CHAPTER 7 (SAS Session) 2023

CHAPTER SEVEN
Statistical Data Analysis Using SAS
Haramaya University
College of Computing and Informatics
Department of Statistics
Set by Kindu Kebede
Email; m7.kebede @gmail.com;k7.kebede@gmail.com;
JUNE, 2023
Advanced Statistics Using SAS
Overview of SAS
What is SAS?
• Began as a statistical package
• Also allows users to:
– Store data
– Manipulate data
– Create reports
• PDF
• Excel
• HTML
• XML
• RTF / Word
• Etc. Etc. Etc.
What is SAS?
• Also allows users to:
– Create graphs
– Create maps
– Send e-mails
– Create web applications
– Create iPhone Apps
– Access R
– Schedule regularly run reports
– Etc. Etc. Etc.
Overview …
7
Opening SAS
Log:
Details about jobs you’ve run,
including error messages
Explorer Window:
See libraries and
SAS datasets
Enhanced Editor:
Where you write your SAS code
Enhanced Editor Window
11
Cont….
12
THE LOG Window
13
THE LOG Window
14
The Output Window
Results tab:
List of previously
run results Output Window:
Basic view of results and output
(Also known as “Listing
Destination”)
Explorer Window
Explorer
Window
Results Window
Cont…
Cont…
Data Value, Variable, Observation, and Data Set
Rules for Naming Variables in SAS
24
Rules for SAS Statements
Cont..
Getting Data into SAS
Cont…
DATA steps:
Read and write data, manipulate data,
perform calculations, etc.
Every DATA step creates a new dataset

Reading Data from Diferent Sources
Writing an Input Statement
Using a CARDS or DATALINES Statement
The SAS PROC Step
Every SAS
program can
have multiple
DATA and PROC
steps
PROC steps:
Produce reports, summarize data, sort data,
create formats, generate graphs, etc. etc. etc.
PROC step examples
PROC step examples
PROC freq
 Creates a basic frequency
table with:
 Frequency
 Percent
 Cumulative Frequency
 Cumulative Percent
 “DATA=newdemo”
references the newdemo
dataset
 TABLE statement indicates
which variable(s) to include
 Can use multiple variables
and even create cross-tab tables
PROC step examples
PROC means
 Creates a basic summary
table with:
N
 Mean
 Std Dev
 Minimum
 Maximum
 Can specify which statistics
to use in table
 “DATA=newdemo”
references the newdemo
dataset
 VAR statement indicates
which variable(s) to include
Other notes
Step boundaries:
Each step is executed when a step
boundary is encountered
Explicit step boundary: RUN or QUIT

statement
Implicit step boundary: Beginning of a new

PROC or DATA step
Good SAS
programmers
use EXPLICIT
step
boundaries
Cont…
PROC Syntax Commonalities
Submitting a Program in SAS
You can submit the
program as a whole
or
Run only a portion of

highlighted code
Chunks of code will be
processed in the order you
RUN them, not necessarily
in the order you wrote
them
Run:
Submits your SAS code
(“The Running Man”)
Commenting Out SAS Commands
Comment statements:
Ignored by SAS when code is run
Used to write comments to yourself or others

or
comment out code you don’t want to run
*comment statement;
or
/* comment statement */
Examining the Results
SAS Help
Where to learn more about SAS
 Technical papers
 SAS User Groups
 Websites
 Books
 Classes
http://www.sascommunity.org/wiki/
Learning_SAS_-_Resources_You_Can’t_Live_Without
www.google.com
www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas
www.lexjansen.com
SAS Help and Documentation
Correcting SAS Errors
Data Management using SAS
Sorting Data
Questions?
Introduction on Variable Descriptive Data Analysis Inferential Data Analysis
Statistical Data Analysis and Modeling Using

SAS
Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Introduction on VariableDescriptive Data AnalysisInferential AnalysisANOVA ModelsLinear Regression Model and Correlatio
Descriptive Analysis of Categorical Data
Categorical data can be described using count values, percentages

or using different diagrammatic ways
Generally, it is known to be frequency analysis

Descriptive Analysis Quantitative Data
Quantitative data can be described using different measures of

locations and measures of variation

Graphics for Quantitative Data Cot...

Here are some functions for the graphics of quantitative data
Proc SGPLOT data=ED3;
scatter X=weight Y=CD4;
TITLE "SCATTER PLOT OF WEIGHT AND CD4";
RUN; ###########################OR
scatter X=weight Y=CD4/FILLEDOUTLINEDMARKERS
MARKERATTRS=(SYMBOL=DIAMOND);
RUN; ##############################3OR
*CHANGE COLOR;
scatter X=weight Y=CD4/FILLEDOUTLINEDMARKERS
MARKERATTRS=(SYMBOL=DIAMOND)
MARKERFILLATTRS=(COLOR=DODGEBLUE)
MARKEROUTLINEATTRS=(COLOR=DODGEBLUE);
RUN; #for Scatter plot of variable
*Add regression Line;

REG X=weight Y=CD4/FILLEDOUTLINEDMARKERS
MARKERATTRS=(SYMBOL=DIAMOND)
MARKERFILLATTRS=(COLOR=DODGEBLUE)
MARKEROUTLINEATTRS=(COLOR=DODGEBLUE);
RUN;
#for Scatter plot of variable


proc univariate data=ch plot normal ;
var Weight;
histogram Weight/normal;
run; #for histogram plots variable
proc sgplot data=ch;
title "Weight Distribution by Breed";
hbox Weight/category=Breed;
run;
# for Box-and-whiskers plot of variable
proc univariate data=ch plot normal ;
var Weight;
qqplot Weight;
run;
#for QQ plot of variable

Introduction on VariableDescriptive Data AnalysisInferential ANOVA ModelsLinear Regression Model and Correlatio
Statistical Model
Statistical Model: is a simplifted, mathematically-formalized

way to approximate reality and to make predictions from this
approximation based on observed data.
Example:we are interested to represent the height of plants

according to soil water content and other environmental factors
after an experiment on a sample of plants submitted to growing
soil humidity and other environmental factors using Statistical
model

Variable and Statistical Model
Statistical models imply explanatory and dependent

variables
Dependent variable:Is the one we want to describe, to

explain or to predict
Explanatory variables:Referred to as independent variables,

are the ones we use to explain, to describe or to predict the
dependent variable(s).
Type of variable we have determine the type of model we ftt

Variable and Statistical Model Cont...
Response continuous:Regression, ANOVA
Response
categories:logit,probit,MLR,OLR
Response Count:Log linear models

Steps in Statistical Modeling
 Problem identiftcation and speciftcation
 Purpose of the study
 Variables of the study
 Study design and data
 Data collection
 Model formulation and assumption
 Model fitting to data

 Model diagnosis
 Interpretation
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis:Is an assertion about a given population
parameter
It can be rejected or not based on observed values (Test

Statistic)
H0 : There is no difference is no signiftcance difference in

specifted populations Versus HA : not H0
Type I or type II error can be committed while hypothesis

testing
Type I error happens when true null is rejected whereas type

II
error happens when we fail reject the false null
Hypothesis Testing Cont...
The null hypothesis can also be rejected or fail to be rejected by

comparing α (Level of signiftcance) and P-value
P-value:Is the probability of observing larger test statistic in the

direction of HA
Level of signiftcance α:Is probability of committing type one

error

Chi-square With SAS

Chi-square With SAS Cont...
Exercise:Consider ed3.csv data and test association between

Status and clinical stage(clincs),Status and residence(residens)
and Status and marital status(Status) of the patients

One Sample t- test With SAS
The command used to do t-test is: PROC TTEST DATA=DATA

NAME H0=MU SIDES=L OR G ALPHA=LEVEL OF ALPHA;
VAR vARNAME;
RUN;
Example: A bottle filling machine is set to fill bottles with soft

drink to a volume of 500 ml.The actual volume is known to
follow a normal distribution. The manufacturer believes the
machine is under-filling bottles. Test the claim of
manufacturer based on taken 20 samples(volume.csv data
set)
Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using R

One Sample t- test with SAS Cont...
EXAMPLE 1: ONE-SAMPLE T-TEST USING VOLUME DATA
PROC TTEST DATA=VOLUME H0=500 SIDES=L ALPHA=0.05;

VAR volume;
RUN;
##########Confidence Interval######
proc means data= volume lclm uclm alpha= 0.05;
var volume;
run;
Exercise: Consider infant.csv data from your file and test

whether the mean of infants is greater than 65cm at age of 12
months.
Independent Samples t-test With SAS
PROC TTEST DATA=Data name H0=null hypothesis

SIDES= alternative Hypothesis ALPHA=level of
alpha;
class Group variable;
VAR numeric variable ;
RUN;
Where; response is a numeric variable in given data values
and treat a factor with two levels giving the corresponding
groups and the rest is same to the previous one

Example With SAS

Consider infant.csv data and test equality of mean height
of infant by breast feeding at age of 12 months
PROC TTEST DATA=infant H0=0 SIDES=L
ALPHA=0.05;
class BF;
VAR HEIGHT ;
RUN;

Example With SAS
Exercise: Test the equality of the height(HEIGHT) of

infants(infant.csv data set) at the age of 12 months by their
vaccination status(VACCIN)

Paired Samples t-test With SAS
* Paired T-TEST;
PROC TTEST DATA=data name;
paired pre*post;
RUN;

Example Paired Samples t-test With SAS
Example: Suppose a sample of 20 students were given a

diagnostic test before studying a particular module and then
again after completing the module.Then, ftnd out if, in
general,the teaching leads to improvements in students
knowledge or skills (module.csv data set)
* Paired T-TEST;
PROC TTEST DATA=modulet;
paired pre*post;
RUN;

Paired-Samples t-test With SAS Cont...
Exercise:A clinic provides a program to help their clients lose

weight and asks a consumer agency to investigate the
effectiveness of the program. The agency takes a sample of 15
people, weighing each person in the sample before the program
begins and 3 months later to produce weight.csv data set.
Determine whether the program is effective.

Introduction on VariableDescriptive Data AnalysisInferential Analysis Linear Regression Model and Correlatio
One-Way ANOVA With SAS
Analysis of variance using PROC ANOVA;

proc anova data= DATA NAME;
class CATEGORICAL VAR;
model NUMERIC VAR= CATEGORICAL VAR;
means CATEGORICAL VAR/MULTIPLE COMPARITION
METHOD;
run;
is the main function
Example: The Chickens.csv data set contains the weights of 20

chickens with their Breed having four levels: a, b, c and d. The
main problem here is to compare average weight of chickens
with their breed type.
Reading Chickens data

*Analysis of variance using PROC ANOVA;
proc anova data=Chicken;

class breed;
model weight=breed;
run;
*Analysis of variance and Multiple Comparison
using PROC ANOVA;
proc anova data=Chicken;
class breed;
model weight=breed;
means breed/tukey;
run;
chickenData Cont...
proc anova data=chicken ;

class breed;
model weight=breed;
means breed/ tukey bon duncan; *we can use any of
one test;
run;
To fit one way ANOVA Model we consider weight as dependent

variable and Breed is independent variable

One Way ANOVA Cont..
Exercise:Consider the Mastitis.csv data set from your file

containing data on the reduction in milk yield in 12 cows
experimentally infected with E. coli and treated with two
factors that is Parity having 2 levels: heifer and multiparous
and Dose having 3 levels: high, medium and low where as
reduction is the response. Compare the reduction in milk yield
by Dose

Examples on Two-way ANOVA with SAS
We follow the same command with different formula to fit the

model as that of one way ANOVA
Example: Consider Trypanosomosis.txt data set from your file

which contains Packed Cell Volume (PCV) measurements of
12 bovines where the response is the difference between
PCV_after and PC_Vbefore with two factors which are Breed
having 2 levels: Boran and Holstein and Drug also having 2
levels: Berenil and Samorin with the main aim of comparing
PVC difference due to factor effects

Examples on Two way ANOVA with SAS Cont...
We will read the data from Trypanosomosis.txt into object trypData

*Two way Analysis of variance using PROC ANOVA;
proc anova data=Trypano ;
class breed Drug;
model PCV_before=breed Drug breed*Drug;
means breed Drug breed*Drug/ tukey bon duncan;
*we can use any of one test;
run;

Two Way ANOVA With SAS Cont...
Exercise:Consider the Mastitis.csv data set from your file

containing data on the reduction in milk yield in 12 cows
experimentally infected with E. coli and treated with two
factors that is Parity having 2 levels: heifer and
multiparous and Dose having 3 levels: high, medium and
low where as reduction is the response.

RCBD with SAS Cont...
Example:
data corn;
input yield fert field @@;
cards;
28 1 1 34 1 1 32 1 2 33 1 2 30 1 3 33 1 3
40 2 1 38 2 1 39 2 2 44 2 2 36 2 3 38 2 3
;
run;
proc mixed data=corn;
class fert field;
model yield=fert;
random field;
run;

GRBD With SAS
Milliken and Johnson (1984) present an example of mixed Analysis of

Variance. Three machines, which are considered as a fixed effect, and
six employees, which are considered a random effect, are studied.
Each employee operates each machine for either one, two, or three
different times. The dependent variable is an overall rating, which
takes into account the number and quality of components produced.
The following statements form the data set and perform a mixed
model analysis of variance by requesting the TEST option in the
RANDOM statement. Note that the machine*person interaction is
declared as a random effect; in general, when an interaction involves a
random effect, it too should be declared as random.

GRBD With SAS Cont..

data machine;
input machine person rating @@;
datalines;
1 1 52.0 1 2 51.8 1 2 52.8 1 3 60.0 1 4 51.1 1 4 52.3 1 5 50.9
1 5 51.8 1 5 51.4 1 6 46.4 1 6 44.8 1 6 49.2 2 1 64.0 2 2 59.7
2 2 60.0 2 2 59.0 2 3 68.6 2 3 65.8 2 4 63.2 2 4 62.8 2 4 62.2
2 5 64.8 2 5 65.0 2 6 43.7 2 6 44.2 2 6 43.0 3 1 67.5 3 1 67.2
3 1 66.9 3 2 61.5 3 2 61.7 3 2 62.3 3 3 70.8 3 3 70.6 3 3 71.0
3 4 64.1 3 4 66.2 3 4 64.0 3 5 72.1 3 5 72.0 3 5 71.1 3 6 62.0
3 6 61.4 3 6 60.5
;

proc glm data=machine;

class machine person;
model rating=machine person machine*person;
random person machine*person / test;
run;
*The TEST option in the RANDOM statement requests that

PROC GLM determine the appropriate F tests based on
person and machine*person being treated as random
effects.

*Note that you can also use the MIXED procedure to analyze mixed models. The
following statements use PROC MIXED to reproduce the mixed model analysis
of variance. the relevant part of the PROC MIXED results is shown in Output;
proc mixed data=machine method=type3;
class machine person;
model rating = machine;
random person machine*person;
run;

Latin square Design With SAS
ANOVA for Latin Square Treatment Design

Four groups of mice, four days, and four treatments are arranged in a latin
square design. The response is the mean change in blood sugar for 6
animals.


data sugar;
input dAy Group$ Insulin $ Response;
datalines;
1 I B -4.5
1 II D 92.33
1 III C 59.83
1 IV A -45.
2 I C 91.83
2 II A -48.33
2 III D 168.99
2 IV B 89.
3 I D 86.16
3 II B -78.16
3 III A -24.17
3 IV C 101.0
4 I A -.17
4 II C 68.83
4 III B 25.17
4 IV D 177.17
;


proc anova;
class day group insulin;
model response= day group insulin;
means day group insulin;
run;


EXAMPLE TWO
data sugar2;
set sugar;
if insulin='A' then ins=150;
else if insulin='B' then ins=300;
else if insulin='C' then ins=600;
else if insulin='D' then ins=1200;
run;
proc print;
run;


EXAMPLE TWO
proc glm;
class day group;
model response= day group ins ins*ins ins*ins*ins;
run;
proc sort out=c;
by ins;
run;
proc means;
by ins;
var response;
run;

Introduction on VariableDescriptive Data AnalysisInferential AnalysisANOVA Models tio
Correlation and Covariance Matrix With SAS
Consider pr data set from your file.

# import pr data in to SAS
proc corr data= pr;

var y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8;
run;
proc calis data=pr;

mstruct var=y1-y8;*covariance matrix;
run;

Linear Regression With SAS
REG(formula, data,...)is the command used to fit linear

regression
Where; formula
proc reg data=data name;
model dep. var = ind.vars;
run;
data is the place of putting the file name of data used to
fit linear regression
Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using R

Fitting LR with SAS
Example: Consider pr data set from your file.
proc reg data=pr;

model y1 = y2-y8;
run;

Binary data Modeling Examples
Example: Consider ftstula.csv data set from your file and fit an
appropriate model for recovery status of the patients on Width of
ftstula(Wof),Length of ftstula(Lof),Bladder size(Bladsize),Place
of delivery(Pod).
# import ftstula.csv data sets

Binary data Modeling Examples Cont..
proc glimmix data=Fistula;

class lof Wof;
model Censor(event='1') = lof Wof / s
dist=binary;
run;*fits logistic regression;

Count data Modeling Examples
Example: Consider ed3.csv data set from your file and fit an
appropriate for CD4 count of patients on some covariates at
baseline
proc glimmix data=ed3;
CLASS FNS;
model CD4 = FNS AGE / s dist=Poisson;
run;
fit the poisson model for the data

Multinomial model Cont...
Example: Considering ed3.csv data set fit multinomial

logistic regression of current status of patients on Functional
status(FNS) and age of the patients

Multinomial model Cont...
proc genmod data=ed3;

class FNS;
model Status = FNS AGE / dist=multinomial
aggregate=FNS
type1;
run;

Ordinal Logistic Regression With R Cont..
Example: Considering ed3.csv data set fit ordinal logistic

regression of current status of patients on Functional
status(FNS) and age of the patients
proc genmod data=ed3 rorder=data;
class FNS;
model Status = FNS AGE / dist=multinomial
link=cumlogit
aggregate=FNS
type1;
estimate 'LogOR12' FNS 1 -1 / exp;
estimate 'LogOR13' FNS 1 0 -1 / exp;
estimate 'LogOR23' FNS 0 1 -1 / exp;
run; *fitted OLR;

I THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE

!!
Kindu.k

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CHAPTER SEVEN

Statistical Data Analysis Using SAS

College of Computing and Informatics

Email; m7.kebede @gmail.com;k7.kebede@gmail.com;

Every DATA step creates a new dataset

Explicit step boundary: RUN or QUIT

Implicit step boundary: Beginning of a new

Run only a portion of

Used to write comments to yourself or others

Statistical Data Analysis and Modeling Using

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Descriptive Analysis of Categorical Data

Categorical data can be described using count values, percentages

Generally, it is known to be frequency analysis

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Descriptive Analysis Quantitative Data

Quantitative data can be described using different measures of

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Graphics for Quantitative Data Cot...

Graphics for Quantitative Data Cot...

*Add regression Line;

#for Scatter plot of variable

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Graphics for Quantitative Data Cot...

#for QQ plot of variable

Statistical Model: is a simplifted, mathematically-formalized

Example:we are interested to represent the height of plants

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Variable and Statistical Model

Statistical models imply explanatory and dependent

Dependent variable:Is the one we want to describe, to

Explanatory variables:Referred to as independent variables,

Type of variable we have determine the type of model we ftt

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Variable and Statistical Model Cont...

Response continuous:Regression, ANOVA

Response Count:Log linear models

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Steps in Statistical Modeling

 Problem identiftcation and speciftcation

 Purpose of the study

 Variables of the study

 Study design and data

 Model formulation and assumption

 Model fitting to data

It can be rejected or not based on observed values (Test

H0 : There is no difference is no signiftcance difference in

Type I or type II error can be committed while hypothesis

Type I error happens when true null is rejected whereas type

Hypothesis Testing Cont...

The null hypothesis can also be rejected or fail to be rejected by

P-value:Is the probability of observing larger test statistic in the

Level of signiftcance α:Is probability of committing type one

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Chi-square With SAS

Kindu.k Statistical Models and Analysis Using SAS

Chi-square With SAS Cont...