersystemssuggestthateBookswillbe availableinsubstantialnumberstopubliclibrariesinQuebecduringthe2012calendaryear.Thereis strongconsensusamonglibrariansontheneedforFrenchlanguageeBooktitlesfromlocalauthorsand publishers. Thereportconcludeswithconsiderationofavarietyoflogisticalandpolicyissueswhicharelikelyto influencetheCommissionsconsiderationoftheinclusionofeBooksinthePLRprogramme.

2.Introduction

TheauthorhasbeenengagedbytheCanadaCouncilonbehalfoftheCommissiontoreportonthe availability,acquisition,andlendingofelectronicbooks(eBooks)inpubliclibraries.GiventhattheeBook marketforpubliclibrariesinCanadaisintheveryearlystagesofdevelopment,thereportexamines emergingdistributionmodelsforeBookstopubliclibrariesunderconsiderationbypublishersinCanada andtheUnitedStates(whererelevant).ThereportalsoidentifiesfortheCommissionthepossible implicationsforPLRsmandateandoperationsifeBooksareincludedintheprogramme.Indiscussions withpubliclibrariessampledbythePLRprogrammeitbecameevidentearlyintheprocessthateBooksof titleslikelytobeeligibleforPLRpaymentwerenotavailableinQuebecpubliclibrariestoameasurable extent.(Exceptionally,theGrandeBibliothqueinMontral,sampledbytheCommissioninprevious years,hasacollectionofover40,000eBooksinitscatalogue.)Asaresult,onlylibrariessampledforEnglish languagetitlesweresurveyedforholdings,expenditureandusedata.TheconsultationsonEnglish languageeBooksweremoreextensivethanthoseinQuebecwhereconsultationsfocussedonemerging plansformakingCanadianpublishedFrenchlanguageeBooksavailabletopubliclibraries.Olivier Charbonneaudidtheresearch,interviewsandwritingforSection4oftheReport(librariesandFrench languageeBooks). ThereportwaswrittenbetweenMarchandMay2011andshouldbereadasasnapshotofthestatusof eBooksinCanadianpubliclibrariesduringthisperiod.Relevantdevelopmentscontinueandattheendof thereportwritingprocesstheyaretakingplaceonalmostaweeklybasis.Ifanything,therateofchangeis escalatingandthereiseveryindicationthatthiswillcontinuefortheforeseeablefuture.Announcements onnewpartnershipsforeBookdevelopmentanddistributioncontinuetobemadewhilesomenew initiativesproclaimedearlyintheyearhaveyettoresultintangibleoutcomes.TheCommissionshouldbe consciousofthefactthatstatedintentionsdonotalwaysresultinthepromisedoutcomesandcertainly notnecessarilyinthepromisedtimeframe. Whilesomelamentcurrenttrendssuchastheincreasingdeclineinprintbooksales,theCommission needstobothrecognizetheinevitabilityoftransformationalchangetriggeredbytheemergenceofdigital textandtopositionthePLRprogrammetoadapttothisnewreality.

3.EnglishLanguageeBooks
A.Context
InthewordsofRobSanders,GreystoneBooksPublisherandVicePresidentofDouglas&McIntyre Publishers,thereisprofoundchangehappening,atlightningspeed1inglobalEnglishlanguagebook productionanddistribution.Afteraprolongedcourtship,markedbyseveralfalsestarts,bymid2010trade publishinghadirrevocablyjoinedthedigitalage. CarolynWood,ExecutiveDirectoroftheAssociationofCanadianPublishersstatedthattheslowmigration todigitalinpublishingshouldnotbeasurprisetoanyone:Afterall,thisisanindustrywhichhas experienced1.5formatchangesin500yearsandthe.5waspaperbacks.2Itisworthnotingthetimingof theemergenceofeBookswhichunderlinestherecentescalatingrateofchange: 1998TheRocketBookisintroduced. 2000StephenKingselfpublishesRidingtheRocketindigitalformonly. 2007InNovemberAmazonreleasestheKindle. 2010Amazonannouncesthatitsold140eBooksforevery100hardcoversinthesecond quarter. 2010InMaymajorityownerIndigoBooks&MusicofficiallyreleasestheKoboeReader. 2010BeforeChristmasAmazonsuspendsthedistributionoftheKindleinCanadabecause itisunabletomeetgrowingdemandintheUSA. 2011InJanuaryAmazonannouncesthateBooksalesexceededpaperbacksales. 2011InFebruarytheNewYorkTimesrevampsitsbestsellerlists(themostinfluentialin NorthAmerica)toincludeaseparateeBooklistandacombinedprintandeBooktop15list. 2011InMarchKoboannouncesthatithassold2.3millioneBooksinover100countries. 2011InMayAmazonannouncesthatitissellingmoreeBooksthanprintonpaperbooks.

WhilewelcomingtherecentrapidincreaseineBooksales,theissueofcannibalizationofprintsalesby eBooksisamajorconcernforpublishers,authors,booksellersand,totheextentthatitweakensthe ongoingviabilityofprintpublishing,librarians.Thegeneralviewisthatprintsaleswillinevitablydeclinefor avarietyofreasons,includingeBooksales,buttheeBookformatholdsthepromiseofnewuntapped marketsandincreasedopportunitiesforimpulsepurchasingfuelled(fornow)bylowerretailpricing.This newmarketpotentialisenthusiasticallydescribedbyFireflypublisher/ownerLionelKoffler: TheconcernabouttheadaptationtoelectronicbooksIthinkisinterestingbecausethepublishing communitystillsellsbookstoonly5%or6%ofthepublicinNorthAmerica.Ratherthanworrying abouttheerosionofourmarketandrevenues,Ithinkweshouldbemarketingebooksoutthereto

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Inconversationwiththeauthor. Inconversationwiththeauthor.

peoplewhodontreadbooksyetordontbuythemonaregularbasis,whoareatremendouswell ofunexploitedrevenue.3 Kofflersenthusiasmaside,thegenerallyheldviewinthepublishingindustryisthatincreasesineBook saleswillmeanlowerprintsales.AnansisSarahMacLachlannotesthatthesamepeoplebuyingeReaders arethepeoplereadingalreadysoIcanthelpthinkingitsgoingtotakeaswipeatthesideofprint publishing.4 IntheUnitedStatesandtheUK,salesdatabearsoutboththesignificantincreaseineBooksalesanda declineinprintsales.USpublishersreporteda2010increaseineBookrevenueof164.4%($275.1million). Therewasacorrespondingdeclineinrevenuefromprintsalesof6.1%($263million).In2010revenue fromeBooksaleswas9.1%oftherevenuefromprintsales.RecentUSsalesdataindicatesthatthe greatestnegativeimpactonprintfromeBooksalesiswithmassmarketpaperbacks.PenguinUSCEOJohn Makinsonstated:WeareseeingintheUSthattheeBookmaycompletelydisplacethemassmarket paperback,priceandconvenience.5IntheUK,NeilsenBookScanreportedin2010that,inconjunction withanupsurgeinromanceeBooksales,romanceprintsalesfellforthefirsttimeonrecord. NoahGennerofBookNetCanadaconfirmsthatcorrespondingCanadianeBooksalesdataisnotyet availableasbothKoboandAmazonarenotprovidingseparateCanadiansalesnumbers.(InMarch2011 majorityCanadianownedKoboreported2.3millioneBookssoldworldwideinitsfirst14monthsof existence.)BookNetreporteda3%declineinrevenueandunitssoldforprintsalesinCanadain2010anda morethan3%declineinCanadianprintsalesinthefirstquarterof2011.Theweaknessintheretail booksellingsectorisinpartanotherindicatorofthecontinuingdeclineinbooksales.Estimatesvary,but thereisgeneralagreementthateBooksalesinCanadaarelaggingasmuchas50%behindUSnumbersin termsofpercentageoftotalsales. DatafromNielsonBookScanclearlydemonstratestheimpactofformatongenrefictionsales.Itreported thatinmid2010: Romanceandsagacomprised14%oftheglobaleBookmarket,morethanseventimesthegenres shareofprintsales. Sciencefictionandfantasycomprised10%oftheglobaleBookmarketshare,threetimesthegenres shareofprintsales.

Inreviewingthisdata,analystBenedictEvansofEndersAnalysis,aUKmediaandentertainmentresearch firm,noted:Ebookadoptionwillvarywidelybydemographicandgenre6. TheNewYorkTimescombinedeBook/printlistsareinstructiveastheyshedlightonthemarket dominationoftheeBookformatinspecificgenres.The13February2011listindentifiedthetop10titles

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Williams,LeighAnne,PublishersReadyfortheDigitalDance,PublishersWeekly,27September2010,page13. Ibid.,page13. 5 BenedictEvansblogEbooksExplosion,posted18April2011. 6 PhilipJones,Ebooksalesbegintocannibaliseprint,TheBookseller,24September2010,page6.

whencombinedfictionandnonfictionsalesforhardcovers,paperbacksandeBooksweretabulated. Sevenoftenofthistop10weremainstreamgenrefictionandthreewerenonfiction.Forallofthefiction titles,eBooksalesexceededprintsalesby59%to100%.(Thetitlereporting100%ofsalesineBookformat wasAlone,amysterybyLisaGardner,whichwasavailableinhardcoverbutpresumablydidntregisterat allinprintsalesreporting).Forthethreenonfictiontitlessales,eBooksconstituted59%,43%and23%of totalsales. ItisworthendingthissectionwiththewarningarticulatedbyBenedictEvansthatthereisatendencyto overestimatetheshorttermeffectsoftheshifttodigitalandunderestimatethelongtermimpacts. Severalcommentators(includingMargaretAtwood)havecomparedtheeBooktodaywiththefirstdaysof theautomobile.Predictingthelongtermimpactofdigitaldeliveryonthewrittenwordmaybeasquixotic aspredictingthelongtermimplicationsoftheautomobileduringthefirstdaysofthehorselesscarriage.

B.PLRCommissionStakeholderConcerns
ThethreestakeholdergroupsrepresentedbythevotingmembersoftheCommissionallhaveserious concernsovertheimpactoftheeBookrevolutionontheirindividualandinterconnectedfutures.These concernsrangefromtheshorttermuncertaintiesarisingfromthechangingdigitalmarketandemerging distributionmodelstofearsaboutlongtermsurvival.Aswewillsee,publishersandauthors,whileclearly havingtheirdifferencesinsomeareas,dohaveacommonfocusinaddressingthethreattorevenue streamspresentedbyeBooks.Inpreparingthisreportauthors,distributors,librariansandpublisherswere consulted(alistofthoseconsultedisprovidedinAppendixE). 1. Authors TheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWritersUnionofCanada(TWUC)andUniondescrivainesetdescrivains qubcois(UNEQ)reportthattheirassociationshavenottakenformalpolicypositionsoneBooksother thandevelopingsuggestedpublishingcontractlanguagerelatingtodigitalrights.Author/publisher contractscanvarysignificantlyandauthorshavetheoptionofseekingdifferentapproacheswhen negotiatingdigitalrights.Thiscanincluderequiringthepublishertoobtaintheauthorspermissionfor digitallicencesfordifferentmarketsincludinglibraries. Authorssharecommoncausewithpublishersinseekingtoensurethatdigitalavailability(oftenata cheaperpricethantheprintequivalent)doesnoterodeshorttermandlongertermsalesandroyalties. Whenbeinginterviewedforthisreport,MichaelElcockreportedthathehadinstructedhispublisherto withholddigitalsalesrightstolibrariesuntilhefeltassuredthathiseconomicinterestswouldnotbe underminedbythetermsandconditionsattachedtotheiravailability.Elcockconvincinglyhastenedtoadd hisgeneralsupportforlibrariesandtheroletheyplayinsociety.TWUCspublishedguidelinesonmodel publishingcontractsdonotaddresstheissueoflibraryeBooksalesanditisuncertainifotherwritersare followingElcocksleadonthisissue. Elcocksstance,consistentwiththepositionadoptedbyafewpublishers,doeshighlighttheincreased controlthatdigitalcontentprovidestoauthorsandpublishers.Withdigitalcontent,forthefirsttimein
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thehistory,theyhavetheabilitytoeitherpreventlibrarypurchasingofotherwisecommerciallyavailable workordictatethespecificsofhowtheworkissuppliedtolibraryusers. AuthorsreportgreaterdifficultiesinnegotiatingroyaltyratesoneBooksthanonprintequivalents. Coupledwiththefearofanoveralldeclineinunitsales,asignificantconcernforauthorsisthatinsome instancesroyaltiesfromeBooksalesarelowerthanforprintsales.TheUSbasedAuthorsGuild,intheir studyEBookRoyaltyMath:TheHouseAlwaysWinsreportsthatonbestsellereBooksalescompared withhardcoversales,publishersuniformlyearngreaterrevenuesandauthorsconsistentlyearnlower royaltiesoneBooksales.PublishersarguethatusinghardcoversaloneforroyaltycomparisonwitheBooks isunfairinthatauthorroyaltiestendtobehigherforbacklistgiventhatthedevelopmentcostforanew titleishigherthanforsubsequenteditions.AsMargaretAtwoodhasnoted:fairpricingisaworkin progress7asisapparentlyconsensusoneBookauthorroyalties. Whilethelessonslearnedfromthelossofcontrolovercopyrightedcontentinthemusicindustryisnever farfromthemindsofbothpublishersandauthors,therehavebeenfewreportedinstancesofsubstantial systematicillegalfilesharingwithtradeeBooks.Whilethismightbeattributable,ashasbeensuggested, tothenatureoftherespectiveaudiencesforbooksandmusic,itismorelikelyduetothefundamental differencesinhowthecontentisused.Booksnormallydonotgetrereadrepeatedlybythesame individualnordotheyfunctionasbackgroundforotheractivities.Havingsaidthis,itisclearthatboth publishersandauthorswillcontinuetopushfortechnologicalprotectionmeasureswhichprotecttheir worksfrominappropriateuse.AuthorandtechnologycommentatorCoryDoctorowcountersthatwe wonteverhaveaneffectivemechanismtostoppeoplefromnotpaying.Theprimarychallengeisto convincethemtheyshould.8 ThereisconcernthatthepredominanceofgenreandbestsellingtitlesineBooksaleswillworsenthe situationofliteraryandmidlistauthors.AwardwinningauthorKatePullingernotesthattheascentof eBooksdoesresultinthemidlistbeingsqueezedandalotofpeoplefallingbythewayside.9 TherehavebeenveryfewhighprofileexamplesofauthorsgoingitaloneintheeBookformatand achievingsignificantfinancialselfpublishingsuccess.Thishasalsobeenthecasewithprintbooks.The openaccessmovementisgainingmomentumscholarlypublishingwherethemovetodigitaldistributionis universal,especiallywithjournalswherecommercialpricingbecameamajorissueforlibrariesand academics.Whiletheeliminationoftheneedforphysicalproductionanddistributionwillnodoubt increasetheattractivenessofselfpublishingforsomeauthors,theroleofthetraditionaltradepublisher appearstobesecurefornow.Therearesignshowever,thatforsomeauthorsselfpublishingeBooksis seenasaviableoption.USauthorNealPollockrecentlyaddressedthisinanessayintheNewYorkTimes: forawriterlikeme,whichistosay,mostworkingwritersmidcareer,midlist,middleaged,more orlessmiddlebrow,andsomewhatInternetsavvyselfpublishingseemstomakealotofsenseat

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RosalindPorter,Digitalrevolutionstillneedsauthors,Atwoodnotes,TheGlobeandMail.16March2011,pageA3. KateTaylor,Aremidlistauthorsanendangeredspecies?,TheGlobeandMail,15,March2011,pageA3. 9 Ibid.,PageA3.

thispoint.Ivebuiltamodestaudienceandaname(...)Nowthattheadvancesaresmallerandthe technologyisavailablewhynotstartappealingdirectlytothosereaders. Pollackprovidesthisprojectionoftheeconomicsofhisselfpublishingventure: Imgoingtochargefivebucksor$4.99adownload.Foreverybooksold,myonlinevendorwillsend me70percentoftherevenue.Inrawdollaramounts,thatsmorethanthreetimeswhatIdget fromamainstreampublisherforeachpaperbacksale.IfImanagetoscoreathousanddownloads, whichIalmostcertainlywillatthatpricepoint(Ihavealargefamily)Imlookingat$17,500.Quickly Illhaveearnedtheequivalentofapleasantadvanceforthisbook.10 SettingasidewhatmaybeunfoundedoptimismonthesalespotentialofhiseBook,Pollocksperspective maygaintractionwithmidlistauthorswhohaveadegreeofnamerecognitionwithreaders.Howthat namerecognitionisgainedwithoutthesupportofatradepublisherattheoutsetofawritingcareeris opentoquestion. Categoriesofbookswhichrelyonsalesatpubliceventsmaylosemarketsharetodigitalsales.A prominentpublisherofpoetrynotedwheninterviewedthatthemajorityofthesalesofhispoetrytitles wereatauthorreadingsandhewondered,ifconsumerpreferencetransferstoeBooks,howthesesales couldbemaintained.IfeBookavailabilitylimitsoreliminatestheavailabilityofprinteditions,authorsand publisherswhoareabletogeneratebooksalesfrompublicappearancesmayfindtheirmarketing opportunitiesreduced.Ofcourse,somewritershavebeenverysuccessfulinusingtheirwebpresenceto increasesalesandnodoubttherewillbeincreasinglysophisticateduseoftechnologytoenhancepublic readings. 2. Libraries WitheBooksandotherdigitaltext,librarieshavetoaddressforthefirsttimeanenvironmentwhere authorsandpublisherscanasserttheirownershiprightstotheextentthatlibrariescanbedeniedaccess topublishedwork.Inaddition,withtheadventofdigitalcontent,forthefirsttimelibrarieswerereceiving collectioncriticismsfromtheirusersoverissueswhicharelargelybeyondthecontroloflibrarystaff. AdigitalcontentreportproducedbyWestVancouverMemorialLibraryreportedthatifpatronsmust learncomplicatedandcounterintuitivesoftwareinordertoaccessaninadequateselectionofmaterials, theirenthusiasmwillquicklyturntofrustration.11Libraryusersarewellawareofthecapabilitiesofdigital deliveryofeBooksandtotheextentthatlibrariesareprohibitedfrommatchingthesecapabilities,their userswillincreasinglyseekothersourcesofcontentiftheycanaffordthecontentandthenecessary technology.Librariesfearthelossofmiddleclassusersandyoungerborndigitaluserswhowillhaveno patienceforcumbersomeandslowcontentdelivery.Inthewordsofonelibrarian:thedangeristheywill eitherstealitorstopreading.

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NealPollack,PeddlingYourProse,TheNewYorkTimesBookReview,22May2011,page31. WestVancouverMemorialLibrary,ECollectionsConceptPaper,2011,page1.

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WhilethesolutionofonlypermittingonereaderatatimetoaccessaneBook(adoptedbyOverDrive,the mostsuccessfullibraryeBookdistributor)satisfiestheconcernsofmanypublishers,librariansnotethatit notunderstoodbysomelibraryuserswho(correctly)seeitastheapplicationoftherulesoftheroadfor anoldformatandbusinessmodelappliedtoanewformatwherelogisticallytheyarenotnecessary.The problemforallpartiesisthatthenewbusinessmodelforlibraryeBooksaleswhichaddressesthe legitimateconcernsofallpartieshasnotyetemerged. AsurveyofPLRsampledEnglishlanguagelibrariescarriedoutinMarchforthisreportindicatedthatfor everytwoeBooksborrowedoneeBookholdwasplaced,amuchhigherratiothanholdsonother collectionstocirculation.Forexample,in2010atVancouverPublicLibrarytheoverallholdsplacedto circulationratiowas1to8.2forallcollectionsand1to2.7foreBooks(January/Februaryonly).Librarians believethatuserpatienceforeBookavailabilityfromthevirtualshelfismuchlessthantheirpatiencefor theavailabilityofprintbooksfrombranchlibraryshelves.Thismayrequirelibrariesintheshorttermto purchaseduplicatecopiesofeBooksatagreaterratethantheirprintcounterpartsandovertimeto negotiatedifferenttermsandconditionsforusewhichincreaseshorttermifnotimmediateavailability.In supportoftheperceptionthattheimmediateavailabilityofeBooksismoreofafactorthanforprint books,AnneCollinsofKnopfRandomCanadanotes:Thereissomesignthatebooksareleadingto impulsepurchasesinawaywehaventseenforalongtimebecauseofthepricepoint.12Thismindsetof instantgratificationcarriesovertolibraryusewherepriceisnotaconsiderationbutwaittimecertainlyis. EBookholdtrendscombinedwithdramaticallyincreasingusesuggestthatlibraryuserswillincreasingly growfrustratedwiththedelayinlibrariesdeliveringeBookstothemduetotheonereaderpercopyata timerequirement. CanadianLibrarianscontinuetocomplainabouttheirinabilitytoacquiretheeBookstheiruserswantto readandthefocusofthesecomplaintshasbeentherelativelackofavailabilityofCanadianauthoredand publishedworks.InMarchalibrarianatTorontoPublicLibraryexpressedfrustrationthatauserofNew YorkPublicLibraryhadaccesstonineeBookworksbyMargaretAtwoodwhileauserofTorontoPublichad accesstonone.AswewillseetherearesignsthatthissituationwillimproveasCanadianpublishersboth makedigitalrightsavailabletoexistingeBookdistributorsandasnewdistributionchannelsforlibraries emerge.Forexample,therecentavailabilityofRandomCanadatitlesthroughUSdistributorOverDrive meansthatTorontoPublicnowhasaccesstoMargaretAtwoodsMcClelland&Stewarttitles. TheCanadianUrbanLibrariesCouncil/ConseildesBibliothquesUrbainesduCanada(CULC/CBUC), representinglibrariesservingurbanpopulationsover100,000residents,hasdevelopedaVision StatementforPublicLibraryAccesstoDownloadableandPortableEContentandaStatementoneBook PricingModelswhicharepresentedinAppendixE.

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LeighAnneWilliams,PublishersReadyfortheDigitalDance,PublishersWeekly,27September2010,page13.

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3. Publishers ThefearisIgetonelibrarycardandneverhavetobuyabookagain. BrianNapack,USPresident,MacmillanPublishers13

ThepotentialubiquityandpermanenceofeBookavailabilityliesatthecentreofalotofpublishers(and authors)concerns.Theunconstrainedabilitytomakeaperfectcopyofadigitalbookavailableanywhere, withinandbeyondalibrarysservicearea,leadstotheconclusionthattheimpetustobuymorethanone copydisappears.ThelargestdistributorofeBookstolibrariesglobally,OverDrive,addressedthisconcern byplacingtechnologicalprotectionmeasuresonitseBookswhichlimitedreadingtoonelibraryuserata timewithatimelimitedloanperiod.Thisdigitalreplicationoftheusepatternforaprintonpaperlibrary booksatisfiedanumberofpublishershowever,otherscontinuetoholdbacklibrarysalesrights. InarecentinterviewSimonandSchusterCEOCarolynReidystated:SimonandSchusterdoesnotyetsell eBookstolibraries.Wehavenotyetfoundabusinessmodelthatmakesushappy.That'swhywe'renotin it.Whenherinterviewerfollowedupwiththequestion: librariesareworriedaboutwhetherthey'llsurvivethetransitiontodigitalbooksandfunding difficultiesatthesametime.Areyouatallworriedaboutthesurvivaloflibrariesacrossthe transitiontoeBooks? Reidyresponded: There'sapartofmethatworriesaboutit,butI'mfirstworriedaboutmycompany...andmy authors,andtheirsurvival.Sowehavemetwithseveralpeoplewhoaretryingtocomeupwitha solutiontosellintolibrariesandtherearepeoplewhoareworkingonvariousandsundrydifferent modelsthatarenotjustselloneeBookandletitbeloanedforever,andinfactwemetwithone lastweek.Sowe'veactuallybeenmeetingwithpeopleandthinktherewillcomeasolutionthatwe canlivewith.Wejusthaven'tseenoneyet.14 TheannouncementbyHarperCollinsthattheireBookswouldbemadeavailabletolibrariesfor26loans onlyisanexampleofonerecentattempttointroduceadifferentmodel.JoshMarwellofHarperCollins USstatedwehaveseriousconcernsthatourpreviousebookpolicy,sellingebookstolibrariesin perpetuity,ifleftunchanged,wouldunderminetheemergingebookecosystem,hurtthegrowingebook channel,placeadditionalpressureonphysicalbookstores,andintheendleadtoadecreaseinbooksales androyaltiespaidtoauthors.15Theresponsefromlibrarianswasswiftanduniformlynegativewithsome callsforaboycottofHarpertitles.Thisisanexcellentexampleofthedifferentprioritiesofthevarious

KarenSpringen,ReachingtheeTeen,PublishersWeekly,21February2011,page23. EricHellman,SimonandSchusterisLookingatLimitedLendingLibraryeBookModels,GoToHellmanblog,23March 2011. 15 NatalieSamson,Libraries,distributorsrespondtoHarperCollinsebooklendingcap,Quill&Quire, 3March2011.

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stakeholderscontributingtoentrenchedandopposingpositions;librariansviewthemselvesasfinancially challengedcustodiansofcultureforthelongtermandpublishersandauthorsarefocussedonprotecting theirfinancialreturnfromtheircreativework. IntheUK,thedebateoneBooktermsandconditionsforlibrarieshascentredonhowthelibraryuser accessesthedownloadablecontent:inthelibraryfromalibrarycomputerorremotelyfromthelibrarys website.ThePublishersAssociationdevelopedguidelinesforeBooklendingwhichwouldrequirealibrary borrowertogotoalibrarylocationtoborrowaneBook;i.e.remotedownloadingfromthelibrarysweb siteonenteringalibrarycardnumberwouldnotbepermitted.ThePublishersAssociationChiefExecutive RichardMolletnoted:Sellingandlendinghavetobeabletocoexistwithneitherdulyharmingthe other.16TheconcernthateBooksnotbeaccessiblefornonresidentsofthelibrarysserviceareaappears tobetherootcauseofthepublishersposition.Librariansviewedthisapproachasanundueconstrainton technologywhichwouldnotbeunderstoodbylibraryusersandwhichwouldunacceptablyimpedetheir accesstodigitallibrarycollections.Librariesarguethatrequiringalibrarycardnumberforauthentication inordertoborrowaneBookissufficientprotectiontolimitanywidespreadnonresidentaccess. TheascentofeBookshaspresentedauniquechallengetobookpublishersastheyfoundthemselves becomingalmostpawnsintheongoingandhighstakesbattleformarketshareamongAmazon,Apple, GoogleandKoboinCanada.Withdigitalcontentthedistributorsoftenhadmoreleverageandpowerthan thepublishers,leadingtohighprofiledisputes,mostnotablyovereBookpricing.Asnotedwithauthors andlibraries,theapparentlossofcontrolisacauseforanxiety. Insummary,librariescreateaspecificchallengefortradepublishers(andauthors)inthatthepossibilityof perpetualfreeavailabilityofeBooksfromlibrariesisseentopresentafargreaterthreattoretailsalesto individualconsumersthanthepresenceofprinttitlesinlibraries.Theresultingerosionofthepublishing revenuestreams(andthereforealsoauthorroyalties)isattherootofpublisherconcernswithinstitutional salestolibraries.

C.eBooksinEnglishCanadianPublicLibraries
1. Overview TheeightpubliclibrariessampledbyPLRforEnglishlanguagetitlesweresurveyedforthisreport.A summaryofthesurveyresultsisprovidedinAppendixB. ItmustbenotedthataccumulatingreliableandcomparableeBookstatisticsisachallengeduetothevery differentstructuresandplatformsbywhichtheyareacquiredandsuppliedtolibraryusers.Foraggregated eBookcollectionstheusedateisusuallysuppliedbythevendoranddifferentmetricscanbeused.There aretwoprimarymethodsofmeasuringeBookuse.ForaPDF17aggregateddatabasesuchasBCBooks Online,thebookisneverborrowedbythereaderbutratherviewedasawebpageoftenconcurrently

CharlotteWilliams,PAebooklendingmeasuresrestrictive,TheBookseller,29October2010, page5. 17 SeeAppendixAfordefinitionsofPDFandEPUB

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withotherreadersaccessingthesamecontent.Thevendorreportspageviewsasthemeasureofuse andthereisnoequivalenttoreportingtheuseofthesetitlescomparabletotheuseofprintbooksor EPUBeBooksuppliers.ForeBooktitlessuppliedtoonereaderatatimefortimelimitedperiodssuchas thosefromOverDrive,theloanstatisticsarecomparabletothoseforphysicalcollections. Thecountingoftitlesinaggregateddatabasesappearstovaryfromlibrarytolibrary.Whatthesurvey doesreliablyprovideisapictureofthegrowthofeBookpurchasingandusethroughFebruary2011. LibrariesareunabletoprovidedataonCanadianauthoredeBookholdings.Ananalysisofindividually acquiredCanadianpublishedtitlesinthecountryslargestpubliclibraryconsortiumcollectionprovidesa reasonablesampleofthepresenceoftitleslikelymeetingPLReligibilityrequirementsandisdiscussed belowwithdetailsprovidedinAppendixC. ThemosttellingcomparablestatisticoneBookuseinpubliclibraries,mirroringtheexperienceinretail,is theexplosionofusefollowingChristmas2010.ComparedwithJanuary/February2010,librariesregistered a243%increaseineBookloansinthefirsttwomonthsof2011.Butithastobenotedthatthisisalarge percentageincreaseofarelativelysmallnumber:127,708eBookloansforthetwomonthscomparedwith 7,427,121printloansinthesametwomonths,meaningthateBookuseis1.7%thatofprintcirculation(7 librariesreporting).SinceChristmas2010librariesreportalargeincreaseinuserqueriesonhowto downloadcontenttotheirneweReaders.Itiswellestablishedthatthebookisthelibrarybrandinthe mindsofmanyanditisinterestingthatthisisseentoincludeeBooks.Librariesfeelthattheyhavebecome thedefactotechsupportforeReaderretailers. ItcanreasonablybeassumedthateBookusersandbookbuyersaremorelikelytohavemoredisposable incomegiventhecostofbooksandtheeReaders.OncetheinitialfinancialoutlayismadefortheeReader, thelowerpricepointofmosteBooksandimmediateaccessibilitywhencomparedwiththeirprint equivalentsmakespurchasingtitlesadesirableoption.AnansisSarahMacLachlancharacterizeseBook readersasolderpeople,retiredpeople,peoplewithdough.18Inaddition,theuseofeReadersdoes requireadegreeofcomputerknowledge.WhileCanadaspubliclibrarieshavethepotentialtoserveall residentsandtheprovisionofcollectionsisonlypartoftheservicesavailable,childrenscollectionsarethe mostheavilyborrowed.Libraryservicetolowerincomeandmarginalizedindividualsisanimportantfocus forurbanlibraries.ThesefactorscombinetounderstandablyresultineBookuserelativetoprintuse laggingbehindtheratiointheretailmarketplace.Itshouldbenotedthatlibrariesreportincreased demandforeBooksforchildrenandasmoredigitalcollectionsforchildrenbecomeavailableinlibraries thissituationislikelytochange. AsmallnumberofpubliclibrariesarecirculatingeBookreaderswithpreloadedtitlestogivetheirusers theopportunitytotestdrivethenewtechnology.Thegeneralconsensusisthatdistributorssuchas KoboarenotlicencedtoselleBooksstillundercopyrightprotectionforlibrarylending.Atleastonelibrary iscirculatingKoboreadersloadedwiththeirsuiteofpublicdomainclassics.Insuchinstancesthetitlesdo

18

LeighAnneWilliams,PublishersReadyfortheDigitalDance,PublishersWeekly,27September2010,page13.

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notappearinlibrarycatalogues;thelibraryiscirculatingthereadersotheiruserscanexperiencethenew mediumandthecontentisincidental. EBookpurchasingbyCanadianpubliclibrariessampledbytheCommissionfollowstwogeneralmodels: Individuallyselectedbythelibraryforusebyitsresidents. Selectedinaprovincialconsortiumwithotherpubliclibrariesforusebythecollectivelibrarycard holdersoftheparticipatinglibraries.

ConsortiumpurchasingisinplaceinBritishColumbia,Manitoba,partsofOntario(butnotthePLRsampled libraries)andNovaScotia.(ItshouldbenotedthattheNewBrunswickpubliclibraryisprovincewideforall services).ThePLRsampledlibrariesinCalgary,Hamilton,MississaugaandTorontoacquireeBooks individually. AnanalysisoftheBCeBookconsortiumLibrarytoGofollows.Itisthelargestoftheconsortiawhichwould besampledifeBookswereadmittedtothePLRprogrammeandisconsideredrepresentativeofCanadian publiclibrarytitlebytitle(asopposedtoaggregateddatabase)eBookpurchasing. 2. LibrarytoGo InBritishColumbia,57publiclibrariesasaconsortiumpurchaseeBooksfromtheUSdistributorOverDrive underthebrandingLibrarytoGo.(OverDriveisdescribedinthenextsectionofthisreport.)Witha projected2011expenditureof$504,000withOverDrive(doublethe2010budget),attheendofJanuary 2011theLibrarytoGocollectionheld15,887copiesof9,683eBooktitles.77%oftheeBookcopiesinthe collectionwereaddedin2010andthepurchasingpatternshowsamarkedshifttoEPUBfromPDFformat eBooks.LibrarytoGohasaholdstocopyratioof5:1meaningthatforevery5userholdsplacedonatitle, anadditionalcopyisautomaticallypurchased. AttheendofJanuary2011,53,692uniqueusershaddownloadedeBooksfromtheLibrarytoGo collection.Thecomparablenumberfrom2010was29,488uniqueusers.TheLibrarytoGocoordinator reportsthattheJanuary2011usernumberrepresents1.2%oftheserviceareapopulationsofthelibraries or2%ofactivelibrarycardusers.Thisisafarlowerpercentageoftheoverallpercentageofthepopulation usingpubliclibrariesoverall,generallyreportedasonethirdandup. AsnapshotsurveyofLibrarytoGoholdingsinMay2011identified12Canadianbased/ownedpublishers withtitlesinthecollection(excludingtheCanadianownedbutUSbasedHarlequin).Thesepublishers contributed781(8%)ofthe9,702eBooktitlesinthecollection.Ofthese781titlesitisestimatedthat489 (5%)arelikelyeligibleforPLRpaymentsafterineligibleCanadianpublishedworksareexcluded(foreign authors,deceasedCanadianauthors,cookbooksandotherineligiblenonfiction).NoeBooktitleswere identifiedinthesurveywhichwouldnotberepresentedintheprintcollectionsofmost,ifnotall,PLR sampledlibraries.AlistofindividualpublisherswithtitlecountsinLibrarytoGoisprovidedinAppendixC. Extrapolated,thissuggeststhatatpresentPLReligibletitleswillcompriseapproximately5%ofeBook collectionswheretitlesareindividuallyselected.ThispercentagewillincreaseasmoreCanadianpublished
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booksaremadeavailabletolibraries.ThepercentageofeligibletitleswillbelowerwhenoveralleBook availabilityisconsideredbecausethemajorityofaggregatedeBookdatabasescurrentlyprovidedby sampledlibrariesoriginateintheUSandmanyfocusonreferenceandtechnicalnonfiction. 3. CurrentandPendingeBookDistributiontoCanadianPublicLibraries

OverDrive
Foundedin1986,OverDriveisafullservicedigitaldistributorofeBooks,audiobooks,musicandvideo. Thecompanydescribesitsserviceassecuremanagement,DRMprotection,anddownloadfulfillment servicesforhundredsofpublishersandthousandsoflibraries,schools,andretailers,servingmillionsof endusers.Thecompanyreportsthatitoffersover350,000digitalaudioandeBooktitles. TheOverDrivelibrarymodelisbasedonatimelimitedloanperiodwithonlyonereaderabletoaccessa titleatonetime,mimickingthelendingofprintonpaperbooks.Librariescanopttohavetheborrower settheloanperiodwithafixedmaximumlength.Libraryuserscanplaceaholdonanonloantitleand OverDriveofferslibrariestheoptionofautomaticallypurchasinganadditionalcopywhenaspecifiedhold tocopyratioisexceeded.OverDrivetitlesareaonetimepurchaseforlibraries,butthetitlesresideon OverDrivesserversandaccessisperpetualonlyaslongasOverDriveexistsasacorporateentityand/or thelibrarycontinuestohaveanongoingrelationshipwiththecompany. LibrarieshavetheoptionofnegotiatingwithOverDrivetomanagetheirauthenticationprocessorto managethisindividuallyorcollectivelywithinaconsortium.OverDrivechargeslibrariesandconsortiaan annualmanagementfeewhichishigherifOverDrivemanagesindividualuserauthentication. OverDriveiswellestablishedenoughintheNorthAmericanmarketthatitorganizesausergroup conference.DigipaloozainJuly2011willbetheirthirdconference. OverDrivehaseBookdistributionagreementswithasmallnumberofCanadianpublishersbutthenumber isincreasing.TheFebruaryannouncementthatRandomCanada(includingMcClelland&Stewartand Tundra)willuseOverDrivetodistributeitslistisasignificantdevelopmentinenhancingthescopeof OverDrivesCanadiancontent.AsnapshotreviewofOverDrivesCanadianpublishedtitlesinFebruary (preRandomCanadatitleavailability)identified13,533titles,ofwhich12,485(92%)werepublishedby Harlequin.InaJanuaryreportpreparedforBCseBookproject,LibrarytoGo,itwasnotedthatOverDrive suppliesCanadianlibrarieslessthanhalfoftheGillerwinnersandthatUSpubliclibrarieshavegreater accesstoGillerwinnersthantheirCanadiancounterparts.RecentOverDriveagreementswithCanada basedpublisherswillhavepartiallyaddressedthissituation. PublisherrepresentativesreportunhappinesswiththeirnegotiationswithOverDriveandcomplainabout unfriendlytermsbutacknowledgethattheycontinuetobetheonlyestablishedconduitforgetting downloadabletradeeBooktitlesintolibraries.Librariansonbehalfoftheirusersreportfrustrationswith theOverDriveinterfacewhichisdescribedascumbersome,especiallywhencomparedwithcommercial optionsavailabletotheindividualconsumer.Considerabletimeisspentbystaff,guidingusersthroughthe
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downloadprocessforavarietyofreadingdevicesexcludingtheKindlewhichdoesnotsupportreading librarysuppliedeBooks.InMay2011OverDriveannouncedaninterfaceforKindleintheUSbuttherehas beennowordonwhenthismightbeavailabletoCanadianKindleusers. Inthesurveyof8PLRsampledlibrarieswitheBookcollections,alluseOverDriveasasupplier.

CanadianPublishersCollection
TheCanadianPublishersCollectionformsanimportantpartoftheCanadianElectronicLibrary(CEL)which isownedbyGibsonLibraryConnections.Thedatabasecomprisesover12,000PDFeBooktitlesfromover 60Canadianpublishers,slightlylessthanhalfofwhicharegeneraltradepublishers.Thedatabaseismade availabletolibrariesviatheebraryplatformandinterface.ThecollectionrequiresaliveInternet connectiontoviewtitlesandtheyarenotdownloadabletohandhelddevices.Multiplereaderscanaccess thesameworksimultaneously.Thishaslimitedanysignificantpubliclibrarysalestodateforthecollection whichisdescribedasastreamingresearchtool.Thecollectioncanbepurchasedinperpetuityoronan annualsubscriptionbasis.FullMARCrecordsareprovidedtolibrariesforalltitlesinthedatabase. Earlyin2011ebrarywaspurchasedbyProquestandnegotiationsareongoingwithGibsonLibrary ConnectionsonthefutureshapeoftheCELcollections.IndicationsarethatProquestisplacingahigh priorityonmovingebrarytoincludeadownloadabledistributionmodel. InAugust2008GibsonLibraryConnectionsannouncedthesaleoftheCanadianPublishersCollectionto theCanadianResearchKnowledgeNetwork(CRKN)actingonbehalfof67Canadianuniversities.The collectionatthattimehadover8,000socialsciencesandhumanitiestitlespublishedby47Canadian publishers.CRKNpaid$11millionforperpetualownershipofthecollection.Thistranslatesintoapayment of$1,375pertitleor$20.25pertitleperinstitution.Itshouldbenotedthatthetitlessuppliedwerealmost allbacklisttitleswhichmanyofthelibrariesalreadyownedinprintform.Thiscollectionhasbeenadded to,as13additionalpublishershavesignedon(includingDouglas&McIntyre)andtheoriginalparticipants havecontributedadditionaltitlestothedatabase.Approximately40oftheoriginaluniversitylibraries receivingtheCRKNcollectionhavesubscribedtoreceivethenewtitlesonanongoingbasis.Whilenoting thatPLRdoesnotpresentlysampleinacademiclibraries,theCELcollectioncontainslittlefictionorpoetry titlesandaveryroughestimateisthat2/3rdsofthetitlesintheirprintformwouldbeeligibleforPLR payments. ThefullCanadianPublishersCollectionismarketedastheCanadianElectronicLibraryPublicLibrary Collectionbuthasnotbeensoldtoapubliclibraryonasubscriptionbasisasyet.Collectionsavailablefor individualpurchasewhichareofgreatestrelevancetopubliclibrariesandhencethePLRprogramare:BC BooksOnline,OrcaDigitalCollectionandOxfordUniversityPress.TorontoPublicLibraryhasrecently purchasedapilotsubscriptiontotheOrcaDigitalCollectionwhichcomprises421childrenstitlesalong withresourceguidesforteachers.TheOrcatitlesarenotavailableforindividualpurchaseandarenot includedintheCELsubscriptionpackage.BCBooksOnlineisdiscussedinthefollowingsection.

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BCBooksOnline
In2007,agroupofBCbasedpublishersandlibrariesinitiatedaprojecttomakeBCbooksavailabletoBC residentsindigitalform.Thevisionwastoprovidedigitalaccessthrougheverypublic,schoolandpost secondarylibraryintheprovincetoacollectionofnonfictiontitlespublishedandselectedbyBCbased publishers.PartneringwithGibsonLibraryConnections,abetatestofthedatabaseofover600titleswas launchedin12libraries(4public,3schooland5postsecondary).AgrantfromtheIrvingK.Barber LearningCentreattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaLibrarysupplementedbyfinancialcontributionsfrom SimonFraserUniversityLibraryandVancouverPublicLibraryfundedthetrial. TheoriginalintentwastosecureaprovincialgrantinthecontextofBCs125thanniversarytofundthe purchaseofthedatabaseinperpetuity.Theeconomicdownturnattheendofthedecademadethisgoal unattainable.Thebetatestisdesignedtoprofiletheconceptandtodemonstrateitsvaluetopotential funders.TheAssociationofBookPublishersofBChascommissionedastudyoftheprojectwhichis intendedtoidentifypossiblenextstepsforthedatabaseincluding,presumably,directsalestolibraries.In thisregarditshouldbenotedthatthelargeBCpostsecondarylibrariesalreadyhaveaccesstomostofthe BCBooksOnlinetitlesthroughtheirparticipationintheCRKNdigitalbookpurchaseorasubscriptionto theCEL. TheBCBooksOnlinebetatestcollectioncontains638titlesfrom16publisherswithpublicationdates rangingfrom1960through2009.Nofrontlisttitlesareincludedandpublisherswithheldtitleswithan activeretailmarket.39%ofthetitlesareclassedasscience,healthandenvironmentand25%ashistory. MARCrecordshavebeenaddedtothemajorityofparticipatinglibrarycatalogues. Thecurrentpilotendson30June2011anditisprobablethatthecontentwillbetakendownpendingthe developmentofasustainablefundingmodeltoprovideongoingaccessandenhancedcontent.

CanadianPublishersDigitalServices/eBound
TheAssociationofCanadianPublishers(ACP)launchedtheCanadianPublishersDigitalServices(CPDS)in March2009.CPDSprovidesarangeofservicestoACPmembersincludingsellingorlicencingdigital contentattermsavailableonlytolargevendorsandsharingcurrentresearchandinformationon technologydevelopmentsandmarketopportunitiesforepublishing.TheACPwebsitenotesthatCPSDis thesinglemostimportantvehiclethroughwhichCanadianbookscanbeeffectivelymadeavailableto readersindigitalformat.ACPisintheprocessoftransitioningCPSDtoanewarmslengthorganization, eBound. eBoundwillcoordinatethedistributionofACPmemberdigitalrightstodistributorssuchasAmazonand Kobo.Atthetimeofwriting,63ACPmembersareparticipatingineBound.ItsExecutiveDirectorhas indicatedthatenablingsalestolibrariesthroughintermediariessuchasOverdriveandBaker&Tayloris alsoapriority.ThiscoordinatedapproachtodistributionwillbothincreasetheavailabilityofCanadian titlestolibrariesandhavethepotentialtoprovideconsistenttermsandconditionsforlibrarysalesofthe worksofapproximately60%ofCanadianauthorswritinginEnglish.
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Baker&Taylor
Baker&Taylor(B&T)isamajorUSbasedwholesalerofbooksandAVtolibraries.Thecompanyclaimsto betheworldslargestdistributorofprintanddigitalbooks.B&TwaslargelyexcludedfromtheCanadian marketwiththeintroductionofparallelimportationregulationsfollowingthe1998changestothe CopyrightAct.ThesechangesrequiredthatCanadianlibrariespurchasemultiplecopiesofforeign publishedworksfromCanadiansourceswhentherewasanexclusiveagentfordistributiontothe Canadianmarketandspecificperformancestandardsweremet.Parallelimportationasdefinedbythe CopyrightActdoesnotapplytoeBooksandthiswasnotaddressedintherecentcopyrightbillswhichdied ontheorderpaperfollowingthreeconsecutiveelectioncalls. Inlate2010,B&TannouncedapartnershipwithBliowhichdescribesitselfastheworldsmostadvanced flexibleandengagingereaderapplication.Blioispositioningitselfastheidealplatformfordigitalbooks, includingchildrensbooks,cookbooks,textbooksandtravelguides,whichdonotproperlydisplayon eReadersduetographicelements.Canadianpublishershaveexpressedinterestinthisplatformasaway togettheirtitlestotheCanadianlibrarymarket.WiththedistributionrightsassignedbyCanadian publishers,B&TwouldnotbeconstrainedfromdistributingeBookstoCanadianlibrariesoutsideQuebec. DeMarque(seeSection4foradescriptionofthecompany)hassignedadistributionagreementwithB&T, presumablytodistributeFrenchlanguagetitlespublishedinCanadausingBliotocustomersoutside Quebec.

Google
TheMarch2011USCourtrulingrejectingtheAmendedGoogleBookSettlement(AGBS)hasforthenear termeliminatedthemostpotentiallysignificantgamechangerfortheprovisionofeBooks,especiallyfor incopyright,outofprinttitles.CanadianpublishedtitleswereincludedintheAGBS.Googlehasdigitized over15milliontitlesandcurrentlyprovidesaccesstoover3millionpublicdomaintitles.Itispossiblethat thecourtrulingmaybeappealedorthatthepublishersandGooglemayattempttorenegotiatethe settlementterms.Havingsaidthis,Googleislikelytoplayanincreasinglyimportantroleintheprovisionof inprinttitlesunderagreementswithpublishers. AnannouncementisexpectedinthenearfuturefromGoogleCanadawhichcouldveryquicklyseethem becomethevendorofchoiceforeBooksinCanada.GooglehasPartnerProgramagreementswithover 35,000publishersincludingnearlyeverymajorU.S.publisher.

TumbleBookLibrary
UnderthetaglineeBooksforeKidsthisTorontobasedaggregatorprovidesanonlinecollectionof animatedtalkingpicturebookswhichteachyoungchildrenthejoysofreadinginaformattheylllove. TheTumbleBookscollectionincludes189storybooksincluding8byRobertMunsch.Thetitleshavebeen licensedfromavarietyofestablishedtradepublishers.Thecontentisstreamedandinaddition,some titlesaredownloadable.AlsoincludedintheTumbleBookLibraryarelanguagelearningtitlesandread
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alongclassics.Thecollectionissuppliedonanannualsubscriptionbasiswiththeprimarymarketbeing elementaryschools. ThreesurveyedlibrariesindicatedthattheysubscribetoTumbleBooks.Thecompanydoesnotsupply cataloguerecordsanditappearsthatthecollectiontitlesarenotlistedinlibrarycatalogues.Theanimated andaudioaspectsoftheTumbleBookpicturebookcollectionraisesthequestion:aretheworksstill books.

OtherAggregatedDatabases
Surveyedlibrariesreportedanumberofotheraggregateddatabases,noneofwhichwouldhavea significanteffectonthePLRprogramme.Theseinclude: NetLibrarythe440eBookssurveyedintheVancouverPublicLibrarycollectionincludedseriessuch asCliffNotes,SchaumsOutlinesandoneCanadiantitleeligibleforPLRpayment:ShoelessJoebyW.P. Kinsella GaleVirtualReferenceLibrary1,000referencetitles Books24x7technical,businessandreferencetitles InternationalChildrensDigitalLibraryhistoricalandcontemporarychildrensbooksinmorethan50 languages SafariBookscomputerandtechnicalbooksfromavarietyofpublishersincludingOReillyand MicrosoftPress BookFLIXAScholasticcollectionofinteractiveliteracyresourcestargetingchildreninKtograde3

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4.FrenchLanguageeBooks A.Overview
Inpreparingthisreport,allthelibrariessurveyedforFrenchlanguagetitles(francophonelibraries)bythe CommissionwerecontactedtoenquireabouttheireBookholdings.Thegoalwastodetermineiftheir institutionsheldanyFrenchlanguageeBookswrittenbyauthorsthatcouldqualifyforthePLRprogramas partoftheirregularcollectionoriftheyhadplanstoacquiretheminthecomingyear.HadFrench languageeBookholdingsbeenreported,thelibrarywouldhavebeenincludedintheeBooksurveycarried outinthelibrariessampledforEnglishtitles.Infact,nofrancophonelibraryqualifiedtotakepartinthe surveyasnoneheldFrenchlanguageeBookstoanyappreciableextent.Tounderscorethelowlibrary availabilityofFrenchlanguageeBooksGuyBerthiaume,BibliothqueetArchivesnationalesduQubecs (BAnQ)PresidentandGeneralManager,recentlynotedthat75%ofBAnQseBookholdingswerein English.MontrealPublicLibrarystaffreportedthattheLibrarys2010eBookexpenditurewas$1,700. IndicativeoftheanticipatedincreaseineBookholdingsin2011and2012,MontrealPublichasbudgeted $94,000foreBooksin2011andisprojectingthat15%ofitscollectionsbudgetwillbededicatedtoeBooks. InlightoftheirlackofeBookholdings,thereportsassessmentofPLRandfrancophonepubliclibrariesis basedoninterviewsheldwithlibrariansfromthesampledlibraries.Therewasastrongconsensusthatthe currentcommercialofferingorthelackthereofisthesinglemostimportantfactortoconsiderwhen analyzingthepresenceofeBooksinfrancophonelibraries.Asecondfactorwhichhastobeconsideredis thecurrentstateofIntegratedLibrarySystems(ILS)usedbyQuebecpubliclibraries(catalogueand circulationcomputersystems).SeverallibrariansindicatedthattheirILSwasantiquatedandillsuitedto managethenewimperativesofeBookcollections.

B.Law51andtheBookTradeinQubec
ThebooktradeinQuebecisregulatedbythelawentitledAnActrespectingthedevelopmentofQuebec firmsinthebookindustryalsoknownasLaw51.Thislawstipulatesthatpublicinstitutionsinthe province,includingpubliclibraries,mustpurchasetheirbooksatfullpricefromaccreditedbookstoresin theirlocalregion.Bookstorescanseekaccreditationiftheyholdsufficienttitles.Thislawexiststofoster strongbookstoresinallregionsofQuebecaslibrarypurchasesareseenasastabilizingfactorforthe bookstoresincome. LibrariansareunclearabouttheapplicationofLaw51toeBookpurchasing.BAnQsGuyBerthiaume recentlystated: WearecurrentlyseekingawaytorespectthespiritofLaw51inourapproachtothedigital environment,althoughwearenottechnicallyrequiredtoas,becauseeBooksdidnotexistatthe timeoftheentryintoforce,theirscopeescapesit.But,inthecontinuityofthelawandcurrent practices,itseemspreferabletoacquire()electronicbookswithatimelimiteduseperiod
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throughbookstores,ratherthanstraightfrompublishers.Localbookstoresandpublishershave beenrelativelyslowtofollowsuit.19[translationbyOlivierCharbonneau] TherulesestablishedbyLaw51haveachievedtheirintentbycontributingtoastrongbookstorenetwork inQuebec.ThereisastrongconsensusamonglibrariansthatthepurposesofLaw51areimportantforthe bookindustryandtheyarguetopreservethemforeBookdistribution.Thisrequiresthatallstakeholders mustworkcollaborativelyinthefaceofthedramaticchangescausedbyeBooks.Giventhenecessary crosssectorcollaborationthisentails,changeoccursataslowerpace,especiallygiventhatthechanges willbecodifiedinlegislation.Thisdoesmeanhoweverthatwhenthechangesareimplemented, adherenceisgreater. ThereisanAdvisoryBoardonReadingandtheBookIndustryestablishedinlaw,inordertocoordinatethe activitiesofthevariousstakeholdersinthecontextofLaw51.Aswell,initiativesexistwithinthelibrary communitytoactasaspringboardforcollaborationandcoordination.Ofthese,theConsortium d'acquisitionderessourceslectroniquesduQubec(CAREQ)isundertheaegisofBAnQandbrings togetherpubliclibrariestoaddresscommonlicensingsolutionsfordigitalresources.Librariansoftencite thiscommitteeasthemainagentincoordinatingtheireffortstodevelopeBookcollections.Law51may resultintherenotbeingapubliclibraryconsortiumforFrenchlanguageeBookpurchasinggiventhe requirementtosupportlocalbooksellers.

C.MajorplayersintheQuebeceBookPublishingIndustry
MostoftheevidencegatheredfromdiscussionswithlibrariansfocusedonthemarketforeBooks publishedinQuebec.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotrepresentthewholeofthefrancophonemarketinCanada, butitisthelargest.LibrariansareseekingacriticalmassoftitlestobuildtheirfirstofferingofeBooks. ThereareuniqueattributestothebookpublishingindustryinQuebecwhichdifferentiatetheireBook solutionsfromthoseimplementedbytheirEnglishCanadiancounterparts. TherearetwomainplatformsthataggregateeBooksfromCanadianFrenchlanguagepublishers.Thefirst onewasdevelopedfortheAssociationnationaledesditeursdelivres(ANEL)byDeMarque,asoftware firmbasedinQuebecCitywithover20yearsofexperienceinculturalandeducationalsoftware.Ithosts about5,000titlesthatareavailableforsalethroughonlinebookstores,suchastheonlinebookstorefrom theLibrairiesindpendantesduQubec(IndependentBookstoresofQuebec,LIQ).QubcorMedia,a majormediacorporationinQuebec,offersthesecondeBookplatform,originallybrandedasJeLis.ca. VisitorstothissitearenowredirectedtotheArchambault.cawebsite,thebooksellerownedandoperated byQubcorMedia.Ofthetwoplatforms,onlytheANELDeMarquesystemisactivelyengagedwiththe librarycommunity.

Martel,MarieD.,BAnQdelaculturelaculturenumrique[5ansdelaGrandeBibliothque],Argus[Larevuequbcoise desprofessionnelsdelinformationdocumentaire],Automne2010,p.12.
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ClmentLaberge,responsiblefortheANELebookaggregatoratDeMarque,indicatedthatafirstpilot projectwasinitiatedinlate2009andincludedfiveinstitutions:BAnQ,RseauBiblioduQubec(library systemforsmallorruralmunicipalities)andthepubliclibrarysystemsofthecitiesofMontral,Qubec andBrossard.ThisinvolvedthestreamingofeBookbundlesavailablewithintheANELDeMarquesystem throughaconsortiumlicensenegotiatedviaCAREQ.Forexample,excerptsof1,200titlesweremade availableviaAstrolabe,theQuebecCityslibrarysysteminMay2010.Arguably,theseexcerptswerealso availabledirectlyviatheANELDeMarquewebsiteforfree,sotheonlymajornoveltywastheinclusion ofbibliographicrecordscontaininglinkstoportionsofeBooks.Significantcomplicationsarosefromthis pilotproject.Librarianswereconcernedthatthemodelforthepilotproject,thestreamingofeBooks underaconsortiumlicense,wasasubstantialdeparturefromthespiritofLaw51.Thedigitalcollections requiredsubstantialmodificationstolocallibrarycomputersystems.Inaddition,thepilotprojectwasheld duringconsiderationofBillC32,anActtoAmendtheCopyrightAct,andthisintroducedsome uncertaintiesregardingtheregulatoryregimefordigitalcontentdeliveryandthereforeprovidedadifficult contextforintroducinganewbusinessmodel. LibrariansexpressedthedesiretorespectLaw51.Inturn,thisimpliedmajortechnologicalmodifications tothedistributionplatformdevelopedbyDeMarque.Threerequirementswererequiredfromthenew system: Itmustenableloansoflimiteddurationfilestoasinglelibrarypatronatatime. Librariesmustbeabletopurchasesingletitles,asopposedtoaggregatedcollectionsoftitles. eBooksweretobesolddirectlybylocalbookstores.

TheserequirementstransfertheprintpublishingmodelasestablishedinLaw51toeBooks. Fromthetechnicalpointofview,thisnewmodelintroducesasignificantproblemregardingtheallocation offixedcostsinvolvedinmanagingthesystem.BecausethenumberofindividualloansforeacheBookat localinstitutionsisnotknowninadvance,itisimpossibletoallocatethecostsofmaintainingtheservers thatgeneratelimiteddurationfiles.Systemmaintenancecostswillbeinvoicedseparatelyfromthecosts ofaccesslicencesforeBooksfromtheANELDeMarqueplatform.Labergealsonotesthattherewillbea $0.15chargeforeacheBookloanateachlibrary.(LabergereferredtothischargeastheAdobetaxafter thecompanywhichsuppliesthesoftwareforthedownloadingofeBooks).Thisperloanchargewould constituteasignificantfinancialburdenonlibrarycollectionbudgetsifthecostswerepassedonto librariesasopposedtobeingpaidbyDeMarqueorthebookstore.Ifthischargehadbeenmadetothe sampledEnglishlibrariesforeBookloansin2010thiswouldhavecost$51,000andwouldcostwellover $100,000in2011givenborrowingtrends. Otherimportanttechnicalchallengesincludeddevelopingsoftwaretopermit: Theabilityforlibrariestoacquiresingletitles.
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Thesourcingthetitlesfromthebookstoresinventory. ProvidinglibraryaccesstotheeBookovertime.

Securingthefundstodevelopthesystemhasalsobeenachallenge. Labergeindicatedthissystemwillsoonbewidelyavailable.Theupgradedsystemwillbeofferedassoon asautumn2011.ThenewplatformwillallowlibrariestopurchaseeBooksfrommultipledigitalbookstores andtitlescancomefromanysupplier,notjustANELDeMarque.Publisherswilldecidewhichbookswill beavailabletolibraries. OnceaneBookisorderedbyalibraryfromabookstore,theANELDeMarquesystemreceivesan instructiontoallowaccesstotheeBook.Theordergeneratesthetransmittalofinformationtothelibrary (cataloguerecord,hyperlinks,etc.)andtothebookstore(invoiceinformation).Whenalibrarypatron triggersaloanonanavailableeBook,theANELDeMarquesystemgeneratesahyperlinktoalimited durationfileavailablefordownload.NootherpatronmaydownloadthiscopyoftheeBookduringthe loanperiod,whichissetbythelocalinstitution. LabergeindicatedthatanybookstorewillsoonbeabletousesoftwaredevelopedbyDeMarque.Inadeal announcedatthemeetingsoftheCanadianBooksellersAssociationandBookExpoAmericainMay2011,a partnershipwithGroupTranscontinental(alargemediaconcern)willofferthesystemonlicenceto bookstores.ThismodelissimilartotheAmazon.comsystemforbookstoresalestoindividualconsumers. AccordingtoLaberge,thisCanadiansoftwarewillincreaseeBooksales,includingsalestolibraries.

D.Regroupementdesditeurscanadiensfranais(RECF)
InordertocomplementtheinformationobtainedfrompublishersinQubec,informationwassought fromRECF,whichgroups16FrancophonepublishersoutsideQubec.Insurveyingthepublisherslisted20 ashavingeBooksintheANELDeMarqueaggregator,itwasdiscoveredthatsixmembersofRECFalready hadeBooksinthissystem: BoutondorAcadie98publications CFORP10publications ditionsDavid33publications ditionsduVermillon20publications ditionsPrisedeparole77publications LesditionsduChardonBleu1publication

20

Entreptnumrique,Rpertoiredesditeurs(http://vitrine.entrepotnumerique.com/editeurs)

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Inaddition,RECFhasreceivedfundingfromtheOntarioMediaDevelopmentCorporationtoembarkonan eBookproject,namely: LHORIZONDUNUMRIQUE:ThisprojectwillenableFrenchCanadianpublisherstofully enterthedigitalmarket,byprovidingsupportforthedigitalconversionoftheirbacklist collectionsandthepublishingofnewtitlesinepubformat.21 Inthatsense,itseemsthatthetechnologicalsolutioncurrentlybeingexploredbyfrancophonepublishers outsideQubecisinlinewithotherfrancophonepublishersinQuebec.AsourcefromRECFcouldnot confirmtheorientationoftheOMDCfundedproject,asitwasstillintheinceptionphaseatthewritingof thereport.

E.IntegratedLibrarySystems(ILS)
QuebecpubliclibrariesmusthavereasonablyuptodatecomputersystemstobeabletomakeeBook collectionsaccessibletotheirusersandthisisnotuniformlythecase.Severallibrariansindicatedthatthey willbeupdatingtheirILSinordertomakeeBookcollectionsavailabletotheirusers.Theseupgradeswill comeatasignificantcost,notjusttopurchasetheappropriatesoftware,butalsototrainstaffandrevise internalprocedures.AlthoughsupplyingeBooksisnottheonlymotivationforILSupgrades,thenew systemswillgreatlyenhancethedeploymentofeBookcollectionsoncetheyareofferedtolibraries.

F.OtherPilotProjects
InadditiontotheANELDeMarquelibrarypilot,twoadditionalsmallprojectsinvolveeBooks.Onelibrary testedlendingeBookreaderswhiletheothertestedasingleeBookavailableforfreeontheInternet. WithregardstothelendingofeBookreaders,thelibraryinquestionpurchased10readersandstocked themwitheBooksfromthepublicdomainandtitlespurchasedfromtwoonlinebookstores.Thesereaders werethenofferedtopatrons,whohadtosignaconsentformindicatingthattheywouldnottransferthe eBooksfromthereader.Thesecondpilotprojectinvolvedinternalprocesses,specificallytestingthe acquisitioncycleofaneBook,determiningcatalogingissuesandstafftraining.Inthiscase,theeBookin questionwasavailableforfreeunderanopenaccesslicence.

G.Summary
ConsultationswithQuebecpubliclibrariansindicatethat2012willbethetippingpointforthepresenceof eBooksinfrancophonelibraries.Specifically,thepilotprojectproposedbyDeMarque,pendingILS softwareupgrades,andastrongconsensusamonglibrariansconsultedleadtothisconclusion.The2012 resultinmostfrancophonelibrariesislikelytobeasubstantialnumberofeBooktitlesinsampledpublic

OntarioMediaDevelopmentCorporation,EntertainmentandCreativeClusterPartnershipsFundRecipientInformation (http://www.omdc.on.ca/Page5409.aspx#1011)
21

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librarieswhichareeligibleforthePLRprogrammeasprintbooks.Itispossiblethat,whileFrenchlanguage eBooklibraryholdingscurrentlylagsignificantlybehindEnglishlanguageeBooklibraryholdings,in2012 CanadianpublishedFrenchlanguagetitlesmaybebetterrepresentedinpubliclibrarycollectionsthanwill bethecasewithEnglishlanguageCanadiantitlesinlibrariesoutsideQuebec.Thisisadirectresultofthe coordinatedapproachbeingtakenbyANELinassemblinganddistributingtheirtitlesaseBooksandthe advantagesofmarketinginasingleprovincewithstronglegislationandprogrammesinplacewhich supportculture.

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5.eBooksandPublicLendingRight
A.Introduction
Thissectionofthereportaddresseslogisticalandtechnicalissues,basedontheresearchconducted, whichtheCommissionshouldconsiderindeterminingwhetherornottoimplementchangesinthe eligibilitycriteriaforPLRcompensation.Theseincludetheeligibilitycriteriathemselvesandsampling issues. IrrespectiveofhowtheCommissionchoosestoproceed,basicelementsoftheprogrammeareunlikelyto change: Theresponsibilityforregisteringtitlesrestswiththeauthor. TheresponsibilityforapprovingeligibilityrestswiththePLRstaffandCommission. Eligibletitlesmustbelistedinthecatalogueofasampledpubliclibraryinordertoreceiveapayment.

ItisagiventhateBookswillbeacquiredandlicensedinavarietyofwaysbylibraries.Ithasbeen suggestedthatwhereannualpaymentsaremadetosubscribetoaneBookcollection(anannuallicencing model)thatonePLRrationaleofcompensatingauthorsforlostroyaltiesduetotheongoingpresenceof theirbooksinlibrariesisnolongervalid.Withthisapproachauthorshavethepotentialtoreceiveannual eBookroyaltypayments(dependingupontheircontractterms).WiththepurchaseofaneBookfrom OverDrive,thereisaonetimepaymentforthecontentandongoingmaintenancechargesallrelatedto OverDrivestechnicalinfrastructure.Whiletheremaybesomelegitimacytotheargumentthattime limitedlicencedcontentshouldbetreateddifferentlyfromcontentpurchasedinperpetuity,itwillvery difficultinPLRsamplingtodifferentiatebetweenthesetwotypesofeBooks.Irrespectiveofthepurchase method,thelibraryscommitmenttobothpayforatitleandaddacataloguerecordforthetitleisa measureofthebooksworthandassuchremainsavalidproxyfordeterminingcompensationtoauthors whenPLRisviewedasaculturalsupportprogramme. ThesurveyofEnglishlanguagelibrariesandthesamplingofLibrarytoGoindicatethattheinclusionof eBooks,whetherasseparateeditionsorasnewworks,inthePLRprogrammewouldnothaveashortterm detrimentaleffectonthehitratesforcurrentlyeligibleprinttitlesforthefollowingreasons: CanadiantitlesarecurrentlyunderrepresentedinlibraryeBookholdings. Givenuselevels,largepubliclibrarieswillcontinuetopurchaseprintcopiesofCanadiantitleslikelyto bepublishedaseBooks. NoeBookonlytitleslikelytobeeligibleforPLRhavebeenidentifiedinsampledlibrarycollections.

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A. WhatisaBook?
Isabookstillabookwhenitsnolongerbetweencoversorevenonpaper?22 PaulKennedy

Whilecommonsensesuggeststhatadigitalfileofatextwork,aneBookforexample,isthesamework (perhapswithsomeadditionalfeatures),thisisnottheviewheldinlegislation.TheCanadianCopyrightAct definesbookasavolumeorpartordivisionofavolume,inprintedform(emphasisadded)excluding workssuchaspamphlets,mapsandsheetmusic. IftheCommissiondecidestoincludeeBooksinthePLRprogramme,whetherornotasaneweditionof thesameworkoranewworkifitexistsasaneBookonly,theCommissionsmandateandeligibilitycriteria wouldhavetoberevised.TherevisionswouldhavetobesubstantialifeBookonlytitlesaretobe included.TheCommissionsmandateisunequivocallylinkedwithbooks:theCommissiondistributes annualpaymentstoCanadianauthorsforthepresenceoftheirbooksinCanadianpubliclibraries.The Commissionseligibilitycriteriaspecifythatbookshavetobeprintedvolumesmeetingminimumpage lengthrequirements: Booksthatareatleast48pagesinlength,orinthecaseofchildrensliterature,atleast24pages. PrintedbookswithanISBN.

EPUBeBooks(currentlythepreferredformatbypubliclibraries)donothavepagesperse.(For definitionsforthetwoeBookformats,EPUBandPDF,seeAppendixA.)Pagenumbersareintroducedasa postmodernreassuranceandfindingaidforthereaderandpagenumbers,ifpresent,changewithfont sizeadjustmentsinitiatedbythereader.Inthiscontext,itshouldalsobenotedthatthereisanemerging preferenceforshorterworksintheeBookmarketplace.AnexampleisKindleSingles,novellalengthnon fictionworkspricedfrom$2to$4describedbytheeBookretailerasCompellingIdeasExpressedatTheir NaturalLength.TheseparateeBookpublicationofCanadiannovellaswhichpreviouslyappearedinshort storycollectionswouldbealogicalextensionofthistrend. ShouldtheCommissiondecidetoadmiteBookeditionsoftitlesalreadyeligibleinprintform,thiscouldbe achievedbytheinclusionofastatementtothiseffectineligibilitycriteriawithouthavingtochange existingcriteria.Forexample,itcanbereasonablyassumedthattheeBookversionofaprinttitlewillhave thesamewordcountasitsprintequivalent. ItisinevitablethattitleswillbepublishedineBookformatonlywhichwouldbeeligibleforPLRifthey wereissuedinprintedform.TheauthorhasheardanecdotallythatatleastoneNewYorkpublisherisno

22

CBCsIdeas,broadcaston31Jan2011.

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longercommittingincontractstopublishingpendingtitlesinprintform.However,itisbelievedthatthere arepresentlynotitlespublishedaseBookonlywhichwouldbeeligibleforPLRinsampledlibrary collections;i.e.livingCanadianauthoredliterarytitles.Apollofsurveyedlibrariesidentifiednosuch titles. TherearesignificantuncertaintiesonhoweBookcontentwillevolvetoexploittheformatspotentialand readerpreferences.Whatisevidentisthatcontentchangeswilltakeplaceanditislikelythatthechanges willcausechallengesinascertainingeligibilityforPLR.ThereareexamplesofeBookswithaddedaudioand visualcontentandthisapproachislikelytoincrease.ArealisticoptionavailabletotheCommission,should itwishtoconsidertheinclusionofeBooksinPLR,wouldbetosolicitfromauthorsexamplesofpotentially PLReligibleeBookonlytitles.Whenasufficientnumberofthesetitlesareavailableforanalysis,a CommissionSubCommitteecouldworkwithPLRstafftodrafteligibilitycriteriaforCommission consideration.Issueslikelytoariseinclude: EstablishinganeBookequivalentofpagelength. DifferentiatingbetweentextandaudiovisualcomponentsatwhatpointdoesaneBookceasetobea bookandbecomeamovieormusicalwork? Consideringtheinterestsofothercreativecontributors(music,animation,narration...) Establishingwhatconstituteslibraryownership. Shouldeligibilityrequiretheinvolvementofapublisher?

AsufficientnumberofeBookonlytitleswouldberequiredforexaminationtoguidethisprocess.Given thelikelihoodoftherebeingalargenumberofselfpublishedeBookonlytitlessubmittedfor consideration(manyofwhichwouldbeunlikelytobecataloguedbysampledlibraries),itwillbeimportant toensurethatthereisagoodrepresentationofcommerciallypublishedtitlesinthesample. ItshouldbenotedthatthisapproachtoaddressingeBooksinPLRmaywellbemediumtermsolution. Changesinhowcontentiscreatedbyauthors,publishedanddistributedbypublishersandacquiredand maintainedbylibrarieshavethepotentialtomakethispresentapproachuntenable.Withpublishers consideringdistributionofindividualchaptersofbooks,freelyavailableblognovels,cataloguelinksto openaccessandcreativecommonsworksinthecloud,presentnotionsofcreation,publishingandlibrary supplywillbechallenged.Asnotedearlier,predictingthefutureforeBooksissimilartopredictingthe futureandimplicationsoftheautomobileinitsearlydays.TheCommissionhastheoptionofintroducing changetothePLRinrecognitionofthechangesunderwaybutitshouldberecognizedthatanynew approachisunlikelytostayinplaceforthenext25yearsoftheprogrammeinthewaythatcoreeligibility criteriaremainedlargelyunchangedoverthepast25years.

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B. WhatisaLoan?
PLRhasnotbeenextendedtoeBooksinEuropeforavarietyofreasons.JimParkeroftheUKPLROffice reportsthatcostwasasignificantfactorintheirgovernmentsdecisionnottoproceed.ThecostfortheUK programmewasestimatedtobeanadditional350,000($558,030CAN)annuallyduetotheirperloan compensationmodel.ParkerandEuropeanlibrariansconsultedbytheauthorindicatedthateBooks downloadedfromalibraryswebsitebylibraryusersintheirhomeorschoolarenotconsideredloans underEUcopyrightguidelines.Thesebooksareconsideredtohavebeentelecommunicatedandassuch thetransactionisnotcoveredbyPLRlegislation.TheonlyeBookloanswhichwouldqualifyforPLRinthe EUarethosetransactionswherethelibraryuserdownloadsatitletotheireReaderinthelibrary. WhilenotconstrainedbynarrowinterpretationsoflegislationasisthecaseinEurope,theCommission wouldfacechallengesifloanactivityweretobeconsideredasoneofthedeterminantsforPLRpayments. Aspreviouslyindicated,accesstostreamedPDFeBookfilesarenotconsideredasbeinginthepossession ofthereaderbutratherconsultedonaremoteserver(orincreasinglyinthecloud).Useismonitoredby pageviewsand/oraccessesandnotborrowings.Thereisnomeansofcomingupwithcomparableuse statisticsforPDFandEPUBeBooks.IfitwasdecidednottomakestreamedPDFtitleseligibleforPLR,there isnowaytodifferentiatethePDFeBookslistedinalibrarycataloguefromdownloadableEPUBeBooksin thesamecatalogueusingthePLRZ39.50samplingmethod. TherearetwomodelsforcalculatingPLRpayments:annualloans(theUKapproach)orholdings(the Canadianapproach).Giventhattheuseoflibrarycollectionsvarieswidelydependingupongenreand authorpopularity,thereisnoquestionthattherewouldbesignificantvariationsinauthorpayments dependinguponwhichcalculationmethodisused.WhenPLRwasintroducedinCanadatheCommission ofthedayconsideredaloanbasedsystembutrejectedtheideainpartduetothelogisticalbarriersin calculatingindividuallibraryloansgiventhelimitationsoflibrarycomputersystems.Whiletherecontinue tobechallengesincalculatingannualloansonatitlebytitlebasis,itwouldbemorefeasibleforprint collectionswithtodaysmoresophisticatedcomputersystems.(Theeaseofimplementationwouldvary librarytolibrarygivethedifferentcirculationsystemsinplaceandthismethodologywouldbemorestaff intensivebothforthelibraryandPLRstaff).Itshouldbenotedhowever,thatwereeBookstobeincluded inthePLRprogramme,itwouldbemuchmorechallengingifnotimpossibletocalculatecomparable annualtitleloansgiventhedifferenceinEPUBandPDFusecalculationandthefactthatoftenthe methodologiesforcalculatinguseandthedataitselfarecontrolledbythesuppliernotthelibrary.

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C. TheCatalogueRecord
BookNetsNoahGennerusesthephrase,itsthewildwestoutthere23whendescribingtheearlydaysof bibliographicdescriptionandcontrolsforeBooks.Gennerdoesfeelthatthesituationhasimproved considerablyoverthepastyearandthatnowthereisincreasedconsistencyintheapplicationofISBNs. WhileattheoutsetofeBookproduction,somepublishersassignedthesameISBNtoprintanddigital versionsofthesamebook,thenormnowistoassigndifferentISBNs.(Thereisnoseparatenumber sequenceforeBookISBNs.) ItisprobablethatlibrarieswilladoptdifferentpracticesinaddingcataloguerecordsforeBooksintheir collections.CommonsensesuggeststhatitmakesnosenseforalibrarytospendmoneyonaneBookand thennotletlibraryusersknowthatitisavailable.TheexceptionmaybeeBookcollectionssuchas TumbleBooksandBookFLIXwhichhavenarrowtargetaudiencesandwhereauserismotivatedtousethe collectionasawholeonrepeatoccasionsandnotnecessarilyseekoutspecifictitles.Thelogistical challengesofhavingtosearchfortitlesnotlistedinthecatalogueelsewhere,includinginindividual databaseswouldbesubstantial.Itappearstotheauthorofthisreportthatthenecessityofacatalogue recordfortitleeligibilityisunavoidable.

D. SamplingIssues
IfeBookswereincludedinPLR,itisprobablethatthewayeBooksareacquiredorremovedfrom collectionswouldresultinmorechangestohitratesyeartoyearthanisthecasewithprintbooks.The reasonforthisisthepurchase(ornonrenewaloflicences)ofaggregatedeBookdatabaseswhichcould individuallycontainhundredsofeligibletitles.Forexample,itislikelythattheBCBooksOnlinedatabase titleswillbedroppedfromtheVancouverPublicLibrarycatalogueattheendofthepilotprojectmid2011 pendingagreementonasustainablefundingmodelmovingforward.Thiswouldmeanthatthecatalogue recordsforofover600eligibletitleswoulddisappearovernight.Thissuggeststhattherewouldbean increaseddesirabilityforsamplingalleligibletitlesinalllibrarieseveryyear.

23

Inconversationwiththeauthor.

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6.Summary
ThemainjustificationfortheCommissionmakingnochangeatthepresenttimeandcontinuingto monitorthesituationisthatcurrentpublishingandlibraryenvironmentsareinflux(ifnotupheaval)and thiswillcontinuetobethecaseforanextendedperiod.Also,itishighlyunlikelythattheinclusionof eBooksinthePLRprogrammeatthistimewouldseeanappreciableincreaseineligibletitlesora noticeableshiftinpaymentsamongauthorsorgroupsofworks.TheCommissionmaywishtoletthings playoutfurthertobebetterabletoassessthelongertermimplicationsofeBooksinpubliclibrariesfor PLR. AnadvantageofincludingeBooksasseparateeditionssooner,ratherthanlater,isthattheintakeofnew ISBNscancommencewhenthenumbersarerelativelysmallandtheinevitableincreasecanbestagedina manageableway.ShouldtheCommissionchoosenottoproceedwiththeinclusionofeBooksatthistime itislikelythattherewillbeongoingquestionsonthisdecisionandthereistheriskofappearingoutof touch,especiallywithauthorswho,correctlyorincorrectly,mayassumethedecisionisnotintheir financialinterests.Asindicatedinthereport,theinclusionofeBookonlytitleswouldrequiresignificant changestotheeligibilitycriteriaandtherearenotenoughexamplesofthesetitlescurrentlyavailableto informthisprocess. CULC/CBUChasas10ofthePLRsampledlibrariesasmembersandtwocurrentCommissionmembers (LindaCookandHlneRoussel)representtheirlibrariesattheirmeetings.CULC/CBUCisadvocatingon behalfofitsmemberswiththeCanadianpublishingandbookdistributionsectorsandinrecentmonths eBookshavebeentheprimaryfocusofdiscussions.CULC/CBUCcontinuestoworkonrefiningstatistics relatingtoeBookcollectionsandtodeveloppositionpapersonthesupplyofdigitalcollections(see AppendixE).CULC/CBUCstaffandmemberlibrariesprovidedinvaluableassistanceinthestatistics gatheringcomponentsofthisreport.GiventhatCULC/CBUCwillcontinuetoanalyseeBooktrendsinits memberscollectionsandhasdemonstrateditswillingnesstosupporttheCommissioninitsresearchon eBooks,theCommissioncouldrequestitsCULC/CBUCaffiliatedCommissionerstoactasliaisonsbetween thetwobodiestoencouragetheongoingsharingofrelevantannualstatisticsandotherappropriate documents.ThroughCULC/CBUCannualstatistics,usuallyavailableeachMayfortheprecedingyear,the Commissionshouldmonitortrendsinthefollowingareas: currentandprojectedcollectionexpendituresonprintbooksandeBooks collectionholdingsforprintbooksandeBooks circulationforeBooksandprintbooks(separatelyreportingpageviewsforstreamedtitles) holdingsbyeBookformatandaccess(EPUB/PDF,downloadable/streamed...) expendituresbyeBookvendorinordertomonitorchangesindistributionchannels.

TheCommissionisinauniquepositionasitrepresentstheoneformalbodywhereFrenchandEnglish Canadianwriters,Canadianownedpublishersandlibrariansmeetwithacommoncause.Itisclearthat therearesubstantiveissueswhichneedtobeaddressedontheavailabilityofeBooksinlibrariestoboth

32

protecttheinterestsofallpartiesandensurethatCanadianreaderscontinuetohavereasonableaccessto thewealthofCanadianwrittenworks.WhiletheCommissionisnottheappropriateagencytocoordinate thedeliberationsonoutstandingissuesmovingforward,theCommissionshouldadvocateforthese deliberationstotakeplace. ThelongertermviabilityofPLRasarobustandvaluedculturalsupportprogrammeforCanadianwriters willbeinlargepartdependentonacceptableresolutionstothecurrentchallengeswitheBooksavailability inpubliclibraries.

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AppendixA Definitions
IndiscussingeBooksitisimportanttodistinguishamongthedifferentformatswhicharecommercially availableandinpubliclibrarycollections.TwoformatspredominatefortexteBooks:EPUBandPDF.EPUB isemergingasthepreferredsolutionforretailandlibraryeBookusewiththeexceptionofbookswithhigh graphiccontentandthoseinChineseandothernonRomancharacters.
EPUB Shortforelectronicpublication,EPUBisanopensourceeBookstandardadoptedbytheInternationalDigital PublishingForumin2007.Theformatisdesignedtoserveasasingleapplicationwhichcanbeusedby publishers,conversioncompanies,distributorsandretailersatallstagesoftheeBooksexistence.AsEPUBuses reflowablecontent(i.e.thetextadaptsitspresentationtothereadingdevice),itmeansthattextdisplaycanbe adjustedtosuitdifferentdevices.

PDF
Developedin1993byAdobe,PDF(PortableDocumentFormat)becameanopensourcefileformatin2008.Itis pageorientedandprovidesafixedimageoftextandimageonthedevicescreenandthereforeisthepreferred formatforbookswithvisualcontent,includinggraphicnovels.PDFisnotconsideredtoprovideanacceptable imageoneBookreaderssuchasKobo.InthewordsofChristinadeCastell,VancouverPublicLibrarysManager ofOnlineServices&News,IdontconsiderPDFacceptable...(It)isterribleonhandhelddevices,itsonly appropriateforuseonacomputer,laptoportablet,whereyouhaveahighlevelofcontroloverthesizingofthe interfaceandabigenoughscreentoreadthetextwhenafullpageisshowing.24ChineselanguageeBooksare onlyavailabletolibrariesatthistimeinPDFformat. (definitionsderivedfromWikipedia)

PublishersreportthatPDFischeapertoproduce.Somepublishersdolimitavailabilitytolibrariestothe PDFformat.TheformatofaneBookisafactorinthelibrarysdecisiontopurchaseornot.

24

Emailcorrespondencewithauthor.

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AppendixB KeyStatisticsfromtheEnglishLanguageLibrarySurvey
eBookcirculationfor8reportinglibrarieswentfrom138,004loansin2009to341,121loansin2010, anincreaseof147%. Jan/Feb2011eBookcirculationforthe8reportinglibrarieswas127,708loans,a243%increaseover Jan/Feb2010eBookcirculationof37,228loans. Jan/Feb2011printcirculationforthe7reportinglibrarieswas7,427,121loansmeaningthateBook circulationwas1.7%ofprintonpaperloansforthisperiod. 2011acquisitionsbudgetforeBooksfor5reportinglibrariesis$834,500or4.3%ofthe2011print acquisitionsbudgetof$19,189,004forthesamelibraries. Jan/FebholdsplacedoneBooksfor8reportinglibrarieswas63,998meaningthatforevery2eBooks borrowed,1holdwasplaced. 2010eBookholdingsfor8reportinglibrarieswas66,274titles,a121%increaseover2009title holdingsof30,000. 2010eBookitemholdingsfor8reportinglibrarieswas83,725,a152%increaseover2009item holdingsof33,211. TheeBookitemtotitleratioattheendof2010for8reportinglibrarieswas1/1.3comparedwitha 1/1.1ratioin2009.

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AppendixC CanadianPublishersinLibrarytoGo
Onthesurveydayof05May2011,12CanadianbasedpublishershadeBooktitlesinthecollection (excludingCanadianownedbutUSbasedHarlequin).Thesepublisherscontributed781ofthe9,702titles inthetotalcollection(8%).Ofthesetitles,489(5%)aremostlikelyeligibleforPLR(excludingknowndead authorssuchasPierreBurton,EmilyCarrandPaulQuarrington,knownforeignauthoredworksalongwith cookbooks,travelguides,etc.)NotincludedareCanadianauthoredworkspublishedbynonCanadian basedpublishers.Thepublisher/titlecountandprojectedPLReligibletitlesarelistedhere: ArsenalPulp23of28titleslikelyeligible Douglas&McIntyre42of50titleslikelyeligible DoubledayCanada23of116titleslikelyeligible ECW5of5titleslikelyeligible Greystone26of33titleslikelyeligible HouseofAnansi13of13titleslikelyeligible KnopfCanada74of159titleslikelyeligible McClelland&Stewart78of115titleslikelyeligible Orca55of60titleslikelyeligible PenguinCanada107of137titleslikelyeligible RandomCanada40of62titleslikelyeligible Tundra2of2likelyeligible WordwrightsCanada1of1likelyeligible

ThissampleprovidesareasonableindicatoroftheOverDriveeBooktitlesinCanadianlibrarieseligiblefor PLR.VeryfewoftheseeligibletitlesarelikelytonotbeinthebookcollectionsofPLRsampledlibrariesas thetitlesarealmostallmainstreamtradetitles.

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AppendixD AudioBooks 1. Overview

TheCanadaCouncilRequestforProposalforthisstudysoughtinformationonaudiobooksaswellas eBooksincludinginformationontitlesproducedbytheCNIB. AstudyofaudiobookandeBookpublishinginCanada,carriedoutbyTurnerRiggsin2008fortheLibrary andArchivesCanada,notedthattherewasverylittledataontheCanadianaudiobookmarketand estimatedthatimportedtitlesheld95%oftheCanadianaudiobookmarket.Thefollowingexplanation wasoffered:
...commercialaudiobookproductioninCanadaisverylimitedwithonlythreeestablishedaudio programsamongcommercialpublishersinEnglishCanada,andnineinFrenchCanada.Thisappearsto belargelyafunctionofthelimitedeconomiesofscaleinaudiobookpublishinginCanada.Itis expensivetoproduceanaudiobook,and,asanicheformatinthesmallerCanadianmarket,theaverage unitsalespertitlearemodest(meaningthatrecoveringthoseinitialproductioncostscanbea challengingproposition).25

Publiclibraryaudiobookcollectionsfallintotwocategories: ThoseproducedbynotforprofitagenciessuchastheCNIBandl'InstitutNazarethetLouisBrailleunder Section32oftheCopyrightActforexclusiveusebypersonswithperceptualdisabilities. Commerciallyproducedtitlesmarketedtothegeneralpopulationandavailabletoalllibraryusers.

Therehasbeenadramaticshiftintheformatsofaudiobooksinpubliclibrarieswithcollectionsmoving fromcassettesintheearlydaystoCDsandnowtodigitaldownloadablecontent.BoththecassetteandCD formatswerecumbersometoloangiventhatanunabridgedreadingofabookwouldtypicallyrequire10 ormoreCDsandevenmorecassettes.Theinitialpublishingresponsewastofavoursignificanttext abridgementstoreducethenumberofcassettes/CDsineachtitlepackage.Abridgementsarefarless commonfordownloadableaudiobooks.Theretailmarketcassette/CDaudiobooksoftradetitlesare disappearingrapidlyandanumberoflibrarieshavephasedoutspokenwordaudiocassettecollectionsor areintheprocessofdoingso. Ashasbeenthecasewithpublicallyavailableaudiobookcollections,thetitlesproducedfortheprint disabledhavealsoshiftedformatswiththeintroductionoftheDAISYformat:anenhancedCDformatwith avarietyofspecialfeatureswhichrequiresaspecialplayer.Partoftherationaleforthisformatisthatit providesassurancethataudiobooksproducedfortheprintdisabledwillnotfindtheirwaytothegeneral population.TheCNIBhasmigratedmuchofitsaudiobookcollectionfromanalogtodigitalformat.

TurnerRiggs,AudiobookandeBookPublishinginCanada,areportsubmittedtoLibraryandArchivesCanadaLibrary,October 2008,page16.
25

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TheCNIBandotheragenciescontinuedtoproduceaudiobooksaftertheemergenceofretailaudiobooks inlargepartduetotherelativelysmallnumberoftitlesandespeciallythelackofavailabilityofCanadian andothertitlespopularwithCanadianlibraryusers.TheTurnerRiggsreportquotesalibrarianonthis issue:

Itsunrealistictoexpectthatwecanacquirematerialsonlyfromcommercialpublishers.Thereis virtuallynoCanadiancontent,andmanyofthe[audiobooktitles]arebestsellingcommercialfiction.We wanttohavethebooksthatareinthe[Globe&Mailbestsellerlist]buttheyarenotavailable.26 Theredoesnotappeartohavebeenasignificantchangeinthissituationintheintervening3years.

Theadventofdigitaltextoffersthepromisethatthenecessityofnotforprofitaudiobookproductionfor theprintdisabledwilllessenastexttospeechsoftwareisenhancedandprovidesmoreequitableaccessto ourwrittenculturefortheprintdisabled.Inthiscontext,itshouldbenotedthatAmazondisabledthetext tospeechfunctionalityintheKindlewhenpublishersobjectedsayingthatthiswasnotlicencedand Amazonwasunderminingaseparatemarket.

2. AudioBooksinPLR
ThereareseveralsignificantissuestoconsiderifaudiobooksweretobecompensatedinthePLR programme,especiallyforthenoncommercialrestrictedaccesstitlesproducedforusebytheprint disabled. Therewouldbeamoral,ifnotlegal,obligationtoconsidercompensationforothercontributorstothe audiobook,especiallynarratorsbutalsopotentiallytheproducerandmusicians(ifmusicisused)if authors,translatorsandillustratorsreceivecompensation.Section19oftheCopyrightActstatesthatboth theperformerandmakerofasoundrecordingofaliteraryworkisentitledtopaymentforthe communicationoftheworktothepublicbytelecommunication.Itisunclearifthedownloadingofan audiobookfromalibrarywebsiteconstitutescommunicationtothepublicbytelecommunicationasis believedtobethecaseunderEuropeanUnioncopyrightguidelines. Irrespectiveofhowdownloadingisdefined,wereaudiobooksadmittedtothePLRprogrammeitislikely thatnarrators,asanewcohortofcreators,wouldbeadmittedtotheprogramme.Itdoesappearthat therewillbefewCanadiannarratorsofaudiobooks.ItisunclearhowmanyoftheCanadianaudiobook titlesdistributedbyOverDrivewereproducedinCanadabutitisreasonabletoassumemany,ifnotmost, wouldhavebeenproducedintheUSwithUSnarratorsgiventhatthepublishersareAmericancompanies. Canadiantitlesareunderrepresentedinaudiobookcollections,evenmoresothanisthecasewith eBooks.AcheckoftheLibrarytoGocatalogueindicatedthatofthe6,773downloadableaudiotitles available(comparedwithover9,700eBooktitle),nonewerepublishedbythe12Canadianbased publisherswitheBooksinthecollection.Acheckofthelargeaudiobookpublishers,wholicencework fromprintpublishersandwhichcontributehalfofthetotaldownloadabletitlesavailablefromLibraryto

26

Ibid.,page18.

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Go(Brilliance,BooksonTapeandBlackstone),identifiedonly43Canadianauthoredtitlespotentially eligibleforPLRincluding2bytheDalaiLama(presumablyhonourarycitizenshipscountinPLR).Again genrefictionpredominatesinthedownloadableaudiocollection;CanadianbornChristianromancewriter JanetteOkehas9titles,CanadianbornthrillerwriterDavidMorrellhas7titles(theircitizenshipstatusand whetherornottheyareregisteredinPLRisnotknowntotheauthorofthisreport)whileMichael Ondaatjehas3titlesandAliceMunrohas2titles. Audiobooksinpubliclibrarycollectionsproducedspecificallyforusebytheprintdisabledarenot availabletothegeneralpublic.ThetitlespotentiallyeligibleforPLRinthesecollectionsareproducedby charitableornotforprofitagenciesandmostarereadbyvolunteernarrators.Thesetitlesexistbecause thereisnocommercialmeanstoaccesstheworkinaudioform. Inthepastauthorshavearguedagainstthelegislationwhichenablesthecreationoftheseaudiotitleson moralrightsgrounds:i.e.suchuseofanauthorsworkshouldnotbeallowedwithoutanauthors permission.SeveralyearsagotheideawasinformallyraisedofseekingadditionalfundingforPLRinorder tocompensateauthorsforthepresenceoftheirworkinalternateformatsfortheprintdisabledinpublic librarycollections.Anegativereactionwasreceivedfromoneofthewritersorganizationsonthe Commissiongiventhattheseaudiotitleshadbeencreatedwithouttheconsentoftheauthorandshould notbegivenlegitimacythroughsuchpayments.Asaresulttheissuewasnotformallyconsideredbythe Commission.IftheCommissiondecidesitwishestofurtherexplorecompensatingauthorsforthe presenceinpubliclibrariesofaudiobooksfortheprintdisabled,thisshouldbeconsideredasaseparate programmefromPLRgiventheworksrestrictedaccessandonlyaftertheconsentofthemajorityof writersorganizationsontheCommissionisobtained. Ifanything,theinclusionofaudiobooksinthePLRprogrammewouldpresentgreaterlogisticalandpolicy challengesthantheinclusionofeBooks: Theissueofcompensationforcreatorsotherthantheauthorismoresignificantasitwouldapplyto manyaudiobooktitles. Treatingtheaudiobookasaseparateeditionofthesameworkinotherformatswouldnotbeas straightforwardasaddinganeBookeditiongiventhattherewouldbenewcontributorswhowouldin alllikelihoodreceiveproratedpaymentsexclusivetotheaudiobook. Compensatingforthepresenceofeligibleaudiobooksproducedfortheexclusiveuseofprintdisabled individualshasthepotentialtobecontroversial.

ItshouldbenotedthateBookshavethepotentialtoincreasinglypresentthesechallengesasaudiovisual componentsareincorporatedinthework.

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AppendixE StakeholderInterviews
Incompilingbackgroundinformationforthisreport,discussionstookplacewiththeindividualslisted below.Theconsultationswereconductedinperson,bytelephoneandasmallnumberviaemail.These individualsareknowledgeableinissuesrelatingtodigitalrightsand/orPLRandrepresentavarietyof perspectivesincludingthoseofauthors,publishers,librarians,distributors,writer/publisherassociations andtheCommissionitself.GiventhelackofavailabilityofFrenchlanguageeBooksinlibrariesatthistime theFrenchlanguageinterviewsfocussedonthepublishing,distributionandlibrarysectorstoascertain howandwhenFrenchlanguageeBookswouldbecomeavailable.Theauthorattendedameetingwith representativesofeBound,theBCPublicLibraryServicesBranchandstafffrom10BCpubliclibraries.A meetingwasalsoheldwithPLRstaff. InformationwassoughtonboththespecificsofeBooksinthecontextoftheindividualscurrentwork environmentandonperspectivesonpendingchangesincontentdeliverygenerallyandspecifictotheir organizationorwork.Wheretheyhadthenecessarybackground,someindividualsspecificallyaddressed eBooksinthecontextofPLRinCanada. VickeryBowlesTorontoPublicLibrary ChristinadeCastellVancouverPublicLibrary ErinCreaseyECWPress,PLRCommission AlanCumynwriter/TheWritersUnionofCanadasPresident DebdeBruijnCanadianKnowledgeNetwork EdDevineBaker&Taylor KellyDuffinTheWritersUnionofCanada MichaelElcockwriter FrancisFarleyChevrierUniondescrivainesetdescrivainsqubcois NoahGennerBookNetCanada JeanPierreGermainVilledeQubecBibliothques AnnieGibsonPlaywrightsCanadaPress BobGibsonGibsonLibraryConnections GaryGibsonGibsonLibraryConnections
41

LouiseGuillemetteLaboryBibliothquedeMontral BeatrizHauserwriter,PLRCommission RobertHayashiAssociationofCanadianPublishers/eBound JackieHushionCanadianPublishersCouncil JackIllingworthLiteraryPressGroup ClmentLabergeDeMarque/Associationnationaledesditeursdelivres CaroleLaguBibliothquemunicipaledeGatineau AnneLebelVilledeSaguenayBibliothques JimLooneyLibrarytoGo KenMcGooganwriter,PLRCommission PeterMilroyUniversityofBCPress ChristopherMoorewriter LorraineMorehouseNewBrunswickLibrary OdettePelletierVilledeTroisRiviresBibliothques MargaretReynoldsAssociationofBookPublishersofBC HlneRousselBibliothqueetArchivesnationalesduQubec,PLRCommission RobSandersGreystoneBooks/Douglas&McIntyre RodgerTouchieHeritageGroup,PastPresidentAssociationofCanadianPublishers AlanTwiggBCBookWorld KevinWilliamsTalonbooks CarolynWoodAssociationofCanadianPublishers

42

AppendixF CULCStatements VISIONSTATEMENTFORPUBLICLIBRARYACCESSTODOWNLOADABLEANDPORTABLEE CONTENT

Publiclibrariesprovideaccesstoabroadrangeofhumanknowledge,information,andideasandserveallreaders,regardlessof theirsocioeconomic,educational,orliteracystatus.Inordertocontinuetodothis,publiclibrarieshavetobeabletoaccess informationregardlessofthedeliverymechanism.TheCanadianUrbanLibrariesCouncil(CULC)/ConseildesBibliothques UrbainesduCanada(CBUC)hasdevelopedavisionstatementtoidentifypubliclibraryissuesaroundaccesstodownloadable andportableecontentwiththeintentofenteringintoadialoguewithpublishers,distributors,andproducersofecontent. Thevalueoflibrariestopublishersandproducersinintroducingthepublictotheworldofecontentandcreatingpotential consumerscannotbeunderestimated.CULC/CBUCmemberlibrariesexpendedalmost$10,000,000in2009onecontent. Memberlibrariesspentnearly$90,000,000onmaterialsin2009.Ebookexpendituresgrewbymorethan40%in2009;libraries predictafurther40%in2010.PubliclibrariesareahugesupporttoCanadianauthors,publishersandproducersofecontent becausetheypurchaselargequantitiesofmaterialsinavarietyofformats.Inaddition,publiclibrariespromotethosematerials inlibrarybranches,throughlibraryprograms,onwebsites,andinthelocalmedia.Theyoffertrainingprogramsonusing econtentandprovidecustomerswithtechnicalsupport. ACQUISITIONS Librariesneed tobeabletoselectandorderecontentfromanywhereasisdoneforprint. tobeabletouseanytypeofvendors/producersofecontent.Whendigitalrightsmanagement(DRM)isbeingnegotiated, DRMforlibrariesshouldbeincluded. fairandflexiblepricingmodelsthatofferoptionstolibraries,(e,g,onecopy/oneuse,simultaneoususe,andactualuse models). simultaneousreleaseofecontenttotheconsumerandlibrarymarkets. COLLECTIONS Librariesneed toowntheecontenttheypurchase.Thefutureoflibrarycollectionsdependsontheabilityoflibrariestocollect,describe, organize,andpreservethesecollections.Publishersandproducersofecontentcannotremovetitleswithoutlibraries consent. tobeabletoselectfromabroadspectrumofecontentpublishersandproducers. accesstomoreCanadiancontent. DELIVERYPLATFORMS,CIRCULATION,ANDACCESS Librariesneed ashared,nonproprietarydeliveryplatformandinterfaceforthecirculationofallecontentthatiseasytouse.Accesstoe contentshouldbeallowedthroughthecatalogueand/orthroughaconsolidatedsite/portal,asdeterminedbyindividual libraries.Havingtosearchandborrowecontentthroughdifferentvendorsisinefficientandconfusing. tobeabletoofferdownloadingofecontentwithoutcustomershavingtoinstallproprietarysoftwareontheirdevices. DRMthatallowsloaning,customizableloanperiods,andtheabilitytodownloadtomultipledevices.Thesetermsshould bedetermined,oratleastnegotiated,bytheindividuallibrary. DEVICE,USEISSUES Librariesneed deviceindependence;contentmustbedeviceagnostic.Havingfilesinproprietaryformatsandforuseonproprietary deviceseliminatespubliclibraryaccess. accessibilitystandardstobeinplaceforallapplications. openstandards(e.g.ePubformatforebooks)foruseonmultipledevices.Itisrecognizedthateventhen,producersmay havetomakeadjustmentstoensuredevicecompliance.

43

STATEMENTONeBOOKPRICINGMODELS
CanadaspubliclibrariesregularlyworkinpartnershipwiththeCanadianpublishingindustry,andrecognizemutualbenefitfrom astronginterestinbooksandreadinginCanada.CULC/CBUCmemberlibrariesspendmorethan$90milliononbookand electroniccontentpurchasesannually,contributingtothehealthofthebookindustryinCanada. Inthisperiodofrapidchange,CULC/CBUCmembershavesoughttobuildrelationshipswithCanadianpublishers,distributors andproducersofecontentthathelpusserveourcustomers,benefitourcountrysauthors,andcontributetoahealthy domesticpublishingindustry.Inanefforttofostercommunication,CULC/CBUChasdevelopedaVisionStatementaboutpublic libraryaccesstoecontentandhasenteredintoconstructivediscussionswithstakeholders. ThepricingmodelrecentlyannouncedbyHarperCollinsPublishersthatimposesacapof26usesoneBooksdoesnotworkfor publiclibraries.Itwillbedifficultforlibrariestomanage,difficultfordistributorstosupport,andthecirculationlimitpercopyis notinlinewiththeperformanceofmostprintcounterparts.However,werecognizetheneedtoworkwithpublishersto implementasystemthatallowslibrariestomeettheexpectationsofourcustomers,withoutharmingthepublishingindustryin Canadaorelsewhere.Pricingmodelshavetoworkforallparties.AsstatedintheCULC/CBUCVisionStatement,itisimportant tounderstandthatThefutureoflibrarycollectionsdependsontheabilitytocollect,describe,organize,andpreservethese collections. Librariesandpublishershaveanumberofexistingmodelsforelectroniccontentlicensingandpurchase,whichinclude:Content purchase;Contentlicensingbyitem;andContentlicensingbycategory.Publiclibrariesareinterestedincontinuingadialogue withCanadaspublishers,distributors,andproducersofecontenttofindaneBooklicensingmodelthatfitsallofourneeds. Weunderstandthatpublishersarealsograpplingwiththewaysthatlibrariesprovideaccesstomaterialsandshareresources. ManyCanadianlibrariespurchaseaspartofconsortia,selectingresourcesaspartofagroupandnegotiatingtermsforthat group.Manypublishersanddistributorsofelectroniccontentfindconsortiamodelsbeneficialandexpresssatisfactionin dealingwithlibrariesinthisway.Consortiamodelsusuallyresultinmorelibrariesparticipating,thereforebuyingmoreproducts thantheywouldalone.Tomeetcustomersdemands,librariesmustpurchaseenoughcopiesofpopulartitlesforthepopulation ofanarea,andthisisnotsignificantlyaffectedbyaconsortiamodel. Barrierstoborrowingreducesupportforlibraries,whichleadstodecreasedfundinganddecreasedpurchasingpower.Canadas urbanpubliclibrarieslookforwardtocontinuingthediscussionwithpublishers,distributorsandproducersofecontenttofind eBooksolutionsthatbenefitusall.Wehopethataproductivepartnershipwillallowustoserveourcustomersandbuilda thrivingCanadianeBookindustry.

44

Collection: eBook Collections Group Indicator Prompt Description Definition Notes Use/Holdings/Budget/Data (6929) For this survey the definition of eBooks is the text (not audio) digital equivilant of a title which would be part of the library's circulating collection as a print book -2009 (6930)
30630 30632 30635 30823 30638 30639 30642 30624 30628 30626 30631 30633 30634 30636 30637 30640 30641 30647 30650 30821
2009 eBook Expenditures 2009 eBook Holdings (Titles) 2009 eBook Holdings (Items) 2009 eBook Acquisition Budget 2009 eBook Circulation 2009 Print Circulation 2009 Total Circulation with individual title records in the catalogue or to be loaded in the catalogue with individual title records in the catalogue or to be loaded in the catalogue 2009 budget allocation for eBooks (individual title and aggregated book database purchases but not including magazines and computer/repair manual databases)

Total catalogued book circulation.

-2010 (6931)
2010 Total Materials Acquisition Budget 2010 Print Materials Acquisition Budget 2010 eBook Acquisition Budget 2010 eBook Expenditures 2010 eBook Holdings (Titles) 2010 eBook Holdings (Items) 2010 eBook Holdings Canadian 2010 eBook Circulation 2010 Print Circulation 2010 Total Circulation 2010 eBook Circulation for JanFeb 2010 Print Circulation for Jan-Feb 2010 eBook Holds for Jan-Feb please provide your eBook circulation for Jan-Feb 2010 please provide your catalogued print collection circulation for Jan-Feb 2010 please provide your eBook holds placed for Jan-Feb 2010 total catalogued book circulation/budget 2010 budget allocation for eBooks (individual title and aggregated book database purchases but not including magazines and computer/repair manual databases)

with individual title records in the catalogue or to be loaded in the catalogue with individual title records in the catalogue or to be loaded in the catalogue estimate the percentage of eBook holdings which are Canadian authored

Total catalogued book circulation.

-2011 (6932)
30625 30627 30629 30645 30648 30649 30822
2011 Total Materials Acquisition Budget 2011 eBook Acquisition Budget 2011 Print Materials Acquisition Budget Extract Records 2011 eBook Circulation for JanFeb 2011 Print Circulation for Jan-Feb 2011 eBook Holds for Jan-Feb 2011 budget allocation for eBooks (individual title and aggregated book database purchases but not including magazines and computer/repair manual databases) total catalogued book circulation/budget Can you extract your librarys eBook catalogue records into a separate file searchable by author/title/ISBN? please provide your eBook circulation for Jan-Feb 2011 please provide your catalogued print collection circulation for Jan-Feb 2011 please provide your eBook holds placed for Jan-Feb 2011

Contact Information (6933) The Canada Council on behalf of the Public Lending Right Commission is conducting a study on eBooks and their potential impacts on PLR in Canada. Paul Whitney, former City Librarian for Vancouver, has been hired by the Commission to undertake the work. CULC/CBUC and Olivier Charbonneau of Concordia University Library who will be supporting Paul and helping collect the necessary quantitative data. 12 CULC/CBUC member libraries are part of the PLRs sample group. The goal of the study is to assess the present state of eBook collections and emerging trends in Canadian public libraries. Interviews are being undertaken with representatives of the key publishing stakeholders on the rapid changes taking place with Canadian eBook production and distribution to libraries. You contribution is appreciate.

Jennifer Marriott, who assists CULC/CBUC members with their KPI collection and reporting is available to assist with this short collection. Jennifer can be reached at 416-599-6849 or by email at jmarriott@culc.ca. DEADLINE: April 8, 2011
30643 30644 30651 30646 30652 30653 30654
Contact Name for Survey Survey Contact Email Address Enter the name of the person responsible for compiling this survey. Survey contact's email address.

Acquisitions and User Access (6934)

eBook Vendors Without Records Major Successes Major Concerns Brief Assessment eBook vendors supplying your library Does your library have significant eBook holdings without catalogue records? Major successes in your library with building and providing access to e-books Major concerns/frustrations in your library with eBook availability, terms and conditions and supply A brief assessment of where you would wish your librarys eBook collections would be in 2012 and what you project will actually happen

-Use Parameters (6935) A brief description of your eBook collection use parameters, please include a note if you are estimating.
30655 30656 30657 30658
Downloadable Streamed Annual Licence Renewal Permanent Purchase How many eBooks are downloadable? how many eBook titles require Internet access to read; ie. not downloadable? How many eBooks are subject to an annual licence renewal? How many eBooks are a permanent purchase? One checkout, one user. Established circulation parameters although customers have choices in length of loan period. Inability to renew or extend loan period. These are not necessarily limitations. (CULC5573/2011-04-13) The Library does hold e-books that are more reference in nature and there are databases which contain e-books. E.g. Gale Virtual Reference Library. (CULC5573/2011-04-13) Annual fee applies to hosting fee. E-books are one-time purchase. (CULC5573/2011-04-13)

30659

Limitations on Use

describe the common limitations placed on eBook use by your borrowers

30824

Other Purchase Plans

How many eBooks are purchased under other terms (specify in notes)

2011 Counting Opinions (SQUIRE) Ltd.

Library Survey Results Burnaby 2009eBookExpenditures 2009eBookHoldings(Titles) 2009eBookHoldings(Items) 2009eBookAcquisition Budget 2009eBookCirculation 2009PrintCirculation 2009TotalCirculation 2010TotalMaterials AcquisitionBudget 2010PrintMaterials AcquisitionBudget 2010eBookAcquisition Budget 2010eBookExpenditures 2010eBookHoldings(Titles) 2010eBookHoldings(Items) 2010eBookHoldings Canadian 2010eBookCirculation 2010PrintCirculation 2010TotalCirculation 2010eBookCirculationfor JanFeb 2010PrintCirculationforJan Feb 2010eBookHoldsforJanFeb 2011TotalMaterials AcquisitionBudget 2011eBookAcquisition Budget 3,982,449 435 470,974 703 2886 $7,937,000 4,908 64,845 10,074,484 16,254,934 4,867 28,950 2,683,085 2,712,035 3,459 422,582 1329 $39,950 8,923 13,587 9,031 9,964 3,798,656 2,663 12,603 10,539,193 16,414,836 $7,457,000 $4,069,000 $39,647 2,283 2,990 2,029 2,062 Calgary Halifax $17,148 2,693 2,713 $15,000 8,903 2,622,697 2,631,600 $1,715,180 $1,192,180 $30,000 $35,000 4,232 4,416 Hamilton $18,191 2,503 2,509 $20,000 9,554 6,025,560 6,059,732 $3,650,000 $1,897,000 $75,000 $76,893 9,399 9,772 1345.00% 32,336 6,284,588 6,347,007 3,662 1,018,461 1112 $3,407,500 $97,500 Mississauga $420 50 50 $420 0 5,236,255 8,235,708 $2,395,455 $1,469,331 $52,000 $14,370 523 629 58.00% 5,231 4,756,302 7,614,310 0 836,393 0 $2,395,455 $53,000 168,840 19,433,800 32,324,416 20,604 3,032,143 5877 $17,114,854 $431,000 11,894 6,823,230 9,461,347 1,089 1,032,715 668 $4,797,500 $213,000 24,117 4,521,290 5,473,701 3,112 725,311 1139 $3,048,983 $40,000 Toronto $104,389 11,546 13,287 $105,000 90,081 19,446,716 31,117,665 $17,514,855 $12,000,000 $250,000 $260,000 13,884 20,884 Vancouver $91,485 2,907 3,607 $44,000 7,582 6,732,601 9,886,149 $4,886,500 $2,537,000 $50,000 $50,000 9,347 13,533 Winnipeg $15,000 5,989 5,993 $15,000 6,618 4,686,800 5,726,342 $2,803,103 $2,044,388 $20,000 $32,800 10,935 10,941

Library Survey Results Burnaby 2011PrintMaterials AcquisitionBudget ExtractRecords 2011eBookCirculationfor JanFeb 2011PrintCirculationforJan Feb 2011eBookHoldsforJanFeb eBookVendors Calgary $3,827,500 Yes 2,212 462,703 3,930
Overdrive,Safari BooksOnline, Tumblebooks, Bookflix,Oxford UniversityPress, FactsonFile, SalemPress.

Halifax

Hamilton $1,694,000 No

Mississauga $1,284,801 Yes

Toronto $11,500,000 Yes 52,064 2,931,985 15,536

Vancouver $2,547,700 Yes 4,716 1,091,938 4,373

Winnipeg $2,162,503

Yes 28,627

11,656 424,645

16,210 1,033,379 7,508

3,223 779,533 3,526

OverDrive

9,000 702,938 5,128

15,006
OverDrive

8,991
Content Reserve/Overdr ive

OverDriveisthe WinnipegPublic eBrary/BestofBC mainvendorwe BooksOnlineBooks Library(WPL)and usebutwealso PublicLibrary 24x7Gale:Virtual ReferenceLibrary, useNetLibrary, Services,Manitoba Safariandrecently LiteratureCriticism (PLS)sharethe startedapilotfor Online,Dictionaryof eLibrariesManitoba LiteraryBiography (eLM)website,hosted somestreamed eBookswiththe Overdrive:Libraryto byOverdrive.We GonetLibrary Canadian bothpurchase LearningExpress materialswhichareall ElectronicLibrary. Library(noMARC listedinWPL%u2019s andPLS%u2019s records) cataloguesandare Tumblebooks(no availabletomany MARCrecords) librarysystems throughoutManitoba andmorelibrariesin theprovincecontinue tojoin.WPLalso purchases Tumblebooksand TumbleReadables; subscriptioncostwas approximately$8000 in2010foraccessto 617titleswith simultaneoususe. Thesetitlesarenot accessiblethrough WPL%u2019s catalogue.

WithoutRecords

No

No

No

No

No

Library Survey Results Burnaby MajorSuccesses

Wehaveseena significant increaseinebook sinceaddingthem tothecollection. BothOverdrive andTumblebooks haveseena100% increaseinuse overlastyear.We purchase Overdrive consortiallyandI thinktheworkof theconsortium hasbeenamajor successforus, bothintermsof streamlining supportand collection management.

Calgary
Increasing circulationand use,customer suggestions,increa singrangeof materialavailable foracquisition

Halifax

Hamilton

Mississauga

Toronto

Vancouver

Winnipeg

Frominitiallaunch Greatpublic interestand inJuly,2010 demandanduse mediacoverage hashelpedspread hasgrown thewordthatthe steadily.From July7totheend libraryhaseBooks fordownloading oftheyear,e bookcirculation tohome wasabout30circs computersand devicessuchas perday,since January,2011it theKobo.Usehas hasmorethan grown doubledto63 exponentiallyand circsperday. thesituationwith Canadiancontent isencouragingin termsofmeeting customers'needs.

Continuedopen Tumblebookshas authenticationforGale beenextremely VirtualReference popularsincewe Library(loginisnot startedprovidingthis required)<br>Moving serviceseveralyears towardsstreamlined, ago;weadded efficientpatron TumbleReadablesin supportfor 2009.eLMuse Overdrive<br>Appropri grewdramatically atelevelofstaffing throughout2010and availableweare continuestogrow. generallyabletomeet Thereisdemandfor patronsneedsfor moretitlesand supportwith quickerandeasier ebooks<br>Timed systemwidetraining access.The forstaffwell,sothat developmentof theywerepreparedfor mobileappsand Christmasseason2010 accessforApple

deviceshasbeenvery helpful.

Library Survey Results Burnaby Calgary Halifax Hamilton Mississauga Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg
Wehavestruggled RecentHarper attimestomeet Collinslimitation demandfor oncheckouts, supportfore needformore booksfromour contentfor patronswho preschoolers, encounter needforcontent difficultywith forESL thirdparty software, understandingthe download process,andwho encounterdigital rights management issues.Wealso struggletomeet demandfor content,whichis oftensimplynot availableine bookformat.
Staffishavingtrouble Notallpublishers Pricingandoptions eBooklicensing forpricingeBooks modelscirculation keepingupwiththe havereleased demandsofthepublic digitalcontactso areamajorconcern. limitbyHarper Libraries,publishers, Collins,nogood whowanthelpaccessing manydesired producersofe andusingebookson solutionGenerallack titlesarenot contentandauthors diversedevicesand ofavailabilityoftitles available.Others needpricingmodels diverseformats.It indownloadable donotofferfair thatworkforall needstobeeasier! pricing:charging parties.TheHCuse format,particularly Weareconcernedabout CanadianKeepingup spendingincreasingly libraries capisnota significantlymore sustainablemodel. withdemandfor largeamountsofmoney Despitesome downloadableeBooks onsomethingthatwe thanother progress,more don%u2019tactually StreamliningDRM purchasers. HarperCollinsis Canadiancontentis usabilityforpatrons. have;weonlyhave accessviaasubscription. Havingonlyone nowlimitinguse requiredandisa seriousconcern. Ifyouwanttopurchase oftheirtitlesto26 vendorinthemarket Librariesbeingso frommorethanone circulationsper solackofchoiceand vendor,accessneedsto dependentonone purchase.The competitionNot beseamlessforpatrons. vendor(OverDrive) Missississauga owningtheco Toomanyformats isaconcern. LibrarySystemis Ownershipof %u2013andformats notcurrently thatonlyworkwith eBooksisnecessary. purchasingtitles Librariesneedtobe somedevices. Publishersareconcerned abletocontrolthe fromthem. abouttheircustomers contentthey borrowingebooksfrom purchase.(Thisis librariesinsteadof nottosaythat buyingfromthem.The ownershipisalways futureeconomicsofthe necessary,asin somepricing bookandebookindustry models,libraries isunclearandhowitwill maywantsome affectlibrariesisalso eBookstitlesona unclear. subsciptionor licensebasisonly.)

MajorConcerns

Library Survey Results Burnaby BriefAssessment Calgary

Increasedrangeof content,increased use,easy discoveryfor customers,more Canadiancontent, resolutiontothe HarperCollins situationre: limitedcheckouts. Anticipate continuingissues arounddigital rights.Wouldlike toseeanother vendorwith differentcontent.

Halifax

Hamilton

Mississauga
EBookshave provenvery popularwith Mississauga borrowers particularlysince theholiday season.

Toronto

Vancouver

Winnipeg

Currentstatisticssay Wewillcontinueto Ebooksextend that510%ofthe accesstothe provideebooksand printedwordand populationisbuying willmonitortheiruse canreachpeople eBookreadersorusing andtheindustry whomaynotbe thesedevices.With carefully.Weare inclinedtousethe tablets,thiswillgrow concernedabout through2012.Given traditionalprinted publishersdecisions that,weshouldbe bookformat. onwhatrightsthey lookingatashiftto Librarieshavea willandwillnotallow 10%oflibrary longtraditionof collectionsspentinthis libraries.Paperbooks providingbroad areasothatwe arestillthepreferred accessto choiceofmostofour respondtodemand. informationand For2011we'reat4.4% librarypatrons. resourcesthatare withthehelpofsurplus relevantto andreservefunds.At people.Making VPL,we'reresponding eBooksavailable appropriatelysofar, andseemcommitted topeoplefrom totheformat.Therisk publiclibrary websitesiscritical for2012isthat forlibrariestobe publisherswillnot abletocontinue respondasquicklyin makingasupply tofulfillthis availabletolibraries.I importantrole. suspectwewillnot haveasolutiontothe lackofsupplyin2012, sowe'llcontinueto havedifficultyspending themoneythatwe allocateto downloadableebooks. Lack of technology,

Downloadable Streamed AnnualLicenceRenewal PermanentPurchase LimitationsonUse OtherPurchasePlans

9504 13488 13465 9527 14000

1850 50 12000 1850

17426 3400 3400 9862 7564

10005 22500 16300 5444 31000 5444

10324 617 8000 10324