This material is solely for the use of

students enrolled in General

Anatomy 2 Lab. Do not distribute
without permission from Dr.
Almerido/ anyone from Dentistry
Department.

Module 12 : The Neck

RAPHAELLI CARLA L. ALMERIDO -SASAM, DDM, MPH
FACULTY MEMBER & CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
Department of Dentistry - CEU Makati
rlalmerido@ceu.edu.ph
1
M11: Learning Objectives
The student is expected at the end of the module to:

1. Describe the anatomy of the neck, the muscles, nerves and organs located within the neck
region.
2. Identify the muscles and triangles of the neck by illustrating its boundaries and contents.
 NECK
Connects the jaw & cranial base
above with the thoracic inlet below
Contains 4 columns:
visceral

vascular

supporting
SURFACE ANATOMY
SURFACE ANATOMY

Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid
SURFACE ANATOMY

Vertebra prominence
SURFACE ANATOMY
LAYERS OF THE NECK
Skin
Superficial fascia
Platysma
Superficial veins, nerves
& lymph nodes

Deep cervical fascia

CERVICAL FASCIA
EXTERNAL/ INVESTING LAYER

Covered by platysma
Encloses trapezius & SCM
Forms a sheath for parotid
gland & masseter
 Stylomandibular ligament
EXTERNAL/ INVESTING LAYER

Suprasternal
space
MIDDLE / PRETRACHEAL LAYER
Muscles:
Infrahyoid muscles

Viscera :
 Prethyroid layer
 Pretracheal layer proper
CAROTID SHEATH

Internal jugular vein

Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
BUCCOPHARYNGEAL FASCIA
Viscera
Pharynx
Esophagus

Muscle
Buccinator
INTERNAL/ PREVERTEBRAL LAYER

 Alar layer
 Prevertebral layer
INTERNAL/ PREVERTEBRAL LAYER
Muscles:
 Axillary sheath
Longus colli
Longus capitis
Scalenius
anterior, middle
& posterior
FASCIAL SPACES
MUSCLES OF THE NECK
MUSCLES OF THE NECK
Superficial neck muscles
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Lateral group
Prevertebral group
Suboccipital group
PLATYSMA
Action:
Draws down corner of
mouth
Depress lower jaw
Draws skin of chest upward
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
Action:
Acting alone:
• bends head to same side
Together
• bends head forward and
elevates chin
SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES
DIGASTRIC
Action:
Anterior : draws hyoid bone forward
Posterior: draws hyoid bone backward
Hyoid bone is Fixed: depress the mandible
Mandible is fixed: elevates hyoid bone
Opens mouth widely as when ingesting food
or yawning
STYLOHYOID
Action:
Draws hyoid bone upward &
backward

Elevates& retracts hyoid

bone elongating floor of
mouth
MYLOHYOID
Action:
Raises hyoid bone & tongue in
swallowing

Elevates floor of mouth during

initial stage of swallowing
GENIOHYOID
Action:
Pulls hyoid bone
anterosuperiorly
Depress mandible when hyoid
bone is fixed
Elevates & protracts hyoid
bone when mandible is fixed
INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
STERNOHYOID
Insertion:
Lower border of body of hyoid
bone

Action:
Draws hyoid bone inferiorly
OMOHYOID
Action:
Draws hyoid bone inferiorly
STERNOTHYROID
Action:
Draws thyroid cartilage down

Protracts larynx after it has been

elevated in swallowing & speech

Aids in singing low notes

THYROHYOID
Action:
Draws down hyoid bone
With fixed hyoid bone:
elevates larynx as in singing
high notes
SCALENIUS MUSCLE
Action :
Anterior: participates in
forced inspiration by
elevating the ribs and
sternum
Medius & Posterior: flexes the
neck
SPLENIUS CAPITIS
Action:
 bilateral : extends the head

Individual :
flexes the head laterally
TRAPEZIUS
Action:
Elevates or depress the scapula

Adducts the scapula

2 sides together draws the head

back
LEVATOR SCAPULAE

Action : elevates & rotates

the scapula
TRIANGLES OF THE NECK
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
Digastric triangle
a. Submental [4]
b. Submandibular [1]
Carotid triangle [2]
Muscular triangle [3]
 ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
the median vertical line of the neck,
the inferior margin of the mandible, and
the anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle
Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle
Muscular triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscles in the
anterior triangle
SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES
• INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
• INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
DIGASTRIC TRIANGLE
MUSCULAR TRIANGLE
CAROTID TRIANGLE
 POSTERIOR TRIANGLE

SCM Trapezius

Clavicle
POSTERIOR TRIANGLE
Occipital triangle

Omoclavicular /
Subclavian triangle
 POSTERIOR TRIANGLE
Boundaries:
the middle one-third of
the clavicle,
the anterior margin of the
trapezius, and
the posterior margin of
the sternocleidomastoid.
Muscles of the posterior triangle
Muscles of the posterior triangle
Muscles of the posterior triangle
Muscles of the posterior triangle
CERVICAL PLEXUS
 CERVICAL PLEXUS
Ventral rami of C1 to C4
•Superficial or cutaneous branches
•Ansa cervicalis complex
•Phrenic nerve
•Distributions to CN X,XI,XII
•Direct muscular branches
.easynotecards.com
https://en.wikipedia.org
Superficial or Cutaneous branches

Lesser occipital nerve

Great auricular nerve C2
C2 & C3

Transverse cervical nerve

C2 & C3 Supraclavicular nerve
C3 & C4
Phrenic Nerve:
C4, C3 & C5
Ansa Cervicalis : C1 , C2 & C3
Other Muscular branches

 C1 & C2
 C2, C3, C4
 C3 & C4
 Br. to XI cranial nerve
VISCERAL COMPARTMENT
OF THE NECK
VISCERA
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus
 THYROID GLAND

 T3, T4
 Calcitonin
 PARATHYROID GLAND

Parathormone [PTH]
 PHARYNX
Base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra

Parts:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Pharyngeal Muscles
Extrinsic
 Inferior, Middle & Superior
constrictor muscles

Intrinsic
 Stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus,
salpingopharyngeus
LARYNX
4th-6th cervical vertebra
Made up of cartilages,
muscles and mucosal
covered membranes &
folds
CARTILAGES OF THE LARYNX
Laryngeal Muscles
Extrinsic
 Hyoid muscles
Intrinsic
 Cricothyroid
 Cricoarytenoid
 Arytenoid
 Thyroarytenoid
 Vestibular fold
 Vocal fold
TRACHEA

Lower border of cricoid

cartilage (6th cervical) to 5th
thoracic vertebra
ESOPHAGUS
6th cervical vertebra to 10th
thoracic vertebra
Thank you!