Citizen journalism

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Citizen journalism (also known as "public", "participatory", "democratic",[1] "guerrilla"[2] or "street journalism"[3]) is the concept of members of the public "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information," according to the seminal

2003 report We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information.[4] Authors Bowman and Willis say: "The intent of this participation is to provide independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and relevant information that a democracy requires." Citizen journalism should not be confused with community journalism or civic journalism, which are practiced by professional journalists, or collaborative journalism, which is practiced by professional and non-professional journalists working together. Citizen journalism is a specific form of citizen media as well as user generated content. Mark Glaser, a freelance journalist who frequently writes on new media issues, said in 2006:[5] The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others. For example, you might write about a city council meeting on your blog or in an online forum. Or you could fact-check a newspaper article from the mainstream media and point out factual errors or bias on your blog. Or you might snap a digital photo of a newsworthy event happening in your town and post it online. Or you might videotape a similar event and post it on a site such as YouTube. In What is Participatory Journalism?,[6] J. D. Lasica classifies media for citizen journalism into the following types:

1.

Audience participation (such as user comments attached to news stories,

personal blogs, photos or video footage captured from personal mobile cameras, or local news written by residents of a community)

2. 3. 4.
5.

Independent news and information Websites (Consumer Reports, the Drudge Report) Full-fledged participatory news sites

(NowPublic, OhmyNews, DigitalJournal.com, Blottr.com, GroundReport) Collaborative and contributory media sites (Slashdot, Kuro5hin, Newsvine) Other kinds of "thin media." (mailing lists, email newsletters) Personal broadcasting sites (video broadcast sites such as KenRadio).

6.

New media theorist Terry Flew states that there are three elements "critical to the rise of citizen journalism and citizen media": open publishing, collaborative editing and distributed content.[7]
Contents
[hide]

1 History

1.1 Birth of Blogs and the Indymedia Movement 2 Who are citizen journalists? 3 Criticisms 4 Proponents of citizen journalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit]History
The idea that average citizens can engage in the act of journalism has a long history in the United States. The modern citizen journalist movement emerged after journalists themselves began to question the predictability of their coverage of such events as the 1988 U.S. presidential election. Those journalists became part of the public, or civic, journalism movement, a countermeasure against the eroding trust in the news media and widespread public disillusionment with politics and civic affairs.
[8][9][10]

Initially, discussions of public journalism focused on promoting journalism that was "for the people" by changing the way professional reporters did their work. According to Leonard Witt, however, early public journalism efforts were, "often part of 'special projects' that were expensive, time-consuming and episodic. Too often these projects dealt with an issue and moved on. Professional journalists were driving the discussion. They would say, "Let's do a story on welfare-to-work (or the environment, or traffic problems, or the economy)," and then they would recruit a cross-section of citizens and chronicle their points of view. Since not all reporters and editors bought into this form of public journalism, and some outright opposed it, reaching out to the people from the newsroom was never an easy task." By 2003, in fact, the movement seemed to be petering out, with the Pew Center for Civic Journalism closing its doors. With todays technology the citizen journalist movement has found new life as the average person can capture news and distribute it globally. As Yochai Benklerhas noted, the capacity to make meaning to encode and decode humanly meaningful statements and the capacity to communicate ones meaning around the world, are held by, or readily available to, at least many hundreds of millions of users around the globe.[11] Professor Mary-Rose Papandrea, a constitutional law professor at Boston College, notes in her article, Citizen Journalism and the Reporters Privilege, that:[12] [i]n many ways, the definition of journalist has now come full circle. When the First Amendment was adopted, freedom of the press referred quite literally to the freedom to publish using a printing press,

rather than the freedom of organized entities engaged in the publishing business. The printers of 1775 did not exclusively publish newspapers; instead, in order to survive financially they dedicated most of their efforts printing materials for paying clients. The newspapers and pamphlets of the American Revolutionary era were predominantly partisan and became even more so through the turn of the century. They engaged in little newsgathering and instead were predominantly vehicles for opinion. The passage of the term journalism into common usage in the 1830s occurred at roughly the same time that newspapers, using highspeed rotary steam presses, began mass circulation throughout the eastern United States. Using the printing press, newspapers could distribute exact copies to large numbers of readers at a low incremental cost. In addition, the rapidly increasing demand for advertising for brand- name products fueled the creation of publications subsidized in large part by advertising revenue. It was not until the late nineteenth century that the concept of the press morphed into a description of individuals and companies engaged in an often competitive commercial media enterprise.

[edit]Birth

of Blogs and the Indymedia Movement

In 1999, activists in Seattle created a response to the WTO meeting being held there. These activists understood the only way they could get into the corporate media was by blocking the streets. And then, the scant 60 seconds of coverage would show them being carted off by the police, but without any context to explain why they were protesting. They knew they had to create an alternative media model. Since then, the Indymedia movement has experienced exponential growth, and IMCs have been created in over 200 cities all over the world.

NowPublic Co-founder Michael Tippett

Simultaneously, journalism that was "by the people" began to flourish, enabled by emerging internet and networking technologies, such as weblogs, chat rooms, message boards, wikis and mobile computing. A relatively new development is the use of convergent polls, allowing editorials and opinions to be submitted and voted on. Overtime, the poll converges on the most broadly accepted editorials and opinions. In South Korea, OhmyNews became popular and commercially successful with

the motto, "Every Citizen is a Reporter." Founded by Oh Yeon-ho on February 22, 2000, it has a staff of some 40-plus traditional reporters and editors who write about 20% of its content, with the rest coming from other freelance contributors who are mostly ordinary citizens. OhmyNews now has an estimated 50,000 contributors, and has been credited with transforming South Korea's conservative political environment. In 2001, ThemeParkInsider.com became the first online publication to win a major journalism award for a feature that was reported and written entirely by readers, earning an Online Journalism Award from the Online News Association andColumbia Graduate School of Journalism for its "Accident Watch" section, where readers tracked injury accidents at theme parks and shared accident prevention tips.
[citation needed]

During the 2004 U.S. presidential election, both the Democratic and Republican parties issued press credentials to citizen bloggers covering the convention, marking a new level of influence and credibility for nontraditional journalists. Some bloggers[who?] also began watchdogging the work of conventional journalists, monitoring their work for biases and inaccuracy. A recent trend in citizen journalism has been the emergence of what blogger Jeff Jarvis terms hyperlocal journalism, as online news sites invite contributions from local residents of their subscription areas, who often report on topics that conventional newspapers tend to ignore.[13] "We are the traditional journalism model turned upside down," explains Mary Lou Fulton, the publisher of the Northwest Voice in Bakersfield, California. "Instead of being the gatekeeper, telling people that what's important to them 'isn't news,' we're just opening up the gates and letting people come on in. We are a better community newspaper for having thousands of readers who serve as the eyes and ears for the Voice, rather than having everything filtered through the views of a small group of reporters and editors."[14]

[edit]Who

are citizen journalists?

According to Jay Rosen, citizen journalists "the people formerly known as the audience," who "were on the receiving end of a media system that ran one way, in a broadcasting pattern, with high entry fees and a few firms competing to speak very loudly while the rest of the population listened in isolation from one another and who today are not in a situation like that at all. ... The people formerly known as the audience are simply the public made realer, less fictional, more able, less predictable."[15] Abraham Zapruder, who filmed[16] the assassination of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy with a home-movie camera, is sometimes presented as an ancestor of all citizen journalists.[17] Public Journalism is now being explored via new media such as the use of mobile phones. Mobile phones have the potential to transform reporting and places the power of reporting in the hands of the

public. Mobile telephony provides low-cost options for people to set up news operations. One small organization providingmobile news and exploring public journalism is Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.[citation
needed]

According to Mark Glaser, during 9/11 many eyewitness accounts of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center came from citizen journalists. Images and stories from citizen journalists close to the World Trade Center offered content that played a major role in the story.[citation needed] In 2004, when the 9.1-magnitude underwater earthquake caused a huge tsunami in Banda Aceh Indonesia, news footage from many people who experienced the tsunami was widely broadcast.[18] During the 2009 Iranian election protests the microblog service Twitter played an important role, after foreign journalists had effectively been "barred from reporting".[19]

[edit]Criticisms
Citizen journalists may be activists within the communities they write about. This has drawn some criticism from traditional media institutions such as The New York Times, which have accused proponents of public journalism of abandoning the traditional goal of 'objectivity'. Many traditional journalists view citizen journalism with some skepticism, believing that only trained journalists can understand the exactitude and ethics involved in reporting news. See, e.g., Nicholas Lemann, Vincent Maher, and Tom Grubisich. An academic paper by Vincent Maher, the head of the New Media Lab at Rhodes University, outlined several weaknesses in the claims made by citizen journalists, in terms of the "three deadly E's", referring to ethics, economics and epistemology. This paper has itself been criticized in the press and blogosphere.[20] An article in 2005 by Tom Grubisich reviewed ten new citizen journalism sites and found many of them lacking in quality and content.[21] Grubisich followed up a year later with, "Potemkin Village Redux."[22] He found that the best sites had improved editorially and were even nearing profitability, but only by not expensing editorial costs. Also according to the article, the sites with the weakest editorial content were able to aggressively expand because they had stronger financial resources. Another article published on Pressthink examined Backfence, a citizen journalism site with initial three locations in the DC area, which reveals that the site has only attracted limited citizen contributions.
[23]

The author concludes that, "in fact, clicking through Backfence's pages feels like frontier land -

remote, often lonely, zoned for people but not home to any. The site recently launched for Arlington, Virginia. However, without more settlers, Backfence may wind up creating more ghost towns."

David Simon, a former Baltimore Sun reporter and writer/producer of the popular TV series, "The Wire," criticized the concept of citizen journalismclaiming that unpaid bloggers who write as a hobby cannot replace trained, professional, seasoned journalists. "I am offended to think that anyone, anywhere believes American institutions as insulated, selfpreserving and self-justifying as police departments, school systems, legislatures and chief executives can be held to gathered facts by amateurs pursuing the task without compensation, training or for that matter, sufficient standing to make public officials even care to whom it is they are lying to." An editorial published by The Digital Journalist web magazine expressed a similar position, advocating to abolish the term "citizen journalist", and replacing it with "citizen news gatherer". "Professional journalists cover fires, floods, crime, the legislature and the White House every day. There is either a fire line or police line, or security, or the Secret Service who allow them to pass upon displaying credentials vetted by the departments or agencies concerned. A citizen journalist, an amateur, will always be on the outside of those lines. Imagine the White House throwing open its gates to admit everybody with a camera phone to a presidential event."[24] Edward Greenberg, a New York City litigator,[25] notes higher vulnerability of unprofessional journalists in court compared to the professional ones: "So-called shield laws, which protect reporters from revealing sources, vary from state to state. On occasion, the protection is dependent on whether the person asserted the claim is in fact a journalist. There are many cases at both the state and federal levels where judges determine just who is/is not a journalist. Cases involving libel often hinge on whether the actor was or was not a member of the "press"."[24] The above does not mean that professional journalists are fully protected by shield laws. In the 1972 Branzburg v. Hayes case the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated the use of the First Amendment as a defense for reporters summoned to testify before a grand jury. In 2005, the reporter's privilege of Judith Millerand Matthew Cooper was rejected by the appellate court. Others criticize the formulation of the term "citizen journalism" to describe the concept, as the word "citizen" has a conterminous relation to the nation-state. The fact that many millions of people are considered stateless and often without citizenship (such as refugees or immigrants without papers) limits the concept to those recognised only by governments. Additionally the global nature of many participatory media initiatives, such as the Independent Media Center, makes talking of journalism in relation to a particular nation-state largely redundant as its production and dissemination do not recognise national boundaries. Some additional names given to the concept based on this analysis are grassroots media, people's media, or participatory media.

[edit]Proponents

of citizen journalism

Dan Gillmor, former technology columnist with the San Jose Mercury News, is one of the foremost proponents of citizen journalism, and founded a nonprofit, the Center for Citizen Media,[26] to help promote it. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's French-language television network has also organized a weekly public affairs program called, "5 sur 5", which has been organizing and promoting citizen-based journalism since 2001. On the program, viewers submit questions on a wide variety of topics, and they, accompanied by staff journalists, get to interview experts to obtain answers to their questions.[citation needed] Jay Rosen, a journalism professor at New York University, was one of public journalism's earliest proponents. From 1993 to 1997, he directed the Project on Public Life and the Press, funded by the Knight Foundation and housed at NYU. He also currently runs the PressThink weblog.

[edit]See

also

Journalism portal

Blog Documentary Practice Social news Meporter Participatory Media Independent Media Center Local news Democratic Journalism Open source journalism Wiki journalism Wikinews Media democracy NowPublic Demotix OhmyNews DigitalJournal.com GroundReport Collaborative journalism Global Voices Online

RINF Filemobile MaYoMo

[edit]References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Today.

^ Baase, S. "A Gift of Fire". Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2008. ^ Case, J. A. "Recovering the Radical: Biocybernetic Subversion in Guerrilla Video

Primer ." Paper presented at the NCA 93rd Annual Convention, Chicago, IL, November 14, 2007. ^ Tamara Witschge "Street journalists versus 'ailing

journalists'? " 2009,Opendemocracy.net. ^ Bowman, S. and Willis, C. "We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News

and Information. " 2003, The Media Center at the American Press Institute. ^ Mark Glaser (September 27, 2006). "Your Guide to Citizen Journalism" .Public

Broadcasting Service. Retrieved March 22, 2009. ^ Lasica, J. D. "What is Participatory Journalism? " 2003-08-07, Online Journalism

Review, August 7, 2003. ^ Flew, Terry "New Media: An Introduction". Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ^ Merritt, D. "News Media must regain vigor, courage. " September 29, 2004,PJNet

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

^ Dvorkin, J. A. "Media Matters. Can Public Radio Journalism be Re-Invented? " January

27, 2005, National Public Radio. ^ Meyer, E. P. "Public Journalism and the Problem of Objectivity. " 1995,Published on

personal website . ^ "Part One: The Networked Information Economy" . Retrieved 2007-01-05. ^ Papandrea, Mary-Rose. "Citizen Journalism and the Reporters Privilege ."Boston

College Law School (Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 91). 2007. Retrieved on January 7, 2007. ^ Walker, L. "On Local Sites, Everyone's A Journalist , December 9, 2004,Washington

Post, E1. ^ Glaser, M. "The New Voices: Hyperlocal Citizen Media Sites Want You (to Write)! "

November 17, 2004, Online Journalism Review. ^ Rosen, Jay "The People Formerly Known as the Audience ," PressThink, June 27, 2006. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapruder_film%7C ^ (in french) La mort de JFK dans le viseur de Zapruder ^ Old media must embrace the amateur Financial Times 7 March 2006

19.
2009

^ Washington Taps Into a Potent New Force in Diplomacy The New York Times 16 June

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

^ Maher, V. "Citizen Journalism is Dead. " 2005, New Media Lab, School of Journalism &

Media Studies, Rhodes University, South Africa. ^ Grubisich, T. "Grassroots journalism: Actual content vs. shining ideal. " October 6,

2005, USC Annenberg, Online Journalism Review. ^ Grubisich, T. "Potemkin Village Redux. " November 19, 2006, USC Annenberg, Online

Journalism Review. ^ George, E. "Guest Writer Liz George of Baristanet Reviews Backfence.com Seven

Months After Launch. " November 30, 2005, Pressthink. ^ a b "Let's abolish the term 'Citizen Journalists'" . December 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-17. ^ accessdate=2010-08-17. "About Ed" . ^ http://citmedia.org/

[edit]External

links

Find more about Citizen journalism on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Wikibooks has a book on the topic of How To Run A Newspaper

List of Participatory News Media sites at the Open Directory Project. List of citizen journalism websites on Yahoo! Directory. List of citizen journalism websites and Tools for citizen journalism on SourceWatch. Grassroot journalism and brand metrics an evolving relationship

Participatory Journalism Risks and Opportunities for newspaper companies to grow with

user-generated content.

Hyperlocal news. Whose role is it anyway? on BBC

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Citizen media
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia File:12-30-2006 oventic media.jpg

The term citizen media refers to forms of content produced by private citizens who are otherwise not professional journalists.Citizen journalism, participatory media and democratic media are related principles.
Contents
[hide]

o o o o

1 Principles of citizen media 2 Modes of citizen media 2.1 Radio 2.2 Television 2.3 Internet 2.4 Video 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Principles of citizen media

Citizen media is a term coined by Clemencia Rodriguez, who defined this concept as 'the transformative processes they bring about within participants and their communities.' [1] Citizen media refers to the ways in which audiences can also become participants in the media using the different resources offered. In the modern age, new technologies have brought about different media technologies which became the ground for citizen participation. There are many forms of citizen-produced media including blogs, vlogs, podcasts, digital storytelling, community radio, participatory video and more, and may be distributed via television, radio, internet, email, movie theatre, DVD and many other forms. Many organizations and institutions exist to facilitate the production of media by private citizens including, but not limited to, Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable tv channels, Independent Media Centers andcommunity technology centers. Citizen media has bloomed with the advent of technological tools and systems that facilitate production and distribution of media. Of these technologies, none has advanced citizen media more than the Internet. With the birth of the Internet and into the 1990s, citizen media has responded[citation needed] to traditional mass media's neglect of public interest and partisan portrayal of news and world events. Media produced by private citizens may be as factual, satirical, neutral or biased as any other form of media but has no political, social or corporate affiliation. By 2007, the success of small, independent, private journalists began to rival corporate mass media in terms of audience and distribution. Citizen produced media has earned higher status and public credibility since the 2004 US Presidential elections and has since been widely replicated by corporate marketing and political campaigning. Traditional news outlets and commercial media giants have experienced declines in profit and revenue which can be directly attributed to the wider acceptance of citizen produced media as an official source of information.[2] Many people prefer the term 'participatory media' to 'citizen media' as citizen has a necessary relation to a concept of the nation-state. The fact that many millions of people are considered stateless and often without citizenship limits the concept to those recognised only by governments. Additionally the very global nature of many participatory media initiatives, such as the Independent Media Center, makes talking of journalism in relation to a particular nation-state largely redundant as its production and dissemination do not recognise national boundaries. A different way of understanding Citizen Media emerged from cultural studies and the observations made from within this theoretical frame work about how the circuit of mass communication was never complete and always contested, since the personal, political, and emotional meanings and

investments that the audience made in the mass-distributed products of popular culture were frequently at odds with the intended meanings of their producers.[3]

Modes of citizen media

Radio
World Wide Community Radio has been driven by participatory methodologies with rich examples of community radio providing a non-profit community owned, operated and driven model of media. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States initiated by the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 sets aside some public broadcasting funding for producing electronic television programming. Traditionally, PBS radio affiliates have not made concessions for private citizen programming or production.

Stations like WBAI, KPFK, KPFK, and Pacifica Radio Network have program models which

allow citizen participation in aspects of the station, including production.

Many low power Federal Communications Commission (FCC) non-commercial

educational (NCE) license holders are considered community radio stations (including high school radio and college radio), with various levels of participation by the public.

Television
With the birth of cable television in the 1950s came public interest movements to democratize this new booming industry. Many countries around the world developed legislated means for private citizens to access and use the local cable systems for their own community-initiated purposes.

Public Access Television (PEG) in the United States is a government mandated model that

provides citizens within a cable franchised municipality to get access to the local Public-access television channels to produce and distribute their own programming. Public-access television programming is community initiated and serves as a platform to meet local needs.

Community channels in Canada also provides access for citizens to distribute their own

programming content, as well as community television in Australia.

Community technology centers are private non-profit organizations found in the US that serve

to increase access and training in technology for social applications.

Internet

Affordable consumer technology and broader access to the internet has created new electronic distribution methods. While the corporate media market enjoyed a long period of monopoly on media distribution, the internet gave birth to countless independent media producers and new avenues for delivering content to viewers.

The technological development of Content Management Systems (CMS) in the late 1990s,

which allowed non-technical people to author and publish articles to the internet, spawned the birth of weblogs or blogs, Podcasting (audio blogs), Vlogs (video blogs), collaborative wikis, and web-based bulletin boards and "forums".[4]

Citizen Journalism websites which encourage members of the public to publish news that is

relevant to them.

The social development of Independent Media Centers (IMCs) introduced collaborative

Citizen media with concepts of consensus decision making, mandatory inclusion of women and minorities, non-corporate control, the anonymous accreditation. IMCs have been founded in over 200 cities all over the world.[citation needed]

Commercial models that use these new methods are being born and acquired by media

corporations on a daily basis.

Video
Participatory video is an approach to and medium of participatory or citizen media that has become increasingly popular with the falling cost of film/video production, availability of simple consumer video cameras and other equipment, and ease of distribution via the Internet. Although videos/films can be produced by a single individual, production often requires a group of participants. And, so participatory filmmaking includes a set of techniques to involve communities/groups in conceptualizing and producing their own films. Chris Lunch, a preeminent contemporary author on participatory video and executive director of Insight, explains that The idea behind this is that making a video is easy and accessible, and is a great way of bringing people together to explore issues, voice concerns, or simply to be creative and tell stories.[5] Participatory video was developed in opposition to more traditional documentary film approaches, in which indigenous knowledge and local initiatives are filmed and disseminated by outside professional filmmakers. These professionals, who are often from relatively privileged backgrounds use their artistic license to design narrative stories and interpret the meaning of the images/actions that they film. As such, the film is often created for the benefit of outsiders and those that are filmed

rarely benefit from their participation. The objectives of participatory video are to facilitate empowerment, community self-sufficiency, and communication.[6] The first experiments in PV were the work of Don Snowden, a Canadian who pioneered the idea of using media to enable a people-centered community development approach. Then Director of the Extension Department at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Snowden worked with filmmaker Colin Low and theNational Film Board of Canada's Challenge for Change program to apply his ideas in Fogo Island, Newfoundland, a small fishing community.[7][8] By watching each others films, the villagers realized that they shared many of the same concerns and they joined together to create solutions. The villagers films were shared with policy-makers, many of whom had no real conception of the conditions in which Fogo Islanders lived. As a result of this dialogue, policy-makers introduced regulation changes. Snowden went on to apply the Fogo process all over the world until his death in India in 1984.[9] Since then, most of the development of the participatory video technique has been led by non-academic practitioners in the United Kingdom, France, Australia, and Canada. Participatory videos are distributed online and offline. Online, they are uploaded and shared through vlogs, social software, and video publishing sites. Participatory video can be particularly effective when utilized in addressing community health concerns.[10]

See also

Alternative Views City wiki Community Media Association Community Radio Democratic media Independent Media Center Independent World Television Learner generated context Media democracy RINF

References

1.

^ Meikle Graham, Networks of Influence: Internet Activisim in Australia and Beyond" in

Gerard Goggin (ed.)Virtual Nation: the Internet in Australia University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp 73-87.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

^ Peter Leyden, New Politic Institute [1] ^ Flew, Terry "New Media: An Introduction". Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ^ The more proper "fora" is rarely used in this context. ^ Lunch, N., & Lunch, C. (2006). Insights Into Participatory Video: A Handbook for the

Field (1st ed.). Oxford: Insight. ^ Lunch, C. (2004). Participatory Video: Rural People Document their Knowledge and

Innovations. Indigenous Knowledge Notes; 71. ^ Quarry, Wendy. The Fogo Process: An Experiment in Participatory Communication.

1994: Thesis, University of Guelph. ^ Schugurensky, Daniel (2005). "Challenge for Change launched, a participatory media

approach to citizenship education". History of Education. The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE/UT). Retrieved 2009-10-16.

9. 10.

^ Lunch, C. (2006, March). Participatory Video as a Documentation Tool. Leisa Magazine,

22, 31-33. ^ Catalani, Caricia. (2006). Videovoice Theory. Accessed at http://video-

voice.org/theory.html on Oct 18, 2007.

External links

The VideoVoice Collective does research and evaluation on participatory video. Center for Citizen Media Media Democracy Day Media Democracy Project Center for Media and Democracy Demosphere Project The wiki & global project to develop a community based media

framework using open source and interactive software. (Wikinews article)

McChesney, Robert, Making Media Democratic, Boston Review, Summer 1998 Inclusion Through Media: First hand accounts and critical analysis of work across

the Inclusion Through Media prgramme edited by Tony Dowmunt, Mark Dunford and Nicole van Hemert.

Participatory media
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Participatory media include (but are not limited to) community media, blogs, wikis, RSS, tagging and social bookmarking, music-photo-video sharing, mashups,podcasts, participatory video projects and videoblogs. These distinctly different media share three common, interrelated characteristics[1]:

Many-to-many media now make it possible for every person connected to the network to

broadcast and receive text, images, audio, video, software, data,discussions, transactions, computations, tags, or links to and from every other person. The asymmetry between broadcaster and audience that was dictated by the structure of pre-digital technologies dictated has changed radically. This is a technical-structural characteristic.

Participatory media are social media whose value and power derives from the active

participation of many people. This is a psychological and social characteristic. One example is StumbleUpon.

Social networks, when amplified by information and communication networks, enable broader,

faster, and lower cost coordination of activities. This is an economic and political characteristic. Full-fledged participatory news sites include NowPublic, OhmyNews, DigitalJournal.com and GroundReport. With participatory media, the boundaries between audiences and creators become blurred and often invisible. In the words of David Sifry, the founder of Technorati, a search engine for blogs, one-tomany lectures (ie, from media companies to their audiences) are transformed into conversations among the people formerly known as the audience. This changes the tone of public discussions. The mainstream media, says David Weinberger, a blogger, author and fellow at Harvard University's Berkman Centre, don't get how subversive it is to take institutions and turn them into conversations. That is because institutions are closed, assume a hierarchy and have trouble admitting fallibility, he says, whereas conversations are open-ended, assume equality and eagerly concede fallibility.[2] Some proposed that journalism can be more participatory because the World Wide Web has evolved from read-only to read-write. In other words, in the past only a small proportion of people had the means (in terms of time, money, and skills) to create content that could reach large audiences. Now the gap between the resources and skills needed to consume online content versus the means

necessary to produce it have narrowed significantly to the point that nearly anyone with a webconnected device can create media.[3] As Dan Gillmor, founder of the Center for Citizen Media declared in his 2004 book We the Media, journalism is evolving from a lecture into a conversation.[4] He also points out that new interactive forms of media have blurred the distinction between producers of news and their audience. In fact, some view the term audience to be obsolete in the new world of interactive participatory media. New York University professor and blogger Jay Rosen refers to them as the people formerly known as the audience.[5] In We Media, a treatise on participatory journalism, Shayne Bowman and Chris Willis suggest that the audience should be re-named participants.[6] Some even proposed that "all mass media should be abandoned", extending upon one of the four main arguments given by Jerry Mander in his case against television: Corporate domination of television used to mould humans for a commercial environment, and all mass media involve centralised power. Blogger Robin Good wrote, "With participatory media instead of mass media, governments and corporations would be far less able to control information and maintain their legitimacy... To bring about true participatory media (and society), it is also necessary to bring about participatory alternatives to present economic and political structures... In order for withdrawal from using the mass media to become more popular, participatory media must become more attractive: cheaper, more accessible, more fun, more relevant. In such an atmosphere, nonviolent action campaigns against the mass media and in support of participatory media become more feasible."[7] Although 'participatory media' has been viewed uncritically by many writers, others, such as Daniel Palmer, have argued that media participation must also "be understood in relation to defining characteristics of contemporary capitalism namely its user-focused, customised and individuated orientation."[8]
Contents
[hide]

1 Etymology 2 References 3 External links 4 See also

[edit]Etymology
The phrase Participatory Media was first used publicly by Greg Ruggiero and later

popularized by blog researcher Rebecca Blood and others, such as Furukawa. In April 2006, journalist and media researcher Jim McClellan used the phrase Personal Participatory Media,

which may distinguish between objective social media (scientific, corporate, pure information) and subjective/personal social media (value-laden, opinion, religious).

[edit]References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

^ Rheingold, Howard. "Using Participatory Media and Public Voice to Encourage Civic

Engagement". 2007: Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ^ Kluth, Andreas (20 April 2006). "Among the Audience". 2006: Economist. ^ MacKinnon, Rebecca. "Blogging, Journalism and Credibility: The Future of Global

Participatory Media". 2007: Seikai Shisosya. ^ Gilmor, Dan. "We the Media". 2004: OReilly. ^ Rosen, Jay. "Top Ten Ideas of '04: News Turns from a Lecture to a Conversation".

2006: Pressthink. ^ Bowman, Shane. "We Media: How audiences are shaping the future of news and

information". 2006: The Media Center at the American Press Institute. ^ Good, Robin. "The Power Of Open Participatory Media And Why Mass Media Must Be

Abandoned". 2003: blog. ^ Palmer, Daniel. "Participatory Media: Visual Culture in Real Time". 2004: University of

Melbourne.

[edit]External

links

The SocialTechnographic Ladder: A graphic tool developed by Forrester to indicate the six

levels of participation among social media users.

Participatory Media Literacy: A site developed by media theorist Howard Rheingold on the

pedagogical implications and uses of participatory media.

Intro to Online Participatory Media: Zones of Emergency - Networks, Tactics, Breakdown: A

public course taught by Amber Frid-Jimenez and Dan Van Roekel at MIT.

Networked Cultures and Participatory Media: Media City: A course taught by Amber Frid-

Jimenez at MIT.

Participatory Media/Collective Action[dead link], Class taught by Xiao Qiang and Howard

Rheingold, School of Information, University of California at Berkeley.

Webpublishing in Open Participatory Environments: a 6-week workshop given by Barbara

Dieu, Patricia Glogowski, Graham Stanley, Nick Noakes and Scott Lockman for the Electronic Village Online 2007 Session.

Social Media in ELT: a 6-week workshop given by Barbara Dieu, Rudolf Ammann, Illya

Arnet_Clark, Patricia Glogowski, Jennifer Verschoor for the Electronic Village Online 2008 Session.

Translation and Participatory Media: Experiences from Global Voices article by Chris

Salzberg.

Inclusion Through Media: First hand accounts and critical analysis of work across

the Inclusion Through Media prgramme edited by Tony Dowmunt, Mark Dunford and Nicole van Hemert.

Democratic media
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since March 2008. It may contain original research. Tagged since March 2008.

Democratic media is a form of media organization that strives to have the principles of democracy underlying not only the production of content, but also the organization of the entire project.
Contents
[hide]

1 Definition of the term 2 Background of the term 3 See also 4 References

[edit]Definition

of the term

Democratic Media is the concept of organising media along democratic lines rather that strictly commercial and/or ideological lines. Like the idea of democracy itself, democratic media looks to concepts such as transparency, inclusiveness, one-person-one-vote and other key concepts of democracy as principals of operation, "This is a media who's primary objectives are to inform, be open, independent and be accountable."[1] This is in contrast to the idea that media should be run by commercial operations and with an agenda to make profit from providing media and where the media

reflects the opinions and values of the owner and /or advertisers It is also in contrast to state-run operations where the media reflects the value system of the state itself. Edward S Herman lays out what he thought the form that democratic media would take[2]
The template Cquote is being considered for deletion.

A democratic media can be identified by its structure and functions. In terms of structure, it would be organized and controlled by ordinary citizens or their grass roots organisations....As regards function, a democratic media will aim first and foremost at serving the informational, cultural and other communications needs of members of the public which the media institutions comprise or represent.

[edit]Background

of the term

The idea of democratic media stems from the belief that media is a vital part of a democratic society;[3]
The template Cquote is being considered for deletion.

First, media perform essential political, social, economic, and cultural functions in modern democracies. In such societies, media are the principal source of political information and access to public debate, and the key to an informed, participating, self-governing citizenry. Democracy requires a media system that provides people with a wide range of opinion and analysis and debate on important issues, reflects the diversity of citizens, and promotes public accountability of the powers-that-be and the powers-that-want-to-be.

To therefore, if media is vital for democracy, democratic media argues that media itself needs to be organized along different lines to the existing forms;[3]
The template Cquote is being considered for deletion.

The evidence is clear: if we want a media system that produces fundamentally different results, we need solutions that address the causes of the problems; have to address issues of media ownership, management, regulation, and subsidy. Our goal should be to craft a media system that reduces the power of a handful of enormous corporations and advertisers to dominate the media culture.

The idea of democratic media is still in its infancy as noted by Carroll & Hackett (2006[4] where they term it 'democratic media activism' however the idea does have older roots; In 'Triumph of the Market: Essays on Economics, Politics, and the Media' Edward S Herman wrote that democratic media was a condition of democracy;[5]
The template Cquote is being considered for deletion.

A democratic media is a primary condition of popular rule, hence of a genuine political democracy. Where the media are controlled by a powerful and privileged elite, whether of government leaders and bureaucrats or those of the private sector, democratic political forms and some kind of limited political democracy may exist, but not genuine democracy.

The term has been used to describe a number of new media projects from Wikipedia[6] to the Indymedia movement to describe how it saw itself;[7]
The template Cquote is being considered for deletion.

Indymedia is a democratic media outlet for the creation of radical, accurate, and passionate tellings of truth.

Democratic media differs from similar (and related) concepts such as citizen media, media democracy and independent media (aka alternative media) in that it puts as much emphasis on the organization of the media project as it does on the content. (Note; this definition means that an independent media or citizen media project can also be a democratic media project, but being an independent media or citizen media project does not mean it is automatically a form of democratic media. It also means there could be a project that promotes the concepts of media democracy without it itself explicitly claiming to be a form of democratic media.) For a media project to be considered democratic media it must have (or strive towards) the following characteristics:

Open publishing Transparency (humanities) Accountability Open access (publishing) Non-commercial

[edit]See

also

Independent Media Citizen media Media democracy Propaganda model Indymedia

[edit]References

1. 2. 3.

^ Towards A Democratic Media - Strategic Media Planning v3 ^ ;Herman, Edward (1997) Triumph of the Market: Essays on Economics, Politics and the

Media. Montreal, Black Rose Books. p.215 ^ a b Robert W. McChesney, Making Media Democratic, Boston Review

4. 5. 6. 7.

^ http://mcs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/83 Democratic media activism through

the lens of social movement theory ^ Herman, Edward (1997) Triumph of the Market: Essays on Economics, Politics and the

Media. Montreal, Black Rose Books. p.213 ^ Wikipedia: the dawn of democratic media? ^ Nottingham Indymedia Flyer

User-generated content
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from User generated content)

"UGC" redirects here. For other uses, see UGC (disambiguation). User generated content (UGC) covers a range of media content available in a range of modern communications technologies. It entered mainstream usage during 2005 having arisen in web publishing and new media content production circles. Its use for a wide range of applications, including problem processing, news, gossipand research, reflects the expansion of media production through new technologies that are accessible and affordable to the general public. All digital media technologies are included, such as question-answer databases, digital video, blogging, podcasting, forums, review-sites, social networking, mobile phone photography and wikis. In addition to these technologies, user generated content may also employ a combination of open source, free software, and flexiblelicensing or related agreements to further reduce the barriers to collaboration, skillbuilding and discovery. Sometimes UGC can constitute only a portion of a website. For example on Amazon.com the majority of content is prepared by administrators, but numerous user reviews of the products being sold are submitted by regular users of the site. Often UGC is partially or totally monitored by website administrators to avoid offensive content or language, copyright infringement issues, or simply to determine if the content posted is relevant to the site's general theme. However, there has often been little or no charge for uploading user generated content. As a result, the world's data centers are now replete with exabytes of UGC that, in addition to creating a corporate asset, may also contain data that can be regarded as a liability.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]

1 General requirements 2 Adoption and recognition by mass media 3 Motivation and incentives 4 Different types of user generated content 5 New business models 6 Player generated content 7 Criticism 8 Legal problems related to UGC 9 See also 10 References 11 External links

[edit]General

requirements

The advent of user-generated content marked a shift among media organizations from creating online content to providing facilities for amateurs to publish their own content. User generated content has also been characterized as 'Conversational Media', as opposed to the 'Packaged Goods Media' of the past century[3]. The former is a two-way process in contrast to the one-way distribution of the latter. Conversational or two-way media is a key characteristic of socalled Web 2.0 which encourages the publishing of one's own content and commenting on other people's. The role of the passive audience therefore has shifted since the birth of New Media, and an evergrowing number of participatory users are taking advantage of the interactive opportunities, especially on the Internet to create independent content. Grassroots experimentation then generated an innovation in sounds, artists, techniques and associations with audiences which then are being used in mainstream media.[4] The active, participatory and creative audience is prevailing today with relatively accessible media, tools and applications, and its culture is in turn affecting mass media corporations and global audiences. The OECD has defined three central schools for UGC [5]:

1.

Publication requirement: While UGC could be made by a user and never published

online or elsewhere, we focus here on the work that is published in some context, be it on a publicly accessible website or on a page on a social networking site only accessible to a

select group of people (eg, fellow university students). This is a useful way to exclude email, two-way instant messages and the like.

2.

Creative effort: of creative effort was put into creating the work or adapting existing

works to construct a new one; i.e. users must add their own value to the work. UGC often also has a collaborative element to it, as is the case with websites which users can edit collaboratively. For example, merely copying a portion of a television show and posting it to an online video website (an activity frequently seen on the UGC sites) would not be considered UGC. If a user uploads his/her photographs, however, expresses his/her thoughts in a blog, or creates a new music video, this could be considered UGC. Yet the minimum amount of creative effort is hard to define and depends on the context.

3.

Creation outside of professional routines and practices: User generated content

is generally created outside of professional routines and practices. It often does not have an institutional or a commercial market context. In extreme cases, UGC may be produced by non-professionals without the expectation of profit or remuneration. Motivating factors include: connecting with peers, achieving a certain level of fame, notoriety, or prestige, and the desire to express oneself. Mere copy & paste or a link could also be seen as user generated self-expression. The action of linking to a work or copying a work could in itself motivate the creator, express the taste of the person linking or copying. Digg.com, Stumbleupon.com, leaptag.com is a good example where such linkage to work happens. The culmination of such linkages could very well identify the tastes of a person in the community and make that person unique.

[edit]Adoption

and recognition by mass media

The British Broadcasting Corporation set up a user generated content team as a pilot in April 2005 with 3 staff. In the wake of the 7 July 2005 London bombings and the Buncefield oil depot fire, the team was made permanent and was expanded, reflecting the arrival in the mainstream of the 'citizen journalist'. After the Buncefield disaster the BBC received over 5,000 photos from viewers. The BBC does not normally pay for content generated by its viewers. In 2006 CNN launched CNN iReport, a project designed to bring user generated news content to CNN. Its rival Fox News Channel launched its project to bring in user-generated news, similarly titled "uReport". This was typical of major television news organisations in 2005-2006, who realised, particularly in the wake of the 7th July bombings, that citizen journalism could now become a significant part of broadcast news. Sky News, for example, regularly solicits for photographs and video from its viewers.

User generated content was featured in Time magazine's 2006 Person of the Year, in which the person of the year was "you", meaning all of the people who contribute to user generated media such as YouTube and Wikipedia.

[edit]Motivation

and incentives

While the benefit derived from user generated content for the content host is clear, the benefit to the contributor is less direct. There are various theories behind the motivation for contributing user generated content, ranging from altruistic [1], to social, to materialistic. Due to the high value of user generated content, many sites use incentives to encourage their generation. These incentives can be generally categorized into implicit incentives and explicit incentives.[6]

1.

Implicit incentives: These incentives are not based on anything tangible. Social

incentives are the most common form of implicit incentives. These incentives allow the user to feel good as an active member of the community. These can include relationship between users, such as Facebooks friends, orTwitters followers. Social incentives also include the ability to connect users with others, as seen on the sites already mentioned as well as sites like YouTube or Look at that Baby, which allow users to share media from their lives with others. Other common social incentives are status, badges or levels within the site, something a user earns when they reach a certain level of participation which may or may not come with additional privileges. Yahoo! Answers is an example of this type of social incentive. Social incentives cost the host site very little and can catalyze vital growth; however, their very nature requires a sizable existing community before it can function.

2.

Explicit incentives: These incentives refer to tangible rewards. Examples include

financial payment, entry into a contest, a voucher, a coupon, or frequent traveler miles. Direct explicit incentives are easily understandable by most and have immediate value regardless of the community size; sites such as the Canadian shopping platform Wishabi and Amazon Mechanical Turk both use this type of financial incentive in slightly different ways to encourage user participation. The drawback to explicit incentives is that they may cause the user to be subject to the overjustification effect, eventually believing the only reason for the participating is for the explicit incentive. This reduces the influence of the other form of social or altruistic motivation, making it increasingly costly for the content host to retain long-term contributors.[7]

[edit]Different

types of user generated content

This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (February 2011)

Discussion boards Blogs Wikis Social networking sites Advertising Fanfiction News Sites Trip planners Memories Mobile Photos & Videos Customer review sites Audio Video games Maps and location systems

[edit]New

business models

The media companies of today are starting to realize that the users themselves can create plenty of material that is interesting to a broader audience and adjust their business models accordingly. Many young companies in the media industry, such as YouTube and Facebook, have foreseen the increasing demand of UGC, whereas the established, traditional media companies have taken longer to exploit these kinds of opportunities. Realizing the demand for UGC is more about creating a playing field for the visitors rather than creating material for them to consume. A parallel development can be seen in the video game industry, where games such as World of Warcraft, The Sims and Second Life give the player a large amount of freedom so that essential parts of the games are actually built by the players themselves.

[edit]Player

generated content

Player generated content is the concept of video game content being created by the players of the game, as opposed to being created by a game's publisher or author. Player generated content is common in tabletop role playing games where a game master creates a narrative or adventure for the other players to encounter. Interfaces for player generated content has

been attempted in various PC games such as Neverwinter Nights and Counterstrike with some success, though the editors to create usable levels are often difficult for the average user. LittleBigPlanet provided one of the biggest breakthroughs by delivering level design tools as a focal feature of the game that were fast and approachable. With content shared amongst the community in a centralized resource, a large amount of creations were designed and shared by players seamlessly within the game itself. A streamlined communication system further encouraged content creation by making distribution and playing with friends easy. So integrated was the experience that players could use custom shared objects in their own levels or even design levels collaboratively with up to three other players simultaneously. Under Siege (2011 video game) places "special emphasis" on user-generated content and in game battles, according to the official website. It allows the creation of new maps, game modes and stories and it is tailored for console gameplay and controls. The gameplay is battle orientated and not focused on resource farming. The player's army build experience by fighting battles and each army can consist of multiple races. Under Siege features multiplayer gaming with online matches for up to 2 players online and split screen matches for up to two players. The game provides Deathmatch, Capture Point, Capture Treasure, and Survival multiplayer game modes.

[edit]Criticism This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February
2009)

The term "user-generated content" has received some criticism. The criticism to date has addressed issues of fairness, quality, privacy, the sustainable availability of creative work and effort among legal issues namely related to intellectual property rights such as copyrights etc. Some commentators assert that the term "user" implies an illusory or unproductive distinction between different kinds of "publishers", with the term "users" exclusively used to characterize publishers who operate on a much smaller scale than traditional mass-media outlets or who operate for free.[8] Such classification is said to perpetuate an unfair distinction that some argue is diminishing because of the prevalence and affordability of the means of production and publication. A better response[says
who?]

might be to offer optional expressions that better capture the spirit and nature of such work, such

as EGC, Entrepreneurial Generated Content (see external reference below). Another concern is often raised relating to the privacy of personal information. Naive and beginning users may fail to make the distinction between public and private/personal information, sharing data that could make them vulnerable to harm ranging from financial to physical. Further, the social networking sites sometimes reveal personal information by default, either requiring the users to turn off

viewing or sometimes not providing a way to hide or cancel information deemed personal by many. Public criticism has helped to correct the worst of such situations.[citation needed] Sometimes creative works made by individuals are lost because there are limited or no ways to precisely preserve creations when a UGC Web site service closes down. One example of such loss is the closing of the Disney massively multiplayer online game "VMK". VMK, like most games, has items that are traded from user to user. Many of these items are rare within the game. Users are able to use these items to create their own rooms, avatars and pin lanyard. This site shut down at 10 PM CDT on May 21, 2008. There are ways to preserve the essence, if not the entirety of such work through the users copying text and media to applications on their personal computers or recording live action or animated scenes using screen capture software, and then uploading elsewhere. Long before the Web, creative works were simply lost or went out of publication and disappeared from history unless individuals found ways to keep them in personal collections.

[edit]Legal

problems related to UGC

Liability Of Websites That Allow UGC: Websites are generally immune under U.S. law from liability if user generated content is defamatory, deceptive or otherwise harmful. The website is immune even if it knows that the third-party content is harmful and refuses to take it down. An exception to this general rule may exist if a website promises to take down the content and then fails to do so.[9] Copyright Dilemma: Imagine a video of you having fun with your friends in the popular rhythms of Michael Jackson or Madonna, for instance. A good example of possible copyright infringement occurs when people post such material into online services like YouTube for everyone to see. Therefore, UGC can consist of partly or completely copyright protected material and it can be distributed online without a permission from the original right holder. Internet Service Providers Liability: In the context of third party copyright violations, it is important to consider the liability issues between the content provider and the Internet service provider (ISP). In the legal literacy scholars[10] have established two distinct models of liability as regards to ISP. These can be divided into "publishing information doctrine" and "storing information doctrine". According to the former view, ISP controls or at least has the ability to control the content published by using their services. In other words, ISP acts as a host and has the editorial control to take down and monitor content posted online. In order to establish secondary liability it is pivotal to evaluate the level of control practiced by the ISP. The latter view, on the other hand, applies to situations in where ISP acts as a mere host provider lacking any editorial role to the content posted online. Even though ISP might have awareness of the content run by using their services, it has no possibility to monitor or modify information.

In general, there are some differences in legislation between the US approach on ISP liability and the EU approach. In the US, the ISP liability is regulated under the DMCA which deals only with copyright issues. Section 512 stipulates so-called Safe Harbor provisions under which ISP can in certain detailed conditions escape liability. For example, ISP's are required to adopt a special take down policy,[11] which allows individuals to respond to alleged copyright violations. The EU approach is horizontal[12] by nature which means that civil and criminal liability issues are addressed under the Directive 2000/31/EC of the E-Commerce. Sections 4 deals with liability of the ISP while conducting "mere conduit" services, caching and web hosting services.[13] Content Providers Liability: The question of direct liability of the content provider might arise when uploading and downloading material in the Internet. Prior to UGC, direct liability issues have been tackled in so-called file sharing cases.[14] This technology, much like in UGC, allows unauthorized reproduction and dissemination of information and the fundamental question of liability is determined according to copyright exceptions. Copyright Exceptions: In certain cases use of copyright protected material can be allowed without a permission from the original right holder. In the US, the notion of fair use doctrine is used to determine whether the use of copyright protected material is allowed or not. Within this assessment the courts must focus on following list of non-exhaustive factors: 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial

nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2. 3. The nature of the copyrighted work; The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work

as a whole; and 4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

In the EU level, the possibility to allow copyright exceptions is tackled by the article 5 of the socalled Copyright Directive, also known as the Information Society Directive. Article 5 of the Copyright Directive stipulates an exhaustive list of optional defenses which are subjected to the classical Berne three-step test. The list of optional defenses is conditional to members states implementation but these include use of copyright protected material for private use, education purposes, quotations and parody among others. In general, unauthorized use of copyright protected material in the context of UGC might be allowed if it falls under the fair use doctrine or can be justified according to the list set out in the Copyright Directive. The fundamental difference between the US and the EU system is the more lenient case-bycase assessment practiced by US courts in relation to a more rigid system in the EU level.

[edit]See

also

Blog Buzzword Carr-Benkler wager Citizen journalism Collective intelligence Communal marketing Consumer generated marketing Creative Commons Crowdsourcing Customer engagement Democracy Player Deviantart Fan art Fan Fiction Generation C Happy slapping Mod (computer gaming) Motivations of Wikipedia Contributors Networked information economy Open source/Free Software Participatory design Prosumer Reputation system Social media User innovation User-generated TV Web 2.0 YouTube

[edit]References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
2010.

^ "Web Site Operators & Liability for UGC - Facing up to Reality?". Society for Computers

and Law. 2008-12-31. Retrieved 3 April 2010. ^ Scott, Veronica (30 March 2010). "Riding the Web 2.0 wave limiting liability for user

generated content". MinterEllison Lawyers. Retrieved 3 April 2010. ^ John Battelle (2006-12-05). "Packaged Goods Media vs. Conversational Media, Part

One (Updated)". Retrieved 2011-08-23. ^ Jenkins, Henry (SODA), "Convergence Culture", New York University Press, New York ^ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/57/14/38393115.pdf ^ Toluna:"Mixing Financial, Social and Fun Incentives for Social Voting". Retrieved Mar 3

7.
2010.

^ wisdump:"The Overjustification Effect and User Generated Content". Retrieved Mar 3

8. 9.

^ Kiss, Jemima (2007-01-03). "Guardian Unlimited website: The trouble with user

generated content". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2007-02-10. ^ Computerworld. (2010): Is 'go away' the best response to complaints about user-

generated content?,http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9179594/Is_go_away_the_best_response_to_co mplaints_about_user_generated_content_?taxonomyId=14

10.

^ Dinusha Mendis. (2003): The Historical Development of Exceptions to Copyright and Its

Application to Copyright Law in the Twenty-first Century, vol 7.5 Electronic Journal on Comparative Law, http://www.ejcl.org/ejcl/75/art75-8.html

11. 12.

^ 17 U.S.C. 512(i)(1)(A) ^ Waelde, Charlotte and Edwards, Lilian. (2005): Online Intermediaries and Copyright

Liability WIPO Workshop Keynote Paper, Geneva, April 2005. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1159640

13. 14.

^ See art. 12-13 of the Directive 2000/31/EC[clarification needed] ^ Mazziotti, Giuseppe. (2008): EU Digital Copyright Law and the End-User,

[edit]External

links

Wikinews has related news:

New web search

engine uses only user

generated results

User generated

search engine "Jatalla" launched

OECD study on the Participative Web: User Generated Content A Bigger Bang an overview of the UGC trend on the Web in 2006 Packaged Goods Media vs. Conversational Media a comparison of UGC and

professional/corporate media

Social Media Database a user generated list of social media sites launched by Wildeffect