HOW TO CREATE YOUR

CHAPTER III
Practical Research 1
ACLC College of Iriiga Inc.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A.Research Design
B.Respondents of the Study
C.Instrument of the Study
D.Validity and Reliability
E.Statistical Treatment
DEFINITION

METHOD: a technique which the researcher uses to

gather and generate data about the subjects of their
study.
METHODOLOGY: is the section of the research paper
which explains why the researcher chose to use
particular methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN is a plan which structures the
study to ensure that the data collected and generated
will contain the information needed to answer the
initial inquiry as fully and clearly as possible.
MAIN METHODS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative approach focusses less on hard

numerical data and more on abstract
information.
Individual Interview
Group Interview
Observation
Surveys and Questionaires
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS

Phenomenological Design:
focuses on obtaining descriptions of the
subjects or respondents lived experience in writing
or through interviews.
The goal of this study is to analyze the
meaning behind these experiences for each subject,
rather than generalizing to a greater population.
Example: What are the experiences of a student
who failed in his or her subject?
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS

Historical Design
focuses on the identification, location,
evaluation and synthesis of data or
evidence from the past to confirm or reject
a hypothesis.
Primary Source
Secondary Source
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS

Case Study Design

comprehensive, in-depth examination of a specific individual,
group of people, or institution.
-give insights to obscure or specific problem
- provide background data for broader studies
-explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes.

May be considered qualitative or quantitative, for a case study to be

qualitative, the data must be abstract ideas and concepts. Case
studies are not used to test hypotheses, but hypotheses may be
generated from case studies.
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS

GROUNDED THEORY
a systematic research approach developed
by two sociologists, Barney Glaser and Anselm
Strauss.
-Collect Data
-Analyze Data
-Formulate Theory
COMMON RESEARCH DESIGNS

Action Research Design

involves a cycle of identifying a
problem regarding a situation or process,
developing a strategy for intervention with
the purpose of improving such situation or
process.
RESEARCH DESIGNS

Phenomenological Design

Historical Design

Case Study

Grounded Theory

Action Research
 HOW TO PLAN THE RESEARCH DESIGN?

ESTABLISHING METHODOLOGI NATURE OF THINKING

SCOPING
THE PURPOSE CAL LOCATION THE DATA AHEAD
HOW TO WRITE THE RESEARCH DESIGN?

1. Start by identifying the type of the study.

example: “This study utilizes the qualitative type of
study…”
2. Name the type of design which you will be using.
example: “This study utilizes the case study method…”
3. Explain why the design you have chosen fits best on your study,
example: “The design is fitted to this present study since
the focus is on the psychological processes of a group of students
who failed on their academic performance in Physics…”
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A.Research Design
B.Respondents of the Study
C.Instrument of the Study
D.Validity and Reliability
E.Statistical Treatment
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
Sampling

Population

Target Population

Accessible Population

Subjects

Respondents

Elements

Statistic

Parameter

Statistical Interference
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

 Sampling – process of selecting a portion or segment from the population.

 Population – group of persons or objects that possess some characteristics which are of
interest to the researcher
 Target Population – entire group of people or objects
 Accessible Population – portion of the population to which the researcher has reasonable
access.
 Subjects – individuals or entities which serve as the focus of the study
 Respondents – individuals or groups who actively serve as sources of information during
the data collection
 Statistic – a number about the sample
 Parameter – a number about the population
 Statistical Interference – a statistic used to estimate the parameter.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

FACTORS TO
CONSIDER IN
DETERMINING THE
SAMPLE SIZE

DEGREE OF SAMPLING
HOMOGENEITY
PRECISSION PROCEDURE
SAMPLE SIZE
 HOW TO DETERMINE
THE SAMPLE SIZE
POPULATION SIZE
The first thing you need to do, is work out how many people you
want to talk to in total. To find this out, you need to be clear
about who does and doesn’t fit into your group.
For example, if you want to know about cat owners, you’ll
probably want to include everyone who has at some point owned
at least one cat. However, if you’re only interested in current cat
owners, you may want to exclude those who previously owned a
cat. Don’t worry if you’re unable to calculate the exact number, as
it’s not uncommon to have an estimated range.
 HOW TO DETERMINE
THE SAMPLE SIZE
 MARGIN OF ERROR (CONFIDENCE INTERVAL)
 While some errors are inevitable, you’ll have in your mind the level of accuracy
your research requires and therefore the MARGIN OF ERROR you’re willing to
accept. Typically referred to as the confidence interval, it’s usually displayed as a
plus or minus number that sits beside a percentage figure.

 “59% of voters believe John Smith would be a good President , with a margin of
error of +/- 5%.”
 The larger your margin of error, the less likely it is that your study will be
representative of the general population.
 HOW TO DETERMINE
THE SAMPLE SIZE
CONFIDENCE LEVEL
 The confidence level is concerned with ensuring that your margin of error is
set at the right level.
 Essentially, what this means is that if you repeated a study and used the
range each time to make your calculations, the actual value should lie
inside the same ranges 95% of the time.
 The most commonly used confidence levels are 90%, 95% and
99% confident.
 HOW TO DETERMINE
THE SAMPLE SIZE
SAMPLE SIZE
Finally, the sample size itself is the number of
people you need to estimate an accurate
analysis of the whole population.
If people don’t respond to your survey or
research, you’ll have to increase your sample size
in order to gauge a precise calculation.
 VARIOUS APPROACHED IN
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
APPROACH # 1

Sample sizes as small as 30 are generally

adequate to ensure that the sampling distribution
of the mean will approximate the normal curve.
(Shott, 1990)
Note: This only applies to population with less than 100 in total.
 VARIOUS APPROACHED IN
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
APPROACH # 2

UNIVERSAL SAMPLING APPROACH

When the total population is equal to or less
than 100, this same number may save as the
sample size.
 VARIOUS APPROACHED IN
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
APPROACH # 3
 VARIOUS APPROACHED IN
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE
APPROACH # 4
GAY (1997) Approach
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
10% to 20% may be required
COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
15 subjects or groups
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING

 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
– a type of sampling in which
all the members of the
population have a chance of
being selected. This is also
called scientific sampling.
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling

 Simple random sampling
gathers a random selection
from the entire population,
where each unit has an equal
chance of selection. This is
the most common way to
select a random sample.
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING
 STRATIFIED SAMPLING
 Stratified sampling collects a random selection of a sample from within certain strata, or
subgroups within the population. Each subgroup is separated from the others on the
basis of a common characteristic, such as gender, race, or religion. This way, you can
ensure that all subgroups of a given population are adequately represented within your
sample population.
 To split your population into different subgroups, first choose which characteristic you
would like to divide them by. Then you can select your sample from each subgroup. You
can do this in one of two ways:
 By selecting an equal number of units from each subgroup
 By selecting units from each subgroup equal to their proportion in the total population
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING draws a random sample from

the target population by selecting units at regular
intervals starting from a random point. This method is
useful in situations where records of your target
population already exist, such as records of an agency’s
clients, enrollment lists of university students, or a
company’s employment records. Any of these can be
used as a sampling frame.
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING
 Let’s refer back to our example about the political views of the municipality
of 4,000 inhabitants. You can also draw a sample of 100 people using
systematic sampling. To do so, follow these steps:
 Determine your interval: 4,000 / 100 = 40. This means that you must select 1
inhabitant from every 40 in the record.
 Using simple random sampling (e.g., a random number generator), you
select 1 inhabitant.
 Let’s say you select the 11th person on the list. In every subsequent interval,
you need to select the 11th person in that interval, until you have a sample
of 100 people.
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Cluster sampling is the process of dividing the target population into groups, called
clusters. A randomly selected subsection of these groups then forms your sample.
Cluster sampling is an efficient approach when you want to study large, geographically
dispersed populations. It usually involves existing groups that are similar to each other in
some way (e.g., classes in a school).
There are two types of cluster sampling:
 Single (or one-stage) cluster sampling, when you divide the entire population into
clusters
 Multistage cluster sampling, when you divide the cluster further into more clusters, in
order to narrow down the sample size
 TYPES AND SUBTYPES OF SAMPLING
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING – A process of selecting respondents in which not all
members of the entire population are given a chance of being selected as samples.
There are cases that certain segments of a population are given priority over others,
such as when a researcher does not intend to generalize to a larger population. This is
also called non-scientific sampling.
Convenience Sampling- also called accidental or incidental sampling.
Quota Sampling – Population are divided into strata, sets specific proportion in
the sample whether or not the resulting proportion is reflective of the total
population.
Purposive Sampling- involves handpicking subjects, usually to suit very specific
intentions. Also called Judgmental Sampling.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A.Research Design
B.Respondents of the Study
C.Instrument of the Study
D.Validity and Reliability
E.Statistical Treatment