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Mahajanapada Period
 6 century BC before the birth of Mahatma Buddha. In the year India was divided into 16
Mahajanapadas and 10 republican states.
 These Mahajanapadas were the result of land expansion of 8 Vedic Janapadas and creation of new
Mahajanapadas.
 There are mention of 16 Mahajanapadas in the Buddhist text Aguttar Nikaya and the Jain text
Bhagwati Sutra.
 According to the Aguttar Nikaya, there are 16 Mahajanapadas and 10 republican states -
1. Kashi - Capital - Varanasi
 Area - Varanasi and its adjoining areas
 It was annexed to Magadha by Ajatashatru.
2. Kaushal - Capital - Shravasti
 Present Faizabad
 It was annexed to Magadha by Ajatashatru.
 The republic of the Shakyas also came under this.
 Kaushal King Bidudabha destroyed it and mixed it with Kaushal.
3. Bajji Sangha - Capital - Vaishali
 These were also called astakula kingdoms.
 Eight republics in these
 It was also annexed to Magadha by Ajatashatru.
4. Malla -
 The Malla Mahajanapada was made up of two republics.
 Malla of Kushinara - Capital - Kushinagar
 Area - in modern Deoria and Gorakhpur area
 According to Valmiki Ramayana - the descendants of Chandraketumalla, son of Lakshmana, later
founded the Malla Republic.
 Malla of Pava - Capital - Pavapuri
 A place called Padrauna
Note: Mahatma Buddha attained nirvana in Kushinagar and Mahavir Swami attained nirvana in Pava.
5. Chedi - Capital - Shuktimati
 Area - Eastern part of present Bundelkhand
 There is a mention of the Chedi king Shishupala in the Mahabharata period.
6. Vatsa - Capital - Kaushambi
 Area - Present Allahabad and Kaushambi District
 The last ruler of the Kuru dynasty, Nichakshu, established the capital at Kaushambi.
 Merger with Magadha by Shishunaga
7. Kuru - Capital - Indraprastha
 Some area of Delhi, Haryana
 King Koravya was here at the time of Buddha
 Merger with Magadha by Mahapadmananda
8. Anga - Capital - Champa (Ancient name - Malini)
 Area - Modern Bhagalpur and Munger District (Bihar)
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 Merger with Magadha by Bimbasara at the time of Bramhasta ruler

9. Magadha - Capital - Girivraj / Rajagraha
 Area - Patna, Gaya, Shahabad
10. Panchala - Ahichchhatra / Kampilya
 Region - Western Uttar Pradesh - Bareilly - Badaun and Farruwabar
 Merger with Magadha by Mahapadmananda
11. Matsya - Capital - Biratnagar
 Area - Nearby Areas of Jaipur
12. Shurasen - Capital - Mathura
 Modern Mathura
 At the time of Buddha, the kingdom here was Avantiputra.
 Merged by the great ecstasy of Shurasen
13. Ashmak - Capital - Potli/Patan
 Area - On the south bank of river Godavari
 At the time of Buddha, Ashmaka was conquered and merged in the kingdom of Avanti.
 The only Mahajanapada located in South India
 Merger with Magadha by Mahapadmananda
14. Avanti - Capital
 Annexed to Magadha Empire by Shishunaga
 North Avanti - Ujjain
 South Avanti - Mahishmati was
 Chandrapradyota was the ruler during the Buddha period
15. Gandhara - Taxila
 Region - Eastern region of Pakistan and Afghanistan
16. Kamboja - Harak
 Modern Hazara District of Pakistan
 Kotilya has described the state of Kamboja as an interlocutor.
Republican State
1. Parts of Mount Susumar
2. Shakyas of Kapilavastu
3. Kalam of Kesputta - (Acharya Alar - Kalam)
4. Alamp's bullying -
5. Moliya of Ramgram -
6. Mauryas of Pippalivan
7. Videha of Mithila
8. Lichchavi of Vaishali
9. Kushinar. the sailor
10. Malla of Pava - Capital - Pavapuri
Due to second urbanization
 Use of iron tools in agriculture

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 DD Kaushambi and R. According to Sharma the agricultural sector was expanded with the help of
iron farm implements, which resulted in an increase in agricultural production, leading to an increase
in surplus, which resulted in the emergence of cities.
 Political reasons- The rise of some cities like Pataliputra, Champa, Rajagriha etc. became possible
because these cities were developed as capital by the then kings.
 As a result, economic activities increased here.
 Religious reasons - Due to the rise of new religions, some cities like Mathura, Shravasti, Vaishali,
which were religious centers, there was a concentration of wealth in the form of prasad, which
resulted in an increase in economic activities, which led to the formation of new cities.
 Commercial reasons - Taxila, Avanti, Banaras etc. Some cities developed due to commercial
centers, out of which Taxila and Banaras were situated on the trade route and Avanti developed as
cities due to the prominence of production. Of cotton cloth happened.
 Reasons for the rise of Magadha
 In the 6th century BCE, Magadha was only one of the 16 Mahajanapadas, but over time Magadha
absorbed other Mahajanapadas. It is called the flourishing of Magadha due to the following reasons.
 Geographical reasons -
 Magadha's early capital, Girivaraja, was surrounded by five hills, which resembled Giridurga, and
Magadha's second capital, Pataliputra, was surrounded by three more rivers (Ganga, Son and
Gandak), from which the Pataliputra river becomes a It was like a fort, which was protected from
external attack.
 Economic reasons - Magadha was settled in the Ganges river valley, due to which the soil there was
alluvial and fertile, due to which there was excessive production in agriculture.
 The people of Magadha came to know about the cultivation of paddy, which increased agricultural
production. Apart from this, Pataliputra was a trading center, due to which there was an increase in
the meaning of the city, as a result the subjects became financially prosperous and started paying
more taxes to their king.
 Military organization - In the geographical location of Magadha, there was more availability of
minerals and forests, from minerals like iron, fine weapons were made and elephants were captured
from the forests and included in the army, which strengthened the military organization of Magadha.
 Political reasons -
 In Magadha, the expansion policies of qualified kings such as Bimbasara, Ajatashatru, Shishunaga,
Mahaparmanand, Chandragupta Maurya etc. played an important role in the flourishing of Magadha,
as well as the high diplomacy of Magadha, Bakskar, Sunidhi, Chanmya etc. also gave important
cooperation.
 Social reason - Magadha's society was liberal in comparison to the society of other Mahajanapadas,
due to which the Magadha people readily accepted the change, and kept on doing usury and
mahajani works, which were irreligious according to the Brahmin texts.
 Conclusion - All the above mentioned reasons played an important role in the rise of Magadha.
Haryanka dynasty / Pitrahanta dynasty
 Bimbasara - 544 B.C. - 492 B.C./ Surname - Shrenik
 Founder of Haryanka dynasty - Architect - by Mahagovind

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 Settling a city named Rajagraha and made it his capital.

 It had a royal life, whom Bimbasara sent to Mahatma Buddha and Chandapradhot, the ruler of
Avanti.
 Bimbasara donated Beluvan to Mahatma Buddha
 It is also called Seniya.
 Expansion of Bimbasara's kingdom
 Bimbasara adopted a three-pronged policy for the expansion of the kingdom.
Policy of matrimonial relations -
 With the Lichchhavis - Chellana, daughter of the Lichchhabi king Chetak (the mother of Trishala
Mahavira carrying Chetak)
 Kaushal kingdom - Mahakaushala, sister of Kaushal king Prasenjit
 Madri Desh - Princess of Madra Desh - Kshema
Policy of friendship - Bimbasara established friendly relations with Jivaka by sending him to the Avanti
king Chandpradhot, as well as established friendship with Pushkarasirin, the ruler of Gandhara.
Policy of War and Attack - By defeating the ruler of Magadha's neighboring kingdom Anga in Bimbasara,
Bramhadatta, merged Anga with Magadha, and made his son Ajatashatru the sub-king of Anga.
Ajatashatru 492B.C. - 460B.C.
 Nickname - Kunik (sore finger)
 Mata - Kausala - according to Buddhism
 Chellana - According to Jainism
 Organized its first Buddhist council.
 Ajatashatru, with the help of his ministers Basskar and Sunidhi, broke the Bajjisangh and conquered
Bajjisangh with weapons like Shilakantka and Rathamusal.
 Ajashatru attacked Kausal's ruler Prasenjit and occupied Kashi, as a result of the treaty, Prasenjit
married his daughter Bajira to Ajatashatru and gave Kashi as a dowry.
 Jain followers
Udayin - 460B.C. - 444B.C.
 Established Patliputra and made the capital
 Jain followers
Nagdashak
 Last ruler
 Murder - Amatya Shishunag
 In the Puranas, he was called a spectator
Shishunaga dynasty
Shishunag - 412 B.C. - 398 B.C.
 Founder
 Capital - Vaishali
 It merged the Vatsa and Avanti Mahajanapadas in Magadha.
Kalashok - 398B.C. - 366 B.C./ Surname - Kakavarna
 This again made Pataliputra the capital of Magadha.
 Organized the Second Buddhist Council
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Nandivardhana / Mahanandin
 Last Ruler
 Murder by Mahapadmananda
Mahapadmananda - Nanda Dynasty / Mahabodhivansh -
 Other names - Napitdas - (mother prostitute and father barber)
 Title - Sarvakshatrantak - Destroyer of Kshatriyas
 Ugrasen - Lord of the fierce army
 Parashurama II
 Parashurama II
 Indestructible Ruler - King of the only earth
 Ekrat
Major work - conquered Kalinga and mixed it in Magadha, and built a canal called Tinsuli there
(information - Elephant Gumpha inscription) and brought the idol of Jinsen from the King of Kalinga.
Other conquests - Ikshvaku, Panchala, Kaikeya (Kashi), Haihaya, Kalinga, Ashmaka, Kuru, Maithil,
Shurasen, Bitihotra etc.
 There were a total of 9 kings in the Nanda dynasty, hence it is also called Navanand dynasty.
Dhanandam - the forefathers
 Alexander's Invasion
 Defeated - Chandragupta Maurya
 Its contemporaries - Sthulabhadra, Vararuchi
Foreign invasion of India

Iranian Greek
 Irani - First gold coins in India
 Iranian invasion/Parsik or Hakhamani -
Harvamani Dynasty - Founder - Kurush
 Invader to India – Cyrus-II – First foreigner
Daryas - I / Daryabahu
 First successful foreign invasion on India
 It conquered Kamboja, Gandhara and Sindh of India and made it 20 provinces of Persia. From which
he received 360 Talent gold annually - according to Herodotus
 This campaign of Daryabahu is mentioned in the inscriptions - Behistun, Persipolis and Maperustam.
Kshaharyasha / Xerxes -
 It retained its influence on the Indian territory conquered by his father.
 Darius - III defeated by Alexander at the Battle of Aruvela (331 BC)
Effect of Iranian invasion on India
Political influence -
 The western border of India was exposed, attracting which the Greeks attacked India.

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 The satrap system started in India as a result of the Iranian invasion, which was later adopted by the
Shakas and Kushanas.
Economic impact –
 The trade route was discovered between India and Persia, after which the merchants of both the
nations started trading in each other's nation, which encouraged commerce and trade.
Cultural influence -
 The Aramaic script of Irani was prevalent on the northwestern border of India, which later led to the
development of Kharoshti script which was written from left to right like the Arabic script.
 Irani influence is also considered in Ashoka's pillar inscriptions, and Iranian influence can be seen on
Mauryan architecture.
 The practice of lighting a fire, keeping female bodyguards
 Note- Probably Ashoka took the circulation of inscriptions from the Iranian ruler Darius I.
Promotion of geographical discoveries -
 Darius - P sends Scyllex, who discovered the Indus route
Greek invasion
 Alexander - Born - 356 BC
 Name Alexander
 Father - Philip - II
 Mother - Olympia
 Guru - Aristotle
 Coronation - 336 BC (Ruler of Macedonia)
 20 years old
 Invasion of India - 326 BC
 Duration of stay in India - 19 months
 Death - 323 BC Babylon (32 years old)
 131 B.C. defeated Darius-III, the ruler of Persia in the battle of Aravela (the Persians gave the title
of Alexander)
Alexander's invasion of India - Alexander attacked India in 326 B.C. attacked in Arriving at Taxila, taking
control of Bacteri and Afghanistan, Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila, surrendered to Alexander and promised full
support in his conquest of India (India's first traitor - Ambhi)
Sikandar was strongly opposed by Porus, the ruler of Porvashtra Gave.
 After winning the Hydampus war, Alexander won many republics between the Jhelum and Vyas
rivers, in which Malavas, Massag, Kshudak, Shiva and Patal were prominent.
 Malav Republic - Alexander was injured while fighting with them and he got all the women, men,
children killed here.
 Republic of Massag - In the war with this republic, women also fought with Alexander
 Patal Republic - It was situated on the banks of river Vyas. This was Alexander's last campaign,
after which Alexander's army refused to cross the Vyas river.
Treaty of Babylon
 After the death of Alexander, the division of his empire -
 Northern and Western regions of the Indus River - Philip.
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 Seleucus got the empire of Greece.

 Ambhi is the part between Sindhu and Kselaam.
 The part between Jhelum and Beas river - to Porus
 At the time of Alexander's return - Alexander's army was divided into two parts at the mouth of the
Indus River - Waterway - Niarcus, Land route - Craterus
 Build two cities - Boukefla - in memory of the horse
 Nikaya (Victory Nagar) - To commemorate the victory of Porus
 Alexandria - (Kabul)
 Herododus - Historica - Father of History
 Greek writer who came to India with Alexander -
 Aristobulus
 Onoscrates
 Niarks
 Greek writer after Alexander -
 Megasthenes - Indica
 Pliny - Natural History
 Arian - Alexander's invasion - In the art of warfare, the Indians were superior to the other people of
the time.
 Ptolemy - Geography
Effect of Alexander's invasion on India
Role - Alexander's invasion was only a tussle for northwestern India, yet Alexander's invasion did have a
largely indirect and long-term effect, which can be understood on the basis of the following points
 Integration of North-Western border of India –
 As a result of Alexander's invasion, there was communication of political unity among Indians, this
work was later done by Chandragupta Maurya.
 The trade gates of Greece and India opened -
 As a result of the invasion, the Indians and the Greeks came closer to each other, in which trade
between the two countries was done through land and waterways, and India was successful in
trading with the West.
 Geographical Search -
 Alexander sent a boat under his general Niryakas to find out the waterways and ports from the
Indus river to the mouth of the Euphrates river.
 Due to which the trade of India and West Asia increased.
 Chronological Details of Indian History -
 After the invasion of Alexander, the chronological details of Indian history started, which was
practiced by Greek historians.
 Cultural influence -
 There was an exchange of ideas between Indian and Greek cultures. Greek astrology and art
arrived in India.
 Hellenistic art of Greece flourished in northwestern India, which later appears in the Gandhara art
style.

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 Uluk style coins started to be made in India similar to Greek coins. and silver
 The Greek influence was felt on the animal figures adorning the top of the Mauryan pillars.
 Establishment of new cities -
 During Alexander's stay in India, many new cities were established and Greek settlements were
settled, for example Nikaya, Bukephala, Alexandria etc.
 Conclusion - Overall, the process of cultural exchange between India and Greece started with the
Greek invasion under Alexander, whose culmination can be seen in the period of Indo-Greek rulers.
Reasons for the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism
 Role -
 During this period, new religions emerged not only in India but in the whole world, such as
Confucianism in China, Ghurthrusht in Iran and Pythagoras in Greece. 62 and 368 according to
Jain texts. The following are the reasons for the new religions-
 Satisfaction of Kshatriya Varna –
 Even after being the first place economically and politically, the Kshatriyas had a second place in
the caste system of the society.
 As a result the Kshatriyas led to the rise of Brahmin religions which were governed by the
Kshatriyas.
 The discontent of the Vaishyas -
 6th Century BC The economic position of the Vaishyas strengthened with the increase in
agriculture and trade, but the position of the Vaishyas was still second in the class system of the
society.
 Along with this, the usury and the Mahajani system were described as unrighteous of Brahmin
religion, as a result, discontent increased among the Vaishyas and financially helped Buddhism and
Jainism.
 Dissatisfaction among the Shudras -
 The lowest position in the Brahminical system was of the Shudras, they had neither the right to
education, nor to perform sacrifices, generally the Shudras were considered untouchables, which
later appeared in the Shudras and the Shudras converted Jainism and Buddhism Along with
adoption, support was also given.
 Dissatisfaction among women -
 The positive rights of women of the Rigvedic period were snatched away by the later Vedic period,
now neither women had the right to education, nor to sit in yagya with their husbands. On the other
hand Buddhism and Jainism gave positive rights to women and also allowed entry into the Sangha.
Jainism
 The word Jain is derived from 'Jin', which means conqueror.
 In the Rigveda, there is a discussion of two tirthankaras, Rishabhdev and Arishtenemi. Their symbols
are bull and shell.
 In the Bhagavata Purana, Rishabhdev is considered an incarnation of Vishnu.
 Arishtanemi is said to be the brother of Vasudeva Krishna.
 Om Tirthankar means one who crosses the ocean of the world and shows the path of salvation.
 Historical Tirthankara - Parshvanath (23rd) and Mahavira (24th).

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 19th Tirthankara Mallinath lived in female garb (Kalash).

Bull - Rishabhdev - Founder
 Birth- Ayodhya
 Death- Kailash mountain
Sarp- Parshvanath 23rd Tirthankara
 Father- Kashinresh Ashwasen
 Mother- Vama
 At the age of 30 years, planet renunciation, penance on Sammed mountain, attainment of Kaivalya on
the 84th day.
 Wife- Prabhavati
 Nirvana- At the age of 100 years on Sammed mountain (Jharkhand-Giridih district).
 First disciple- Mother Vama and wife Prabhavati.
 President of Parshwanath's Bhikkhuni Sangha - Pushpachula
 Parshvanath had rendered 4 Mahavratas. Nonviolence, Truth, Aparigraha and Asteya.
Mahavir Swami - 24th
 Actual Founder
 Birth – 540 BC In Kundagram near Vaishali.
 Childhood Name- Vardhman
 Father- Siddhartha (Leader of the known clan)
 Mother- Trishala/Bidehadatta-Sister of Chetak
 Marriage - Yashoda (Kundinya gotra)
 Daughter- Anoja / Priyadarshana
 Son-in-law- Jamali
 Brother- Nandivardhan
 At the age of 30, he left the planet, after 13 months he started living completely naked.
 Makkhaliputra met Goshal in Nalanda, Gaushal did penance with Mahavir for 6 years and later
established the Ajivak sect.
 After 12 years of rigorous penance, Kaivalya was attained at the age of 42 in Jambhika village,
Rijupalika river, under a tree of seven.
 Note:- Champa was the daughter of Radha Dadhivahan, the first Jain nun.
 The head of Mahavir Swami's bhikkhuni Sangha was Chandana.
 After attaining Kaivalya, Mahavir Jin (winner), Arha (worthy), Nirgranth (without bondage).
 Mahavir Swami was called Nigantha Nath Putra- in Buddhist literature.
 Note- Acharagansutra - The description of Mahavira's penance and Kayaklesh is found.
 Mahavir Swami gave his first sermon on the Vitulachal mountain (Rajgraha) of Rajagraha.
 In the 14 years of Mahavir Swami's attainment of Kaivalya, there was a rebellion which was led by
Jamali.
 Another rebellion took place in the 16th year of attainment of Kaivalya which was led by Teestagupta.
 468 BC at the age of 72 Mahavir Swami attained nirvana in the palace of Mallaraja Sastipala at a place
called Pava.

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 He added the 5th Mahavrata Brahmacharya.

 He gave his teachings in Prakrit language.
 Out of the 11 Gandharas of Mahavir Swami, only one Gandhara Sudharman survived after his death –
who was the first head of Gandhara.
JAIN MUSIC
FIRST JAIN COUNCIL
 Location- Patliputra
 President- Sthulabhadra
 Time- 300 BC
 Reign - Chandragupta Maurya
 Task- Editing of 12 organs
 Jainism divided into two parts Digambar and Swetamber.
Second Jain Music
 location- ballabhi
 President- Revarshi Pardon
 Time- 512 AD.
 Tasks - The scriptures were finally compiled and written down and the number of 84 Agamas was
fixed.
 Jain literature is called Agama, in which there are 12 Angas, 12 Upangs, 10 Prakirnas, 6 Chedsutras, 4
Moolsutras.
 Note- Jain Maths of Karnataka are called Basadis.
Jain philosophy
 Triratna- Jainism talks about the observance of three gems in order to eliminate the karma of the
previous birth and to avoid the fruit of this birth.
 Right faith/darshan - belief in truth
 Samyak Gyan – Knowledge of Truth
 Right conduct - Right conduct is indifference towards the objects of the external world with equal
sorrow and happiness while following virtuous character and good conduct.
 Bhikshu- Jain follower who is a sanyasi.
 Shravank- Jain follower who is a planetary person.
 By following the Triratna, the flow of karma towards the soul stops. This is called a vow.
 When the effect of the karma already done in the soul starts ending, it is called Nirjara.
 When the remnants of the attainment of karma from the soul are completely exhausted, then it is called
Moksha.
 The attraction of the soul towards karma is called ashrava.
Infinite Quaternion
 After salvation or nirvana, the living being freed from the cycle of life and death attains eternal
knowledge, eternal vision, infinite semen and eternal happiness.
Knowledge from Jainism – 5 types of knowledge mentioned.
 Knowledge acquired through the senses.
 The knowledge gained by listening to Shruti.
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 Period- Divine Knowledge.

 Mana Pariyojana - The knowledge of knowing the mind and mind of other persons.
 Kevalya – Complete knowledge attained by the Nigranthas and the Jitendris.
 Syadvada / Anekantavada / Saptabhangamaya Siddhanta
 This is basically the theory of relativity of knowledge. In it all our judgments regarding worldly things
can neither be accepted completely. nor outright denial - 7
1. is 2. is not 3 is and is not 4. cannot be said 5. is but cannot be said 6. is not and cannot be said 7. is,
is not and cannot be said.
 Panchamahavrata - Truth, Ahimsa, Asteya, Aparigraha, Brahmacharya - beggar
 Anuvrat – Truth, non-violence, asteya, non-possessiveness, brahmacharya – Shravaka
18 ins in Jainism
1. Violence, Violence 2. Sex 3. Possession 4. Honor 5. Greed 6. Malice 7. Blame 8. Uncontrollable
Rating 9. Fraudulent Lies 10. Falsehood 11. Theft 12. Anger 13. Maya 14. Anger 15. Discord 16.
Chugli 17. Nish 18. Truth of false philosophy.
Karmaism
 In Jainism, belief in the fruits of karma was expressed. The fruit of karma is the cause of birth and
death and only after getting rid of it one can progress towards Kaivalya.
Spiritism
 Jainism believes in the existence of the soul (consciousness).
 Reincarnation- Reincarnation was accepted in Jainism.
 Atheism- Jainism did not believe in any omnipotent, omnipotent and eternal God. They deny the
authority of God.
 Explanation of the world- According to Jain philosophy, this creation is made up of Jiva and Ajiva
(Pudgal (Material Elements), Akash, Dharma, Adharma, Kaal).
 And the world is eternal from time immemorial.
Difference between Digambara and Shvetambara
 Shwetambar does not consider it necessary to give up clothes to attain salvation, whereas Digambar
believes.
 Shvetambara considered women to be entitled to nirvana in this life, while Digambara used to forbid it.
 Shwetambar considers Mahavira to be married, while Digambara considers him unmarried.
 Shwetambar considers the 19th Tirthankar to be a woman, while the Digambara considers him to be a
man.
 According to Shvetambara belief, people need food even after attaining Kaivalya. But Digambara
advocates Nirahara.
Major rulers who followed Jainism
 Udayin, Kharbel, Chandragupta Maurya, Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha
 The last ashram of Jainism in India - Chalukyas of Gujarat
Reasons for the success of Jainism
 Jainism was spread in India only during the lifetime of Mahavira and even after his death. Many
factors contributed to the success or development of Jainism.
1. Support of the erstwhile dynasties-
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 Dynasties played an important role in the success of Jainism, Mahavir Swami himself was a dynasty,
and kings like Udayin, Kharbel, Chandragupta Maurya donated donations to Jainism, which ensured
the success of Jainism.
2. Support of Vaishyas-
 He condemned the sacrifice in Jainism against Brahmin religion, which saved livestock and spread
agriculture, which was in the interest of Vaishyas, along with it supported usury, maritime trade in
Jainism, due to which the Vaishya class also supported Jain. given support.
3. Simple publicity medium-
 The Jains propagated their religion in the simple understandable language Prakrit, which was the
language of the then common people, instead of the cumbersome language like Sanskrit, as a result of
which the people easily got attached to the religion.
4. Abandonment of the policy of discrimination-
 One of the main reasons for the success of Jainism was that it renounced the discriminatory policy of
Brahmanism and raised the people of all the Varnas on one footing.
5. Simple form of Jainism-
 Mahavira's religion was not as pompous as that of Brahmanism, nor was there a need for a priest to
attain salvation.
 By observing Triratna and Panchmahavrata, a person of every Varna could attain salvation.
To Write
 In Jainism, the sallekhna process is talked about in which the body is sacrificed by fasting -
Chandragupta Maurya also did it.
Reasons for the decline of Jainism
1. Maintaining relation with Brahmin religion-
 Jainism also had devotionalism, existence of gods, etc. in this religion as in Brahmin religion. As a
result, the public did not see any such new thing in this religion, due to which they get attracted
towards it.
2. Excessive rejuvenation-
 Jainism laid great emphasis on hard penance and self-suffering. Not wearing clothes, heating the body
in the sun, plucking hair, etc. were such rules, which were not possible for everyone to follow.
3. Excessive non-violence-
 The form of excessive non-violence proved impractical, it was not possible for the Kshatriya to live
without war and the farmer without agriculture.
 Similarly, the common man should also walk after clearing the way, drink water after filtering it and
cover his face with cloth while breathing, all this was impractical.
4. The continuation of the caste system-
 Jainism could not completely reject the caste system, Mahavir Swami believed that the birth in a caste
was due to the karma of a person's complete birth.
5. Lack of proper royalty-
 In the beginning, Jains got royal shelter, but later after the Chalukyas, Jains did not get royal
protection.
6. Other reasons-

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 Rise of Buddhism, revival of Brahmanism, division of Jainism etc.

Gift of jainism
 It first challenged the Brahmin religion, opposed the caste system, gave religious freedom to women.
 Jains created new business class and new cities were built.
 Jainism can be considered an invaluable fund of philosophical system like Shydabad.
 Jains created vernacular languages and developed languages like Prakrit, Ardhamagadhi.
Buddhism
 The Light of Asia - Gautam Buddha
 Kaldev's prophecy
 Birth - 483 BC In the village of Lumbini in Kapilvastu
 Death - 483 BC
 Father - Shuddhodana who was the head of the Shakyagan
 Mother - Mahamaya - who was the princess of the Kauliya dynasty
 Aunt - Prajapati Gautami - brought up.
 Wife - Yashodhara (also known as Bimba, Gopa, Bhadakchhna)
 Son - Rahul (meaning bond)
 Charioteer - Channa
 Horses - Kanthak
 Step-brother - Anand
 Cousin - Devdutt
Four scenes related to the life of Gautam Buddha, seeing which a sense of detachment arose in his mind -
1. Old man
2. Sick person
3. Dead person
4. Sannyasis
Major events in the life of Buddha
 Mahabhinishkraman - The event of renunciation by Buddha.
 Sambodhi - The event of Buddha attaining enlightenment.
 Dhammachakrapravartana - The event of the first sermon by the Buddha.
 Mahaparinirvana - Death of Buddha
 After renunciation, Buddha went to Vaishali and returned Channa from the Anoma river where he
made Alarkalam his guru. (sankhya philosophy)
 After that he went to the ashram of Ramputra of Rajagraha.
 After Rajagraha, Gautam Buddha went to Uruvela near Gaya where he got five sadhak Brahmins
including Kodinya, together with them Gautam Buddha started austerity, but later Buddha broke his
penance by eating kheer from the hands of a girl named Sujata. The Brahmin companions left him and
left.
 Gautam moved from Uruvela to Gaya, then in the 6th year of renunciation, at the age of 35, Siddhartha
attained enlightenment under the Peepal tree on the banks of the Niranjana/Punpun river, then called
Gautama, Buddha. These and Tathagata means truth is the knowledge whose
 The Buddha first made his disciples in Bodh Gaya, two banjara ascetics and Mallik.
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 After that Buddha came to Sarnath, here he gave the first sermon to the five Brahmins - which is called
Dharmachakrapravartan in Buddhism.
 After Kashi, Buddha went to Uruvela, where he made three brothers Chief Kashyap, Nadi Kashyap
and Gaya Kashyap as his disciples.
 After this Buddha reached Rajagraha where Emperor Bimbasara welcomed him and donated Venuvan.
In Rajagraha, two scholars of Kashi, Sariputra and Mahamoudgalayana became his disciples.
 While traveling the Buddha reached Kapilvastu where Gautami expressed his desire to become a
Buddhist, but the Buddha refused, but Gautami made Prajapati's son Anand his disciple.
 Later on reaching Vaishali, on being told Ananda, Buddha ordered Prajapati Gautami to enter the
Sangha - thus it was the first female entry into the Sangha.
 In Vaishali itself, the Lichchhavis got the famous Kutagrashal built in Mahavan. And Vaishali's chief
nagarbandhu Amrapali became his disciple, who donated Amravatika.
 After Vaishali, Buddha went to Sumsumaragiri, the capital of Bhaga, where he spent his eighth rainy
season and made Bodhi Kumar his disciple.
 After Sumsumaragiri, Buddha went to Kaushambi, where Udayana, influenced by a Buddhist bhikkhu
named Pindola, adopted Buddhism and provided Vikaram to Bihar.
 Mahatma Buddha gave most of his teaching skills in the country's capital Shravasti - 21 times - most
followers
 After this, Gautam Buddha reached Kushinara, the capital of the Mallas, where a goldsmith named
Chunda got disturbed while eating Yadya, due to which 483 BC. Gautam Buddha died at the age of 80.
 Gautam Buddha gave his last sermon to a person named Subdha.
 (Chhavajam-Devadatta was the first to try to create a split in the Buddha Sangha)
 Mahatma Buddha gave his teachings in Pali language and Mahavir Swami in Prakrit language.
Buddhist convention
First Buddhist Council - 483 BC ,
 Location - Rajagraha Saptafarni Cave
 Ruler - Ajatashatru
 President - Mahakasap
 Action - Sutta Pitaka - Buddha's Teachings (Ananda)
 Vinayapitaka - Discipline of Buddhist Monks
Second Buddhist Council - 383 BC ,
 Location - Vaishali
 Ruler - Kalashok
 President - Sabkami
 Functions - Buddhist Sangha Stavir and Mahasanghika in this
Third Buddhist Council - 251 BC ,
 Location - Patliputra
 Ruler - Ashoka
 President – Mogliputttis
 Work - In this the third Pitaka Abhidhammapitaka (Buddhist philosophy) was compiled.
Fourth Buddhist Council - 1 AD ,
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 Location - Kundalvan (Kashmir)

 Ruler - Kanishka
 President - Vasumitra
 Vice President - Ashwaghosh
 Work - Buddhism Two sects - Hinayana and Mahayana
 5 great signs or symbols related to the life of Buddha -
Event Symbol
 Birth - lotus and bull
 planetary - horse
 Knowledge - Peepal (Bodhi tree)
 Death - Stupa
 Dharma Chakrapravartan - the wheel
Power-
 In Buddhist monasteries, a ceremony called Pavaran was held. Thus the ceremony was to admit a new
person into the Buddhist sangha by having his head shaved and given yellow clothes.
 Eight Relics of Buddhism
 Pava and Kushinagar
Shakya
 Lichchavi
 Alkapp's Bully
 Kauliya of Ramgram
 Morey
 Brahmins of Vethdweep
 Ajatashatru
 Bajrayan -
 Around the 7th century, the influence of tantra-mantra in Buddhism began to increase, resulting in the
rise of the Bajrayana sect.
 This information is available from the book Manjushrimoolkalp and Guha Samaj. In this, the
consumption of Panchamkaras - alcohol, meat, sex, fish, currency was supported. One of its sub-
branches - Kalachakrayana
Concept of Bodhisattva-
 Any person who has attained knowledge by developing obstructed mind, but he should help other
people to attain enlightenment, not nirvana.
Chief Bodhisattva-
a. Avalokiteshvara/Padmapani
 Special Traits - Kindness
 There is a picture in the Ajanta cave
b. Manjushree
 Improve work intelligence
 He is shown with a knife in his hand, which destroys ignorance.
 Book in the other hand which has 10 shils.
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c. bajravani
 Hard Bodhisattva
 He has a thunderbolt in his hand.
d. Maitreya
 future bodhisattva
Philosophy of Buddhism
Aryasatya -
 Buddha has preached the Four Noble Truths regarding worldly miseries, these are -
1. Grief
2. Grief Community (Cause)
3. Grief Prevention (Remedy)
4. Dukh Nirodhagamini Pratipada (Eightfold Path)
Octagonal Route-
The end of the sorrows of human life can be done by the partial path -
1. Samyak Drishti - The power to recognize truth and untruth
2. Samyak Sankalpa – Will and Violence Free Resolution
3. Right Speech - Truth and Soft Speech
4. Right Karma - Good deeds, charity, kindness, virtue, non-violence
5. Samyak Ajiva - Eternal and proper way of living
6. Right Exercise - Prudent Effort
7. Samyak Smriti - Being judiciously aware of one's actions
8. Samyak Samadhi - Concentration of the mind
Principle of dependent arising
 Pratyatya (being of a thing) sutupada (the origin of something else) It is also called the principle of
causality, which holds that the origin of every action depends on the cause, and as long as there is a
cause, then Work will happen. When the cause ends then the work also ends, then the work also ends
Atheism-
 There is no concept of an omnipotent God in Buddhist philosophy.
Animism-
 There is no concept of an omnipotent God in Buddhist philosophy.
 mechanical interpretation of the world
 According to Buddhism, the creation is going on due to physical laws.
 Opposition to Vedic rituals
 In Buddhism philosophy is opposed to Vedic rituals
Reincarnation-
 Reincarnation is considered in Buddhism.
Jaramaran-
The collective name of every sorrow in the world
1. Caste
2. Bhava
3. Ingredients
4. Trishna
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5. Pain
6. Touch
7. Conspiracy
8. Namrup
9. Science
10. Sanskar
11. Period
12. Jarmaran
 Avidya is the fundamental cause of Jarmaran
 It is also called the twelfth diagnosis wheel.
Transientism-
 In Buddhism, everything in creation is transient. It is assumed to be transitory and it is said that these
considerations are variable.
Middle class/Madhyapratipada-
 While preaching to Kaundilya, Bhadiya, Mahanaam, Asmani, Bajra, always avoid the guests, there
should be neither excessive sorrow nor excessive happiness in life.
Ten modesty-
 For a virtuous and moral life, it was necessary that man should follow the ten precepts -
1. Truth
2. non-violence
3. Asteya
4. Aparigraha
5. Brahmacharya
6. Abstaining from adultery
7. Not taking drugs
8. Not eating untimely food
9. Abandonment of the Pleasant Bed
10. Avoid dancing
Early rise and spread of Buddhism
1. Practical Approaches -
 Buddhism gave practical principles to maintain the progress of the then material system and to solve
the problems.
2. Personality of Buddha -
 The personality of Buddha himself was attractive and impressive. He himself had brought the
principles into his life, the general public was affected.
3. Simple Sermons -
 Buddha kept away from philosophical disputes and gave simple messages to solve problems in this
world. And their message language was Pali, which was the language of the then common people,
through which people easily understood and accepted the messages.
4. State Protection –
 Buddhism got the patronage of great kings from the very beginning, in which Bimbasara, Ajatashatru,
Ashoka, Kanishka and Harshavardhana were prominent.
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5. Role of the Buddhist Sangha -

 There was systematic propagation of Buddhism through the Sangha.
6. Buddhist Music -
 Buddhist concerts organized from time to time also worked to spread Buddhism.
7. Buddhist Educational Institutions -
 Colleges like Taxila, Nalanda, Vikramshila, Sompur also contributed to the spread of Buddhist
philosophy.
8. Idea of Social Equality -
 In Buddhism, unlike Vedic religion, social equality was talked about, due to which many sections of
the society were attracted towards Buddhism.
9. Support to the new economic order -
 Vedic religion 6th century BC was opposed to economic changes in the U.S., he was slaughtering
livestock by sacrifice, which was unfavourable to the new agriculture. The Brahmin religion was also
opposed to urbanization and usury.
Conclusion -
 Thus due to these above reasons Buddhism became a universal religion. Now it had spread from the
Ganges valley to far away countries.
 Reasons for the decline of Buddhism
Role-
 Buddhism remained an important religion not only of India but of Asia for a long time, but over a
period of time it disappeared due to which the following were the main reasons -
1. Evils entered in Buddhism -
 Buddhism had spread by opposing the Brahmin customs, later on the same rituals were adopted by
Buddhists, for example - idol worship, Brahman gods as their own, following tantra mantras, etc., due
to all this Buddhism declined.
2. Corruption in Buddhist Sanghas -
 Widespread corruption was absorbed into the Buddhist sangha, leading to the moral decline of the
Buddhist monks.
3. Lack of protection -
 Pala was the last Buddhist protector after Kanishka and Harshavardhana.
4. Attack by Vedic preachers –
 Vedic missionaries like Kumaril Bhatt and Shankaracharya also defeated Buddhist scholars on the
basis of logic.
5. Taking recourse to Sanskrit -
 One of the reasons for the immense success of Buddhism in the beginning was that the Buddhists
chose Pali, the language of the general public, but later on, the Buddhists used Sanskrit for
propagation, due to which they became distant from the general public.
6. External Attack -
 Buddhism was also negatively affected by the invasion of Huns and Muslims.
Other Reason -
 Division, internal defects, lack of strong social order in Buddhism

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Indian Society and Culture of Buddhism

 Buddhism influenced every aspect of Indian culture to a deep level and made invaluable contribution
in increasing its splendor leaving its indelible mark on every dimension of Indian culture.
a. Egalitarian society - Buddhism strongly opposed the caste system, discrimination, untouchability and
united the whole society in one thread.
b. Buddhism made invaluable contribution to the development of Pali and Sanskrit literature and
composed many literatures, including Tripitaka, Anguttar Nikaya, Buddhacharita, Milindapanho etc.
c. Ban Buddhism developed architecture, sculpture and painting and brought it to its climax.
d. In some educational areas, colleges like Nalanda, Vikramshila, Sompur were given.
e. Mana Buddhism also opened up women and Shudras through salvation and got them a respectable
place in the society.
f. Buddhism increased morality and morality in the society through 10 shils.
g. He established a strong tradition of protest in Indian society and inspired the thinkers of later times
from Kabir and Nanak to Periyar Nayakar and Narayan Guru.

 Buddhism has made invaluable contribution to India in social, religious and cultural fields.
Comparative Studies in Buddhism and Jainism
Equality -
1. Both the religions oppose the Vedas and oppose the caste system and untouchability.
2. Both the religions used Prakrit and Pali, the language of the common man for preaching.
3. Both philosophies believe in the concept of reincarnation.
4. Both the philosophies emphasize on Karmaism.
5. Both the philosophies give a mechanical explanation of the world, according to them this creation is
going on mechanically.
6. The originators of both the religions belonged to the Kshatriya clan.
Inequality -
1. There is a difference between the three gems of both the religions. Where Jainism has right
philosophy, knowledge and conduct, Buddhism has Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha.
2. In Jainism it is necessary to give up the body to attain Nirvana, but in Buddhism it is not necessary to
leave the body for Nirvana.
3. Jainism emphasizes excessive rejuvenation, but Buddhism emphasizes the middle way.
4. Jainism recognizes the existence of the soul, but Buddhism has denied the soul.
5. In Jain philosophy, non-violence was considered to an impractical level, whereas in Buddhist
philosophy, practical non-violence was talked about.
Buddhism spread outside India but Jainism remained confined to India.

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