Page 148, USC Chemistry Review Center Chemical Safety «Biochemicals, non-toxic, no EPAclisted or characteristic materials (e.g., AMP, ATP, BSA, enzymes) Borates: Ca, K, Na, Me, NH Bromides: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NHy Buffers and growth media: pH 6-9, with no EPA-listed or characteristic materials Carbonates: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NH Chlorides: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NH . Clay/soil/dirt: naturally occuring, without contaminants and no EPA-listed or characteristic materials Formates: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NHs Lactic acid and salts of Ca, K, Na, Mg, NHs Sugars and sugar alcohols, Starch Iodides: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NHs Oxides: B, Mg, Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Zn Phosphates: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NHy Silicates: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NH Sulfates: Ca, K, Na, Mg, NH Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment. It can be solids, liquids or contained gases. They can be the by-products of the manufacturing processes, discarded used materials or unused commercial products such as cleaning fluids (solvents) or pesticides. Characteristics Hazardous Wastes: 1. Ignitabil Tenitable materials are defines as having one or more ofthe following characteristics: (@) liquids that have flash point of less than 60 °C (140 °F) or some other character istics that has the potential to cause fire; (&) materials other than liquids that are capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire by friction, adsorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes snd, when ignited, bum so vigorously and persistently that they create hazard; (flammable compressed gases, including those that form flammable mixtures; (@) oxidizers that stimulate combustion of organic materials Tenitable materials inelude most common organic solvents, gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons, and cértain nitrate salts. 2. Corrosivity Corrosive liquids have a pH <2 or pH > 12.5 or corrode certain grades of steel. Most common laboratory acids and bases are corrosive. Solid corrosives, such as sodium hydroxide pellets and powders, are not legally considered by Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to be corrosive, However, trained laboratory personnel must recognize that such tnaterials are extremely dangerous to skin and eyes and must be handled accordingly.Chemical Safety USC Chemistry Review Center Page 149 3. Reactivity The reactivity classification includes substances that are unstable, react violently with water, detonate if exposed to some initiating source, or produce toxic gases. Alkali metals, peroxides and compounds that have peroxidized, and cyanide or sulfide compounds are classed as reactive. 4. Toxicity Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g. wastes containing mercury, lead, etc. When toxic wasted are disposed, the toxic constituents may leach from the Waste and pollute the ground water. A waste is a toxic hazardous waste if it is identified as being toxic by any one (or more of the eight subsections of this characteristics. 1. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, which measures thé tendency of certain toxic materials to be leached (extracted) from the waste material under circumstances assumed to reproduce conditions of a landfill. The TCLP list includes a relatively small number of industrially important toxic chemicals and is based on the leachate concentration, above which a waste is considered hazardous. Failure to pass the TCLP results in classification of a material as a toxic waste. The TCLP test is primarily for solid materials; liquids are typically evaluated on a straight concentration basis. TCLP analyses are usually performed by environmental testing laboratories. 2. Totals and WET. Toxic as defined through application of laboratory test procedures called the “total digestion” and the “Waste Extraction Test” (commonly called the “WET"). The results of each of these laboratory tests are compared to their respective regulatory limits, the Total Threshold Limit Concentrations (TTLCs) and the Soluble Threshold Limit Concentrations (STLCs). 3. Acute Oral Toxicity. The waste either is an acutely toxic substance or contains an acutely toxic substance, if ingested. A waste is identified as being toxic if it has an acute oral LDso less than 2,500 mg/kg. A calculated dermal LDso may be used. 4, Acute Dermal Toxicity. The waste either is an acutely toxic substance or contains an acutely toxic substance, if dermal exposure occurs. A waste is identified as being toxic if ithas a dermal LCso less than 4,300 mg/kg. A calculated dermal LCso may be used. 5, Acute Inhalation Toxicity. The waste either is an acutely toxic substance or contains an acutely toxic substance, if inhaled. A waste is identified as being toxic if it has a dermal LCso less than 10,000 mg/kg, 6, Acute Aquatic Toxicity. The waste is toxic to fish. A waste is aquatically toxic if it produces an LCso less than 500 mg/L when tested using the "Static Acute Bioassay Procedures for Hazardous Waste Samples”. This test procedure is available at hittp:/Avww.dtsc.ca. gov/ Hazardous Waste/upload/HWMP_bioassay_report.pdf| Page 150, USC Chemistry Review Center Chemical Safety 7, Carcinogenicity. Toxic because it contains one or more carcinogenic substances. A waste is identified as being toxic if it contains any of the specified carcinogens at a concentration of greater than or equal to 0.001 percent by weight. 8. Experience or Testing. A waste may be toxic (and therefore, a hazardous waste) even if it is not identified as toxic by any of the seven criteria above. At the present time, only wastes containing ethylene glycol (e.g., spent antifreeze solutions) have been identified as toxic by this subsection. Listed Wastes: A chemical waste that does not exhibit one of the above characteristics may still be regulated if itis a listed waste. These wastes are incorporated into five lists, but organized into four categories: . 1. F list (non-specific source wastes): This list identifies wastes from many common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used for cleaning or degreasing and process or reaction waste. Since the processes producing these wastes occur in many different industry sectors, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources. (Non-specific meaning they don't come from one specific industry or one specific industrial or manufacturing process.) The most common laboratory F list’ wastes include halogenated solvents (methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, chlorinated fluorocarbons) and non-halogenated solvents (xylene, « acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, ethyl ether, methyl isobutyl ketone, methanol and n-butyl alcohol). These are regulated under this listing only if they have been used (spent). 2. The Kelist (source-specific wastes): This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Also, certain sludges and wastewaters from treatment and production processes in these specific industries are examples of source-specific wastes. 3, The Pelist and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products): These lists inelude specific commercial chemical products that have not been used, but that will be (or have been) discarded. Industrial chemicals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals are example of commercial chemical products that appear on these lists and become hazardous waste when discarded. U list, a list of hazardous wastes (e.g. toxic laboratory chemicals); and P list, an acutely hazardous waste (e.g., highly toxic laboratory chemicals that hes a lethal dose, LDsp of <50 mg/kg (oral, rat). Spills and spill cleanup material from U- or P-listed compounds and rinsate from triple rinsing of empty containers of P compounds, which is collected and handled as hazardous.Chemical Safety USC Chemistry Review Center Page 151 4, Melisted Wastes (discarded mercury-containing products): This list includes certain wastes known to contain mercury, such as fluorescent lamps, mercury switches and the products that house these switches, and mercury-containing novelties. Segregation of Waste Segregation means the separation of the entire waste, different waste groups according to specific treatment and disposal requirements. © Only segregation system can ensure that the waste will be treated according to the hazards of the waste and that the correct disposal routes are taken and that the correct transportation equipment will be used. ‘* The correct segregation is the clear responsibility of every waste generator. It should be carried out by the producer and close as possible of generation, which means segregation must take place at source. ‘© The segregation must be applied to the point of generation, during the collection, transport, storage and final disposal. Packaging and storage of segregated waste Different kind of wastes needs a different packaging due to the different risks created by the waste. ‘The chemical characteristic of the waste must be identified. For infectious waste, plastic bags should be in a good quality and from strong material. For bags, closable bag holder or bins with a lid are recommended. The containers for hazardous waste must be puncture proof and sealable. The material of the container must be compatible with the characteristics of the wastes. Examples: Acids and bases must NOT be stored in metal. Hydrofluoric acid should NOT be stored in a glass. Gasoline or organic solvents should NOT be stored in a lightweight polyethylene containers. Place incompatible chemical or hazardous wastes far from each other as possible at hazardous waste facility. Containers must be kept closed except during actual transfers. Do not leave a funnel in a hazardous waste container. Chemical containers that have triple-rinsed and air-dried in a ventilated area can be placed in the trash or recycled. Secondary containment is necessary. Do not completely fill containers; allow some space above (~10%) Storage time limit: - 6 months for large volume of wastes - 1 year for medium and small volume of wastePage 152 USC Chemistry Review Center Chemical Safety * Use proper PPE in handling the hazardous waste. Labelling of wastes The labelling of the waste is necessary for the identifying, monitoring, controlling, and record keeping of the different waste groups along the entire waste stream. The labels should be clearly, legibly and durably marked with the following: * Name of waste generator, if applicable department * Hazardous waste classification; date of production © Hazardous waste number * Description of the wastes * Volume of wastes * Symbol according to GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Labelling Chemicals and Wastes) Hierarchy of Waste Management Control Disposal Treatment, Reclamation, and Recycling Reuse and Redistribution Prevention and Source Reduction + Prevention and Source Reduction 1. Waste Elimination — easiest way to reduce waste is to eliminate source.” 2, Substitution — substituting hazardous agent to a less hazardous agent. 3. Source reduction — reduce volumes of reagents. + Reuse and redistribution 1, Reusing ~ means using the same materials again without discarding to waste 2, Redistributing — chemical exchange programs + Recycling, Reclamation and Treatment 1, Recycling - convert waste materials into new materials. Example: distilling organic solvents 2. Reclamation — deriving usable materials from waste, Example: gold adsorptionChemical Safety USC Chemistry Review Center Page 153 3. Treatment — lower toxicity, reactivity, corrosivity, flammability of waste - Elementary neutralization - Detoxification - Precipitation of toxic metals ~ Separate phases * Disposal 1. by Water - direct discharge to rivers, lakes or streams (after the treatment) 2. by Air - incineration is one of the common forms of laboratory waste disposal - very expensive; done in rotary kilns at 650 — 705 °C. 3. by Land - less desirable option ~ potential long term impacts to environment. ~ should be coordinated with licensed and reputable contractors Disposal of Hazardous Wastes (DAO 2013-22) “From Cradle to Grave” . 4 1. Waste generator -any person, by site, whose act or process produces hazardous waste or whose act first causes a hazardous waste to become subject to regulation. has the responsibility until the waste has been properly disposed in an environmentally sound way or liable in case of spill or illegal disposal, 2. Waste transporter -individual or entity that move hazardous waste trom one site to another by highway, rail, water, or air. It can also include transporting treated hazardous waste to a site for further treatment or disposal, -must have licensed to transport hazardous wastes. 3. Waste treater ~ a person (natural or juridical) who is licensed to treat, store, recycle or dispose hazardous waste. ~ must have licensed to treat hazardous wastes and should be accredited by the DENR- EMB Requirements for Hazardous Waste 1. Registration (Online HWTS - Hazardous Waste and Toxic Substances) Every waste generator must register online as waste generator at www.emb.gov.ph, 2. Designation of the PCO (pollution control officer) as point of contact. 3. Hazardous Waste Inventory . 4. Reporting The PCO is the résponsible in making the Compliance Monitoring Report (CMR) quarterly, The submission of the report is online.Page 154 USC Chemistry Review Center Chemical Safety Classification of Hazardous Wastes DAO 2013-22 | | Waste | Class | ‘pti aste | | | Description | Naniber. LA. Wastes, with Cyanide we containing CN with, ‘concentration > 70 mg/L [A101 | | t | Sulfuric acid B201 | Fiydrochlorie acid B202 [Nitric acid B203 Phosphoric acid |B. Acid Wastes ‘istures of sulfurie acid and hydrochloric acid 2 (Other inorganic acid B207 | [Organic acid. B208 | {Orher avid wastes other than B201 to B208 B299_| | { | | Caustic soda C301 | [Potash C302 | c. Alkali Wastes [Alkaline cleaners, [303 \ 7 [Ammonium hy: droxide C304 \ (Lime slurries 1 €305 LL [Other alkali wastes other than. C301 to C305, [6399 D. Wastes W ith inorganic | | | [chemicals | | / + Selentom and hs compounds, >1.0 mg/L Dani | TCLP limits for arsenie, barium, | AISERE ‘and its compound, > 1.0 mg/L. Da02 [D403 | cadium, chromium, ‘tuoride,lead, Barium and is compounds, > 70mg | mercury and selenium are TGadmium and its compound, > 5m: JL D40F -| correlated with 2007 Phitlipine Chromium compounds, > 5 mg/L ‘D405 | National Standards for Drinking [Cocmumeonon oe compounds, V1.0 mg/L. 40 | Water | Mercury and mereury compounds, >0.1 mgiL. These | D407 | (also include or anomercury COM ounds. | apa wastes with inorganic chemicals Such AS: | | | | Antimony, Beryllium, ‘Metal carbonyls, Copper, Zines | | | Tellerium, Thallium, jnorganic fluorine compounds | D499 \ | excluding calcium fluoride \ i TOsidizing agents {_ E501 ESC2 | T Reducing agents | i Reactive Chemical Wastes eT nd una bre chemicals [Highly reactive chemicals [ | T | Funks/Dyes/Pigments/Paint/Resi | |__F6a1 Solvent based | | ya/Laten/ Adhesives/Organic Tnorganic pigments F602 | sludge [Tak formulation( includes all solvent washings and F603 | | | studge, eaustic washings ‘and sludge or waste water \ sin gge from cleaning tubs and equipment used in | \ | | the formulation ‘of inks from pigments, driers sops and | | vrabilizers containing ehromium and lead _| {-iResinous materials irae resins generated but not limited to water | Fo0r | \ _| purification processes. \Chemical Safety USC Chemistry Review Center i 7 Waste Class Description Number Other mixed Other mixtures with above constituents other that F609 aqueous. ; Halogenated G03 ies Cowan Nem Non-halogenated and those listed in PCL T_G704_| | Includes all grease wastes generated from | H802 H. Organic wastes establishments such as industrial, commercial and institutional facilities. Used oil including sludge [tio | liv. Vegetable oil including sludge 1102 pe ka (Tallow 1103 I Oil-contaminated materials qos] T. Containers previously | containing toxic chemical | Containers that used to hold hazardous wastes no | substances \ | Solidified wastes Kot | K. stabilized wastes Chemically fixed and polymerized wastes K302 | [Encapsulated wastes K305 I ‘Waste with specific halogenated L401 | Nop-halogenated [L402 | oa chemical wastes (Solid -F>3¢ organic chemicals listed in the Priority’ 1 L403 Chemical List AITODS and PCB wastes refer to respective COO | L408 WM, Miscellaneous Wastes | | Pathological or Includes healtheare wastes from hospitals, medical y M501 | infectious wastes centers and clinies containing pathological, pathogenic | and infectious wastes, sharps and others | | Asbestos wastes ‘All asbestos wastes [_Ms02 Expired pharmaceuticals and drugs stocked at | M503 Pharmaceuticals and drugs producers and retailers® facilities which contain | hazardous constituents harmful to the environments __| Pesticides 7 M504 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) [M505 Tnolades all WEEE that contain hazardous components |" M506 Waste electrical and electronic | such as Pb, Cd, Ha, Cr, PBs, PBDEs that includes its | equipment( WEEE) veripherals ie. ink cartridges, toners, ete | Household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners, | household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters | | |. ‘and the like that are consolidated in MRFs. These Special wastes | include wastes from residential and commercial | sources that comprise of consumer electronics, white | goods, batteries, oil and busted lamps, M307_}