Hardware representtion of Transmission line Pie Model

Literature view
Transmission line:
Transmission lines carry electric energy from one point to another in an electric
power system. They can carry alternating current or direct current or a system can
be a combination of both. Also, electric current can be carried by either overhead
or underground lines.
A transmission line carries a bulk amount of high voltage power from the power
station to the substations and to the consumer end. An understanding of
transmission line voltage regulation and transmission line efficiency is important to
reduce transmission losses. These are the basic parameters that define the
performance of the transmission line. The transmission line voltage regulation is
calculated considering the line parameters such as resistance (R), capacitance (C)
and inductance (L) of the transmission line.
The main characteristics that distinguish transmission lines from distribution lines
are that they are operated at relatively high voltages, they transmit large quantities
of power and they transmit the power over large distances.
The types of transmission lines are:
• Overhead Transmission Lines
• Subtransmission Lines
• Underground Transmission Lines
Types of Transmission Line based on Length:
The three parameters R, L and C are distributed uniformly along the length of the
transmission line. The resistance and inductance form the series impedance and the
capacitance is considered to exist between the line and earth conductor. The length
of the transmission line is an important factor influencing these parameters. Based
on the length, the transmission lines are divided into the following:
Short Transmission lines
The short Transmission line model is 0-50 Km in length and the line voltage is
comparatively low (below 69 kV). Hence the capacitance effects of the line are
extremely small and thus neglected. Therefore, the regulation of short transmission
lines depends only on resistance and inductive reactance.
The phasor diagrams are gives as:
When Power Factor is lagging:

When Power Factor is Leading:

When Power Factor is unity:

Medium Transmission lines
In a medium transmission line, the length of the line is 50-300km, and the line
voltage is approximately from 69kV to 133kV. The capacitance effects are present
in the case of medium-length lines, due to the sufficient length and voltage of the
line. Though the capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the
line, reasonable accuracy is obtained by considering the capacitance at one or more
places while modelling the lines.
Large Transmission lines
In a long transmission line, the length of the line is more than 30 km and the
operational voltage of the line is very high, more than 133 kV. The performance of
such a line is calculated by considering that the line constants (R, L & C) are
uniformly distributed over the whole length of the line.
The Efficiency of Transmission Line:
The power generated at the power station is expected to be transmitted through the
lines and delivered at the substations or consumer end. But this is not the practical
case. The power delivered is always lower than the power at the sending end.
Transmission efficiency is defined as the ratio of receiving end power PR to the
sending end power PS expressed in percentage.

Then, % Transmission Efficiency η = x100 %

A transmission line has line resistance and related ohmic losses, due to which there
is a loss in efficiency during transmission. If Ps is the power at sending end, then
the power available at the receiving end is only (Ps – Loss).

Voltage Regulation of Transmission Line:

We discussed the power loss during transmission similarly, in a transmission line
that carries current, there is a voltage drop across the length of the transmission
line. Thus the receiving end voltage (VR) is usually less than the voltage at the
sending end (VS). Therefore, voltage regulation can be explained as a measure of
how much voltage is dropped along the length of the transmission line i.e. from the
sending end to the receiving end.
“Voltage regulation is defined as the ratio of the difference between sending and
receiving end voltage to receiving end voltage of a transmission line between the
conditions of no load and full load”. Voltage regulation of a transmission line is
also expressed in percentage value.

At a no-load condition, the sending end voltage and receiving end voltage are
equal ❲VS= VR❳. But in a practical case, when the transmission line carries current
under a loaded condition, the receiving-end voltage decreases compared to the no-
load condition. Thus the voltage regulation has a definite positive value. The
voltage difference between the sending end and receiving end (VS-VR) is expected
to be minimal for an efficient power system.

Transmission Line Modelling:

Transmission line modelling is a technique used to analyse the performance of the
transmission line and to achieve better voltage regulation and transmission
efficiency by reducing or compensating for the losses. In transmission line
modelling, equivalent circuits with the transmission line parameters R, L, and C
are considered, and their performance is analysed. Thus the voltage regulation,
transmission efficiency and other parameters are determined. The modelling helps
in:
a) Estimating the performance of a new system.
b) Estimating the impact on the performance of an existing system when a new
system interacts with it.
c) Estimating the impact of a change of workload on an existing system.
Transmission line modelling can be accurately modelled using the software
available, for different types of transmission lines. Here we have done modelling
of medium transmission line on MATLAB Simulink at different lengths and
analyzed its effects.

Transmission Line Voltage Regulation Improvement:

Voltage regulation increases as the length of the cable increases. So it is greater in
long transmission lines. One of the ways to improve voltage regulation is by
controlling the voltage level in the distribution system, but there are limitations.
The continuous long transmission lines can be reduced by having substations
which also help in controlling the voltage level. Other possible ways are listed
below:
a) Installing voltage-regulating equipment in the distribution substations.
b) Balancing the loads on the primary feeders.
c) Increasing feeder conductor size.
d) Changing feeder sections from single-phase to multiphase.
e) Installing of new substations and primary feeders.
f) Installing voltage regulators on the primary feeders.

Effect of capacitance:
The capacitive effect in short transmission line is neglected as it length is short and
for short length capacitive effect is small. However, in medium and long
transmission line its effect cannot be ignored. Capacitance effect developed due to
the potential difference between high voltage lines and the ground which is at zero
volts and the medium between them is dielectric and hence produce capacitive
effect.
Components used
1. wooden box
2. banana plugs
 3. toggle switches
4. 3pin socket
5. wires
6. choke
7. capacitors
Values of passive element used
L=0.7H
C=820uF
R= variable and depends upon the type of lab we performing
here we use 1k just for representation
Circuit Diagram

Figure:1

Expenditures
1. choke = 1000
2. capacitors = 500
 3. wires = 200
4. 3 pin socket = 300
5. wooden-box+printing = 3500
6. Toggle switches = 240
7. Total =5740 Rs

Conclusion:
There are different factors which determine the design of a transmission network
for efficient transmission of power. Identifying and studying these various factors
helps in improving the effectiveness of the power network system. It helps to
identify various methods and techniques to reduce the various losses in the power
distribution.In this project we learned how to implenment the pie model of
Transmission line