Psych Educ, Document ID: PEMJ0, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.

6983913, ISSN 2822-4353

Research Article

Smoking Cessation in Catholic Schools: A Phenomenological Study

Meraly S. Degillo*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.

Abstract
This qualitative – phenomenological research explored and analyzed the lived experience of smoking
cessation among Catholic schools’ stakeholders. Using the Transtheoretical model of change and
phenomenology, the experience of smoking cessation by the participants were found to have the
following textural themes: kin and peer influence as an entry point for smoking; perceived negative
effects as possible for health consequences of smoking; possible positive effects and experiences of
smoking cessation; replacement strategies as ways done for smoking cessation; commitment to self as
a drive for smoking cessation actions; maintaining regularly trained smoking cessation behaviors and
intentions; self-efficacy as key to the termination of smoking behavior; and becoming better than
before as the meaning of smoking cessation. The essence of smoking cessation can be metaphorically
likened to the experience of leaving the smoke behind. The findings of the study imply that Catholic
schools can serve as an agent of change and a facilitator of transformation for smokers who intends
smoking cessation, and the awareness and protection of stakeholders from the dangers of smoking.
Hence, this study recommends the use of Living the Smoke Behind Program as proposed intervention
to be facilitated by the respective guidance offices of Catholic schools.

Keywords: Phenomenology, Smoking Cessation, Transtheoretical Model Of Change, Catholic Schools

Introduction World Health Organization (2017) because tobacco

Tobacco, even when accurately used as intended by
manufacturers, is the only legal drug that kills many of
its users (World Health Organization, 2015). About six
million deaths of people across the world each year are
attributed to the World Health Organization (WHO,
2015) to tobacco use, with many of these deaths
occurring prematurely. Using tobacco kills more than
7 million people a year; households and governments
spend over US$ 1.4 trillion for lost productivity and
healthcare expenditures (Gardwood and Lindmeier,
2017). As of 2012, the Western Pacific earned 48.5
million prevalence of smoking any tobacco product
among persons 15 years old and older (WHO, 2018).
Europe came in second with 39.0 million, and 32.1
million for South-East Asia (WHO, 2018). Philippines
belongs to the WHO Regional Office for the Western
Pacific.
In the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2015) conducted
in the Philippines, 16.6 million adults use tobacco,
41.9% of which are men and 5.8% are women. 18.7%
(e.g., 13.1 million adults) smoke tobacco daily;
meanwhile, 76.7% of the smokers in this survey
planned to or were thinking about quitting. 56.5% of
these smokers who visited a healthcare provider in the
past 12 months were advised to quit smoking.
Quitting tobacco smoking is not easy according to the
dependence is not only attributed to one factor—it is a
cluster of behavioral, cognitive and physiological
phenomena instead. Successfully quitting from this
habit in their first attempt became a glory of very few
people—but of course, evidence shows that it is has a
strong possibility of being done (WHO, 2017). A
conglomeration of interventions from quitlines (e.g.,
telephone hotlines) to prescription medicines to
counseling; the World Health Organization (2017)
found these numerous ways to quit smoking
effectively. Researchers have shown that effective
behavior change, especially in smoking cessation,
relied on both in self-initiated and treatment facilitated
factors and interventions (Prochaska, Norcross, and
DiClemente, 2013).
The researcher intends to participate in the endeavor of
making smoking cessation efficiently possible for
people in Catholic schools. The researcher means to
contribute to the pursuit of smoking cessation due to
the following reasons: 1) personally, to explore and
understand the process of smoking and smoking
cessation of persons belonging to the family. 2)
Professionally, to assist students in pursuing and
promoting mental and physical health and wellness. 3)
Presently, to approach smoking and smoking cessation
from the vantage point of guidance and counseling as
one of the contributing agents of intervention for
prevention and wellness.

Meraly S. Degillo
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Thus, this study explored smoking cessation—to know
how individuals in Catholic schools practiced smoking
cessation and what did their smoking cessation meant.
The meaning that were derived from this study may
serve as an assistance to the formative and restorative
program pursued by the Catholic schools regarding
smoking cessation as advocacy and a proposed
guidance program.
Methodology
This study used the qualitative phenomenological
approach. Collected data were explicated through the
scheme of Hortillas & Gayoles (2018) and
phenomenological concepts of Husserl (1964). The
qualitative approach attempts to understand a small
number of participants' frames of reference, instead of
testing a preconceived hypothesis on a large sample
(Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018). This process involves
finding out the meaning of the data from what the
respective participants reveal (Walliman, 2011).
Qualitative studies, in the past decades, have garnered
increased attention due to the richer portrayal of the
data garnered (Field, 2013). The basic goal of the
phenomenological study is, to explicate the meaning,
structure, and essence of a person's lived experiences
or a group of people around a specific phenomenon; it
begins with the kind or type of person the researcher
w a n t s to s t u d y ( L i c h t m a n , 2 0 1 4 ) . Th e
phenomenologist (researcher) attempts to understand
human behavior through the eyes of the participants in
the study by providing a richly textured description of
lived experience (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018). Once
the account of the participants expresses the rich
textured description of the lived experience meaning
the participants have reached the point of
"phenomenon" (Husserl, 1927). Husserl (1927)
continues that the meaning reached due to the
intentionality brought about by the participants' vividly
accurate recall. The consciousness of the meaning of
smoking cessation practices of the participants in the
phenomenon that this paper yearns to study. The
sample size in qualitative research studies depends on
the scope of the study , the nature of the topic, the
quality of the data, the design of the study, and the use
of shadowed data, where participants speak of other
peoples' experience as well as their own (Hortillas &
Gayoles, 2018). Through the use of the data from the
Meraly S. Degillo
written narrative stories and documentation, or text
information (Zohrabi, 2013). The study design
provides a venue for collecting, analyzing, and
reporting the descriptive understanding of the
participant's experience and the meaning of their
smoking cessation practices (Creswell, 2012).
This study involved smokers from the six Catholic
schools who are in the continuum of smoking
cessation experience (e.g., have tried quitting, in the
process of quitting, or have quit smoking). Participants
selected through purposive sampling. This sampling
technique selects samples or participants according to
the purpose of the study (Paler-Calmorin & Calmorin,
2008). Choosing people who can best help describe
and understand the phenomenon of concern; this is
purposeful sampling (Creswell, 2012). In the
perspective of phenomenological research, the
participants got selected once they affirm the question:
do you belong to the population studied? (Englander,
2012). The problem will further qualify it: do you have
the experience that this study is looking? (Englander,
2012). Once the participants were determined, the
study began in pursuit of the phenomenological
psychology of the experience which provided the
description, phenomenological reduction and the
uncovering of a phenomenon's essence (Dowling &
Cooney, 2012). Eleven participants were determined
based on the following inclusion criteria: (A) have
responded affirmatively to the questions posed by
Englander (found in the previous paragraph), meaning
they are in the continuum of smoking cessation
experience (e.g., have tried quitting, in the process of
quitting, or have quit smoking). (B) They are
stakeholders of Catholic schools, meaning they are
either students, faculty and staff, parents, or
administrators. (C) They have accomplished the
Participant's Informed Consent Form (Appendix B),
meaning they have voluntarily agreed to the
confidentiality and ethical considerations rendered by
this study.
The Individual Written Narrative Story Form was
utilized in this study.
Among the many ways of collecting the participants'
detailed descriptions of their experience in qualitative
research; the written and oral self-reports were used
and evaluated as data containing the authentic
experience from them (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018).
Through the use of written narrative stories and
documentation (see Appendix A), the goal of
understanding the essence of smoking cessation
practices of the participants were met. This narrative
data in the form of text, written, were clarified and
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verified by the participants through an unstructured
interview that followed right after accomplishing the
research instrument (Kumar, 2011).
The following procedures were observed during the
data gathering. The researcher personally gave the
letter of intent to the participants. The researcher
informed the participant about the study and the desire
of the researcher to learn from the unique experience
and meaning of the participant's smoking cessation
practices.
The participants were given ample time to use and
write on the Individual Written Narrative Story Form
(Appendix A). After doing so, the researcher
conducted an unstructured interview for clarification
The validity and reliability of this study were
established by the participants during the data
collection and data analysis through member checking
(Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018; Zohrabi, 2013). Member
ch eck ing h app en ed when the r esults and
interpretations were taken back to the participants to
be confirmed and validated (Zorahib, 2013). Hence,
the results and interpretations of the data got approved
by the participants as plausibility and truthful
information that can be recognized and supported
(Zohrabi, 2013). Moreover, specific procedures were
taken to address auditability, credibility, and
fittingness. Auditability is evaluating the consistency
of qualitative findings (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018).
The description and documentation of the steps taken
from the start of the research to the development and
reporting of the findings considered as the audit trail.
The credibility of the interpretations of the data
verified by the participants (Hortillas & Gayoles,
2018). The verification of the participants justified the
applicability, consistency, and neutrality of the data
gathered from the participants and the findings
reported in this study (Prieto, Naval, & Carey, 2017).
Fittingness or transferability of the study refers to the
probability that the research findings have meaning to
others in similar situations (Hortillas & Gayoles,
2018). The findings were verified once more by two
participants to check if they fit in the experience and
meaning of smoking cessation practices (Hortillas &
Gayoles, 2018).
After collecting data, data analysis commenced.
Explication of the data implies investigation of the
components of a phenomenon while keeping the whole
context (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018). Explication
reached through the analysis of the narratives. The
analysis is the systematic procedures for identifying
Meraly S. Degillo
essential features and relationships by way of
transforming the data through interpretation (Hortillas
& Gayoles, 2018; Degillo, 2017). The explication
process involves the following. (a) Bracketing and
phenomenological reduction; (b) delineating units of
meaning; (c) clustering of units of meanings to form
themes. (d) Summarizing each of the written narrative
stories, validate and modify; (e) forming general and
unique themes for all the written narrative stories and
composite summary; (f) and eventually defining the
essence of the experience (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018).
Bracketing and Phenomenological Reduction
Phenomenological reduction is a deliberate and
purposeful opening to the essence of the phenomenon
of smoking cessation (Moustakas, 1994). Bracketing is
the nonjudgmental act in studying an experience (the
phenomenon) that will not impede the heart (central
point) of the study (Husserl, 1964). The researcher
bracketed points in the narrative. Bracketing happens
in such a way that no position was taken either for or
against the researcher's presumptions and not allowing
meanings and interpretations to enter the world of the
participant (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018).
Delineating Units of Meaning
Statements that were seen to illuminate the researched
phenomenon got retained; incidentals (insights that are
not related to the topic) got identified and removed to
focus on the essence (Moustakas, 1994). The list of
units of relevant meaning lifted from each written
narrative story; were carefully analyzed and redundant
units got eliminated (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018).
Through conceptualization, the data were organized to
make sense; clarifications with the participants were
made to establish the credibility of the data (Neuman,
2014).
Clustering of Units of Meanings to form Themes
The researcher rigorously examined the list of units of
meaning. Grouping units of meaning together to form
clusters of themes and identifying significant topics,
also known as units of significance (Hortillas &
Gayoles, 2018). Through the use of hermeneutics, that
is to interpret the textural meaning of the words;
themes were made (Manen, 2015). By examining the
meaning of the various clusters, central themes got
determined, which in turn would express the essence
of these clusters. Here, the "whats" or the so-called
textural qualities and the "hows" or the structural
accounts got established to create the themes
(Moustakas, 1990). Knowledge about the experience
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arises through these themes. Intentionality assists the
arising of consciousness about the meaning of the
participant's experience (Husserl, 1964).
Summarizing Each of the Written Narrative
Stories, Validate, and Modify
A comprehensive context got created by a summary
that incorporates all the themes that prompted from the
narratives of the participants (Hortillas & Gayoles,
2018). It is to reconstruct the inner world of experience
and meaning of smoking cessation. The researcher
conducted a validity check at this point. Through
member checking, two participants validated the
summary; the researcher solicited the views of the
participants about the credibility of the themes and
interpretations (Creswell, 2014). Based on the
validation by the two participants, modifications made.
Forming General and Unique Themes for all the
Written Narrative Stories and Composite
Summary
Themes common to most or all of the written narrative
stories as well as the individual variations got
identified. The meaning found in units and themes of
all participants were examined to represent the
experiences of the group of persons pursuing smoking
cessation (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018). The researcher
ended the explication by writing a composite
summary. A rich, thick description that presents the
purpose of the information's transferability is observed
(Creswell, 2012).
Defining the Essence
The essence was consisting of the fundamental
qualities that made the experience of smoking
cessation what it is. Describing smoking cessation
involved the use of language that could convey
meaning. This phenomenological study used language
as data and report the essence through the use of a
metaphor (Hortillas & Gayoles, 2018). Hence,
defining the essence of the experience—reaching the
core of the phenomenological process (Lichtman,
2011).
Result
There are eight major textural themes found in the
individual written narrative stories of the participants.
The major textural themes that emerged from the
phenomenon of smoking cessation in Catholic schools
categorized by question are kin and peer influence,
Meraly S. Degillo
perceived negative effects, possible positive effects
and experiences of smoking cessation, replacement
strategy, and commitment to self, retaining trained
behavior, 100% self-efficacy, and becoming better.
Influences and reasons for smoking
Kin and peer influence is the major textural theme
found in the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "Who
influenced you to smoke? What was your reason for
doing so?" (Sin-o ang nag impluwensya sa imo sa
pagpanigarilyo? Ano ang rason ukon kabangdanan
ngaa nagsugod ka panigarilyo?)
Kin and peer influence. Geographical and relational
proximity with kin and peers who are smoking opens
and entices one to the environmental factor of
initiating and continuing to smoke. Kaila mentioned
that at a very young age she got influenced by male
peers. She wrote, "Ang nag-impluwensya sa akon sa
pagpanigarilyo ang akon barkada nga mga lalaki nga
nagapanigarilyo." (The persons who influenced me in
smoking are my guy friends who do smoking.) Lino
discloses the same experience by writing, "Sa akon
barkada." (It was my friends who influenced me in
smoking.) Pia affirms both accounts by saying, "Ang
akon barkada." (My friends influenced me to smoke.)
Kaila, Lino, and Pia are teenagers who have
experienced being exposed to an environment where
their peers are smokers. These people are the same
smokers who influenced them to smoke as well.
Effects of smoking on health and well-being
Perceived negative effects is the major textural theme
found in the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "Based on your
observation or personal point of view, what are the
negative effects of smoking to your health and well-
being? What were your reactions to knowing the
effects?" (Suno sa imo nabatian ukon personal nga
pag intiende, ano ang mga malain nga epekto sang
pagpanigarilyo sa imo ikaayong lawas? Ano ang imo
nangin reaksyon angot sini?)
Perceived negative effects. The participants have
observed and noted possible negative effects based on
their personal opinion and those that they have heard
from others. Que narrated that, "Many probable
negative effects of smoking in our health especially
getting cancers in lungs, throat, and others. I was
alarm after knowing the health hazards that I might
acquire in smoking." (There are many probable
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harmful effects of smoking on our health. These are
getting cancers in lungs, throat, and others. I was alarm
after knowing the health hazards that I might acquire
in smoking.) These perceived negative effects made
him reckon the threat and the possibility of harming
himself.
Positive and negative effects of smoking cessation
Possible positive effects and experiences of smoking
cessation is the major textural theme found in the
individual written narrative stories of the participants
in response to the question "Based on your observation
or personal point of view, what are the positive and
negative effects when you quit smoking?" (Suno sa
imo nabatian ukon personal nga pag intyende, ano
ang maayo kag malain nga epekto kung mag untat ka
panigarilyo?) Likewise, experienced negative effects
of smoking arose as another theme.
Possible positive effects and experiences of smoking
cessation. Smoking cessation has some possible
positive results according to the participants. Some of
these positive effects are ideal, and some are
experiential. Que, for example, narrated something
about the prolongation of life and the warding off of
diseases such as cancer. Que reported, "The positive
effects of quitting smoking are so many, example, you
may prolong your life because quitting smoking makes
my life longer and keeping me away from getting
cancer." (The positive effects of quitting smoking are
many, example; you may prolong your life because
quitting smoking makes my life longer and keeping me
away from getting cancer.)
Experienced negative effects of smoking. Smoking
cessation for some participants is a reaction to an
unfavorable impact of tobacco smoking. Difficulty in
breathing, experienced in shortness of breaths became
Kaila's problem. Kaila recounted, "Ang malain nga
epekto sang pagpanigarilyo sa lawas, ginaguba ya
imo baga kag ginahapo ko kung dugay ko nga suyop
sigarilyo… kung kis-a indi muna mapunggan self mo
kay ginapangita gid sang ginhawa mo; kag iban
ginahapo kay naanad na sila." (The adverse effects of
smoking in the body are it destroys your lungs. In my
experience, I am hyperventilating when smoking
continuously… sometimes I cannot control myself to
smoke again because my body desires for it, and some
of the smokers have difficulty in breathing in
continuing smoking.)
Ways done in smoking cessation pursuit
Meraly S. Degillo
Replacement strategy is the major textural theme
found in the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "How many
months or years have you been smoking? Who told
you to quit smoking or what made you decide to quit
smoking? What are the ways have you done to quit
smoking?" (Pila ka bulan ukon tuig ka nga
nagpanigarilyo? Sin-o ukon ano ang nagtulod so imo
sa pag untat sa pagpanigarilyo? Ano nga mga tikang
ukon pamaagi ang imo na nga nahimo sang nag
liligad agud mauntat na ang panigarilyo?)
Replacement strategy. The participants presented
alternative actions and behaviors that they used during
the first weeks of their venture for smoking cessation.
Eating sweet and candies, for example, became the
replacement strategy for Ursula. She wrote, "After
eating, I make sure that I have something sweet to eat
like candy. It was a habit for me before to smoke after
I eat." (After eating, I make sure that I have something
sweet to eat like candy. It was a habit for me before to
smoke after I eat.)
Intention and steps to quit smoking
Commitment to self is the major textural theme found
in the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "With your
intention to quit smoking, what are the steps or ways
that you are doing to quit smoking?" (Sa imo tinutuyo
nga mag-untat panigarilyo, ano nga mga tikang ukon
pamaagi ang imo ginhimo agud mauntat ang imo
pagpanigarilyo?)
Commitment to self. Modifying problem behaviors
can be a multi-factorial endeavor. Some participants
attributed this endeavor to the determination of the
person towards self-driven values. Ursula, for
example, associated it to self-control. She wrote, "Self-
control, as well, is key especially in not allowing
myself to buy cigarettes." (Self-control, as well, is vital
especially in not allowing myself to buy cigarettes.)
Que agrees with this point too. He wrote, "Controlling
myself not to smoke again." (I controlled myself of not
to smoke again…)
To return to smoking or not
Retaining trained behavior is the major textural theme
found in the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "How many
months or years have you quit smoking? What are the
ways that you have done so that you will not smoke
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again? " (Pila na ka bulan ukon tuig ka na nag-untat
panigarilyo? Ano nga mga tikang ukon pamaagi ang
imo ginhimo agud nga indi ka na magbalik
panigarilyo?)
Retaining trained behavior. The participants have
attested to the possibility of regularly retaining trained
behaviors towards change and away from smoking. Pia
testified it, saying, "8 months na nga successful akon
pag-untat. Indi na ko mag-upod sa grupo ko sang una
para indi nako kabalik liwat sa mga bisyo." (I have
been successfully stopping smoking for eight months.
So that I will not smoke again, I avoided my friends
who influenced me to smoke.)
Self-efficacy and smoking cessation success
100% self-efficacy is the major textural theme found
in the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "How many
months or years have you quit smoking? What are the
ways that you have done so that you will not smoke
again? (Pila na ka bulan ukon tuig ka na nag-untat
panigarilyo? Ano nga mga tikang ukon pamaagi ang
imo ginhimo agud nga indi ka na magbalik
panigarilyo?) 100% self-efficacy. Terminating
smoking behavior showcased the participants' self-
efficacy. Titus' self-efficacy dominated over his
previous smoking behavior that his sheer will control
continuation and termination of smoking in his life.
Titus recounted, "Kung tuyu-on pwede man ko
kapanigarilyo pa liwat pero indi naman ko galing." (If
I smoke intentionally again, then I can, but I decided
not to smoke.)
Smoking cessation: the process of betterment
Becoming better is the major textural theme found in
all the individual written narrative stories of the
participants in response to the question "What does
this effort of smoking cessation mean to you?" (Ano
ang kahulugan sining imo pagpanikasog sa pag-untat
panigarilyo?)
Becoming better. Progress from who they were before
smoking cessation becomes evident in the lives of
participants as they discern the meaning of their
smoking cessation. Neon illustrated the meaning of his
smoking cessation as an experience of conquering his
demons and above all an experience of continually
becoming a right person. Neon wrote, "There is
nothing more meaningful than conquering one of my
personal demons. It is not about proving something to
others, but more of a single step towards becoming a
Meraly S. Degillo
good person. I may not be able to contribute
something significant to my generation and the next,
but going and staying clean for the last ten years says
it all." (There is nothing more meaningful than
conquering one of my daemons. It is not about proving
something to others, but more of a single step towards
becoming a better person. I may not be able to
contribute something significant to my generation and
the next, but going and staying clean for the last ten
years says it all.)
Discussion
"Kin and peer influence: Initiating young people in the
habit of smoking." The participants disclosed the
initiation and continuation of their smoking habit.
Most of them were in high school during their
introduction to smoking. Smoking initiation led them
to habitual smoking which became a problematic
pattern that developed in their lives (APA, 2013). The
smoking approval that they received from their kin and
peers fed their curiosity and an affirmation of their
belongingness to the group, e.g., barkada. The
supportive environment played an essential role in the
initiation and continuative of their smoking behavior
(Thrul et. al., 2014).
"Perceived negative effects: From information to pre-
contemplation." Participants are either informed, well
informed, under-informed or uninformed about the
negative consequences of smoking (Ramezanzade &
Arabnarmi, 2017). While some are informed about the
dangerous effects of smoking (Kanazawa et. al., 2014).
Some of them are exhibiting resistance to change
either by not recognizing smoking as a problem
behavior (e.g., participants that highlight the
seemingly positive effects of tobacco smoking) or by
rationalizing (Prochaska et. al., 2013). Some others
still, would just remain to smoke even if they are
somehow informed. Meanwhile, some others where
pre-contemplating smoking cessation.
"Possible positive effects and experiences of smoking
cessation: Pros and cons for smoking cessation,
contemplation mode." Smoking cessation is a
considered and contemplated event in the lives of the
participants. The possible positive effects and
experienced adverse effects that they have narrated
shines hope to the vital fact that smoking can be
ceased and prevented (Iversen et al. 2013). Health
reasons stand out as possible positive effects —
smokers become motivated to address health and
wellness issues themselves and, in their families
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(Thomas, Kisely, & Urrego, 2017). Participants who their intention and behavior for smoking cessation
experienced the adverse effects of smoking have had a became their expression of self-efficacy (Alqurashi,
taste of this epidemic (Yang et al., 2015). Some of the2016). Developing practices that enables them to
participants even considered the signs and symptoms positively resist and avoid smoking behavior (Mee,
of tobacco withdrawal (e.g., nausea) as an adverse 2014). At this point, zero temptation and 100% self-
effect that made them contemplate to quit smoking efficacy are ideal and essential determinants of
(APA, 2013). Participants showed their capacity of terminating the problem behavior of smoking (Velicer
assessing the pros and cons of opting to change et al., 1998). The effectiveness of the self is the
(Velicer et al., 1998) . They star ted it by
triumph to overcome the problem behavior and not
acknowledging and becoming aware that smoking is
being captivated by it anymore in any instance
indeed a problem behavior (Prochaska et. al., 2013).
(Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Smokers decreasing
"Replacement strategy and commitment to self: temptation and reaching total self-efficacy are
Newbies' intentions and behaviors, a month of new life expressed by participants in various levels—providing
trail." Newbies taking baby steps, so to say. a spectrum of progress in smoking termination (Gao et
Participants engage in a month of a new routine that al., 2013).
has the absence of smoking (Campbell, et al., 2013;
Velicer et al., 1998). Action alternatives with "From willing to being: smoking cessation meaning."
considered motivations for change take shape in their Participants have narrated their smoking cessation
lives (Prochaska et al., 2013). Some behavioral steps experiences and have disclosed their intentions for
in the direction of change (Ramezanzade & betterment and health. Intentional change, in the
Arabnarmi, 2017) taken by the participants are as smoking cessation continuum, assisted them from
follows: considered motivations for the sake of self willing to being. Willingness to change from smoking
and significant others; alternative actions such as to being the change in smoking cessation. Hence, the
replacement strategies, evasion, mitigation, and phenomenon of smoking cessation became a
sublimation activities (Prochaska et. al., 2013). meaningful experience for the participants—seeing it
as the process of becoming better than before and the
"Retaining trained behavior: Intention fueled behavior,
valuing health and wellness (Chacko, 2015). Their
act it on." Commitment to self and to loved ones
accounts paved the way to understanding the meaning
became the fuel that drove the behavior of participants
through the action phase of smoking cessation. They of the smoking cessation phenomenon (Baraceros,
have busied themselves in activities such as evasion, 2016; Husserl, 1927).
mitigation, and sublimation to attain the intended
change (Ramezanzade & Arabnarmi, 2017). These The essence of smoking cessation can be
evident behaviors of participants earned their efforts metaphorically likened to the experience of leaving the
and energy in quitting smoking (Prochaska et. al., smoke behind. For this specific context, the myth used
2013). The act is on. The modification process takes is the myth of Sisyphus—a person condemned by the
an external, tangible and visible form (behavior) Greek gods to roll up a rock to the top of a mountain
motivated by an internal, ideal and invisible form wherein the stone rolls back down of its weight.
(intention) (Prochaska et. al., 2013). Smoking as an experience captured in such an
experience of recurrence—the cycle of the repeat.
"100% self-efficacy: Rise and fall, continued or When a person starts and continues smoking, he is
canceled change." Participants have presented the confronted by the vicious cycle happening in the
struggle of maintaining the behavior of change. Most mountain of Sisyphus and takes the rock of Sisyphus
of the participants succeeded in securing the behavior to himself. Aware of the danger in pushing the rock
of not smoking; bringing with them their respective
(e.g., risks of smoking), still he continues to push the
intentions for pursuing reform. Preventing and
rock towards the top of the mountain. Even if he is
experiencing relapse was observed among the
aware that when it reaches the top, it falls again; he
participants in their active effort for upholding their
repeats the process over and over. Smoking cessation
purposes and maintaining their behavior (Prochaska et.
al., 2013). is taking steps in leaving the smoke behind Sisyphus'
mountain. The actions taken by the participants depicts
"Becoming better: Execute smoking cessation by the stages of the Transtheoretical model of change
termination, self-efficacy as the key." The ability and impeccably. The essence of smoking cessation is
experience of participants in organizing and executing symbolized by figure 1.

Meraly S. Degillo
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Psych Educ, Document ID: PEMJ0, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6983913, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
Figure 1.
Change of behavior from smoking to smoking
cessation is possible. The findings of this study
confirm the plausibility of smokers undergoing the
stages of the Transtheoretical model of change and
discovering the depth and meaning of the smoking
cessation experiences of participants through
phenomenology.
Change of behavior from smoking to smoking
cessation is possible. Catholic schools can serve as an
agent transformation. The findings of this study
confirm the plausibility of smokers undergoing the
stages of the Transtheoretical model of change and
discovering the depth and meaning of the smoking
cessation experiences of participants through
phenomenology.
Catholic schools are challenged to participate in the
worldwide endeavor of addressing the threats of
smoking in the lives of stakeholders. Stakeholders are
braved to invest time, talents and treasures in
propagating correct and helpful information about
smoking and smoking cessation. It expresses the
formation of values—especially those values that
demonstrate care for oneself and others. Moreover,
assisting current smokers in their progress in the stages
of the Transtheoretical model of change is beneficial
for the stakeholders of the Catholic schools because it
expresses the restoration of values and healthy
lifestyles.
Meraly S. Degillo
Conclusion
Albeit the lived experiences of participants differ, they
share some commonalities. Common themes for the
lived experiences of participants are kin and peer
influence as an entry point for smoking; perceived
negative effects as possible for health consequences of
smoking; possible positive effects and experiences of
smoking cessation; replacement strategies as ways
done for smoking cessation; commitment to self as a
drive for smoking cessation actions; maintaining
regularly trained smoking cessation behaviors and
intentions; self-efficacy as key to the termination of
smoking behavior; and becoming better than before as
the meaning of smoking cessation.
Pushing for a smoke-free tobacco Philippines, Catholic
schools in the country are among the places where the
public gathers—hence one of the EO26 campuses is to
promote a smoke-free tobacco environment. In the
context of Catholic schools, smokers' willingness to
become better than before needs to express the
intention to change through self-efficacy and behavior
modification towards health and wellness. Catholic
school stakeholders who are current smokers and those
who are in the continuum of smoking cessation
assisted in developing a healthier lifestyle and enhance
self-efficacy through introduction and progression in
the stages of the Transtheoretical model of change.
Catholic school stakeholders who have not initiated to
smoking need to be taken care of as well. Awareness
and prevention programs for these stakeholders need
to established and implemented too.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Information
Meraly S. Degillo
West Visayas State University
Himamaylan City Campus - Philippines
13/13