A novel hybrid MDM/C-NGPON based wavelength coding enhancement employing probabilistically

shaped quadrature amplitude-512QAM modulation

Abstract: A smooth evolution of 16×100Gbps hybrid mode division multiplexing (MDM)/coherent-next

generation passive optical network (C-NGPON) system based on wavelength complement coding is proposed.
Probabilistically shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (PS-QAM) modulation established alone as the key
solution to embrace advanced coherent transponders. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid
MDM/C-NGPON system can offers a high split ratio of 512 in uplink and 256 in downlink as compared to
conventional passive optical networks (PONs). For legacy PON signal coexistence with PON signals as well as
complement signal the minimum received power of -19dBm for uplink and -9dBm for downlink can be obtained
effectively. Also, optical to signal noise ratio (OSNR) of 20dB can be achieved forPS-512QAM as compared to
uniform-shaped 128QAM at 10KHz laser linewidth and it also offers power penalty of 0.5dBunder normalized
generalized mutual information (NGMI) limit of 0.857. In addition, the system offers a long-haul transmission
distance of 250km considering a shaping factor of 4.7 in uplink and 4.8 in downlink, at NGMI limit. Besides
this, the system throughput upto 800Gbps for uplink and 700Gbps for downlink can also be obtained
successfully. Finally, it is shown that proposed work shows superiority over other existing systems.

Keywords: passive optical network (PON); coherent-next generation passive optical network (C-NGPON);
probabilistic shaping quadrature amplitude modulation (PS-QAM); time and wavelength division multiplexing
(TWDM); mode division multiplexing (MDM)

1. Introduction
The desired bandwidth in various optical networks has grown enormously in the current era, due to the
provisions from developing services like augmented reality/virtual reality, 8K/16K exclusive video streaming
demands, edge computing, and fifth generation (5G) mobile Internet services. Passive optical network (PON) as
the most widely implemented economical solution for long-haul and last-mile connection between service
providers and users has been expanded with various generations in the last twenty years. Three distinct types of
PON networks are categorized as three key generations i.e. gigabit PON (G-PON) era in 2000-2005, the 10G-
PON era in 2010-1015, and the current 25/50G-PON era nearly 2023. Moving ahead, it is anticipated that
100Gbps as well as 200Gbps per channel as well as even afterword will be requisite in future generation optical
networks to handle the continuously rising bandwidth requirement towards 2030. Several significant
applications, from household to business services and mobile X-haul, are conceived to require totalled access to
high bandwidth to 200G. It can be yet more for next-generation based six generation (6G) systems with higher
bandwidth in radio frequency if considering millimetre-wave frequencies by 2030 (Sasai et al. 2020; Zhang et
al. 2023).
Again, the rising requirements for bandwidth are one such significant factor compelling the emergence
of high bandwidth PON. Current PON networks are all relying on direct and intensity modulation; unluckily the
sensitivity of single-wavelength direct and intensity modulation (DD/IM) PON is roughly reaching its threshold
at 50Gbps deliberating the necessary power budget. In the ITU-T 50G PON standard, the receiver sensitivity is
constrained to -22.75dBm at a bit error rate (BER) of 10 -10. Reaching 100G as well as 200G, it will be quite
difficult to sustain a 29dB power budget for direct and intensity modulation PONs. Considering the real-life
applications, co-occurrence with consequence PON networks in performance measurement requires a 31dB
power budget rather still greater. Certainly, users are getter finer power budget for IM/DD PONs by employing
modern signal processing as well as high input power i.e. 14dBm is essential to obtain a 34dB power budget.
Despite this, it is even very hard to attain for instance high power output in PONs at optical network units
(ONUs) side. Furthermore, O-band wavelengths are necessary to prevent the fiber dispersion disadvantage of
PONs. It is thus more difficult to consider coinciding with O-band legacy PONs. Hence, superb sensitivity is the
most important motivation for presenting coherent optics into PON access networks, by virtue of the coherent
beating gain of the local oscillator. Again, the multi-access coherent-PON (C-PON) is in reference to coherent
detection for PON and has acquired widespread research interests in optical access networks most newly
because of its unique potentials than intensity and direct modulation solutions. Moreover, the benefit of superb
receiver sensitivity, C-PON too has the advantages of high speed obtained by employing modulation formats as
well as digital dispersion consideration and equalization enabled through the digital signal processing, because
of the optical domain linear conversion to the digital field. Mature optoelectronics components and C-band
wavelength facilities can be utilized without holding wavelength in the formerly crowded O-band window(Sasai
et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2023). Thus, C-PON can comfortably collocate with the legacy PON system in PON in
the same remote network. One more significant exclusive usefulness of coherent PON is the essential frequency
selective potential via coherent detection. It will be advantageous to resilient frequency division multiplexing
unless utilizing any filters. Thence, all the above features offered by C-PON make it an engaging solution for
multiple access scenarios in optical networks. The current deployment of C-PON from 100Gbps to 1Tbps has
revealed promising results regarding power budget, flexibility, and dynamics. In C-PON, resilience is befitting
progressively delightful, and it can be amongst the most attractive aspects of next-generation optical networks.
As the PON application scenarios has been significantly extended besides residential services, due to the rising
services like edge computing, mobile X-haul, and many more. The developed schemes have been extended to
handle distinct use cases such as fiber-to-the-X (FTTx). C-PON systems offer all end users the same guaranteed
data rate that is unluckily restricted by the inferior-performing ONUs. Although a PON system is certainly a
point-to-multipoint design, it is standard for flexible access transmission rate. To address this issue based on
either adaptive modulation or adaptive coding in IM/DD PON or C-PON. The adaptable C-PON can provide
greater optimized capacity with a larger power budget and dynamic range (Mallick et al. 2022; Zhang et al.
2023).
Recently, various C-PON systems have attracted keen interest as it carries the benefits of flexibility,
high capacity, and cost-effectiveness. Costa C et al. proposed a dual-polarization 16-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation (DP-16QAM) C-PON using 4D clustering over a 151.6km transmission distance at 100Gbps data
rate (Costa et al. 2023).Jung SM et al. demonstrated wavelength-reused full-duplex reflective C-PON over a
73km distance at a 12Gbps transmission rate(Jung et al. 2018).Kodama T et al. introduced a C-PON system
having I- and Q-axis mapping for distinct ONUs over 57km transmission distance at 10Gbps data rate(Kodama
and Arai 2021).Ju C et al. proposed an effective adaptive equalization design for C-PON over 20km single
mode fiber (SMF) at 100Gbps data rate successfully (Ju et al. 2020).
Further, to enhance the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) tolerance, a probabilistic shaping QAM
(PS-QAM) has aroused a lot of interest. A polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) using PS-1024QAM with
0.1-kHz linewidth has been experimentally demonstrated(Sasai et al. 2020). In another work, (Xu et al. 2022) a
PS-64QAM over 375km distance at 120Gbps data rate has been proposed successfully. Also, a PS-256QAM
over 75km at a 32Gbps data rate has been reported(Chen et al. 2022).Thus, from these recent works, it is
observed that no work has been done for C-NGPON employing PS-QAM modulation.
Furthermore, there are several downlink as well as uplink wavelengths in C-NGPON. Not all these
wavelengths are utilized in the coexistence design as there are yet some present ONUs not relocated to the new
PON. For this, wavelength complement coding is utilizing one not used wavelength to transport a complement
signal. This complement signal is basically is the invert sum of all unused PON signals conveyed by distinct
wavelengths, thus the composite of the unused PON signals as well as complement signal is of consistent
amplitude. Moreover, the unused PON signals, the complement signal and legacy C-NGPON signals are
combined and after this forwarded to the feeder fiber. However, the complement and new PON signals are
transmitted by distinct wavelengths, therefore they will be a synchronized because of the velocity difference
after the feeder fiber. Consequently, the newly PON signals as well as complement signals should be formerly
delayed to guarantee the transmission coincidence. After this, the signals are distribute to new ONUs and
existing ONUs. The unused ONUs are prepared with optical filters, hence they are proficient to acquire the
signal of the equivalent wavelength. The present ONUs have no filters thus they are obtain all signals. Although,
the combination of complement and new PON signals can be considered as a direct current, causing minimal
crosstalk to the legacy PON signal. Here, the complement signal is simply to assure the constant sum amplitude
of unused PON signals and thus it is not obtained in anyone ONU (Lu et al. 2022b). Concurrently, mode
division multiplexing (MDM) utilizing donut modes to load signals was a rising scheme for large-capacity
information communication. A lot of research scenarios have been implemented the spatial modes in donut
modes and thus improves the capacity of the transmission link (Ding et al. 2022).
The novelty behind this work is to design an optical access network that can offer long-haul
transmission with high bandwidth, less complexity, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, higher capacity, and
higher spectral efficiency than conventional PONs. Generally, the multiple wavelengths used in time wane
wavelength division multiplex PON (TWDM-PON) are brought into use one after another with the increase of
end users, thus the idle wavelength could be used to transfer a complement signal to guarantee the constant
amplitude of complement signal and the new PON signals. Again, PS-QAM modulation is used in the proposed
hybrid MDM/C-NGPON system as it provides well granularity of network spectral efficiency as well as
transmission rate by modifying the mQAM entropy. Also, it offers high shaping gain which can help to increase
the transmission distance of the high-capacity system. The proposed hybrid MDM/C-NGPON employing PS-
mQAM based on wavelength complement coding uses several wavelengths in forthcoming PON to assemble
constant sum amplitude to eradicate the amplitude fluctuation the existing PON signal. Also, in the proposed
work, the efficient transmission rate of the new PON signal is not minimised as well as existing PON signal’s
could be near to that of the unused PON signal. Thus wavelength complement coding based hybrid MDM/C-
NGPON employing PS-mQAM is the most promising network for fronthaulingas well as backhauling of 5G and
beyond it(Lu et al. 2022b; Vassilieva et al. 2019).
In this proposed work, the wavelength complement coding based hybrid MDM/ coherent-NGPON
system has been demonstrated. C-NGPON based sixteen channels bidirectional TWDM-PON having 512 split
ratios is employed at 100Gbps per channel data rate is proposed. The motivation behind this work is to
effectively lessen the impact of fiber impairments with demean complexity and cost as compared to
conventional IM/DD PONs. The simulation results show that a symmetric 1.6Tbps hybrid MDM/C-NGPON
system can offer a long-haul transmission distance of 250km successfully at a 512 split ratio considering fiber
impairments and noise.
The organization of this paper is: Section 2 exhibits the proposed design of the system. Results and
discussion are demonstrated in Section 3 followed by a conclusion in Section 4.

2. Proposed design
The proposed PS-mQAM employed hybrid MDM/C-NGPON system based on wavelength complement coding
is designed and investigated through simulation via OptiSystem v.19. The conceptual diagram is presented in
Fig. 1.
 Fig. 1 Conceptual diagram of wavelength complement coding based hybrid MDM/C-NGPON

The conceptual diagram of proposed system incorporates two set of downlink transmitter (Tx dn 1operating at
donut mode 0 and Tx dn2operating at donut mode 1). At optical line terminal (OLT), each downlink transmitter
consists of nine downlink transmitter (one legacy+ seven new PON signal+ one complement signal) at downlink
wavelengths. A 2:1 power combiner is utilized to combine all downlink input signals and forwarded to
bidirectional optical circulator. Bidirectional optical circulator is basically utilized to provide downlink and
uplink transmissions at optical distribution network (ODN).After this the combination with the existing PON
signalis forwards to a SMF followed by 1:2 bidirectional power splitter. At ONU side, all sixteen downlink
receivers are employed with two modes 0 and 1. Here each mode provide nine ONUs (seven existing PONs +
two new PONs). In the legacy ONUs, the signals are perceived through a photo detector (PD). While in each
new ONU, a filter i.e. optical filter (OF) is utilized prior to the PD at specific new PON signal wavelength.
Similarly, for uplink transmission, one uplink legacy wavelength, seven new PON signals and one complement
signal in each uplink transmitter i.e. Tx up 1 and Tx up2 operating at mode 0 and 1. Then, these uplink signals are
detected in different receivers at OLT side (Lu et al. 2022b; Lu et al. 2022a). Fig. 2 indicates the simulation
setup of the proposed full-duplex hybrid MDM/C-NGPON employing PS-mQAM modulation on the basics of
wavelength complement coding scheme.
 Fig. 2 Hybrid MDM/C-NGPON employing PS-mQAM modulation simulation setup

(a) (b)
Fig. 3 (a) Donut mode 0 and (b) Donut mode 1

Bidirectional TWDM-PON system based on NG-PON stage 2 (NG-PON2) is employed for the proposed work.
OLT has sixteen pairs of transmitters (Txs) as well as receivers (Rxs). The generated daunt modes are presented
in Fig. 3. The existing or legacy PON is primarily GPON, thus the data rate of the legacy/existing C-NGPON is
set as 2.5Gbps at 1490nm in downlink and 1310nm in unlink direction. The optical carriers of 1598.8nm at
mode 0 and1602nm at mode 1 in downlink transmission are used to carry the complement signal in downlink
direction. Also for uplink transmission, the signals 1530.8nm at mode 0 and 1534nmat mode 1 are utilized as the
complement signal in uplink direction. The other seven downlink and seven uplink wavelengths operating at
each mode 0 and 1 are utilized to carry new PON downlink and uplink signals respectively. These signals are
termed as new PON signal1dn,…. new PON signal15dn for downlink and new PON signal1 up…. new PON
signal15up for uplink. The complement modulated signal incorporates amplitude of the inverse sum of the fifteen
latest PON signals in both downlink and uplink directions. The sixteen downlink wavelengths are spaced
50GHz (1596-1602nm) and the sixteen uplink wavelengths are too separated by 50GHz (1528-1534nm). In
single Tx, a random bit sequence is generated as well as mapped into PS-128/256/512QAM or uniformly shaped
(US)-128QAM symbols. The conceptual diagram of PS-mQAM generation based on the probabilistic fold
shaping (PFS) technique is presented in Fig. 4.
 Fig. 4 Concept of PS-QAM generation

Initially, the binary input data is categorized into two branches comprising S 1 and S2 bits. On the upward branch,
S1 bits are passed to the constant composition distribution matcher (CCDM) unit to achieve the V 1 symbols with
synchronization and the required Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Also, non-uniformly scattered symbols are
obtained after distribution matcher (DM) as well as mapped to m constellation points where m=4 (16QAM), 8
(32QAM), 16 (64QAM), and so on in quadrant/one-fold with distinct colors that indicate distinct probabilities.
Afterward, each symbol is presented by 2, 3-, or4-bits binary labels. For example, for PS 32QAM, 3V 1 bits
transformed from V1 non-uniformly scattered symbols as well as S 2 uniformly distributed input bits from the
downward branch are accommodated and encoded with low-density parity check (LDPC). After encoding,
sequences of uniformly scattered parity check bits are achieved. After this, these concatenated bits with S 2 bits
are utilized as fold index bits that offer symbol mapping symmetry. Simultaneously, 3V 1 bits modified from
non-uniformly scattered symbols are utilized as amplitude bits. Lastly, the folded index as well as amplitude
bits, arecombined and modified into a symbols sequence with Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution to obtain the PS-
32QAM format. The information rate, I R , is measured as(Ding et al. 2020):
I R =H−m(1−c) (1)

where, H , m and c mean entropy, QAM number of bits/symbol, and forward error correction respectively(Ding
et al. 2020).

Fig. 5 Concept of DFT-S DMT system for 32QAM (Ding et al. 2020)
Further, the conceptual diagram of the discrete Fourier transform-spread (DFT-S) discrete multi-tone (DMT)
system for 32QAM is presented in Fig. 5. The generated DMT signal is offline. Firstly, the data is mapped into
the PS-32QAM or US-32QAM. After this, DFT-S is joined to minimize the DFT signal’s peak-to-average
power ratio. Here, N low-frequency subcarriers (positive) loaded have data for extra N-point DFT. Also, pre-
equalization is applied to adjust the high-frequency attenuation. Besides this, N low-frequency subcarriers
(negative) bring Hermitian symmetric information after pre-equalization. The foremost subcarrier is set to zero
in inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) at 8192-point for generation of DMT signal. In 32 DFT-S DMT
symbols, one training sequence is employed to estimate the channel. Moreover, a 16-sample cyclic prefix (CP)
is appended to avoid inter-symbol interference before the parallel to serial conversion. To achieve PS-32-QAM
DMT signal at 25GHz spectrum, N should be 2560. Further, off-line digital signal processing (DSP) consists of
CP removal, serial to parallel conversion followed by fast Fourier transform (8192-point), channel estimation
having intra-symbol frequency-domain averaging with N-point IFFT direct-detection least mean square, de-
mapping and generalized mutual information (GMI) calculation. Again, the probability distribution of PS-
mQAM supports the Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution. The expression for PS-mQAM is given as(Xu et al.
2022):

Py =
[
exp ⁡ −v ( ℜ ( y i ) ℑ ( y i )
2 2
)]
m (2)
∑ exp ⁡[−v ( ℜ ( y i) 2 ℑ ( y i) 2) ]
i
'

i=1

where y i and v denote the ith constellation point in PS-mQAM and shaping parameter respectively. Also, as per
the probability mass function, P y i, the entropy of PS-512QAM can be measured as (Xu et al. 2022):
512
H=−∑ P y log 2 P y i i
(3)
j =1
Again, the performance of the system can be obtained by readjustment forward error correction is measured by
GMI (bit/symbol/2-pol)as(Olsson et al. 2018):
S n ∑ q ( x k| y ) P( y )
4
GMI =H + ∑ ∑ log 2
y ∈ℵ b k, j
(4)
S k=1 j=1 ∑ q ( x k| y ) P( y )
y ∈ℵ
where b k , j means jth bit of kth transmitted symbol, x k presents kth received symbol, S depicts the number of
symbolsobtained and q ( x k| y ) indicates the probability density function of symbolx. Thus normalized GMI
(NGMI) can be computed as (Olsson et al. 2018):
H −GMI
NGMI=1− (5)
4n
where b k , j meansjth bit of kth transmitted symbol, x k presents kth received symbol, S depicts the number of
symbolsobtained and q ( x k| y ) indicates the probability density function of symbol x. Theoretical data rate, D
can be calculated as (Ding et al. 2020):
D=H −m(1−c) (6)
where m means the no. of bits/symbols of QAM constellation, c defines forward error correction code rate.
Moreover, the achievable information rate, AR, is calculated as (Mallick et al. 2022):
AR=( H −m ( 1−c ) ) BW (7)
where BW is signal bandwidth.
After this, the electrical signals are emitted from an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) having a 32-
GHz bandwidth after being 96Gsample/s re-sampled. A Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) is driven by downlink
laser wavelength and incoming signals from AWG. The coexist legacy PON signal with new PON signals as
well as complement PON signal are combined by a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiplexer
(MUX) having 6dB insertion loss as the new PON downlink combination and passed through donut modes 0
and 1. After passing through a 2:1 power combiner, these combination signals are forwarded to ODN section.
ODN section consists of bidirectional passive components i.e. optical circulator followed by SMF and power
splitters. Then the signals at different modes are distributed to the latest PON signal and existing PON signal
ONU(Lu et al. 2022b; Lu et al. 2022a). For downlink transmission, 1:16 power splitter is used to distribute all
incoming downlink signals to sixteen downlink receivers. Each downlink receiver incorporates, 1:2 power
splitters to distribute the input power into two mode selectors operating at mode 0 and 1. Each operating mode is
followed by a WDM de-multiplexer (DeMUX) to de-multiplex the signals into specific ONUs i.e. existing and
new PON ONUs. At user end, PIN PD and filter are used to transform the optical data into electrical and to
select the required data signals respectively. Rx DSP is employed to allow the reverse process as Tx offline DSP
and to get the original data. The performance of the received signals is analyzed in the BER analyzer. Moreover,
for uplink transmission, the modulated uplink wavelengths are passed through the ODN section and detected in
uplink Rx at the OLT(Ding et al. 2020; Kumari et al. 2020a).
Meanwhile, after transmission over the SMF, to assure the synchronization, the complement and new
PON signals are pre-delayed. The pre-delayed for new PON signal1dn to new PON signal15dn and new PON
signal1up to new PON signal15up are presented in Table 1.Table 2 tabulates the primary parameters and their
values used in the proposed work.

Table 1 List of generated downlink and uplink wavelengths with corresponding delay

Downstream Downstream Upstream Upstream Delay

wavelength(nm) (new PON signal) wavelength (nm) (new PON signal) (ps)
1596 1dn 1528 1up 1600
1596.4 2dn 1528.4 2up 1500
1596.8 3dn 1528.8 3up 1400
1597.2 4dn 1529.2 4up 1300
1597.6 5dn 1529.6 5up 1200
1598 6dn 1530 6up 1100
1598.4 7dn 1530.4 7up 1000
1598.8 8dn 1530.8 8up 900
1599.2 9dn 1531.2 9up 800
1599.6 10dn 1531.6 10up 700
1600 11dn 1532 11up 600
1600.4 12dn 1532.4 12up 500
1600.8 13dn 1532.8 13up 400
1601.2 14dn 1533.2 14up 300
1601.6 15dn 1533.6 15up 200

Table 2 Parameters used (Chaudhary et al. 2021; Chaudhary et al. 2018; Kumari et al. 2020b)

Parameter Value
Downlink input power 10dBm
Uplink input power 0dBm
Downlink wavelength 1596-1602nm
Uplink wavelengths 1528-1534nm
Fiber attenuation 0.25dB/km
Dispersion 17ps/nm.km
Dispersion slope 0.08ps/nm2.km
Temperature 300K
Fiber range 100-250km
Cut-off frequency 0.75×bit rate GHz

3. Results and discussion

In this section, the obtained results of the system proposed have been discussed. BER (= 10-3 ) and NGMI
(=0.857) are two important indexes to measure system performance. Also, NGMI is chosen as the evaluation
parameter because it can anticipate the post-forward error correction performance precisely(Shu and Zhang
2020).To investigate the feasibility of the proposed work, the simulation investigation is carried out in
OptiSystem and MATLABTM software.
In PON systems, the power budget and channel condition for every passive node are considerably
distinct because of several fiber ranges as well as several connected passive nodes. As in the different scenarios,
the usability of system resources is ineffective, and nodes' flexibility is restricted by employing the conventional
PON architecture. For this, hybrid MDM/C-NGPON is capable to solve this issue due to the high transmission
rate as well as the power budget.
In optical networks, the total noise current at PD, i n is calculated as (Anuar et al. 2009; Nguyen et al. 2016):
⟨ i2n ⟩= ⟨i2s h ot ⟩ +⟨ i2t h ermal ⟩ +⟨ i2PIIN ⟩ (8)
where i s h ot , i t h ermal and i PIIN mean shot noise, thermal noise and phase-induced intensity noise respectively.
Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is given as(Anuar et al. 2009):
i2
SNR= (9)
⟨ i2n ⟩
Also, at WDM analyzer, SNR and optical SNR (OSNR) in dB can be measured as (Moench and Loecklin 2017;
Qi et al. 2011):

SNR=10 log 10
[ ]Ps
Pn
(10)

where Ps and Pn in mW indicate the signal as well as noise power respectively.Additionally, the OSNR in with
resolution bandwidth of 2∗Sybmolrate for the analyzer, is given as (Moench and Loecklin 2017; Qi et al.
2011):

OSNR=10 log 10
[ ] Ps
Pn 0.1
(11)

where Pn 0.1 presents noise power through 0.1nm bandwidth. Considering Gaussian noise with σ 0 and σ 1
standard deviations the probability of error is given as (Moench and Loecklin 2017)(Qi et al. 2011):
M N
Pe = P e 0+ P (12)
M+N M +N e1
where M and N indicate the total samples at logical 0 and logical 1 respectively. Also, P e 0 and Pe 1 represent
the symbols probabilities at 0 and 1 respectively. These are given as (Qi et al. 2011):

Pe 0=0.5 erfc
( )T −μ 0
√2 σ 0
(13)

and

Pe 1=0.5 erfc
( )
μ1 −T
√2 σ 1
(14)

where erfc (.) means complementary error function, μ0 and μ1present average values at logic 0 and 1
respectively. T is threshold value. The calculated Q-factor,QF is given as (Qi et al. 2011):
|μ 1−μ0|
QF = (15)
σ 1+ σ 0
Moreover, the eye height, E H , eye amplitude, E A as well as eye closure, E c are calculated as (Qi et al. 2011):
E H =−[( μ 1+3 σ 1 )−( μ 0−3 σ 0 ) ] (16)
and
E A =−[μ 0−μ ¿ ¿ 1]¿ (17)
and
Ec =−[max ( V 0 ) −min ( V 1 ) ] (18)
wheremin ( V 1 ) and max ⁡(V 0 ) present the minimum amplitude for marks and maximum amplitude of space
respectively. Thus, BER for proposed PON in terms of SNR can be defined as (Anuar et al. 2009)(Qi et al.
2011):
1
BER= erfc
2
SNR
8 √ (19)
 MDM/C-NGPON

IM/DD PON

Fig. 6 Comparison of hybrid MDM/C-NGPON and IM/DD PON in terms of split ratio for varied fiber range in
downlink (DN) and uplink (UP) transmission for the single user

Fig. 6 indicates the comparative system performance using hybrid MDM/C-NGPON and IM/DD PON for
varied fiber ranges in terms of split ratio. It indicates that hybrid MDM/C-NGPON performs better than IM/DD
PON for both downlink as well as uplink considering User1 (1596nm for downlink and 1528nm for uplink). Out
of four users, User1 in uplink transmission for hybrid MDM/C-NGPON shows the best performance followed
by DN User1 for hybrid MDM/C-NGPON, UP User1 for IM/DD PON, and DN User1 for IM/DD PON
respectively. Therefore, the maximum obtained split ratio for proposed hybrid MDM/C-NGPON is 512 and 256
for uplink and downlink transmissions respectively. It also implies that proposed PON can cover distinct
scenarios with a high split ratio over a larger fiber range variance by using the PS-QAM modulation format.
Also, it provides a high degree of freedom for NGPON access networks in respect of deployment.
 Downlink

Uplink

(a)
Single legacy PON signal Coexist PON legacy and new Coexist PON legacy and new
PON signal with complement PON signal without (w/o)
(CS) PON signal complement signal

(b) (c) (d)

Fig. 7 (a)Measured BER performance of proposed hybrid MDM/NG-PON with PS-128QAM over 100km for
single legacy signal, coexist legacy and new signal with and w/o complement signal (CS) in both uplink and
downlink transmission, (b) to (d) corresponding eye diagrams of legacy PON signal for uplink transmission

Fig. 7 indicates measured BER of downlink and uplink transmission for three users at the 100km fiber range in
the system at mode 0. Also, system gain and noise figures can be obtained as (Lavrinovica and Porins 2015; De
Moura et al. 2013):

G=10 log 10 ( Output

Input Power )
Power
dB (20)

and

Noise Figure=10 log 10 ( output SNR )

input SNR
dB (21)
 Again, it is indicated that uplink transmission performs better than downlink for all users. Also, with a
decrease in received optical power, the BER values improve and thus system performance diminishes. For the
uplink, the minimum achieved received power is -19, -18.5, and -15dBm for single, with complement signal
(CS) and w/o CS signals respectively, at 10-3 BER. Also, the minimum achieved received power is -9, -8, and -
6dBm for single, with CS and w/o CS signals respectively, in downlink transmission.
Also, Fig. 7(b), 7(c) and 7(d) present the eye diagrams of distinct signals for uplink signals, at received
optical power of -13dBm over 100km fiber distance. It can be observed that single legacy PON signals perform
best and the obtained eye pattern is clean, unblurred lines, and widely open. Coexist PON legacy and new PON
signal with complement PON signal is superior to w/o complement signal. Thus, w/o complement signal offers
worst performance with the thicker eyelid as well is slightly open due to experiencing a high impact of ISI in
fiber link as well as noise [18-22]. This result is congruous with the above BER analysis.
Table 3 Comparison of generated downlink and uplink PON signals at modes 0 and 1

Generated Downlink Downlink Uplink Uplink

signal received received received received
power (dBm) power (dBm) power (dBm) power (dBm)
at mode 0 at mode 1 at mode 0 at mode 1
single -9 -7 -19 -17
w/o complement -8 -5 -18.5 -16
complement -6 -4 -15 -13

Besides this, Table 3 depicts the comparisons analysis of three generated signals for uplink and downlink
transmission for both modes 0 and 1. It is clear that uplink shows better performance shows better performance
than downlink as per presence of less channel interference, fiber non-linearities and noise. Also, the
fundamental mode 0 shows superior performance than mode 1.

(a)
(b)

(c)
 (d)
Fig. 8. OSNR dependence of NGMI at 10KHz for (a) downlink for mode 0, (b) downlink for mode 1, (c) uplink
for mode 0 and (d) uplink for mode 1

It is observed that PS-128/256/512QAM outperforms the US-128QAM at 10KHz laser linewidth for both modes
0 and 1. In such a situation, the phase noise is insignificant as well as shaping gain predominates. However, PS-
512QAM performs best followed by PS-265QAM and PS-128QAM. Thus, high order modulation format is
adopted for PS signals to achieve the same transmission rate as US signals. It is due to the reason that PS signals
are highly sensitive to laser linewidth because of their smaller phase margin (Shu and Zhang 2020). Fig. 8(a)
indicates that at mode 0, for downlink transmission, NGMI limit can be obtained for >23, >21.5, >21, and
>20dB OSNR for US-128QAM, PS-128QAM, PS-256QAM, and PS-512QAM respectively. While, at mode 1,
the downlink transmission offer NGMI limit for >24, >23, >22 and >21dB for US-128QAM, PS-128QAM, PS-
256QAM and PS-512QAM respectively, as shown in Fig. 8(b). As the lower OSNR leads Gaussian noise and
thus PS can offer shaping gain in that scenario. Whereas in the high-OSNR, phase noise leads to Gaussian noise,
thus, deteriorating PS performance. Again, for uplink transmission, the just ~20dB OSNR at mode 0 and mode
1is required to obtain NGMI limit as shown in Fig. 8(c) and 8(d) respectively.
 (a)

(b)
Fig. 9. Measured BER performance of the proposed system for (a) downlink and (b) uplink transmission at
modes 0 and 1, Insets: corresponding eye patterns at mode 0

Fig. 9 shows the measured BER performance of the single PON, with complement, w/o complement and new
PON signals w/o complement at modes 0 and 1 for downlink and uplink transmission over 100km. At BER of
10-3 threshold level, the receiving sensitivities of single PON signal operating at modes 0 and 1 is -29.5 and -
25.5dBm respectively as depicted in Fig. 9(a). With complement PON signal coexists with new PON signals, -
29 and -25dBm receiver sensitivities are obtained at mode 0 and 1 respectively. From coexistence signals, the
achieved power penalties are 0.5dB at mode 0 and 0.5dB at mode 1. Also, without complement coding signal,
the BER values of existing PON signals become quite high to attain threshold limit at both modes 0 and
1.However, for new PON signals, the receiving sensitivities at mode 0 and 1 are 21.2 and 20.8dBm respectively.
Further, to measure the performance of the received signal coexistence in these cases, the BER
performance of the system for unlink transmission is shown in Fig. 9(b). It is observed that single PON signal
operating at modes 0 and 1 offers receiving sensitivities of -30 and -26dBm respectively. With new PON signals
coexists complement PON signal, -29.5dBm at mode 0 and -25.5dBm at mode 1 receiver sensitivities are
obtained. This cause signals power penalty of 0.5dB for both modes 0 and 1. Moreover, without complement
coding signal performs better than downlink transmission to attain threshold limit for both modes 0 and 1.
Further, for new PON signals, the receiving sensitivities at mode 0 and 1 are 19.2 and 18.8dBm respectively.
Besides this, the corresponding eye patterns for downlink and uplink transmission signals indicates that
uplink performs better than downlink in both mode 0 followed by mode 1. Meanwhile, the eye patterns of four
PON signals for downlink and uplink transmission are presented in Fig. 9(a) and 9(b) respectively. It is depicted
that the crosstalk to the existing PON signals are hugely minimized by accruing the complement signal (Elsayed
et al. 2022b; Elsayed et al. 2022a; Elsayed et al. 2022c; Yousif and Elsayed 2019).

(a)
 (b)
Fig. 10 Measured performance of the system operating in terms of shaping parameters at NGMI limit for (a)
downlink and (b) uplink transmission

Fig. 10 indicates the performance measurement of the PS-512QAM over varied fiber ranges at a 1.6Tbps data
rate at mode 0. It is seen that the desired output i.e. above the NGMI limit can be obtained for less shaping
parameter. Also, system performance deteriorates, as fiber length increases. Here, US-512QAM at 100km is
regarded as the upper limit of transmission performance measurement. Therefore, the minimum obtained
shaping factor at the NGMI limit is 4.7, 4.85, 4.9, and 5 at 250, 200, 150, and 100km fiber range respectively,
for uplink transmission as shown in Fig. 10(a). Meanwhile, the minimum achieved shaping factor for downlink
transmission at NGMI limit is 4.8, 4.87, 4.9, and 5 at 250, 200, 150, and 100km fiber range respectively, as
shown in Fig. 10(b). It is the reason that expanding the shaping factor can decrease the Euclidean distance
between neighbouring constellation points, ensuing in an insipid noise tolerance(Xu et al. 2022).

Table 4 Comparison of generated downlink and uplink PON signals at modes 0 and 1
Length NGMI limit NGMI limit NGMI limit NGMI limit
(km) in downlink in downlink in uplink in uplink
at mode 0 at mode 1 at mode 0 at mode 1
250 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.75
200 4.87 4.89 4.85 4.86
150 4.9 5 4.9 4.88
100 5 5.1 5 5.1

Besides this, Table 4 depicts the comparisons analysis in terms of NGMI limit of the system for varied fiber
length in uplink and downlink direction operating at both mode 0 and 1. It is analyzed that uplink shows better
performance shows better performance than downlink for mode 0 followed by mode 1.
Fig. 11 presents the BER performance for both downlink and uplink transmission for the varied systems
throughout over 40km fiber range at modes 0 and 1.
 Downlink

Uplink

(a)

Downlink

Uplink

(b)
Fig. 11 Measured performance of the system in terms of BER vs. throughput for downlink and uplink users at
(a) mode 0 and (b) mode 1
It is shown in Fig. 11(a), that uplink signals operating at mode 0 perform better than downlink transmission for
all three signals. This is due that the uplink transmission operates at 0dBm input power than downlink input
power of 10dBm. It reduces the channel interferences among uplink and thus offers high performance. The
highest achieved throughput of 800, 650 and 600Gbps can be obtained for uplink single, with CS and w/o CS
PON signals respectively, considering the BER limit of 10-3.
Also for downlink signals of single, with CS and w/o CS PON signals, the maximum obtained data rate
is 530, 480 and 350Gbps for downlink single, with CS and w/o CS PON signals respectively. Similarly, the
single with CS and w/o CS PON signals operating at mode 0 offers maximum throughput of 700, 600 and
550Gbps respectively for uplink transmission as presented in Fig. 11(b). While for downlink transmission, least
transmission rate of 480Gbps for single PON signal, 420Gbps for w/ CS PON signal and 250Gbps for w/o CS
PON signal have been received successfully.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 12 Measured performance of the system in terms of (a) SNR and (b) noise figure for both downlink and
uplink wavelengths operating at modes 0 and 1

Fig. 12(a) and 12(b) indicate the system performance in terms of SNR and noise figures for both uplink and
downlink transmission respectively, operating at modes 0 and 1. It is depicted that uplink wavelengths perform
better than downlink wavelengths with high SNR and low noise figure. The highest obtained SNR value for
uplink (at 1532.8nm) and downlink (at 1600nm) transmission is 34 and 32dB respectively, as presented in Fig.
12(a). However, the lowest obtained noise figure is 1dB (at 1530.8nm) and 1.3dB (at 1599.2nm) for uplink and
downlink transmission respectively, as depicted in Fig. 12(b).

Table 5 Comparison of proposed work utilizing distinct downlink wavelengths at modes 0 and 1

ONU Wavelength (nm) Gain(dB)at mode 0 Gain(dB)at mode 1

Legacy 1490 -2.7 -3
New 1596 -2.5 -2.7
New 1596.4 -2 -2.3
New 1596.8 -3 -3.3
New 1597.2 -3.5 -3.4
New 1597.6 -3 -3.5
New 1598 -2.5 -2.7
New 1598.4 -3.5 -3.8
New 1598.8 -2 -2.6
New 1599.2 -3 -3.5
New 1599.6 -3.5 -3.8
New 1600 -4 -4.3
New 1600.4 -3.5 -3.6
New 1600.8 -3 -3.4
New 1601.2 -2.5 -2.3
New 1601.6 -3.5 -3.6
Complement 1602 -3.5 -3.8

Table 6 Comparison of proposed work utilizing distinct uplink wavelengths at modes 0 and 1

ONU Wavelength (nm) Gain(dB)at mode 0 Gain(dB)at mode 1

Legacy 1310 -2.3 -2.4
New 1528 -2.5 -2.7
New 1528.4 -2.5 -2.6
New 1528.8 -2.5 -2.6
New 1529.2 -1.5 -1.7
New 1529.6 -1.5 -1.8
New 1530 -2.5 -2.4
New 1530.4 -1.5 -1.7
New 1530.8 -1.5 -1.7
New 1531.2 -2.5 -2.8
New 1531.6 -2.5 -2.8
New 1532 -1.5 -1.7
New 1532.4 -2 -2.3
New 1532.8 -2.5 -2.7
New 1533.2 -1.5 -1.6
New 1533.6 -1.5 -1.7
Complement 1534 -1.8 -1.9

Tables 5 and 6 illustrate the performance of a symmetric 1.6Tbps MDM/C-NGPON system employing PS-
512QAM over 100km fiber regarding gain (at modes 0 and 1) for downlink and uplink wavelengths
respectively. It indicates that uplink wavelengths with high gain perform slightly better than downlink due to
less impact of fiber impairments and noise. Table 7 indicates the performance comparison of the proposed
system with other recent work.

Table 7 Comparisons of the work proposed with recent work

System Maximum range (km) Highest data rate per

channel(Gbps)
DP-16QAM C-PON(Costa et151.6 100
 al. 2023)
Reflective C-PON(Jung et al. 73 12
2018)
C-PON(Kodama and Arai 57 10
2021)
C-PON(Ju et al. 2020) 20 100
Proposed work 250 100

Table 7 indicates that out of all C-PON-based systems, the proposed work offers the best performance in terms
of a transmission range of 250km and a data rate of 100Gbps per channel data rate.

4. Conclusion
A hybrid MDM/C-NGPON employing PS-mQAM modulation over the long-haul considering fiber impairments
as well as noise has been demonstrated by simulation. To support a complement signal, the wavelength
complement coding evolution method is utilized. It provides a low crosstalk to the coexist legacy PON signal.
The complement signal can be utilized to carry the new PON signals, thus the evolution is repeatable and
“traceless”. It is concluded that the proposed system offers error-free high split ratio of 512 as compared to
IM/DD PON. Legacy PON signal with coexistence PON signals as well as complement signal offers minimum
received power of -19dBm at mode 0 and -17dBm at mode 1 for uplink transmission. While, -9dBm at mode 0
and -7dBm at mode 1, received power is obtained for downlink transmission. Overall 20dB OSNR can be
achieved at modes 0 and 1 in both downlink as well as uplink transmission in the proposed work at 10KHz laser
linewidth and thus diminishing the impact of Gaussian as well as phase noise effectively, at the NGMI limit.
The legacy PON signals at 2.5Gbps data rate coexist with new PON signals at 10Gbps per channel transmission
rate can achieve error-free transmission over 100km. With coexistence signals the power penalties of 0.5dB can
be obtained for both downlink as well as uplink transmission. Besides this, the system with PS-512QAM offers
a long-reach transmission distance of 250km successfully with a shaping factor of around 4.7 in uplink and 4.8
in downlink, as compared to US-512QAM.The proposed C-NGPON also offers high gain, SNR, and noise
figures. High throughput up to 800 and 700Gbps for uplink and downlink channels respectively can be obtained
for the proposed system over 40km link. Moreover, the comparison of the proposed work shows its superiority
over other systems. Therefore, the C-NGPON system can offer long-reach transmission with a high split ratio
and high data rate for various future optical access networks.

Ethical Approval: Not applicable

Competing interest: None
No funding.

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