INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER

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 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
A COMPUTER
 An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can
accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output),
and store the information for future use (vermaat, M; 2014)
 Computer—device that performs the information-processing cycle

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

It’s a sequence of events consisting of the four basic operations (IPOS)

 Input
 Processing
 Storage and
 Output
I. INPUT

Enables the computer to accept data. Data refers to the facts that are raw and unorganized.
Data is entered into the computer for processing, by utilizing various devices such as keyboards, mice,
flatbed scanners, barcode readers, joysticks, digital data tablets, electronic cash registers, mouse, etc.)
II. PROCESSING

Performs operations on the date by converting data into information. Information refers to simplified,
organized and processed data.

Processing is usually done by central processing unit (CPU). Random access memory (RAM) –
temporarily stores programs and data needed by the CPU.

Information –characteristics

Information is considered useful and meaningful only if has these characteristics

a) Timely – available when required

b) Accuracy –has significant impact on decision making
c) Completeness –it should be complete/ correctness
d) Comprehensive – useful for the receiver 1
III. OUTPUT –DISPLAYS

Processed data (Information) that users can comprehend and can be used for data visualization

Output devices include monitors and printers.

IV. STORAGE

stores the processed results so that they can be used in the future or Saving data in a soft/physical form
Storage devices save both the programs and the data used by the computer system, such devices - hard
drives, CDs, USB drives, etc.
 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

 Communications –is the moving of data within or between computers.

 Communication devices connect computers to a network of two or more computers.
 A network shares input/output devices and other resources.

A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Is a group of associated components that work together? Computer system components are
categorized into two main groups:

Hardware, is made up of the physical parts of the computer, including such components as the system
unit, monitor, keyboard, and printer

Software, Software is made up of all the programs that instruct the computer.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Types of computers can be separated into two main categories:

 Computers for individuals, are normally designed for one user at a time.
 Computers for organizations, are designed to be used by many people at the same time.

Computers for individuals

A. Personal computers (PCs), are generally either MAC (Apple’s Macintosh) systems or IBM-
compatible systems.
B. Notebook computers are small enough for easy computer mobility.
C. Subnotebooks or ultraportable, have fewer components than traditional notebooks, weigh less,
and are smaller.
D. Tablet PCs, can be used to input data with a keyboard or mouse, and the user can write on the
monitor with a special pen or stylus.
E. Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called handheld computers, have many of the
capabilities of a notebook but are much smaller and lighter.
F. Smartphone are similar to PDAs and have additional mobile phone and Web capabilities.
G. All-in-one computers provide the spacesaving features of a notebook and the performance of a
desktop computer.
H. Network computers (NCs) and Internet, appliances are mostly used for network and Internet
connection.
I. Professional workstations, are intended for technical applications for which very powerful
processing and output are necessary.

Computers for organizations

i. Servers, enable users connected to a computer network to have access to the network’s
programs, hardware, and data.
ii. Clients, include the user computers connected to the network.
iii. A client/server network, includes the use of client computers with centralized servers. 29
iv. Minicomputers or mid-range servers are designed to meet the needs of smaller companies
businesses. 
 v. Mainframes, carry out very large processing jobs to meet the needs of large companies or
agencies of the government.
vi. Supercomputers, are able to perform extremely high-speed processing and show underlying
patterns.

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES TO USING COMPUTERS.

Advantages:

1. Speed and efficiency: Computers can process large amounts of data quickly and accurately, making
them ideal for tasks that require speed and efficiency.

2. Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of data in a relatively small space, making it easy to
access and manage large amounts of information.

3. Communication: Computers allow people to communicate with each other across great distances
through email, chat, and video conferencing, making it easier to collaborate and work remotely.

4. Automation: Computers can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up time for more creative and complex
tasks.

5. Entertainment: Computers can provide a wide range of entertainment options, including games,
streaming video, and music.

Disadvantages:

1. Dependence: People can become overly reliant on computers and may struggle to function without
them.

2. Health risks: Prolonged computer use can lead to eye strain, back pain, and other health issues.

3. Security risks: Computers can be vulnerable to hacking, viruses, and other security threats, potentially
leading to data loss or other problems.

4. Cost: Computers can be expensive to purchase and maintain, particularly for individuals and small
businesses.

5. Social isolation: Excessive computer use can lead to social isolation and a lack of face-to-face
interaction, which can be detrimental to mental health.

When using computer hardware: computer cares

Do not plug too many devices into electrical outlets.

Use surge protectors.
Place hardware where it can’t fall or be damaged.
Provide adequate space for air circulation around hardware.
Securely fasten computer cables, cords, and wires.
Computer is applied in

 Word processors
 Internet
 Online banking
 Online classes
 GPS systems
 ATM machines
 Mobile phones
 Weather prediction

Used at:

 Home
 Work
 School or anywhere

Embedded into:

 Cars
 Phones
 Camera s Etc.

UNDERSTAND THE RISKS INVOLVED IN USING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

There are several risks involved in using computer hardware and software. Here are some of the most
common:

1. Security risks: Malware, viruses, and other forms of cyber threats can compromise the security of your
computer system and put your sensitive data at risk. This can include financial information, personal
identity information, and other sensitive data.

2. Hardware failure: Computer hardware can fail due to a variety of reasons, including wear and tear,
power surges, and other environmental factors. This can result in loss of data and downtime.

3. Compatibility issues: Not all hardware and software are compatible with each other. Using
incompatible software or hardware can result in system crashes, data loss, and other problems.

4. Data loss: Data loss can occur due to hardware failure, software bugs, malware attacks, or other
reasons. This can result in lost productivity, lost revenue, and other negative consequences.

5. System downtime: System downtime can occur due to hardware failure, software bugs, or other
factors. This can result in lost productivity, lost revenue, and other negative consequences.

6. Power failure: Power outages or interruptions can cause data loss, hardware failure, and other
problems. It is important to have backup power sources and data backup systems in place to mitigate
these risks.
Overall, it is important to be aware of these risks and take steps to mitigate them through proper
hardware and software maintenance, security measures, and backup systems.

The ethical and societal impacts of computer use are complex and multifaceted. Here are a few key
areas to consider:

1. Privacy: The use of computers can raise concerns about privacy, as personal information is often
stored and transmitted digitally. The collection and use of this information can have significant ethical
implications, particularly when it is done without the knowledge or consent of the individual.

2. Security: As computers become more central to our daily lives, the security of personal and sensitive
information becomes increasingly important. Cybersecurity threats such as hacking, malware, and
identity theft can have serious consequences for both individuals and society as a whole.

3. Automation: The increasing use of computers and artificial intelligence (AI) is leading to automation of
many jobs, which can have significant impacts on employment and the economy. While automation can
increase efficiency and productivity, it can also result in job loss and inequality.

4. Bias and discrimination: Computers and algorithms are only as unbiased as the humans who create
them. Biases can be inadvertently built into computer systems, resulting in discrimination against certain
groups of people. This can have significant ethical and societal implications.

5. Access: The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to computers and the
internet and those who do not. Lack of access to technology can limit educational and economic
opportunities, exacerbate inequalities, and contribute to social exclusion.

Overall, while computers have the potential to bring significant benefits to society, it is important to
consider the ethical and societal implications of their use and take steps to mitigate any negative
impacts.