Properties of Life Heredity 

 Cellular Structure   Passing of one trait to another

 Reproduction  Resemblance of our parents
 Metabolism  Genes: inherited instructions for making
 Homeostasis  protein (DNA)
 Heredity  Mutation: Change/Damage in genes
 Evolution 
 Interdependence
Evolution 
Cellular Structure   Change in inherited traits of species over
 Living things are made up of one or time
more cells  Darwinism: concept of natural
 Cells are highly organized  selection, survival to the fittest 
 Multicellular organism: humans  Lamarckism: vital internal force in all
 Unicellular organism: single cell organism
paramecium

Atom > Molecule > macromolecule > organelle Lamarck (Jeans Baptiste De Lamarck)
> cell > tissue > organ > organ system >
organism •Populations of organisms all the same (no
variations)
Reproduction  •Changes occur in the environment 
 A process of by which organisms make
more of their own kind from one •Organisms can change in response to
generation to the next environment 
 Very essential to part of living
 Basic Rule: Nobody/No one can live •All organisms survive
forever 
 Meiosis (Sex Cell)
 Mitosis (Body Cell) Darwin
• Populations of organisms with individual
Metabolism differences (variations)
 Living organisms perform many
different chemical reactions  •Changes occur in the environment 
 Use energy to run the process of life
 Without the energy life will stop soon
•Environment “selects” for or against certain
 Kingdom Plantae: photosynthesis  variations
 Kingdom Animalia:
Respiration/Digestion 
•Not all organisms survive

Homeostasis 
 Maintenance of internal environment in Interdependence
order to function properly   Organisms in a biological community
 Examples: Excretion, digestion, have evolved to live and interact with
respiration, blood, circulation, melanin other organisms 
function and hormone secretions.  Responsible to our ecology and food
web
Organ System
1. Digestive System  Geological Time Spiral
 The geologic time scale is the
2. Respiratory System “calendar” for events in Earth’s history
3. Reproductive System  It subdivides all time into named units
4. Nervous System of abstract time called-in descending
order of: duration-eons, eras, periods,
5. Endocrine System
epochs and ages.
6. Urinary System
7. Skeletal System Statigraphy
 The enumeration of geologic time units 
8. Cardiovascular System
 Is the correlation and classification of
9. Circulatory System rock strata.

The Four (4) Stages of Food Processing 

1. Ingestion  Panspermia Theory -This hypothesis proposes
2. Digestion  that microscopic life forms that survived the
3. Absorption  effects of space became trapped in debris that
4. Elimination  was expelled into space after strong collision
between the planets were responsible in
The geologic time scale of the earth's history harboring life forms
and theories about the origin of life

Geologic time Abiogenesis - This hypothesized that life

 The extensive interval of time occupied
by the geologic history of earth
Formal Geologic time
 Begins at Archean Eon (4.0 billion to
2.5 billion years ago) 
 Continues to the present day.
Modern Geologic time
 Include the Hadean Eon
 Informal Interval that extends from
about 4.6 billion years ago to 4.0 billion
years ago (Corresponding to Earth’s
Initial formation)
Archean Eon
 Methane Droplets in the air shrouded the
young earth in a global haze, there was
no oxygen gas on earth.
 Oxygen was only in compounds such as
water 
evolved from inanimate objects
Naturalist proponents of this theory believed that
there are four important key events to the origin
of life:
1. An atmosphere full of reduced gas molecules
and a source of energy needed to convert these
molecules into important biological precursors
required for life.
2. An ocean that is teeming with biological
molecules.
3. A process to produce from this ocean of
molecules the kinds of information-rich
polymers essential for a living cell.
4. A belief that if step 3 can be executed, it will
result almost inevitably to the creation of a
living cell
Models of Abiogenesis
Spontaneous Generation
The obsolete idea of spontaneous generation is
described as the formation of living organism
without arising from a similar organism.
"Primordial Soup" Theory
Deep Hot Biosphere Hypothesis
Postulated by Thomas Gold, this model
suggests that life did not begin on the surface of
the earth but instead in the porosity of its crust.
The discovery of tiny filamentous structures that
are similar to bacteria called nanobes in deep
rocks in the early 90s supported such claim.

From the concept of Russian scientist Nanobes - smallest form of life

Alexander Oparin, this theory hypothesized
that possible conditions on the primitive. Earth
allows the onset of chemical reactions that leads
to the formation of other complex organic
compounds using simple inorganic substances.

This particular theory was summarized by

another scientist named Roberto Shapiro by
giving four conditions that might have been life's
origin on Earth:
(1) Earth had a chemically reducing atmosphere;
(2) The atmosphere exposed to energy in various
forms produced simple organic compounds;
(3) These compounds are accumulated in a
"soup" which may have been concentrated at
various locations; and
(4) By further transformation, more complex
organic polymers-and ultimately life developed
in the soup.

The Clay Hypothesis

Proposed in 1985 by Graham Cains-Smith, this
hypothesis suggests that the first molecules of
life might have met on clay, whose surfaces not
only concentrated these organic compounds
together, but also helped organize them into
patterns. These intricate organic molecules
ascended slowly from a pre-existing, nonorganic
repetition platform of silicate crystals in
solution.
Evolution - Scientific concept that describes Hardy-weinberg equilibrium – Population
how species undergo gradual changes and have a constant genetic stability
diversify over time.
Allele and genotype frequencies do not change
MECHANISM OF CHANGE - Underlying from generation to generation
processes or causal factors that drive scientific
Criteria that should be met:
transformations or advancements.
No mutation, Random mating, No gene flow,
Mutation – copying alteration or change occurs
large population size, No natural selection
during the process of DNA replication.
Microevolution - change in gene frequency
Mutations can result from errors in DNA
within a population.
replication during cell division, exposure to
mutagens or a viral infection Species is a group of organisms that can
reproduce with one another in nature and
Gene flow – migrating individuals that breed in
produce fertile offspring.
a new location.
Movement of genes from one population to
another.
Add new alleles to the existing gene pool of the
population.
Modify alleles frequencies
Genetic variation – The product of genes that
are carried to a population where those genes
previously does not exist.
Recombination - process creates genetic
diversity at the level of genes that reflects
differences in the DNA sequences of different
organisms.
Genetic drift – change in allele frequencies in a
population due to random sampling
Founder Effect – original individual settle in
new region, the resulting population will not
have all the alleles found among the members of
the population.
Natural selection - adapted to their
environment.
Artificial selection – interbreed and produce
fertile offspring.