euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
2-0 ifjp;
2-1 mís';
2-2 raf=dk dksf'kdk,a ¼U;wj‚Ul½
2-2-1 raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa dk oxÊdj.k vkSj çdkj
2-2-2 raf=dk vkosx
2-3 raf=dk ra=
2-3-1 dsaæh; raf=dk ra=
2-3-1-1 es#jTtq
2-3-1-2 efLr"d
2-3-2 ifjèkh; raf=dk ra=
2-3-2-1 dkf;d raf=dk ra=
2-3-2-2 Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra=
2-4 var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa dh Hkwfedk
2-5 lkjka'k
2-6 bdkà vH;kl ç'u
2-7 'kCnkoyh
2-8 Lo-ewY;kadu ç'uksa ds mÙkj
2-9 lUnHkZ vkSj mi;ksxh iBu lkexzh

D;k ge vius O;ogkj dks fu;af=r dj ldrs gSa ;k dqN ,sls O;ogkj gSa ftu ij gekjk
dksà fu;a=.k ugÈ gS\ vkidks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd gekjs dà O;ogkj gekjs
fnekx esa Lopkfyr gSa vkSj bl ij gekjk fu;a=.k cgqr de gSA
bl bdkà esa] ge mu tSfod lajpukvksa ij ppkZ djsaxs tks gekjs O;ogkj dks çHkkfor
djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA euksfoKku ds fo|kFkÊ vkSj Hkfo"; ds euksoSKkfudksa
ds :i esa vkidks gekjh tSfod lajpuk vkSj O;ogkj ds chp lHkh egRoiw.kZ lacaèkksa ds ckjs
esa tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ;g bdkà vkidks raf=dk dksf'kdk] dsaæh; raf=dk ra= vkSj
var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa] vkSj gekjs O;ogkj ij muds çHkko dk fooj.k çnku djsxhA

bl bdkà dks i<+us ds ckn] vki l{ke gksaxs %

raf=dk dksf'kdk dh ç—fr vkSj lajpuk dks igpkusa esa(
lajpuk vkSj dk;ks± ds vkèkkj ij raf=dk dksf'kdk ds fofHkUu oxÊdj.k dks le>us esa(
raf=dk dksf'kdk ftl rjg ls lwpuk dks ,d dksf'kdk ls nwljs dksf'kdk rd
igqapkrs gSa] mls le>us esa(

*M‚- 'kSysaæ Çlg HkkVh] O;k[;krk] th Mh xouZesaV xYlZ d‚yst] vyoj] jktLFkku ¼chihlh 001]
[kaM 2 ls vuqdwfyr½
20
 dsaæh; raf=dk ra= dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk dks le>us esa( O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj
gekjs efLr"d ds foHkktu dks le>us esa( rFkk
gekjs O;ogkj esa fofHkUu var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks xgjkà ls le>us esaA

raf=dk dksf'kdk raf=dk ra= dh lcls NksVh bdkà gSA eq[; raf=dk ra= ij ppkZ djus
ls igys gesa igys raf=dk dksf'kdk] blds çdkj] lajpuk vkSj dk;ks± dks le>uk
vko';d gSA ;g raf=dk dksf'kdk gS tks fofHkUu míhidksa ls feyh mÙkstuk dks fo|qr~
vkosx esa ifjoÆrr djrh gSA
lajpukRed :i ls ,d raf=dk dksf'kdk dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%
i½ ik'oZrUÙkq ¼MsUMªkbV½
ii½ dksf'kdk vax ¼lsy c‚Mh½
iii½ v{krUÙkq ¼,Dlksu½

fp= 2-1% raf=dk dksf'kdk

Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg#filelinks

ik'oZrUÙkq ,d >kM+hnkj lajpuk gSA bldk eq[; dk;Z vU; raf=dk dksf'kdk ls raf=dk
vkosx çkIr djuk vkSj dksf'kdk 'kjhj dks Hkstuk gSA dksf'kdk vax ftls dk; Hkh dgk
tkrk gS] raf=dk dksf'kdk dk nwljk eq[; Hkkx gSA ;g lkbVksIykTe uked rjy ls Hkjk
gksrk gSA dsaæ esa dsUæd gksrk gSA ;g raf=dk vkosx dks v{krarq ds ekè;e ls nwljs raf=dk
dksf'kdk esa Hkstrk gS vkSj raf=dk dksf'kdk dks thfor vkSj LoLFk j[krk gSA v{krarq ,d
yach lajpuk gS ftlds vUrLFk dks çkUr-dw¡ph ¼,aMcz'k½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g
dksf'kdk vax ls vkus okys raf=dk vkosx dks çkIr djus ds fy, dk;Z djrk gS vkSj bls
çkUr-dw¡ph dks Hkstrk gSA

dk;Z ds vkèkkj ij raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa dk oxÊdj.k

i½ laosnh raf=dk dksf'kdk% os raf=dk vkosx dks KkusfUæ;ksa ls efLr"d vkSj es#jTtq
rd ys tkus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA
21
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk
iii½
ii½ xfr raf=dk dksf'kdk% os efLr"d vkSj es#jTtq ls raf=dk vkosx dks ekalisf'k;ksa
rd ys tkus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSa rkfd tho mÙkstuk ds çfr çfrfØ;k djrk gS]
lkgp;Z raf=dk dksf'kdk% bUgsa varj-dksf'kdk ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;s raf=dk
dksf'kdk,¡ dsoy efLr"d vkSj es#jTtq ds Hkhrj ik, tkrs gSaA bu raf=dk
dksf'kdkvksa dk eq[; dk;Z laosnh tkudkjh çkIr djuk] bls lalkfèkr djuk vkSj
;g r; djuk gS fd blds fy, dSls çfrfØ;k nh tk,A
lajpuk ds vkèkkj ij raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa dk oxÊdj.k
raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa dks mudh lajpuk ds vkèkkj ij Hkh oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk
gSA lajpuk ds vkèkkj ij rhu çdkj dh raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSa] ,dèkzqoh;]
f}èkzqoh vkSj cgqèkzqoh; raf=dk dksf'kdkA

fp= 2-2% raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa ds çdkj

Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Types_of_Neurons.jpg.

1½ ,dèkzqoh; raf=dk dksf'kdk % bu raf=dk dksf'kdk esa ,d v{krarq gksrk gS tks dk;
ls vyx gksrk gS vkSj nks 'kk[kkvksa foHkkftr esa gksrk gSA ;s raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ laosnh
dk;ks± esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA os i;kZoj.k ls çkIr vkosxksa dks dsaæh; raf=dk ra= esa Hkstrs
gSaA
2½ f}èkzqoh raf=dk dksf'kdk % buds ikl ,d v{krarq vkSj ,d ik'oZrUÙkq gS tks Lo;a dks
o`{k dh rjg 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr dj ysrk gSA bu raf=dk dksf'kdk,¡ ds ik'oZrUÙkq
ges'kk dk; ds foijhr Nksj ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA ;s la[;k esa cgqr de gksrs gSa vkSj
vka[k ds –f"ViVy ¼jsfVuk½] vkarfjd dku vkSj ?kzk.k ekxZ esa ik, tk ldrs gSaA

3½ cgqèkzqoh; raf=dk dksf'kdk % bu raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa esa dsoy ,d v{krarq ysfdu dÃ

ik'oZrUÙkq gksrs gSaA ;s gekjs efLr"d vkSj es#jTtq esa fLFkr gksrs gSaA

22
 O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj

vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd eSaus vkidks dksf'kdk] raf=dk dksf'kdk] muds çdkj] lajpukvksa
vkSj dk;ks± ds ckjs esa crk;k Fkk] ysfdu efLr"d dk;Z dSls djrk gS\ ;g tkudkjh dSls
çkIr djrk gS vkSj tkudkjh dSls Hkstrk gS\ vkids ç'u dk mÙkj gS raf=dk vkosxA ,d
raf=dk vkosx ,d fo|qr ?kVuk gSA tc ,d raf=dk dksf'kdk fLFkj ;k vkjke dh fLFkfr
esa gksrh gS] rks raf=dk dksf'kdk ds vanj udkjkRed fo|qr vkos'k gksrk gS vkSj ckgj
ldkjkRed vkos'k gksrk gSA tc Hkh dqN mÙkstuk gksrh gS rks ;g bl fo|qr larqyu dks
fcxkM+ nsrk gS rkfd vanj ldkjkRed cus vkSj ckgj udkjkRed gksA bl le; bl
larqyu dks cgky djus ds mís'; ls ,d vkosx mRiUu gksrk gSA bl çfØ;k esa iwjs
f>Yyh esa fo|qr vlarqyu mRiUu gks tkrk gSA ;g vkosx fQj v{krarq ds ekè;e ls nwljs
raf=dk dksf'kdk dks çsf"kr gksrk gSA bl rjg ls çfrfØ;k dh ,d J`a[kyk rc rd gksrh
gS tc rd fd ;g efLr"d ds lacafèkr fgLls rd ugÈ igqap tkrh gS] tgk¡ ij bl vkosx
dk vFkZ le>k tkrk gS vkSj efLr"d 'kjhj ds lacafèkr fgLlksa dks xfrfofèk ds fy, funsZ'k
Hkstrk gSA
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 1
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa dk mÙkj *gka* ;k *ugÈ* esa nsa%
1-½ D;k vkosx v{krarq ds ekè;e ls ,d rfU=dk dksf'kdk ls nwljh raf=dk dksf'kdk
dks çsf"kr djrk gS\ -----------------------------------------------
2½ D;k cgqèkzqoh; raf=dk dksf'kdk esa dsoy ,d ik'oZrUÙkq gksrk gS\ -------------------------
3-½ D;k ik'oZrUÙkq raf=dk vkosxksa dks Hkstrk gS\ ----------------------------------------------------------
4½ D;k rfU=dk dksf'kdk raf=dk ra= dh lcls NksVh bdkà gS\ ------------------------------
5½ D;k rfU=dk dksf'kdk dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS\ ------------------------

raf=dk ra= ,d tfVy lajpuk gSA ;g lexz :i ls gekjh lHkh xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj
dk;ks± dks fu;af=r djrk gSA uhps ekuo raf=dk ra= dk çokg pkVZ fn;k x;k gSA ¼fp=
2-3 ns[ksa½

fp= 2-3
23
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk

gekjk dsaæh; raf=dk ra= nks vo;oksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gS( efLr"d vkSj es#jTtqA

es:n.M xzhok ls dej ds var rd gkrk gSA ;g æo ls Hkjk gksrk gS tks efLr"dkoj.k
¼esfuuftl½ ls <dk gksrk gSA blesa bdrhl foHkktu gksrs gSa ftuls es# raf=dkvksa ds
tksM+s fu;fer varjky ij fudyrs gSaA ;g raf=dk vkosxksa dk ,d cM+k lapkyd gSA
'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls lHkh laosnh tkudkjh ;gka çkIr dh tkrh gS vkSj fQj efLr"d
ds mPp Hkkxksa esa Hksth tkrh gSA lHkh is'kh; ¼eksVj½ lwpuk,a efLr"d ls fudydj igys
es#jTtq esa ços'k djrh gS vkSj fQj dkjZokà ds fy, 'kjhj ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa Hksth
tkrh gSA blds vykok es#jTtq çfrorÊ fØ;kvksa ds dsaæ ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSA
blds egRo dks ns[krs gq, bls Lopkfyr e'khu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

efLr"d cksuh [kksiM+h esa fLFkr gSA [kksiM+h ds Hkhrj] efLr"d dks Årdksa dh rhu ijrksa
}kjk lajf{kr fd;k tkrk gS ftls efLr"dkoj.k ¼esfuuftl½ dgk tkrk gSA lcls
ckgjh ijr dks Mîwjk inkFkZ dgk tkrk gS vkSj lcls vkarfjd ijr dks ik;k inkFkZ
dgk tkrk gSA bu nks ijrksa ds chp esa ,d uje f>Yyh gksrh gS ftls vjSDu‚bM dgk
tkrk gSA vjSDu‚bM CSF ¼lsjsczks Likbuy ¶ywbM½ ls Hkjk gksrk gSA gekjk efLr"d lQsn
vkSj èkwlj inkFkZ ls cuk gSA lQsn inkFkZ blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ,d vkoj.k
ls <dk gksrk gS ftls ekbfyu vkoj.k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
'kjhj foKkfu;ksa ds –f"Vdks.k ls] efLr"d dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] tks
fuEukafdr gS %
vxzefLr"d ¼FkSysel] gkbiksFkSysel vkSj çefLr"d½A
eè; efLr"d ¼vxzefLr"d vkSj i'p efLr"d ds chp fLFkr½
i'p efLr"d ¼esMqyk] lsrq] vuqefLr"d vkSj jsfVdqyj QkesZ'ku½

vkb, ge vius efLr"d dh ;k=k dks ihNs ls ;kuh i'p efLr"d ls 'kq: djsa] D;ksafd
fodkloknh –f"Vdks.k ls ;g fodflr gksus okyk lcls igyk fgLlk gSA i'p efLr"d
dh igyh vkSj egRoiw.kZ lajpuk esMqyk gSA
esMqyk efLr"d ds mPp Hkkxksa dks es#jTtq ls tksM+rk gSA blesa jsfVdqyj QkesZ'ku dk ,d
fgLlk Hkh 'kkfey gS] ftls efLr"d dk egRoiw.kZ dsaæ dgk tkrk gSA ;g 'olu] ân;
xfr] jDrpki vkfn dh Lok;Ùk xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA efLr"d ds bl fgLls
ds fouk'k ls tho dh rRdky e`R;q gks ldrh gSA lsrq] i'p efLr"d dk ,d vkSj
egRoiw.kZ fgLlk] esMqyk ls Åij fLFkr gSA blesa fofHkUu çdkj ds laosnh vkSj xfr
raf=dk dksf'kdk gksrs gSaA ;g psgjs vkSj flj ds dqN fgLlksa vkSj Li'kZ] nnZ vkSj rkieku
dh laosnukvksa ls laosnh tkudkjh çkIr djrk gSA ;g psgjs dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa] ekalisf'k;ksa
dh xfrfofèk;ksa] vka[kksa ds xksys vkSj tcM+s dh xfr ls lacafèkr fØ;kvksa dks Hkh fu;af=r
djrk gSA blds vykok ;g efLr"d ds mPp vkSj fupys fgLlksa ds chp lacaèk dsaæ ds
:i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA vuqefLr"d] i'p efLr"d ds ihNs fLFkr ,d tfVy lajpuk
24
gSA bldh ckgjh lajpuk èkwlj æO; ls cuh gS tcfd vkarfjd lajpuk 'osr inkFkZ ls
cuh gSA fn[kus esa ;g çefLr"dh; oYdqV ¼lsjsczy d‚VsZDl½ tSlk fn[krk gSA bldk O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj
eq[; dk;Z ekalis'kh; fØ;kdykiksa dk leUo; djuk gSA vuqefLr"d ds fouk'k ls
leUo; dh deh gks tkrh gS tSls mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d O;fDr py ldrk gS ysfdu
mldh pky vO;ofLFkr gksxhA
eè; efLr"d lsrq ¼iksal½ ds Åij ds efLr"d dks lfEefyr djrk gS vkSj
vxzefLr"d vkSj i'p efLr"d dks tksMr+ k gSA blesa nks mi[kaM gksrs gSa ftUgsa
VsDVe vkSj VsxesuVe dgk tkrk gSA VsDVe esa lajpukvksa dh ,d tksMh+ gS] ftls
lqihfj;j dksyhdqyh vkSj bUQhfj;j dksyhdq yh dgk tkrk gSA lqihfj;j
dksyhdqyh Åijh vkoj.k gS vkSj ns[kus lEcUèkh fØ;k laiUu djrk gS tcfd
bUQhfj;j dksyhdqyh fupyk vkoj.k gS vkSj lquus lEcUèkh fØ;k laiUu djrk gSA
VsxesuVe VsDVe ds uhps gksrk gSA bldh dqN egRoiw.kZ lajpuk,¡ gSa jksLVªy]
jsfVdqyj QkesZ'ku dk var vkSj vka[k ds nksyu xfr dks fu;af=r djus okys
ukfHkdA blls gksdj efLr"d ds fupys fgLlksa ls laosnd vkosx vkSj efLr"d ds
ikl ds fupys fgLlksa ds mPp Hkkxksa ls xfr vkosx xqtjrs gSA i'p efLr"d esa
esMqyk ls 'kq: gksdj vxzefLr"d ds eè; Hkkx vkSj gkbiksFkSysel rd QSys gq,
rarqvksa dk ,d tky xqtjrk gS vkSj bls jsfVdqyj QkesZ'ku dgk tkrk gSA pwafd ;g
lajpuk uÈn] mÙkstuk vkSj è;ku dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks fofu;fer vkSj fu;af=r djrh
gS] blfy, bls jsfVdqyj ,fDVosÇVx flLVe ¼RAS½ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldh nks
miç.kkfy;k¡ gSa ¼i½ vkjksgh jsfVdqyj flLVe vkSj ¼ii½ vojksgh ç.kkyhA vkjksgh
ç.kkyh lsjsczy d‚VsZDl esa laosnh vkosxksa dks Hkstrh gS tcfd vojksgh ç.kkyh
efLr"d ls xfr vkosxksa dks çkIr djrh gS vkSj mUgsa es#jTtq esa Hkstrh gSA bl
ç.kkyh dk fouk'k ,d tkuoj dks uÈn esa vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd dksek esa Hkh Hkst ldrk
gSA ;g fQYVj ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge fdlh dk;Z ij
è;ku dsafær dj jgs gksrs gSa rks gesa dksà vU; laosnuk ugÈ feyrh gS] flok; mlds
ftl ij ge è;ku dsafær dj jgs gksrs gSaA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd RAS vU;
lHkh laosnukvksa dks fQ+YVj dj nsrk gS vkSj mUgsa efLr"d rd igqapus dh vuqefr
ugÈ nsrk gSA

vc ge efLr"d ds lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkkx ;kuh vxz efLr"d ¼Qksjczsu½ ij ppkZ

djsaxsA efLr"d dk ;g fgLlk ekuo dh lHkh mPp vkSj tfVy xfrfofèk;ksa tSls
fopkj] rdZ] Le`fr vkfn dks fu;af=r djrk gSA raf=dk foKkuh bls nks Hkkxksa esa
ckaVrs gSa–Vsysl
a QSyksu vkSj Mk,ulsQy
s ‚uA

VsysalQSyksu esa efLr"d xksyk)Z] fyfEcd flLVe vkSj csly xSfUXy;k 'kkfey gSaA
Mk,ulsQsy‚u esa FkSysel vkSj gkbiksFkSysel 'kkfey gSaA gkykafd euksoSKkfudksa us
FkSysel vkSj gkbiksFkSysel vkSj lsjsczy xksykèkks± dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ks± ij cgqr
è;ku fn;k gS D;ksafd yxHkx lHkh xfrfofèk;ka bu Hkkxksa }kjk fu;af=r vkSj
fofu;fer gksrh gSaA

FkSysel ,d vaMkdkj vkdkj dh lajpuk gS] tks eè; efLr"d ds Bhd Åij vkSj
nks xksykèkks± ds chp fLFkr gSA FkSysel esa rhu çdkj ds dsUæd gksrs gSa tks –f"V]
Jo.k] nnZ] rkieku] Lokn vkSj xaèk ls lacafèkr laosnh vkosxksa dks çkIr djrs gSa vkSj
mUgsa çefLr"d ¼lsjscze½ ds mi;qDr Hkkxksa esa Hkstrs gSaA ,d vU; çdkj ds dsUæd
25
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk y?kq efLr"d] efLr"d LrEHk vkSj jsfVdqyj QkesZ'ku ls raf=dk vkosxksa dks çkIr
djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa çefLr"d esa Hkstrs gSaA rhljs çdkj ds dsUæd FkSysel ds Hkhrj
ls vkosxksa dks çkIr djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa çefLr"d esa Hkstrs gSaA

gkbiksFkSysel FkSysel ds uhps fLFkr ,d NksVh lajpuk gSA ;g cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS

vkSj ;g tSfod vfHkçsjdksa tSls Hkw[k] I;kl vkSj ;kSu dks fofu;fer vkSj fu;af=r
djus ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA ;g gekjs 'kjhj ds lefLFkfr ç.kkyh dks Hkh
fofu;fer vkSj fu;af=r djrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge xeZ eglwl djrs gSa
rks blls gesa ilhuk vkrk gS ftlls gekjs 'kjhj dk rkieku de gks tkrk gS vkSj
tc gesa BaM yxrh gS rks ;g gekjh daidaih dk dkj.k curk gS
ftlls gekjs 'kjhj dk rkieku c<+ tkrk gSA gkbiksFkSysel Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra= vkSj
var%lzkoh xzafFk dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks Hkh fu;af=r djrk gSA ;g fi;w"k xzafFk ds dk;ks±
dks fu;af=r djrk gS tks vU; lHkh xzafFk;ksa ds dk;ks± dks çHkkfor djrk gSA
gkbiksFkSysel Øksèk] Hk; vkSj vkØkedrk tSlh Hkkoukvksa ds fu;eu vkSj fu;a=.k esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
csly xSfUXy;k esa dkMhV dsUæd] iqVkesu] Xykscl iYyhMl vkSj ,feXMkyk dk
dqN fgLlk 'kkfey gSaA ;g is'kh; fu;a=.k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA bl
Hkkx ds fouk'k ls ikÉdlal jksx gks ldrk gSA

fyfEcd ç.kkyh ds ikap eq[; Hkkx gSa – ?kzk.k ¼v‚yQSDVªh½ cYc] lsIVy {ks=]
fgIiksdSEil] ,feXMkyk vkSj ÇlxqysV xkbjlA ?kzk.k cYc xaèk laosnukvksa dks çkIr
djrk gSA lsIVy {ks=] ÇlxqysVsM xkbjl vkSj ,feXMkyk Hkkoukvksa ds fu;eu esa
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fgIidSail Le`fr esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
efLr"d ds lcls cM+s fgLls çefLr"d dks vuqnSè;Z fonj }kjk nks xksyk)ks± esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA nk,a vkSj ck,a nksuksa xksykèkZ xzs inkFkZ ls cus gksrs gSaA vke
vkneh dh Hkk"kk esa dgk tkrk gS fd xzs ftruk cM+k O;fDr mruk gh cqf)eku
gksxkA nksuksa xksykèkZ raf=dk rarqvksa ds ,d caMy] egkla;kstd ÇiM ¼dksjil
dywle½ ds ekè;e ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA çR;sd xksyk)Z esa nks xgjh njkjsa ¼fQ''kj½ gksrh
gSa ftUgsa jksySUMks dh njkj ;k dsaæh; lYdl vkSj ik'oZ njkj ;k flyfo;l ds
njkj ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;s njkj ,d lkFk çR;sd xksyk)Z dks pkj Hkkxksa ;k
ikfy;ksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa %
yykV ikyh dsaæh; lYdl ds lkeus vkSj ik'oZ njkj ds Åij fLFkr gSA ;g xfr
¼is'kh;½ fØ;kvksa vkSj mPp ekufld çfØ;kvksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
blesa is'kh; d‚VsZDl] czksdk {ks= vkSj vxz lkgp;Z {ks= gSA
ikÆÜod ikyh dsaæh; lYdl ds ihNs vkSj flfYo;l njkj ds Åij fLFkr gSA ;g
eq[; :i ls 'kkjhfjd laosnukvksa vkSj fn'kk ds Kku ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
'ka[k ikyh] lsaVªy lYdl ds uhps duiêh esa fLFkr gSA blesa oÆud {ks= vkSj 'ka[k
lkgp;Z {ks= gSA

i`"B ikyh çR;sd xksykèkZ ds ihNs fLFkr gS vkSj ;g –’; laosnuk ds fy, çkFkfed
{ks= gSA
26
 O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 2
fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds laf{kIr mÙkj nsa%
1½ çefLr"d D;k gS\
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2½ gkbiksFkSysel dk D;k dk;Z gS\
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3½ gekjs efLr"d ds fdl Hkkx dks Lopkfyr e'khu dgk tkrk gS vkSj D;ksa\
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4½ efLr"d dgk¡ fLFkr gS\
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5½ ikÆÜod ikyh dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
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euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk

blesa mu lHkh U;wj‚Ul 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks efLr"d vkSj es#jTtq ds ckgj fLFkr gksrs gSa
vkSj bu nksuksa dks xzkgd] çHkkod vkSj xzafFk;ksa ls tksMr+ s gSaA bls nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k
gS( nSfgd vkSj Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra=A

;g eq[; :i ls LoSfPNd xfrfofèk;ksa ls lacafèkr gSA dsaæh; raf=dk ra= nSfgd raf=dk
ra= ds ekè;e ls ,sfPNd ekalisf'k;ksa ds vkosxksa dks Hkstrk gSA ;sg dikyh; raf=dkvksa
vkSj es# raf=dkvksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA

dikyh; raf=dk,a [kksiM+h ls mRiUu gksrh gSa vkSj ckjg raf=dkvksa ds tksM+s esa ikbZ
tkrh gSa tks fd ;s is'kh;] laosnh vkSj lkgp;Z raf=dk,a gksrh gSaA
es# raf=dk,a es#jTtq ls fu;fer varjky ij mRiUu gksrh gSA ;s 31 tksMk+ sa esa gksrh
gSa vkSj bUgsa ikap Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%
uke la[ ;k fLFkfr
ljfody 8 xnZu
Fkksjsfdd 12 Nkrh
yEcj 5 dej
lsØy 5 es# d‚ye ds var esa
dksfDlfty ¼vuqf=d½ 1 es# d‚ye ds var esa

;g ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA blesa os U;wj‚Ul ;k raf=dk dksf'kdk,a
'kkfey gksrh gSa tks vuSfPNd ekalisf'k;ksa] fdMuh] ân; dh ekalisf'k;ksa] var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa
vkfn ls tqM+h gksrh gSa vkSj mUgsa fofu;fer vkSj fu;af=r djrh gSaA ;|fi ;g efLr"d
vkSj es#jTtq ls tqM+k gksrk gS ysfdu ;g Lora= rjhds ls dk;Z djrk gSA Lok;Ùk raf=dk
ra= vkxs vuqdaih raf=dk ra= vkSj ijkuqdaih raf=dk ra= esa foHkkftr gksrk gSA
vuqdaih ra= es#jTtq ds o{k vkSj dkB {ks= esa fLFkr gS vkSj blfy, bls o{k dkB
¼Fkksjsfdd yEcj½ ra= ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;g ,dh—r rjhds ls dk;Z djrk gSA
;g gekjs 'kjhj dks vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, rS;kj djrk gS mnkgj.kr% tc [krjs
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS rks ;g vfèko`ô xzafFk vkSj vXU;k’k; dks lfØ; djrk gS
ftlls jDr esa 'kdZjk dh ek=k c<+ tkrh gS vkSj p;kip; dh nj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA 'kjhj
esa ;s lHkh cnyko gesa vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, vfrfjDr ÅtkZ nsrs gSaA
ijkuqdaih ra= es#jTtq ds dikyh; vkSj f=d {ks=ksa esa fLFkr gS blfy, bls Øsfu;kslsØy
flLVe dgk tkrk gSA ;g gekjh 'kkjhfjd çfØ;kvksa dks lkekU; fLFkfr esa ykus dk dke
djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g vuqdaih ra= ds foijhr gSA;g jDr esa p;kip; nj] fny
dh èkM+du vkSj jDr 'kdZjk dh ek=k dks de djrk gSAgkykafd nksuksa ra= ijLij fojksèkh
gSa] fdUrq os ,d lefUor rjhds ls dk;Z djrs gSa mnkgj.k Hk; ;k Øksèk dh fLFkfr;ksa esa]
28
vfèko`ô xzafFk] vXU;k'k; vfèkd ÅtkZ mRiUu djus ds fy, lgkuqHkwfr ç.kkyh }kjk O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj
lfØ; gksrk gSA ijkuqdaih ra= ikpu xfrfofèk vkSj vU; dk;kZRed ç.kkfy;ksa dks
fuyafcr djrk gS rkfd vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, buls eqDr ÅtkZ mi;ksx
ds fy, miyCèk gksA

Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 3
crkb;s fn, x, dFku lR; gSa ;k vlR;
1½ vuqdaih ra= es#jTtq ds dikfy; vkSj lsdzy {ks=ksa esa fLFkr gSA
2½ Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra= esa oks U;wj‚Ul 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks vuSfPNd ekalisf'k;ksa ls
tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa fofu;fer vkSj fu;af=r djrs gSaA
3½ ijkuqdaih raf=dk ra= gekjs 'kjhj dks vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, rS;kj
djrk gSA
4½ Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra= vuqdaih raf=dk ra= vkSj ijkuqdaih raf=dk ra= esa foHkkftr
gSA
5½ es# raf=dk,a es#jTtq ls fu;fer varjky ij mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj ;s 31 tksMk+ sa
esa gksrh gSaA

var%lzkoh xzafFk;ka xzafFk;ksa dk ,d lewg gS tks vius jklk;fud inkFkZ ¼gkeksZu ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gS½ dks lhèks jDrçokg esa NksM+rh gSaA

fp= 2-4% var%lzkoh ra= dh çeq[k xzafFk;ksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

Retrieved from OpenStax College (n.d.), https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og/8.1:34oFmAxl@8/

The-Endocrine-System.
29
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk gekjs 'kjhj ij fofHkUu var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa dh Hkwfedk fuEufyf[kr rkfydk esa oÆ.kr dh
xà gS%
var%lzkoh xzfa Fk foeqDr gkeksZu y{; Ård@vax gkeksZu dk çeq[k dk;Z
gkbiksFkSysel gkbiksFkSysfed vxzorÊ ih;w"k xzafFk vxzorÊ fi;w"k gkeksZu dks fofu;fer djrk
fueqfDr vkSjgkeksfu gSA
jksdus okys
i'p orÊ fi;w"k ,aVhMkb;wjsfVd o`Dd xqnZs }kjk ikuh ds iqu% vo'kks"k.k dks
¼ADH½ mÙksftr djrk gS
v‚DlhVksflu xHkkZ'k;] Lru Lru xzafFk;ksa }kjk xHkkZ'k; dh ekalisf'k;ksa
xzafFk;ka ds ladqpu vkSj nwèk NksM+us dks mÙksftr
djrk gS
vxz o rÊ ih;w " k Fkk;jkbM mÙkstd Fkk;jkbM Fkk;jkbM dks mÙksftr djrk gS
xzafFk ¼TSH½
,Mªsuksd‚ÆVdksVª‚fid ,Mªsuy d‚VsZDl ,Mªsuy d‚VsZDl dks mÙksftr djrk gS
g‚eksZu ¼ACTH½
xksukMksVªksfid ¼FSH] tuukax vaMk vkSj 'kqØk.kq mRiknu] ;kSu gkeksZu
LH½ mRiknu djuk
çksySfDVu Lru xzafFk;k¡ nwèk mRiknu djuk
xzkFs k dksey Ård] gfì;k¡ dksf'kdk foHkktu] çksVhu la'ys"k.k vkSj
gìh dk fodkl djuk
,Mªsuy d‚VsZDl FkkbjksbM lHkh Ård p;kip; nj esa o`f)] fodkl vkSj fodkl
Fkk;jksfDlu ¼T4½ dks fu;af=r djrk gS
vkSjVªkÃvk;ksMksFkk;jksuh
¼T3½
dSYlhVksfuu gfì;k¡] xqnZs vkSj vkar jDr esa dSfY'k;e dk Lrj de djrk gS
iSjkFkkbjksbM gfì;k¡] xqnsZ vkSj vkar jDr esa dSfY'k;e dk Lrj c<+krk gS
XyqdksdksÆVdksbM~l lHkh Ård jDr Xywdksl Lrj c<+kuk] çksVhu ds VwVus
¼dksÆVlksy½ dks çsfjr djrk gS
feujyksd‚ÆVdksbM~l o`Dd lksfM;e dk iqu%vo'kks"k.k vkSj iksVSf'k;e
¼,YMksLVsjksu½ dk mRltZu
;kSu gkeksZu tuukax] Ropk] çtuu vaxksa dks mÙksftr djrk gS vkSj
ekalisf'k;ka vkSj ;kSu fo'ks"krkvksa dks ykrk gS
gfì;k¡
,Mªsuy esMqyk ,fiusÝhu vkSj ºzn; lEcUèkh vkSj vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esa fueqZfDr] jDr
u‚jisufs Ýu vU;ekalisf'k;ka 'kdZjk ds Lrj dks c<+krk gS] ÞyM+kà ;k
mM+kuÞ çfrfØ;k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA

vXU;k'k; balqfyu ;—r] ekalisf'k;ka] jDr 'kdZjk ds Lrj dks de djrk gS]
olk Ård Xykbdkstu ds xBu dks c<+kok nsrk gS

Xywdkxu ;—r] ekalisf'k;ka jDr 'kdZjk ds Lrj dks c<+krk gS

olk Ård

30
o`"k.k ,.Mªkt
s u tuukax] Ropk] iq#"k ;kSu fo'ks"krkvksa dks mÙksftr djrk O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj
¼VsfLVl½ ¼VsLVksLVsjksu½ ekalisf'k;ka vkSj gS
gìh
vaMk'k; ,LVªkstsu vkSj tuukax] Ropk] efgyk ;kSu fo'ks"krkvksa dks mÙksftr djrk
¼vksosjht½ çkstsLVsjksu ekalisf'k;ka vkSj gS
Fkk;j‚fDlu gìh

Fkkbel la'kksfèkr vehuksvEy Vh fyEQkslkbV~l Vh fyEQkslkbVksa ds mRiknu vkSj ifjiDork

dks mÙksftr djrk gS
ihfu;y xzafFk efLr"d laHkor% ;kSu vaxksa dh ifjiDork esa 'kkfey
fnolh; ¼ldSfZ M;u½ vkSj ifji= ¼fldkZUuqvy½
y; dks fu;af=r djrk gS
https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/The-Endocrine-System.pdf

vc ge bl bdkà dk var djrs gSaA geus bl bdkà dks raf=dk vkosxksa dks çsf"kr djus
ds fy, ftEesnkj fo'ks"k dksf'kdk,a U;wj‚u ij ppkZ ds lkFk 'kq: fd;kA geus dk;Z vkSj
lajpuk ds vkèkkj ij U;wj‚Ul dh lajpuk vkSj blds oxÊdj.k ij ppkZ dhA geus
raf=dk ls nwljs esa ladsr lapkfjr djus dh ?kVuk raf=dk vkosx ds ckjs esa Hkh la{ksi esa
ckr dhA fQj ge dsaæh; raf=dk ra= vkSj yackà esa mlds foHkktu ij ppkZ djrs gq,
vkxs c<+sA var esa] bl bdkà esa fofHkUu var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa dh Hkwfedk ij ckr dh x;hA

1½ la{ksi esa fofHkUu çdkj dh raf=dk dksf'kdkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

2½ raf=dk vkosx ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
3½ efLr"d ds rhu çeq[k Hkkxksa ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
4½ vuqdaih vkSj ijkuqdaih raf=dk ra= ds chp varj Li"V djsaA
5½ raf=dk ra= }kjk vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldk oxÊdj.k crkb,A
6½ raf=dk dksf'kdk D;k gS\ raf=dk dksf'kdk dk ,d vkjs[k cuk,a vkSj blds Hkkxksa dh
O;k[;k djsaA
7½ var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ fdUgh ikap var%lzkoh xzafFk;ksa ds çeq[k
dk;ks± dks la{ksi esa fy[ksaA

v{krarq % ;g raf=dk dksf'kdk dk ,d yack iryk fgLlk gS ftls

,Dl‚u fgy‚d dksf'kdk dgrs gSaA ;g vDlj ekbfyu
'khFk }kjk <adk jgrk gS vkSj dksf'kdk fi.M ls blds
ckgj ds Nksjksa dh tkudkjh igqpkrk gS ftls VÆeuy
cVu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

31
euksfoKku ds fy, vfHkeq[krk raf=dk dksf'kdk % raf=dk ra= dh dksf'kdkvksa dks raf=dk dksf'kdk ds :i
esa tkuk tkrk gSA raf=dk dksf'kdk,a efLr"d ls tkudkjh
çkIr djrs gSa vkSj efLr"d dks tkudkjh Hkstrs gSa vkSj
mldks lalkfèkr djrs gSaA
ekbfyu vkoj.k % ;g ,d jksèkd vkoj.k gS tks ek;fyu dh ijr ¼çksVhu
vkSj Q‚LQksfyfiM dk feJ.k½ }kjk ,d v{krarq dks
?ksjrk gSA
ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= % ;g dsaæh; raf=dk ra= ls ysdj iwjs 'kjhj rd tkudkjh
ys vkus vkSj ys tkus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
dkf;d raf=dk ra= % ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dh ;g ç.kkyh dsaæh; raf=dk ra=
ls vkSj ml rd lHkh laosnh vkSj is'kh; tkudkjh dk
lapkyu djrh gSA blds vykok ;g LoSfPNd xfrfofèk
ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA

Lok;Ùk raf=dk ra= % ;g ifjèkh; raf=dk ra= dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA ;g

fny esa ân; dh ekalisf'k;ks]a Ropk ij fpduh ekalisf'k;ks]a
jDr okfgdkvksa vkSj xzafFk;ksa esa midyk Ård dh rjg
çHkkodksa dks fofu;fer djus esa enn djrk gSA
var% lzkoh xzafFk;ka % ;s xzafFk;ksa dk ,d lewg gS tks vius jklk;fud inkFkZ
¼gkeksZu ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS½ dks lhèks jDrçokg esa
NksM+rs gSaA

Lo+-ewY;kadu ç'u 1
1½ gk¡
2½ ugÈ
3½ ugÈ
4½ gk¡
5½ gk¡
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 2
1½ efLr"d ds lcls cM+s fgLls dks vuqnSè;Z fonj }kjk nks xksykèkks± esa foHkkftr fd;k
x;k gSA nk,a vkSj ck,a nksuksa xksykèkZ èkwlj inkFkZ ls cus gksrs gSaA
2½ gkbiksFkSyel Hkw[k] I;kl vkSj ;kSu ds tSfod mís';ksa dks fofu;fer vkSj fu;af=r
djrk gSA
3½ es#jTtq dks Lopkfyr e'khu dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd efLr"d ls lHkh is'kh;
tkudkjh igys es#jTtq esa ços'k djrh gS vkSj fQj 'kjhj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
dkjZokà ds fy, Hksth tkrh gSA blds vykok] es#jTtq çfrorÊ ¼fj¶ysDl½ fØ;kvksa
ds dsaæ ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSA
32
4½ efLr"d cksuh Ldy esa fLFkr gS vkSj Årdksa dh rhu ijrksa }kjk lajf{kr gS ftls O;ogkj ds tSfodh; vkèkkj
esfuuftl dgk tkrk gSA
5½ ikÆÜod ikyh 'kkjhfjd laosnukvksa vkSj fn'kk ds Kku ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA
Lo-ewY;kadu ç'u 3
1½ vlR;
2½ lR;
3½ vlR;
4½ lR;
5½ lR;

Khosla, M. (Ed.) (2017). Physiological Psychology: An Introduction. Sage

Texts,Delhi, India.ISBN 978-93-860-6211-6.
Pinel, J. P. (2009). Biopsychology. Pearson education.
Kalat, J. W. (2015). Biological Psychology. Nelson Education.
Greene, S. (2013). Principles of Biopsychology. Psychology Press.
Breedlove, S. M., Watson, N. V., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (2010). Biological
Psychology (pp. 45-46). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Hubbard, J. (Ed.). (2012). The Peripheral Nervous System. Springer Science &
Business Media.
The Endocrine System. Retrieved July 3, 2018, from https://www.saylor.org/
site/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/The-Endocrine-System.pdf
Dubner, R. (Ed.). (2013). The Neural Basis of Oral and Facial Function. Springer
Science & Business Media.
Jean, A. (2001). Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and cellular
mechanisms. Physiological Reviews, 81(2), 929-969.
Rinn, W. E. (1984). The neuropsychology of facial expression: a review of the
neurological and psychological mechanisms for producing facial
expressions. Psychological Bulletin, 95(1), 52.
Websites
https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/The-Endocrine-
System.pdf
OpenStax College (n.d.), https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@8.1:34oFmAxl@8/
The-Endocrine-System.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Types_of_Neurons.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg#filelinks

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