UDSELF FINALS REVIEWER
The Spiritual Self
Religion came from the latin word “religare” which means
“the bond between man and God”; Latin “religio” which
means obligation, bond, reverence.
Religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
the sacred and the profane, which unite into one single moral
community called church
• In the prevailing religious view among Filipinos is that Man
is a tripartite being: 1. Body 2. Soul 3. Spirit Others would
regard the human person as a dualistic being composed of the
body (material) and soul-spirit (spiritual).
• In western philosophy:
Soul is the principle of life in man
Body is the matter, soul is the form
As long as body and soul are one unit, man is alive
Death is the separation of soul from the body
The body cannot stay alive without the soul
But the soul lives without the body
- The soul ceases to experience thirst, hunger, cold and heat.
Dungan (soul) Used by Ilonggos when the person is alive;
“kalag” or “detached”, “free”, when he is dead
– not normaly seen by the naked eye.
– sometimes it comes out of the body and takes on a visible
form such that of an insect or animal – may leave the body
voluntarily as when the person is asleep
– when a person can see himself in his dreams it means that
his “other self” has left the physical body
The Spiritual Self
3 Different probable meanings:
1. “spiritual” relates to the soul or spirit, usually in contrast to
material things.
2. the term “spiritual” in a religion relates to religious or
sacred things rather than worldly things
3. the term “spiritual” is temperamentally or intellectually akin
to or in connection or affinity with the mind, spirit, or
temperament
Terminologies:
Rituals – Practices done by group of people as handed down
to them by their elders
Ceremonies – Events held to celebrate
Magic – Power influencing the course of events through
mysterious or supernatural forces
Witchcraft – The use of spells and the invocation of spirits
Terminologies
Dungan (soul) – Means the soul of the living person. An alter
person acting as a guardian angel to the person and willpower
Religiosity – Actuations that show devotion or reverence to
deities
Voodoo – Refers to a black religious cult practiced in the
Caribbean and the southern US, combined Roman Catholic
rituals with Traditional African magical and religious rites
Terminologies
Sorcery – The art, practices, or spells of a person who is
supposed to excercise supernaural powers through the aid of
evil spirits, otherwise known as Black Magic
Enchantment – The state of being under a spell
Mojo – A magic charm, talisman, or spell
Incantation – A series of words said as a magic spell or
charm Terminologies
Hex – A magic spell or curse; cast a spell on.
Conjuration – Supernatural accomplishment by invocation or
spell
The Curse – is the expression of a wish that misfortune, evil,
or doom may befall a person or group
Denunciation – Public condemnation of someone or
something Terminologies
Deliverance – To rescue from captivity, hardship, or
domination by evil
Exorcism – Ceremony that drives out evil spirit
The Practice of Religion: Belief in the Supernatural
Being and Powers
• Religion is a sacred engagement with a supernatural being
who, as we belive, has the power to govern life.
• Religion satisfies the emotional and spiritual needs of the
individual.
• It is believed that the spiritual nature will lead him to the
right path.
Rituals and Ceremonies: The function of rituals,
religion, magic
• These societal rituals were proven effectual and beneficial.
Hence, disobedience often times meant receiving supernatural
sanctions such as illness.
• On the other hand, religion is a belief, faith, creed and Makatu by the Bukidnons
conviction, it is mostly embodied by rituals and practices
under which its manifestations and executions are evidence of The concept of “dungan” spirit or soul
one’s religiosity
The ‘soul’ or spirit of a person is called:
• Magic is often confused with sorcery or tricks. Magic is the Ikararuwa by the Ibanags Kadkadduwa by the Ilokanos when
power that apparently influences the course of events through
the soul is in the physical body and karuruwa when it depart
the intercession and aid of supernatural forces.
The Bisayan dungan has a secondary meaning of “willpower.”
• In Mindanao, Harang is done in cornfields after the natives
harvest the first “anagon”, they offered it to the deities of the
farm and land throughout a priestess' prayer
A strong dungan is the intellectual and psychological capacity
Harang to dominate or persuade others to one’s way of thinking.
• Divided into 3 parts
A person with a lot of willpower is said to “have a strong
1.Pagtawag (invitation) dungan.”
2.Pangamuyo (pleadings / prayer)
3.Bayad (offering) Two people under one roof may lead to a spiritual competition
between the two dungan - defeat (and sickness) of the one
Surondon with the weaker dungan
• Obligatory rites and callings that are followed by the
Antiquehanons of the Visayan Region, which comes from the
SUPERNATURAL BEINGS IN PHILIPPINE
word “sunod” which means “obey”
FOLKLORE
Viktor Frankl
ASWANG Filipino ghouls and shapeshifters.
• Founder of Logotherapy a form of psychotherapy that he
developed after surviving Nazi concentration camps in the
1940's.

Logotherapy - developed on a concept based on the premise The myth of Aswang is popular in the Visayas, particularly in
that the primary motivational force of an individual is to find a the provinces of Capiz, Antique and Iloilo. The aswang is also
meaning in life. known as wakwak, tiktik, bal-bal, soc-soc, and yanggaw.

Finding and creating meaning Tiyanak impakto, it is a baby who died before receiving
baptism rites.
• 3 ways of discovering meaning in life according to Viktor
Frankl White Lady Dressed in white. Long hair. Beautiful face
covered in blood. Woman foating on air…
1. In suffering • this is an opprtuntiy given to us to
change, do better, and trancend such situation.
Tikbalang (also tigbalang, tigbalan, tikbalan, or demon horse)
2. As human beings we are “vulnerable to the weaknesses
of the human factor”. we should not allow our selves to Manananggal
wallow in self-pity. Kapre
Engkanto
– We should be responsible enough to conquer such guilt Sigbin
feelings by ascending over such transgression, growing Nuno sa Punso
beyond ourselves, and by changing our selves

3. Life and death – The opportunities to act properly and Ways to Interact with the Supernatural
the potentialities to fulfill a meaning, in doing so, everything 1. Prayer – As thanksgiving, request, or demand, prayer is
can be stored and treasured. Finding meaning in the life we generally distinguished from ordinary use of language by a
live one day at time. special gesture, often archaic, speech patterns.

“We can discover this meaning in life in three different ways: 2. Music – Musical instruments, singing, chanting, and
1. by doing a deed; 2. by experiencing a value; and 3. by dancing are variously used for their integrating effect on the
suffering.” - Viktor E. Frank people as well as on the spirits.
Kaluluwa by the Tagalogs
3. Physiological Experience – Drugs, sensory deprivation,
Gimokud by the Bagobos
mortification of the flesh, etc.
4. Exhortation or Preaching – The person who acts as
intermediary between the people and the gods acts in two
directions.
5. Reciting the Code – Many religious have myths that relate
the activities of the gods and describe codes of moral behavior
expected by the gods Ways to Interact with the Supernatural
6. Simulation – Voodoo employs simulation, or the imitation
of things.
7. Mana and Taboo – The idea that power reside in things that
should be touched (the power of man) and things that should
be avoided (things that are taboo). Ways to Interact with the
Supernatural
8. Feasts – The eating of the sacred meal – for instance, Holy
Communion as a simulation of the last supper – is found in
many religions.
9. Sacrifices – Some societies make sacrifices to a god in order
to influence the god’s action, either to divert anger or to attract
good will. Ways to Interact with the Supernatural
10. Congregation – the main function of religion is social.
11. Inspiration – The gods pick favored people to
communicate with.
12. Symbolism – Religious symbols can be direct
representation of deities in the form of paintings, icons,
statues, or masks.
Types of Religious Practitioners
1. Shaman – usually a part-time male specialist who has fairly
high status in his community and is often involved in healing.
2. Sorcerers and Witches – In contrast with shamans who
have fairly high status, sorcerers and witches of both sexes
tend to have fairly low status.
3. Mediums – They tend to be females. These part-time
practitioners are asked to heal and are divine while in
possession trances-which when they are thought to be
possessed by spirits.
4. Priests – They are generally fulltime male specialists, who
officiate at public events.
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES Article IV
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law
SECTION 1 provides that the following are deemed citizens
of the Philippines
THE POLITICAL SELF
NATURALIZATION -is the legal act of adopting a foreigner
into the political body of the state and clothing him with the
rights and privileges of a citizen.
ARTICLE IV SECTION 2 Natural-born citizens are those
who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having
to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine
citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in
accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be
deemed natural-born citizens.
SECTION 3 Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired
in the manner provided by law.
SECTION 4 Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens
shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission
they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
SECTION 5 Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the • In voting
national interest and shall be dealt with by law • In dealing

THE POLITICAL SELF THE POLITICAL SELF ASSERTIVENESS ENVIRONMENT STEWARDSHIP

POLITICS - includes all the activities associated with GENDER SENSITIVITY

government; the theory and practice of government,
especially the activities associated with governing, with
obtaining legislative or executive power, or with forming
and running organizations connected with government

CITIZENSHIP - the legal status of being a citizen of a

country and the social conduct that refers to the duties
and responsibilities that come with being a member of a
community.

IDENTITY - is what identifies somebody or something,

this could be the name or essential character that
identifies somebody or something

NATIONALITY - status of a person which reveals his/her

place of birth, i.e. from where he/she belongs. It defines the
belongingness of a person to a particular nation

QUALITIES OF A FILIPINO CITIZEN AND IDENTITY

LOYALTY
• Larger community
• Collective pride
• National identity

OBEDIENCE/LAW ABIDING
• Taxpaying citizens
• Obeying traffic rules

HONESTY