Psych Educ, Document ID: PEMJ0, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.

6626159
Research Article

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Filipinos

John Miguel Barrocamo*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.

Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy was widespread among Filipinos during the initial stages of COVID-19
vaccination in the Philippines. However, as time passed, the vaccine hesitancy rate in the Philippines
decreased as some Filipinos came to prioritize their protection against the virus over the potential
adverse effects of vaccinations. While some Filipinos are beginning to accept COVID-19
vaccinations, others remain fearful of the vaccine's adverse effects and refuse to receive it. As a
result, this study employed a descriptive-correlational approach to describe and analyze Filipinos'
attitudes toward vaccines and their relationship with COVID-19 vaccine reluctance. Additionally,
two hundred forty-two (242) citizens who were eligible for COVID-19 vaccinations were selected to
participate in the data collection procedure for this study. The researcher then collected the needed
data for this study using the 42-item Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and Complacency
Scale. The findings indicated that the respondents had a favorable attitude toward vaccines, with a
high rate of vaccination acceptance and a low rate of vaccine hesitancy. To ascertain the existence of a
relationship between the variables, the null hypothesis was tested at the 0.05 level of significance.
The statistical analysis conducted in this study established a relationship between respondents'
attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Finally, the findings of this
study were examined and reviewed, and recommendations for future studies were made.

Keywords: Vaccine Hesitancy, Covid-19 Pandemic, Filipinos, Vaccine Efficacy, Vaccine Side
Effects

Introduction
Vaccine hesitation is the inability to accept or refuse
immunizations despite their availability. Also, this is
the act of rejecting the vaccination services offered to
them. Furthermore, it blocks the benefits that a person
can get from vaccination. Hossain et al. (2021)
explained that the vaccination process is one of the
most excellent medical field features since it protects
society from various infectious diseases. It also
contributes to the declining morbidity and mortality
rate from certain vaccine-preventable diseases like
influenza and hepatitis B. Hence, vaccination
programs are being recommended by the WHO
throughout the world to decrease the risk of those who
remain susceptible in their country, which can help
prevent the occurrence and prevalence of vaccine-
preventable diseases. So, because of the majority of
vaccine hesitancy, the citizens may not get the benefits
of vaccination, which can be responsible for the
increased risk of outbreaks and epidemics caused by
vaccine-preventable diseases.
Furthermore, vaccinations in the Philippines proved to
be successful when the country eradicated maternal
and neonatal tetanus and poliomyelitis (Reyes et al.,
2021). However, the inoculation process here in the
Philippines also encountered some issues and
problems, especially during the Dengvaxia controversy
John Miguel Barrocamo
from 2017 to 2018. With that said, this controversy has
played a considerable part in the perceptions of the
Filipinos regarding the benefits of the available
vaccines in the country, particularly during this
COVID-19 pandemic.
Moreover, the effects of the Dengvaxia controversy
were seen during this pandemic. With that said, the
vaccine hesitancy rate of the Filipinos was high during
the first stages of the COVID-19 vaccinations in the
Philippines. However, as the months passed by, the
vaccine hesitancy rate in the Philippines decreased
because some Filipinos had now considered their
safety from the virus instead of being afraid of the side
effects of the vaccines. With that said, even though the
Filipinos are now starting to accept COVID-19
vaccinations, some are still afraid of the vaccine's side
effects, and they still refuse to be vaccinated.
As Alvarico et al. (2021) studied, the mothers
positively perceived vaccinations before the
Dengvaxia Controversy. Hence, as the Philippines
encountered this issue, the mothers' perception of
vaccinations has changed, contributing to their
hesitancy with the vaccine processes here in the
country.
Vergeire (2021) mentioned that social trauma has
contributed to vaccine hesitancy in the Philippines.
Despite the government's efforts in persuading the
Filipinos to be vaccinated, the trauma they received
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because of the Dengvaxia Controversy and the fear of
the vaccine's side effects played a significant role in
why they refused to be vaccinated.
Similarly, Domingo (2021) stated that surveys have
shown that the number of Filipinos willing to be
vaccinated decreased, and the number of Filipinos who
were unwilling and uncertain to be vaccinated
increased. Furthermore, the survey has also shown that
the fear of side effects and the vaccines' efficacy were
among the top reasons Filipinos are not willing to be
vaccinated.
On the contrary, Morales (2021) stated that surveys
performed in June 2021 revealed that 43% of Filipinos
are now eager to be inoculated as the vaccine's
efficacy eased concerns. However, despite the increase
in the number of willing to be vaccinated, some
Filipinos still refuse to be vaccinated with the
COVID-19 vaccines.
Moreover, this study assesses the perceived reasons for
vaccine hesitation among Filipinos, especially those 18
and above, as the primary respondents. In addition,
this study aims to investigate why some Filipinos are
still hesitant to be vaccinated. As the research process
moves forward, the study will also deal with the
factors affecting vaccine hesitancy among Filipinos.
Finally, it will contribute to the local government
agencies since it provides them with the respondents'
insights into why some of them still refuse to be
vaccinated, which can be beneficial for them in
conducting some programs that can increase the
vaccine confidence their constituents.
Research Question
This study investigates the COVID-19 vaccine
hesitancy among Filipinos. Specifically, it sought to
address the following questions:
1. What is the level of the respondents' perception in
terms of:
1.1 collective relevance of a COVID-19 vaccine;
1.2 efficacy of a COVID-19 vaccine;
1.3 pace of the production and development of a
COVID-19 vaccine;
1.4 side effects of a COVID-19 vaccine; and
1.5. vaccine hesitation?
Literature Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Filipinos
John Miguel Barrocamo
Vaccine hesitancy was seen as prevalent in the first
stages of the COVID-19 vaccinations in the
Philippines. However, as the months passed by, the
rate of vaccine hesitancy decreased because the fear of
the Filipinos regarding the vaccines had eased.
Furthermore, the Filipinos had now considered their
safety from the virus instead of being afraid of the side
effects of the vaccines. However, even though the rate
of vaccine hesitancy among Filipinos is now
decreasing, some are still unsure and hesitant
regarding the vaccines' safety and efficacy.
According to Corpuz (2021), low public trust in
vaccinations will significantly impede the
government's vaccination effort. The author claimed in
this article that in a recent study performed by Pulse
Asia in January 2021, approximately half of Filipinos
stated they would not get immunized against
COVID-19 owing to safety concerns. With that said,
the author recommends that governments leverage
expertise and understanding by collaborating with
multiple sectors, such as interreligious collaborations,
to benefit from their combined and diverse strengths as
they work forward towards the common goal of
increasing public trust in vaccines.
During the first phases of the COVID-19 vaccinations
in the Philippines, the rate of vaccine hesitancy among
Filipinos was high. As stated by Punzalan (2021),
around six in ten Filipinos are unwilling to obtain a
COVID-19 vaccination, as the country continues to
combat a coronavirus outbreak. According to a Pulse
Asia survey published on March 2021, based on a poll
of 2,400 adults between February 22, 2021, and March
3, 2021, 61% of the respondents stated that they do not
wish to be immunized against COVID-19.
Furthermore, only 16% of the participants indicated a
desire to be vaccinated, and 23% of the respondents
were unable to state whether they would seek
vaccination or not.
Moreover, according to Suarez (2021), only three in
ten Filipinos are willing to get COVID-19
vaccinations, with the others hesitating or outright
refusing two months into the country's vaccine rollout.
According to a survey released by Social Weather
Stations, out of the 1,200 respondents that were polled
from April 29, 2021, until May 2, 2021, 32% of adult
Filipinos indicated that they are willing to accept
vaccinations, 35% are unsure, and 33% refused.
On the other hand, as the months passed by, more
Filipinos were now willing to receive COVID-19
vaccinations. As stated by Lalu (2021), approximately
45% of Filipinos are now eager to be inoculated
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against COVID-19. According to a poll conducted by
Social Weather Stations from June 23 to June 26,
2021, 45 % of adult Filipinos are now willing to be
vaccinated, 24 % are uncertain, and 21 % are
unwilling. In addition, the current figure for those
ready to be vaccinated is 13 points higher than the
previous figure of 32% in May 2021. With that said,
the results for June were already a significant
improvement above previous figures, particularly
those from only a month before this poll.
Furthermore, according to Sarao (2021), more
Filipinos are eager to be inoculated against
COVID-19. According to an OCTA Research Team
survey from July 12 to 18, 2021, out of the 1,200
respondents aged 18 and above, 53% are open to
receiving a COVID-19 vaccination that is both safe
and effective. However, 18% of the respondents
indicated that they were still undecided about being
vaccinated against COVID-19.
Lastly, as Tomacruz (2021) indicated, most Filipinos
are eager to get vaccinated against COVID-19.
According to a survey conducted by the Social
Weather Stations between September 27 and 30, 2021,
six out of ten adult Filipinos indicated a readiness to
receive COVID-19 vaccination, indicating a
significant increase in vaccination acceptance in the
Philippines. However, the findings showed that 18%
of respondents are still hesitant about being
vaccinated , and another 19% are unsure.
Factors Contributing to COVID-19 Vaccine
Reluctance
According to the literature and studies on COVID-19
vaccination hesitancy, various factors influence
citizens' perceptions of the safety and effectiveness of
COVID-19 vaccines.
Chiedozie et al. (2021) rumored conspiracy theories on
Nigerians' hesitation in accepting a projected
COVID-19 immunization due to a lack of trust in a
new vaccine and security measures. For this study, the
researchers utilized a survey comprised of sixteen
generic questions designed to elicit responses
regarding the public's desire to embrace a prospective
COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria. The researchers
discovered that 51.1 % of the respondents indicated a
desire to get a COVID-19 vaccination. In comparison,
30.5 % showed a lack of willingness, and 18.4 %
stated that they were unsure whether they were willing
to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or not.
Furthermore, the researchers also discovered that the
normative and control beliefs of the citizens, especially
John Miguel Barrocamo
the conspiracy theories, skepticism over a
breakthrough vaccination, and safety concerns, are the
main factors affecting the unwillingness of the citizens
to receive a COVID-19 vaccination. Lastly, the
researchers suggested an urgent need to ramp up
vaccine education among low-educated individuals
and those with insufficient health awareness.
An awar eness pr ogr am em phasi zi ng the
socioeconomic benefits of vaccination against
COVID-19 and other vaccine-preventable diseases
may motivate people to get vaccinated against
COVID-19 and some other vaccine-preventable
illnesses.
According to Amit et al. (2021), individual perceptions
play a substantial role in vaccination. The researchers
conducted 35 interviews with a subsample of 1,599
survey participants in the Philippines aged 18 and
older for this study. The study's findings indicate that
such attitudes toward vaccines are molded by exposure
to misconceptions reinforced by the press, society, and
the healthcare system. The researchers concluded that
it is necessary to identify and resolve problems to
increase COVID-19 immunization acceptance and
reach.
Biswas et al. (2021) explained that the perceptions
about the vaccines' efficacy and side effects are one of
the predictors affecting vaccine intention and
hesitancy. For this study, the researchers reviewed the
literature to assess the willingness to be vaccinated
against COVID-19. This study indicates that the most
common determinants affecting vaccination intention
include vaccine efficacy, vaccine side effects, mistrust
in healthcare, religious beliefs, and trust in information
sources. The researchers suggest that strategies
tailored to cultures and socio-psychological factors
need to be developed to reduce vaccine hesitancy and
aid informed decision-making.
Additionally, Catapang and Cleofas (2021) report that
vaccine hesitancy and other COVID-19-related issues
and complaints are visible on social media in the
Philippines. The researchers conducted this study
using a multilingual edition of Bidirectional Encoder
Representations from Transformers, or BERT, for
topic modeling, hierarchical clustering, sentiment
analysis using five different classifiers, and cosine
similarity of BERT topic embeddings for vaccine
brand reputation analysis. The findings of this study
demonstrate that any COVID-19 disinformation is an
emergent attribute of COVID-19 public sentiment and
that detecting COVID-19 disinformation can be a task
that is performed unsupervised.
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Similarly, Chaudhary et al. (2021) assert that
individuals' lack of information about vaccines adds to
vaccine hesitation. The researchers used a 27-item
questionnaire to assess demographic features,
acceptance and refusal toward COVID-19 vaccines,
perceived belief systems, awareness, viewed issues,
threat, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as
the source of information used to assess these factors.
The findings of this study reveal that a lack
of sufficient understanding, awareness, and perception
of vaccine safety contributes to Pakistan's reduced
level of vaccine uptake. The researchers advise that
measures to increase public knowledge of the benefits
of immunization should focus on low-income
individuals as well as those with chronic diseases.
According to Dzieciolowska et al. (2021), the quality
of vaccines has an effect on citizens' perceptions and
vaccine confidence. The researchers used a cross-
sectional survey to ascertain the respondents'
acceptance predictors and reasons for refusal.
According to the findings of this study, variables
contributing to refusal included vaccine novelty, a
desire for everyone else to have it first, and inadequate
time for judgment.
Furthermore, Jamison et al. (2020) said that social
media is frequently used to spread misinformation
about COVID-19 vaccines. The authors compiled the
latest tweets from each account and mechanically
extracted 35 separate themes of conversation around
COVID-19 for this article. Vaccine skeptics shared the
highest proportion (35.4 percent) of unreliable
information subjects, which included a variety of
conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and frauds. Vaccine
advocates presented a far smaller percentage of
inaccurate information themes (11.3 percent). The
authors then suggested that when assessing the scope
of the 'infodemic,' researchers and health public
speakers should look beyond known malicious users
and the most heinous forms of misinformation and
instead investigate the full range of information
available online from both dependable and
questionable sources.
Murphy et al. (2021) also said that individuals who
were opposed to a COVID-19 vaccination were less
likely to obtain knowledge about the pandemic from
conventional and trustworthy sources and expressed
similar levels of skepticism in these sources as vaccine
accepting responders. The researchers utilized quota
sampling to ensure that the sample features of gender,
age, and geographic location corresponded to
established demographic factors for the Irish
population, whereas age, gender, and income
John Miguel Barrocamo
corresponded to established population parameters for
the UK population. The findings of this study indicate
that people who are hesitant or resistant to the
COVID-19 vaccine are more self-interested, distrustful
of specialists and authority figures, more likely to hold
strong beliefs, and more likely to hold conspiratorial
and neurotic beliefs, which reflect a lack of trust in the
intentions of others.
Moreover, safety concerns and doubts about the
effectiveness of the vaccines also played a huge role in
the citizens' perception regarding the COVID-19. As
stated in the study of Bautista et al. (2021), the key
reasons why the respondents are willing or hesitant to
receive a vaccine are their protection against
COVID-19 and their attitudes of the COVID-19
vaccines' safety and efficacy. For this study, the
researchers adapted their vaccine hesitancy and
complacency questions from several research studies
and surveys. With that said, the researchers discovered
that the citizens' concerns regarding the safety and
effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines affect the
vaccination acceptance and hesitancy of the citizens.
The researchers then emphasized the importance of
effective communication to promote COVID-19
inoculations, emphasizing the vaccine's efficacy and
safety and its public health benefits, particularly given
that the vaccines are scheduled for delivery in the
country in the coming months not respondents' favored
brands.
According to Alabdulla et al. (2021), concerns about
the efficacy and safety of vaccines are significant
predictors of COVID-19 vaccine reluctance among the
study's respondents. The researchers conducted this
study using a validated hesitation measuring method.
The findings of this study reveal that those who are
unwilling to be vaccinated against COVID-19 identify
safety concerns and long-term adverse effects as their
primary worries.
Additionally, as Callaghan et al. (2020) say, a sizable
section of the American populace does not decide to
take a COVID-19 vaccination if it becomes available,
limiting its possible impact. In this study, the
researchers examined the effect of demographic
characteristics, political viewpoint, and COVID-19
encounters on COVID-19 vaccine refusal. According
to the findings, vaccine safety and efficiency are the
two most often mentioned grounds for vaccine refusal.
Furthermore, as stated in the study of Cruz et al.
(2021), the vaccine concerns and the citizens'
readiness to be vaccinated with the COVID-19
vaccines are correlated with one another. The
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researchers conducted an online poll with both closed-
and open-ended questions for this study. With that
said, the researchers discovered that most of the
respondents stated that they would be immunized
against COVID-19 primarily for the virus's safety.
However, those who refused to be vaccinated cited
various reasons, including the vaccine's general safety
and efficacy. Lastly, this research study emphasized
the necessity of immunization and its critical role
during this pandemic. The researchers also stated that
the study was designed to educate respondents about
accurate information about vaccination and steer them
away from the misleading information spread by the
Dengvaxia phenomenon to fully acquire cooperation
from all stakeholders to reduce the disease burden of
COVID-19 and enable its eradication.
Similarly, according to the study by Dagondon and
Victorino (2021), one of the reasons why Anti-
Vaxxers oppose vaccinations is that the vaccines are
unsafe. For this study, the researchers utilized
philosophical analysis to address the concerns stated
by anti-vaxxers. With that said, the researchers
discovered the reasons why Anti-Vaxxers oppose
vaccinations, and they categorized them into four
categories: (1) Vaccinations are not safe, (2) vaccines
are unethical, (3) mandated vaccination breaches
religious liberty, and (4) it violates a person's
autonomy.
Moreover, Dinga et al. (2021) assert that citizens'
impressions of vaccinations and the firm that
manufactured them influence their vaccine confidence
and hesitancy. The researchers employed a
questionnaire to obtain replies from their respondents
in this study. The findings of this study reveal that the
most significant determinants found were: Information
and Media Landscape, Pharmaceutical Industry
Perception, Vaccine Reliability and Source, and Cost.
The researchers argue that concerns about safety,
efficacy, and confidence must be addressed through
public engagement when a COVID-19 vaccine is
successfully delivered in Africa, notably Cameroon.
In addition, according to Domingo (2021), the survey
released by the DOH stated that the respondents'
concerns about vaccination adverse effects are one-
factor affecting vaccine hesitancy among Filipinos.
For this news article, the author reported the
statements of Health Undersecretary Maria Rosario
Vergeire regarding the survey results conducted by the
DOH that included 43,000 respondents. With that said,
Health Undersecretary Maria Rosario Vergeire stated
that the respondents listed probable vaccine adverse
effects, unfavorable information on social media
John Miguel Barrocamo
platforms, and questions about the vaccine's
effectiveness as their top factors for declining the
COVID-19 vaccine.
Correspondingly, as Dror et al. (2021) mentioned, the
general public is less willing to embrace a vaccine
created in China or Russia than in the United States or
the United Kingdom. For this study, the researchers
utilized a questionnaire that assessed the respondents'
willingness to get a COVID-19 immunization with
specific vaccine characteristics, such as the country
where the vaccine was made, the technology used in
making the vaccine, and adverse effects profile,
effectiveness, and other factors. With that said, the
researchers discovered that in comparison to the
general population, doctors and life-science graduates
were less likely to accept an mRNA vaccination than
an attenuated or weakened vaccine. On the other hand,
the researchers also discovered that the general
populace is far less willing to get a vaccination
produced in China or Russia than in the United States
or the United Kingdom; physicians, on the other hand,
were more likely to accept a vaccine from China or
Russia. The researchers then suggested that since
vaccine skepticism is motivated by various factors,
strategies for overcoming vaccine hesitation and
increasing vaccination acceptance must be detailed and
adaptable to ease particular concerns and soothe the
individuals voicing them.
Elharake et al. (2021) similarly indicated that the
primary reason for refusal of the COVID-19
vaccination was concern about probable side effects.
The researchers used a questionnaire to ascertain
respondents' acceptability of a COVID-19 vaccination
for this study. The findings indicated that the primary
reason for refusing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine by
the 8,202 respondents was fear of probable adverse
effects.
Additionally, as Galingana et al. (2021) indicated in
their study, the vaccine's adverse effects and efficacy
are the primary reasons for the respondents' refusal to
be vaccinated against COVID-19. For this study, the
researchers utilized an instrument adapted from a prior
study entitled "Low Acceptance of Pandemic
Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccination Among Healthcare
Workers in Greece." With that said, the researchers
discovered that while the vast majority of the
respondents consent to inoculation with the vaccine of
Pfizer Inc., some respondents do not. Furthermore, the
researchers also found that the vaccine's adverse
effects and efficacy are the key factors that affected
the respondents' perceptions regarding the vaccines
against COVID-19. Lastly, the researchers suggested
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that the government agencies involved in the
COVID-19 vaccination campaign should evaluate the
findings of this study, addressing the reasons for
respondents' reluctance to enhance the COVID-19
vaccination program.
Momplaisir et al. (2021) also said that citizens are
unwilling to receive COVID-19 vaccinations due to a
lack of faith in medical organizations. The researchers
analyzed the respondents' responses in this study using
a modified grounded theory approach. The findings of
this study indicate that hesitancy toward the
COVID-19 immunizations was strong due to mistrust
in the healthcare system, concerns about the vaccine's
accelerated development timeline, a lack of data on
short and long-term adverse effects, and a political
situation that fosters racial inequality. The researchers
indicate that greater disclosure regarding vaccination
safety profiles may help minimize COVID-19 vaccine
reluctance.
Similarly, Noronha et al. (2021) indicate that one of
the reasons cancer patients reject or refuse to be
vaccinated against COVID-19 is fear of the vaccine's
nega t i ve ef f ec t s. The r e s e ar c h er s used
questionnaires to obtain responses from their
respondents for this investigation. The findings reveal
that the most often cited reasons are concern about the
vaccine interfering with cancer medication, concern
about side effects, and insufficient information.
According to the researchers, widespread vaccination
will be possible only if comprehensive initiatives for
education and distribution of information about the
safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine are
prioritized alongside strengthening of the vaccination
supply chain and distribution infrastructure.
Furthermore, as Razai et al. (2021) note, the most
common causes for hesitation are concerns about
adverse effects and long-term health consequences, as
well as a lack of confidence in vaccines. The author
said in this article that information up to 15 January
2021 indicate significantly lower rates of COVID-19
immunizations among ethnic minorities (42.5 percent
white people, 20.5 percent black people) and deprived
communities (44.7 percent least deprived, 37.9 percent
most deprived) in England. Similarly, records from an
NHS trust indicate that ethnic minority healthcare
personnel have lower rates of covid-19 immunization.
The author proposes that prioritizing vulnerable
individuals of minority populations, particularly health
professionals, for COVID-19 immunization and
acknowledging their roles as reliable sources of
information may help minimize ethnic minorities'
perceptions of covid-19 vaccine risk.
John Miguel Barrocamo
Robledo et al. (2021) also stated that safety concerns
and doubts in the effectiveness of the vaccines are a
factor in the vaccine hesitancy of the citizens. For this
study, the researchers utilized an instrument that aimed
to determine the respondents' impressions of
COVID-19 immunizations, as this problem was
critical for schools to open. With that said, the
researchers discovered that the most frequently cited
reason for vaccination confidence is that the
respondents believed that the vaccines would provide
immunity against COVID-19, while the most often
mentioned cause for vaccine reluctance against
COVID-19 is that the vaccines may affect the
respondent's genetic make-up. Furthermore, the
researchers suggested that school-based health services
should be strengthened and that the students'
vaccination should be included in the school-based
monitoring system in collaboration with health
practitioners.
According to Wang et al. (2021), residents' concerns
about the vaccinations' safety affect their perceptions
of them. The researchers used two cross-sectional
surveys to determine the trend in respondents'
willingness to get COVID-19 vaccinations. The
findings of this study suggest that the declining desire
to embrace the COVID-19 vaccines may be related to
growing concerns about the safety of vaccines and
increased adherence to personal protection activities.
The researchers recommend that vaccination education
and favorable government initiatives be made
available to the broader working population,
particularly those that are not professionals and are
regularly exposed to crowds.
Moreover, Willis et al. (2021) indicate that vaccine
hesitation is highly related with fear of illness and
general skepticism of vaccines. The researchers
examined vaccine hesitancy in an online survey of
Arkansas adults conducted in July and August of 2020.
The findings indicate that sociodemographic
differences in vaccine reluctance for COVID-19 raise
concerns about the vaccine's potential to exacerbate
already-existing health disparities in COVID-19-
related illnesses, especially among Black/African
Americans. The researchers believe that this study can
guide public health strategies aimed at reducing
COVID-19 morbidity and death disparities through
equal vaccine distribution and wellness promotion.
According to Wong et al. (2021), respondents' safety
concerns about the vaccinations' side effects are one of
the reasons for their refusal to be vaccinated against
COVID-19. The researchers conducted this study
using a random telephone poll. According to
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the results of this study, the determinants of vaccine
reluctance among respondents are concern of probable
vaccine adverse effects, lack of trust in government
initiatives, and vaccine quality. According to the
researchers, active explanation and advocacy by
medical professionals, as well as a number of
incentives, are necessary to increase vaccination rates.
The beliefs and attitudes of the respondents regarding
the vaccines also affect the vaccine hesitancy of the
citizens. As stated in the study of Al-Sanafi and Sallam
(2021), COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy was found to
be substantially associated with the belief in vaccine
conspiracies. For this study, the researchers utilized
the Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (VCBS) and the
5C subscales to determine the psychological factors
influencing acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine.
With that said, the researchers found out that the most
important 5C psychological predictors of acceptance
of COVID-19 immunization were a sense of
community responsibility and trust, as well as a lack of
restrictions and calculation. On the other hand, the
researchers also determined that those who relied
heavily on television shows, social media outlets, and
press releases as their primary sources of information
on COVID-19 vaccinations demonstrated significantly
greater COVID-19 vaccination refusal rates. The
researchers then suggested that the healthcare
practitioners in Kuwait can perform a critical role in
informing the greater community about the advantages
of COVID-19 vaccinations to minimize the risk of
SARS-CoV-2, particularly in light of the rising
incidence of vaccination reluctance found in Kuwait as
well as the Middle East.
Additionally, as Aw et al. (2021) explain, some of the
reasons why individuals resist immunizations are their
opinions about the vaccines' efficacy. The authors did
a scoping study for this publication in order to explain
rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitation and its causes in
high-income nations. The findings of this study reveal
that frequent vaccine-specific characteristics linked
with higher vaccine hesitancy included attitudes about
the effectiveness of vaccines and increasing concern
about the advancement of COVID-19 vaccines.
Barrello (2021) asserts that respondents' level of
knowledge of the virus has an effect on their
perceptions of COVID-19 vaccinations. The
researchers used a cross-sectional study design to
ascertain respondents' sentiments toward COVID-19
immunizations in this study. This study demonstrates
that vaccination attitudes are influenced by students'
level of health understanding and, most likely, by
additi onal m otivational and psychosoci al
John Miguel Barrocamo
characteristics, such as a sense of personal
commitment for public health and a shared value
system for civic life and social solidarity. The
researchers believe that knowing students' perspectives
on the upcoming COVID-19 vaccination and fostering
their health participation and awareness may aid in
developing an appropriate reaction and multimodal
educational approach.
Furthermore, Caple et al. (2021) found that beliefs of
high vulnerability, high intensity, and substantial
benefits were all effective predictors of vaccination
intent. The researchers conducted this analysis using a
survey that comprised questions and statements
evaluating the following: 1) demographic
characteristics, overall health, and COVID-19
experience; 2) intention to receive a COVID-19
vaccine; 3) perceived susceptibility to and intensity of
COVID-19; 4) advantages of a COVID-19 vaccine; 5)
willingness to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine; and 6)
trust in COVID-19 vaccines manufactured in other
countries. According to the findings, high
vulnerability, serious infections, and considerable
benefits all served as excellent predictors of
vaccination willingness. Additionally, most of
the respondents indicated that they would obtain the
COVID-19 vaccine only after many people had it or
when politicians had acquired it.
To conclude, vaccine reluctance has lessened among
Filipinos since the country's initial vaccination phase.
With that said, various factors influence a person's
willingness and ability to be vaccinated against
COVID-19. As Galingana et al. (2021) indicated, the
biggest reasons for residents' rejection to receive
COVID-19 vaccination are worries about the vaccine's
adverse effects and efficacy. Additionally, according
to Dror et al. (2021), the citizen's perceptions of
vaccinations against COVID-19 are influenced by their
beliefs about the vaccine's characteristics, such as the
country in which the vaccine was manufactured, the
technology used in its manufacture, the adverse effect
profile, and the vaccine's effectiveness. Likewise, the
citizens' vaccine hesitancy is influenced by their
perceptions and attitudes toward the vaccines and the
virus. As eloquently stated by Al-Sanafi and Sallam
(2021), COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy was shown
to be significantly related to a belief in vaccine
conspiracies and that those who relied primarily on
television shows, social media outlets, and press
releases as their primary sources of information on
COVID-19 vaccinations demonstrated significantly
greater COVID-19 vaccination refusal rates. With that
said, the conspiracy theories about the vaccines and
the worries about their adverse effects and efficacy
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Psych Educ, Document ID: PEMJ0, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6626159
Research Article
affect the citizens' perceptions, causing them to
hesitate to be vaccinated with the vaccines against
COVID-19.
Methodology
Research Design
The study employed descriptive approach that
accurately depicts the people, conditions, or
phenomenon. Additionally, this type of study is an
honest approach to the investigation because it
provides a systematic and accurate explanation of the
variables included in a research project (Dulock,
1993).
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were eligible to receive
COVID-19 vaccines. Thus, convenience sampling was
employed to select the participants who meet the
following criteria: a Filipino citizen; age is 18 and
above; and interested in participating in the study.
Instrument of the Study
This study used an instrument to collect the necessary
data for investigating and describing the COVID-19
vaccine reluctance among Filipinos. Nonetheless, the
researcher used Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine
Confidence and Complacency scale. Freeman et al.
(2021) utilized this instrument in their study entitled,
"COVID-19 vaccine reluctance in the UK: the Oxford
coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives
survey (Oceans) II" to determine the troubling
attitudes about COVID-19 vaccine confidence and
complacency. This questionnaire contains forty-two
(42) items that included item-specific response
alternatives, which were coded from 1 to 5. There was
also a 'Don't know' option that did not receive a score.
Furthermore, four (4) factors were identified using
exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses: (1) the
collective relevance of a COVID-19 vaccine; (2)
respondents' perceptions that they could contract
COVID-19 and that the vaccination would work; (3)
the pace of vaccine production; and (4) side effects. A
higher score on the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine
Confidence and Complacency scale indicates a drop in
vaccine reluctance and a decrease in unfavorable
sentiments.
On the other hand, a lower score indicates increased
vaccination hesitancy and a higher degree of negative
attitudes. Lastly, Freeman et al. (2020) stated that the
John Miguel Barrocamo
Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and
Complacency scale proved to be reliable since it has a
Cronbach's alpha of 0.86. Thus, the current language
of the instrument will be translated into the Filipino
language and will undergo validation to accommodate
the general context of the respondents.
Ethical Consideration
Besides gathering the needed data and information for
the study, the researcher's first concern was to ensure
the safety and rights of the respondents during the data
collection process as much as possible. Before
distributing the questionnaires, the researcher
requested approval for their study's data gathering
procedures and instruments from the research
instructor. Afterward, the study respondents were
adequately informed of the purpose, particularly the
nature of the research study. The ethical codes in
research will be strictly followed to preserve the rights
of the researcher and the respondents throughout the
research process. Additionally, the researcher
conducted the research study according to Republic
Act 10173, also referred to as the Data Privacy Act of
2012. This act safeguards the fundamental human right
to privacy and communication while promoting
innovation and progress through the free flow of
information.
Furthermore, the respondents' convenience,
accessibility, understanding, and willingness were the
main factors that were considered in this study. The
researcher ensured that the questionnaire was
acceptable and easily understood by the respondents,
ensuring that their replies were correct and accurately
reflected their genuine opinions and behaviors toward
the ideas examined in this study. In addition, the
respondents' identities and responses will be used
solely for this study and will be kept confidential for
their privacy and anonymity.
Data Gathering Procedure
To accomplish the objectives of this study, the
researcher followed a specific set of procedures
throughout the research process. Firstly, the researcher
identified the proper instrument for the analysis while
evaluating if it is aligned with the objectives that the
researcher aims to accomplish. Furthermore, the
researcher obtained consent from their research
instructor to confirm that the instrument chosen was
appropriate. The researcher also ensured that the
questionnaire was acceptable and easily understood by
the respondents to ensure that they would give their
honest responses to the given questions. Afterward, the
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 Psych Educ, Document ID: PEMJ0, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6626159
Research Article
researcher provided a brief statement that explains the
purpose of the study, including the instructions for
answering the questionnaire so the respondents can
have a glimpse of the questions that they will be
encountering, ensuring that their responses are correct
and accurately reflect their actual attitudes and actions
toward the concepts under consideration in this study.
The researcher disseminated the questionnaires online,
primarily through Google form, since it is the easiest
way to reach the target respondents during this
pandemic.
The researcher gathered the necessary data for the
study. The researcher promptly tabulated the results. It
will be subjected to the statistical analysis tool used in
this study to ascertain the conclusion reached during
this study's investigation. The data and information
gathered from the respondents will provide the basis
for the calculation and interpretation of the study's
results, which will address the questions and objectives
presented in this study.
Result and Discussion
Level of Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccines
These tables are used to appropriately depict the
various points of view that an individual may have
while deciding whether to accept or reject a
COVID-19 vaccine.
Table 1
Respondents’ Level of Perception of COVID-19 Vaccine
As seen in Table 1, the overall mean of the
respondents ranged from 3.91 to 4.47, with a general
mean score of 4.19. This suggests that respondents
strongly believe in the importance and usefulness of
COVID-19 vaccination. Additionally, this shows that
the study's participants possessed a high level of
knowledge and awareness regarding the benefits of
COVID-19 vaccination as well as the potential hazards
associated with non-vaccination. With that said, this
finding is in line with the observations of the study of
John Miguel Barrocamo
Caple et al. (2021), in which the researchers
discovered that views of high vulnerability, high
intensity, and substantial benefits were all effective
predictors of vaccination intent.
Therefore, in correlation to the given study, as
respondents become more aware of the critical nature
and significant benefits of being inoculated against
COVID-19, their desire to be immunized increases.
Moreover, the respondents' overall mean ranged from
2.95 to 4.18, with a general mean score of 3.73. This
indicates that they have a high level of confidence in
the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccinations.
Furthermore, the respondents in the survey expressed a
high level of belief in the vaccines, particularly in their
ability to protect them against the major diseases that
this virus may cause. With that said, this finding is
consistent with the findings of Tavolacci et al. (2021),
who discovered that self-reported understanding of
traditional immunizations and COVID-19 vaccines, as
well as trust in their efficacy and safety, were all
associated with a decreased chance of vaccine
hesitancy or resistance.
It can be gleaned from Table 1 that the study's
respondents have only one very high mean score of
4.29. This demonstrates that they have a strong belief
in the vaccinations' ability to work successfully, and
they believe that being vaccinated against COVID-19
is a display of bravery. On the other hand, they had
high mean scores ranging from 3.88 to 3.96. This
indicates that they have a high level of awareness and
understanding of vaccine production and development
effects on the vaccines’ efficacy and effectiveness.
Additionally, the overall mean of the responses ranged
from 3.88 to 4.29, with a general mean score of 4.04.
This shows that the respondents have a high level of
perception regarding the manufacturing and
development of a COVID-19 vaccine. Furthermore,
the respondents are adamant that the safety of
vaccinations is dependent on their production and
development. With that said, this discovery is
consistent with the findings of Dinga et al. (2021),
who discovered that citizens' perceptions of
vaccinations and the company that manufactures them
influence their vaccine confidence and hesitancy.
Therefore, in accordance with the given study, as
r espondent s develop faith in the sever al
pharmaceutical corporations that manufacture vaccines
and become more receptive to the manufacturing and
development processes that vaccines undergo, their
willingness to be vaccinated increases.
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Research Article

Additionally, Table 1 shows that respondents have that the respondents had a high level of acceptance for
only one very high mean score of 4.40. A higher score vaccination and a low level of vaccine hesitancy.
suggests less vaccine hesitation based on the Furthermore, it was discovered that respondents'
instrument's explanation. With that said, in receiving a positive attitudes concerning vaccines influenced their
new vaccine, the respondents demonstrate a low level decision to be vaccinated against COVID-19. With
of vaccine hesitancy and a very high level of that said, this discovery is consistent with the findings
acceptance. On the other hand, they achieved high of Edwards et al. (2021), who discovered that citizens'
mean scores ranging from 3.52 to 4.04. This indicates beliefs and attitudes influence their willingness to get
that the respondents have a high level of knowledge COVID-19 vaccines.
and awareness of the potential adverse effects of
COVID-19 vaccinations.
Conclusion
The overall mean of the respondents ranged from 3.52
to 4.40, with a general mean score of 3.99. This
demonstrates that the respondents have a thorough As the number of COVID-19 cases has decreased in
awareness of the vaccine's adverse effects. recent weeks, the impact of the COVID-19
Furthermore, they are adamant that any adverse effects immunizations on our society has been evident. On the
that a person may encounter are only minor or other hand, as previously proven, respondents'
moderate. On the other hand, the respondents perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines are associated with
expressed a low level of vaccine hesitancy when COVID-19 vaccine reluctance. With that said, people
receiving a new type or brand of vaccine. With that are becoming increasingly receptive to COVID-19
said, this conclusion is consistent with that of Bautistavaccinations as they gain faith in the vaccines' safety,
et al. (2021), who discovered that people's concerns efficacy, and ability to protect against the virus.
regarding the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19
Additionally, the findings of this study indicate that
immunizations have an effect on their vaccination
the primary factor influencing respondents' motivation
acceptance and hesitancy.
to receive vaccines is the collective value of
Therefore, in accordance with the findings of the vaccinations. Once they learn that vaccines save lives
study, the respondents' desire and reluctance to receive and benefit society and that it is detrimental if a
COVID-19 vaccinations is contingent on the safety significant portion of the population is not vaccinated,
and efficacy of the vaccines. With that said, if their resistance to vaccination is reduced. Overall,
vaccinations, particularly their adverse effects, are vaccine hesitancy was minimal among the study’s
demonstrated to be safe, more people will be willing to participants.
be vaccinated. On the other hand, if the vaccines'
safety is not yet established, people will be more However, the study's findings revealed that more
hesitant to be vaccinated against COVID-19. people would consent to vaccination if
vaccinations are demonstrated to be safe, particularly
Finally, Table 1, the respondents in this study have their adverse effects. On the other hand, if the safety of
very high mean scores ranging from 4.32 to 4.73. The the vaccinations is not established, individuals will be
instrument's description states that a higher score on less willing to take COVID-19 inoculation. The study
the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and concluded that the country's local government units
Complacency scale suggests less vaccine hesitation and government agencies must continue to address this
and fewer negative sentiments. With that said, issue. They must do everything possible to persuade
the respondents expressed a low level of fear of individuals who are still on the fence about vaccination
COVID-19 vaccinations. On the other hand, they have to see the benefits of immunization for themselves and
three high mean scores ranging from 3.98 to 4.19. This
those around them. Additionally, they must recognize
indicates that the respondents positively view vaccines'
that some Filipinos remain hesitant to be vaccinated
capacity to protect them against infection.
due to concerns about the vaccines' safety and
Additionally, the respondents have three average
efficacy. From teaching how vaccines work to
ratings ranging from 2.71 to 3.28. This indicates that
discussing the social benefits of vaccination programs,
they have a neutral perspective toward the benefits of
vaccines in their lives. they will be able to conceive of strategies to improve
Filipinos' intent and willingness to be vaccinated
The respondents' overall mean ranged from 2.71 to against COVID-19, which will aid in eradicating the
4.73, with a general mean score of 4.12. This indicates virus in the country.

John Miguel Barrocamo

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Research Article
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Corresponding: John Miguel Barrocamo
Email: apatheticjmb@gmail.com
John Miguel Barrocamo
St. Paul College of Bocaue, Philippines
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