CURRENT ELECTRICITY

C T LM = T =
S Unit- ampere (A)
DF CA
chamee= I-nAe

n s tam temeous Curemb

I =d
dt
* Po tential differenc) Ohmms laus.(P-drop)
V= RI S Untt - v o l t

6 I U n t t - O h m ( ;Volt
Resfstance pmpere
m
R neTA
T D-F-MLFAJ
ComductamcCo
6 Uft
K

ResisHvity S1 Umib
=RA = DF -

[M*A)
R Conducbiviky
SUmt

Fo1e due to Elechric Aleld (E)

FqE
*Electrle field CE
sl Unib- N/m
E

Relaiahon ttmei Y}i i r dot

T av.eYag

*Ditt velocYty
.

Cuvmernt densth
T=I SIUnft- A/m
A
veckor form o ohms laug
eMoblty
sIUnit- m vNs
E

et

RR, C+ t)
R.-R at any temp

empenaure.

R=R at 0c

TpematuTe coefic'en of eststance

& R -Ro oR V

Rt RCtD

OR -
\o

serleS
Reg ts tos im
R = R+R,+R

mR 1 e s tstors haue Same R.

R
*Resisbors in Parallel
+
R

Vesustors,
R R,R2
R+R hauve same R
Tesistors
R

SI Untt Vol

W woTk done

*Potential dfference
V= m JlT I = Curent

M e t A+ Imternal ves istan-

emf
V E -I
T r = lest Volt
V= L
A
mternal esistan
R V
theatskemo's Bridge

Meter Bridoe.
CAm moeum NeslstanO X
newn eStstamte R

Balanain enath/mull pontr =

em
Remainrna length = l00-L Cm:

X= R (
100-

Potentio mete sh
CmarimoGmfs o two ecells :

2
of cell:
Fnding mtemal restshan co
a

YR C

For a uwire of un1toY

btental graali'en& CNOSs sectton, Composit
Consant curYent)
S unit V/m
Powes
P I

P=IR

P ohmuc loss
R

T =E
R+7
= metA V
R

I= mAe V
P JA = 7.R
VRP
V
P
V Im
da 9neA VVPR
d VE-IY V=EL

Cenet)
V fL

V K
 imemStons

Elecrte curent T)- CA

Change)-[TAj
Voltage (V ML
Electrc P-duffevRne
Elechromolive dora Ef-MTAJ)
(E)
Resis tamca (R) - M L A 7

ResfsEvtty CP), MET A

Relaration tme (T) - LT

Elechrical condutbiviby ) M'CTA

Elecric FRald (E) -

[MLTA]
Drift+ veloty (V) CT
CuYent denstty j) -

[EA
Mobiln CH)[M FA]
Wheot Stones Bridae
WW
P

Y
G

. ww
MM

E
Considey loop A BDA

-TPTgG1+T,X =o 0
consider leop BCDB,.
+ + T , ) s +TGo-
P.R ands an adjusted 6o thar dha gadvanenae
gawanenu
shouts ZYO defechion. Then
Band D have 'same' potent'al
No curent lo ws through qalvam omater

Br dae ts 6atd to be balanced

beCDmeS
-TP TaR-
 b e comes
I,a+,S =o
T =T,$

KP R

three esistamcas are knouSm, 4 n e com

be cal culated.
 Mete Bmidge

X
ww

cm (Loo-L) cm
CLo0-0).

A m long wire of umifor CTOSS Sectim

Aong
a mette sale fLed ovet a
Stretched over

wooden board LShaped

tts en ls 8ol dered to two eAs Cuu strips
aut thei7 middle n such
Ano thes u stTip
that it leaves two aPs
a way
unkno Lon e'stamA,
A f t gap we ti
wR fi kno wn resis kamc,R
At Mght aap
+he went m
usin 9
Using a slidna Jokay T,
galvanomater 's madu ZeTo
wheasbones CBndi'tton has o curedd
Thus
ThR Bridas ts bal an cod
 meststance pert umit emgth
Let, be the
f the wire

b e the bal anin lanqth.null polnt).

(1b0- be the Memaining length

d amd -Cio0-
R S tamcas "ahe
Thus the

R TC100-))
K = R
oro0-)

iJ r1.1
Potentomete
B.
A

E Rheostat
end A end
A voltmebey s Connected blw he
meosutes the potentfal difertr
Jokey T . It
across the length AJ.

By Ohms lauo,
V TR

For wty Of Uniform cross s ectton uwnitord

CompoF sition and for a Comgtant urremb,

A
a comstant,K
V = kL.

R is calles potential gadlent of the

Applicattons ot Potentiometer

T compare emks of tuoO colls

A a
cunmen
A COmstant s maintatned blw
colls a b e compa
BEamdl E a r e the
Omd K, aso he kays.

kgy K, closed

balameung lengh , meosured

Key K, losed.
ol2, measumeol
alan cung lenoth
2
E 2
 6

To ftn d ntemal vestkante of a cell

RB z

B
be
The col whose nbern al res t's tan ca to be
eas ured fs conneched to a Resisen Ca Bo4
and key h and to h e end Aef the w

k, pen balan cing leng H A, measugd

 -
elosed balantu'ng lenan measured
2

V K

R &
)
Y-R& )
IR Iy
R

CR+T
R
R
R

14
R
 owAY
B
B

Potenbtal ditference a A =V4

totential oufference a B = v

Pobenttal emeradt A U =
4 V
Yotenbtal encsu at p-
ff
Lose o
Loss Potenta enera UeA

AyCe-)
=Aq, V

Aoss ofP-E =

Gaain In k-F = VA
heab enenj=VIA
bwe teab em-emy

I A VT

V TR

:P=TR 1T
P R

P V V
R

P=y
R
Relatton b]w mf and v
and nteyn al
Congidey a cotl o-f m f E

Yes istam Co res1Sano

Commecteds to entt-erna
s

P-o a
otteenco
mf 6 = Potentfal
acrog3 R

E = V V

E TR+ TY P= Losb Valr

E = V+IRY

T= E-V

Y 6-V -V
R

= E-V

R
Y = /E=V)R
V
Relahion blw V and lectrtg fteld 6

shen an elachre Aeld s applied the

f r e eleckrons peAnca. forca

Fovco om each ree elechron,

F-E
-e C e - h a r q e ofleme'dochron

= - e

This torde accelerates elektTo).

a acceleratton
ma =*e5

M= mass o one elechor-

Glecons colide uwith vibratna atoms lorms

6T other elecrons

Fnal velocit of elechrn just besore collston

V= u +ab5
V e G
 ConstdeY dhe averaqe Veloct,

aw e ta
0
ay

elancalton .beme =T,

hs aneraa nelocat J3 called dnft velocty-

his
-eB
T
Relation b/w T and V

Comeider a conductoy
of lenath amd
-
CrOSeckco ahea A

's Conmected to a batery

V Potenktal diPfevence

This seb up will producw am elecbiG fielo.

Flectrons wrtl bqn to aift )wih a veloci V
MMumber demgi ot peeelectrons

V
VVolume Aea x Jength =A
- N

N nA
elechon =e.
charge ot one

Nxe
'To tal chango =

ALE
 Jslan=velotuls
ttme

m A t e
nA nAeV

MAeV

Onms law n lectotorm

, Y
V=IR
V I pl A
R P )
A A

V
A

E 3P

a-

E
Dedutton o Ohm's la
DIift veloci
T

ev E V

I = MAeVd

= n ALxev

= MAZ TV

V=Im At a fnad temperature=

mezA omd f e e qvm
Conducor, T, ,
Cionsten&
VTR amd A a
R= m V I x a con Stam
meTA

R= m L
Thts proves the ohm
alug