MALARIA

BINARY AND CONTINIOUS DATA

PRESENTED BY:
AKATIKI AYUBA
MOHAMED MALLÉ
FERNANDA MEDRANO
OLIVIA BRICEÑO
BIOSTATISTICS FINAL PROJECT
 ARTICLES
CONTINIOUS DATA 2

Imported malaria in Spain

BINARY DATA 1 It is an Obseversional
prospective study.
Malaria outbreak
investigation in a rural
area of Zimbabwe

It is a case control study.

BINARY DATA

population
goal of study
p values
confidence interval
alpha and beta levels
power
statistical interpretation
 POPULATION
A population is any complete group with
at least one characteristic in common.

Which in this case was

-all adults & children of the region "Ward 6" in Zimbabwe
- during 36–44 weeks of 2017.

TARGET POPULATION

The target population would be individuals who contracted malaria

during that time and those who did not (i.e., cases and controls).

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 POPULATION
BINARY
DATA

75
75 CONTROL
RANDOM SUBJECTS SUBJECTS

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 IN THE BINATY STUDY
RANDOM CONTROL

POPULATION MALE 36 MALE 33

VARIABLES FEMALE 39 FEMALE. 42

EDUCATION
NONE 9 10
PRIMARY 43 42
SECONDARY 23 23

ICOME SOURCE
DEPENDENT 21 22
FORMAL 15 15
SELF 39 38

RELIGION
12 21
APOSTOLIC
PENTECOSTAL
12 13
PROTESTANT 15 8
NONE 36 33
GOAL OF STUDY
To determine the relationships between
the exposure and the risk factors
associated with contracting malaria in a
case control study.

Is the type, material, etc of the living

residence or house contributes or
increases the risk of getting malaria?
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Binary Data Article
null hypothesis
A null hypothesis is a type of statistical hypothesis
that proposes that no statistical significance exists in
a set of given observations.
The null hypothesis for this study would be that
there is no significant relationship between the
exposure and the risk factors between individuals
who contracted malaria (cases) and those who did
not (controls) during the study period.
alternative hypothesis
It is a statement used in statistical inference
experiments. It is contradictory to the null hypothesis.
The alternative hypothesis for this study would be
there is a significant relationship between exposure
and risk.
 We reject the null hypothesis

P VALUES
P value is the probability under the assumption of
no effect or no difference (null hypothesis), of
obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than
what was actually observed.

BINARY DATA

Houses with visible open eaves: 0.0028

When residents closed eaves before sunset: 0.055

Sleeping in a poorly constructed house: 0.000

Evenings spent outdoors: 0.037

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CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
If a 95% confidence interval is calculated for a particular
parameter, we can be 95% confident that the true value
of the parameter falls within that interval.
How close the means are on the statistical mile.

Sleeping in a house with open eaves 95% CI 1.44–6.16; p <

0.01

Spending the evenings outdoors. 95% CI 1.04–4.85; p = 0.037 *

Sleeping in a poorly constructed house 95% CI 1.97–9.51; p <
0.01

Were significantly associated with contracting malaria

While closing eaves was protective 95% CI 0.20–1.02; p = 0.055.

*

Sleeping in a poorly constructed house was associated with

five-fold odds of getting sick from malaria 95% CI 1.69–41.66;
p = 0.009
 ALPHA AND BETA LEVELS

ALPHA LEVEL BETA LEVEL

An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical The beta level is 0.2, beta is the probability of making
significance, which means that there was a 5% chance type 2 error.
of rejecting the null hypothesis when it was true Beta level in the mayoriy of cases will be 80%.

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true Power is 1-b

It is the probability of making the wrong The beta level is 0.2, we have 20% of probability of
decision when the null hypothesis is true. making the wrong decision when the null
hypothesis is true.
Type 1 error is alpha level

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 POWER What is Power?

Power is the ability to be sure that null hypothesis is false so alternative

hypothesis can be true.
Power is affected by:

Power tells us how big our sample size needs to be.
-variability
-sample size
-effect size In other words, it is the probability no not make a type 2 error.
-alpha level

Using a power of 80% and a 95% confidence interval, giving the minimum
required sample size of 66 cases and 66 controlled.

This study has 80% statistical power to detect a significant relationship

between factors and contracting malaria with reasonable accuracy and
reliability.

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 STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEANS ?
The study proves that sleeping in a poorly constructed
house was associated with contracting malaria, especially
people living in conditions of poverty.
Closing eaves was protective, as well as having a well
constructed home.
we reject the null hypothesis
Therefore, based on these statistical
interpretations, we can conclude that the
number 1 statistical risk was sleeping in poorly
constructed houses.
Sleeping in houses with open eaves, spending
evenings outdoors, and not using Long Lasting
Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) are significant risk
factors for contracting malaria in this
population.
CONTINOUS DATA

population
goal of study
p values
confidence interval
alpha and beta levels
power
statistical interpretation
 POPULATION
The population consisted of

-cases of imported malaria that were registered in the + REDIVI database

-during the period October 2009–October 2016.

TARGET POPULATION
The target population was patients diagnosed with imported malaria
within a Spanish collaborative network

who meet certain criteria such as gender distribution, age, type of case
or area of exposure.
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 CONTINOUS DATA
POPULATION
A population is any complete group with
at least one characteristic in common.
11, 816 cases evaluated on a
database.

850 cases were detected of

malaria (7.2% of the whole
population)

Among men 56.8%

Among women 43.2%

median age 35.6. (27.9-44)

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 Gender
56.8% Men- 43.2% women

POPULATION
Distribution

Duration of
VARIABLES travel
25th-75th percentile: 15-60 days

20.7% were immigrants,

A population variable is a descriptive
Type of case 52.6% were VFR immigrants,
number or label associated with each
member of a population. 21.3% were travelers,

The values of a population variable are

the various numbers (or labels) that The elapsed
occur as we consider all the members of time between
the population. 25th-75th percentile: 4-15 days
arrival and
consultation

Sub-Saharan Africa: 95.05% of cases.

Area of Exposure
GOAL OF STUDY
To describe the epidemiological
statistical information and clinical
characteristics of patients diagnosed
with imported malaria. Proving that
malaria is imported and is not
contracted in Spain.

Associate malaria and the type of case,

gender, age, or area of exposure
explored.
Continuous Data Article

null hypothesis alternative hypothesis

A null hypothesis is a type of statistical hypothesis Is a statement used in statistical inference
that proposes that no statistical significance exists in experiments. It is contradictory to the null hypothesis
a set of given observations.

The null hypothesis for this study would be that The alternative hypothesis would be that there is a
there is no significant association between malaria significant association between malaria and at least
and any of the variables being explored (type of case, one of these variables (type of case, gender, age, or
gender, age, or area of exposure). area of exposure).
 we reject the null hypothesis

P VALUES
P value is the probability under the assumption of
no effect or no difference (null hypothesis), of
obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than
what was actually observed.

CONTINOUS DATA
Women: P <0.001

Type of case: P<0.001

Travel duration in days: P <0.001

The elapsed time between arrival and consultation: P<0.001

age was not statistically significant *0.57

CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL
95% confidence intervals were
calculated.

A 95% confidence interval is

calculated for a particular
parameter, we can be 95%
confident that the true value of
the parameter falls within that
interval. How close the means are
on the statistical mile.

1 - alpha is how confidence is

calculated ...
1 - 0.05 = 95% Confidence
 ALPHA AND BETA LEVELS

ALPHA LEVEL BETA LEVEL

An alpha level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical

Beta is the probaility of making type 2 error
significance, which means that there was a 5% chance
of rejecting the null hypothesis when it was true

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true Power is 1-β

It is the probability of making the wrong The beta level is assumed to be 0.2 taking low
decision when the null hypothesis is true. variability, and large sample size, into
consideration.
Type 1 error is alpha level

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 POWER What is Power?

Power is the ability to be sure that null hypothesis is false & rejected so
Power is affected by: alternative hypothesis is true & accepted.

-variability (decreases power) Power tells us how big our sample size needs to be.
-sample size (increases power)
-effect size (increases power)
-alpha level (if low, increases power)
In other words, it is the probability no not make a type 2 error.

Variability: inmigrant or traveler, age, gender, area of exposure, duration of travel, procedence.

Sample size: 11,816 cases on the database, 850 of them were detected of malaria

Alpha level: 0.05

Effect size: Effect size tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the
difference between groups is, HOW BIG IS THE EFFECT REGARDING TO VARIABLES
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 STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
What does it all mean?
Malaria is a really frequent diagnosis in Visiting Friends and
Family immigrants, there were significant differences that
were found in the distribution of malaria according to
850 cases of malaria (7.2%) were identified among the 11,816 gender, type of case, and area of exposure. Among all
registers. malaria cases, the most frequent diagnosis was in
immigrants acquired from sub-Saharan Africa.
Malaria cases were significantly higher (p < 0.001) among men
(56.8%) than among women (43.2%). we reject the null hypothesis

More than 50% of malaria infections were in VFR immigrants (p

< 0.001)

Cases were mainly acquired in sub-Saharan Africa.

Median age was 35.6 (27.9–44.0) years

most prevalent species of malaria was P. falciparum in the four

groups (693/850, 81.5%)
Thank you!