INVESTMENTS , DEPRECIATION AND LOANS CH : I 12

,
year
/ compound interest investments inflation appreciation
compounding simple value

Prn Inflation increase in price of period of time

interest formula I
goods
→
simple =
: services over

Remember : caculate total interest of investment and then subtract interest Appreciate : rise in value or price of an item over period of time

to find compound interest after

price n
years

fortnightly 12,26
=
( 1 +
" Hatton

100
rate
)n
To caculate
monthly ,
or divide rate
by original price ✗

Do
compound interest : interest cacuiated on current balance of an

investment interest from previous periods

including rearrange

formula

shares

part ownership bought /sold

be
in
company , can

face /par value : value of share when His - first issued

market price : current of a share

price .

Compound interest Dividend: from to its share

payment made
regularly a
company
FV
formula →• FV = PV Cl + r 1.)
-
^
PV =
ci t ri )
.
'
holders

Dividend yet Id : % of current share market price paid as dividend .

yearbalanceatstartofyearintef-Baaneer.cl of
year
☒
amount of

market
dividend

price
✗ 100

↳ make sure dividend and market price are same unit

compound value table

Brokerage : fee trades behalf
Using damaged by stockbrokers to
carry out on

of an investor

Caccia total cost of share

ting a

find the cost of the shares

find brokerage of
-

which is % of cost shares

add both brokerage and cost of shares

together

caculating amount obtained when shares are sold

Subtract brokerage from selling (total price of Shares )

-

income

To find amount to be invested f- V

estimating
of share
by using a snare graph

PV ÷ number from table = FV

Declining - balance method of depreciation

Depreciation : loss in value of an item overtime

salvage value [ book value , scrap value, written down

value )

11 → s Vo Dn
year
- -
-

credit cards

when the
Caco/
citing charges on a credit card
Payment , both the

date of
purchase repayment must be included in the caculation

Buying on credit :
purchasing something on the condition that
you will

for it later
pay

Credit card limit : amount that financial institutions will allow to

Declining balance method of depreciation be spent on a credit card .

→
)
^
S = Vo ( I -

r •
Bank 's
money
'
'
• maximum amount that can be borrowed

( r)
finding the rate as a
percentage • Balance is amount
owing
s "
Ct -
r >
formula :
-

the Vo limit reach balance

rearrange when
you owe
•

•
used to make cash withdraws / purchases with interest /fees

Reducing balance loans

☒
loan for which the interest is calculated on the balance Fees and interest rates

fee /maintain
owing which
gradually annual
charged once
reduces over time •
is per a credit card
year
.
,

Late fee it a made after the due date

charged payment
•
is is

Cucuta amount still loan Overdraft fee the limit

tiny
it a
owing
•
on a is
charged purchase exceeds

cash advance fee

charged as well as interest when cash
•
is , ,

withdrawn from a credit account

Interest on credit cards

→
18% 22% p
Rates
typically
-

a
vary
-

→>
cacuiateat
daily
 Credit card statements

that be
minimum
payment smallest amount must
-

repaid by the due date

balance
Opening -
amount that was
owing
at the star t of

the statement period .

how do
they work

Transactions / charges spent ; these will appear

are
money as

\
'

positives

payments /refunds are

money that is repaid onto

'
'
the card ;
credit
negatives

Interest and interest free periods

"

No interest free "

means interest star ts from the date of
period

purchase

/
-

does not to cash withdrawals advances

apply

The interest
charged is
on credit cards purchase usually compounded

an balance loan
daily , example of a
reducing .
EARNING AND MANAGING MONEY CH : 1-
yr
11

Special income : commission , peacework and royalties

salaries and commission based % of total
payment
→ on
wages earning money price
-

paid caculate commission / total

employee by employer
to an
wage exchange
→
money an in
earnings
commission ear ned
✗ 100
→
for an
exchange of hours worked . total sales

fixed form from amount Value of sales

salary payment commission commission rate
→ of periodic to an = ✗
an
employer

which specified contract

employee , is
usually in an
employment .

payment based
→
Perce work on amount per item produced

→
Deice work
hourly hour worked Item ✗ Cost
=

weekly wage rate

= ✗

→
number of action performed ✗ amount per paid action .

365
days
conversions :
a
p per annum
-
-

12 months
Royalties →
payment based on % of
continuing sales of a

not to find 5h weeks that someone makes amount of

why ✗4
monthly product money
? 26
fortnight Royalty Royalty rate
→
not month cons its amount ✗ revenue revved
by
pay every company
= a

ot same amount of
days
Government allowance and pensions

annual income
caculating
-
☒
from
✗ hours worked in week
hourly rate , not
iply weekly

52C weeks )
pay by

Allowances bonuses and

,
loadings
overtime -
☒ time worked in excess of normal hours

Time -
and -
a half → ✗ 1.5 Over time → ✗ 2

Allowance
payment predtermined amount to cover up expenses
-

Bonus → one OH as incentive for hard

payment employee who works

bonus as %
→
of bonus
cucuta
tiny value
yearly income

Annual leave entitled to 4 weeks

loading employee minimus
-

leave C for
annual
holiday ) every
12 months
they work .

leave 17.5%
loading normal
pay
✗
=
Deduction tax
and net income
calculating
income : total amount of
gross money made
by employees
Net income ( Taxable income )

→
all allowable tax
gross income deductions
-

Taxable income

Taxable income = total income -

allowable deductions

total income all income renewed financial

during year
=

Income tax tax which is based taxable

is a
government on
your

income

•
Tax table below shows relationship between taxable income and

tax to be paid

difference between tax refund and balance

a
payable

Tax refund → or tax rebate is the

a a
payment
to
taxpayer when

The
taxpayer pays more tax then
they owe

balance → total of to
payable amount
money you owe

suppliers who have extended credit, to you for

your purchases

of suppliers or merchandise .

Medicare extra tax to fund the healthcare

levy
→
system ,

cacuiated as a
percentage of taxable income

2% of taxable
currently
•

income

IF A PERSON S INCOME 15 .

$2668 →
exceeds
fully levy
•

$2133S -2668
between → reduced medicare
levy
•

less than $2133S →

levy
•
no medicare

loans
government
loan amount tax
Repayment rate ✗ =
additional
ANNUITIES CH : 7. 12
yr
Future present value of an
and
annuity

Annuity : compound interest investment from which payments are made

or renewed on a basis for fixed amount of time

regular a .

Maturity : The time when an

annuity has ceased , after the final

deposit /interest payment is made .

Compound interest =
FV =
PV CI + r 1.)
-

Future FV of annuity is total value of all

value
annuity
-
:
,

contributions and compound interest at end of period when -

not

payment is made [ no interest

payed on -
nai )

present : of that , if
value
annuity single amount money
-

invested at same rate as interest would

now , as
annuity ,

produce same result over time periods .

There are two to save

ways
PV FV of Make ( )
an
annuity
•

is Caco lated .

regular small deposits annuity

G- rJ^
[
+ -
z
→
Fv =
a •
Deposite and leave it [ lump )
r one
large amount sum

*
total than the lump sum
value of the
annuity must be
larger
→
pv =
a
[4+-0^-1]
r CI + rjn

backwards find PV
working to

TEACHERS TIP ! 1 find FV table

using
.

→ '
Interest is paid at the end of the 2. substitute FV into compound interest FV =P VCI tr %)
period ,
meaning
FV
there be less interest than 3 Solve find PV PV =
✗
payment ri.sn
=
to +
will
always one .

deposit .

Repaying loans

future /present →
present / future formulas
Using value tables use the value tables or their

FV =
a ✗ ✗ ✗ i. interest factor from table forgiven rate and

PV =
a ✗ ✗ # of time periods

a : contributions made each period

FV =
Table value ✗ deposit e

Home often make additional lump-sum

owners with a
montage

payments to reduce balance of /

montage time taken to it
repay .
Using technology to Moche annuities

Recurrence relation

→ an that defines
equation the relationship

between terms of a
sequence
-
we can mouse annuities as a reoccurrence

relation

End of Balance
year C$ )

1 1000
A1 = 1000

2 2070
A2 =
2070

3 3214.90 3214.90
As =

4 4439.94
Act =
4439.94
S 5750.74
As =
5150.74

it $1000 invested at end of for S into

year years
account at 7% p -
a
 INTEREST AND DEPRECIATION CH .G
'
11
,
yr -

Simple interest

•
PERCENTAGE CHANGE
always Caco/cited as a
percentage of the printable

Percentage increase
•
also rostered to as a flat rate

amount I Prn
•
percentage original
=
to
increases are compared n

7
☒
Simple interest graphs w
amount increased by ✗ too
É
percentage increase
original amount periods (s ) §
=

I
also find new amount when
-
a
percentage increase interest amount CI )
given >
n periods G)

amount ( 100 ) % The

new =
original ✗ t
percentage increased gradient of a simple interest graph is the rate which
money grows

unitary
method
straight -
line depreciation

→
II.
•
by using the finding what the value of ,
then
multiply by allows
you
to calculate the current value of an asset when it

total the
percentage IS
decreasing by same amount each period .

initial value

Goods and services tax ( GST ) 5 =

V0 -

Dn ← # of periods
* *

UST Aus 10% of the price

in is most items,
meaning you
see on items salvage valve amount depreciation
( current value ) Per period

110% of the amount Recap

is
original

to cacolate
original amount: application of simple interest formula ,
but reversed

of G- ST =
price ✗ 10%
price
-

(spreadsheet skills )
original
-

price ✗ go or 100 Compound interest

110

THEORY SUMMARY : Bank accounts /loans will use

generally
It 100
original cost ✗
= .

compound interest as their caculatioss methods .

compound interest makes eaculatloss based on amount

growing
•

profit and loss overtime .

E. G- →
first
Absolute profit → profit =

selling price -
cost price in
year
of
having a bank account interest is paid

profit
✗ ' °° "
based the prince able [initial amount invested ) the interest
percentage profit
= on
cost price ,

caculation for the next would use the balance

year new .

100
express as a
percentage by multiplying by putting
% at the end .

simple interest formula

caculated by applying one period

Absolute loss → loss cost at a time

selling price
= -

loss
✗ 100%
percentage loss =
cost price Recap : Simple interest is method of
caculating interest , which

[•
loss expressed %
as a
negative profit is
always a of the princeable
Budgeting and household expenses cti.IO
,
year
#

Household bills

Electricity usuage
:

Two used to determine amount of used

readings electricity
• in a

(previous
reading )
cer tain period and current

of Peak, Off peak and shoulder

various
types rates
•
energy
are included in an bill
electricity
.

Peak : most for times

highly charged rate of
day when
energy
most used
is
commonly
.

OH peak: energy charged at reduced rate

during periods of
-

less 1-
regret use

G-as
shoulder Charge energy : rate charged between period
usage
:

of Two
•
and OH times
peak peak readings a re used to determine the amount of
electricity
-

KW
readings)
kWh = ✗ amount of hours used used in a certain period (previous and current

KW is 1000W Gas readings measured megajoules CMJ )

•
are in

Wh = W ✗ amount of hours used Megajoules →

equi vilest to 1m11 joules

cost rate
usage
= ✗

value of A

= 560.9 + 523.5

Water
usuage :

Any property with a connected water and waster water

•

service bill from water each period

receives a
Sydney
Two of (3 months )
charges
•

types ☒

fixed fixed amount required

-

charges : to be paid each period

Usage charges : amount which is determined

by how much water

used C in KL )
purchasing a car comprehensive insurance :

Differences cost of
buying theft to
to , vehicle
in a car covers
damage or
your ,
as well as

to other vehicles and of

damage property in case accident .

REGISTRATION Third
party property damage vehicle insurance
-

•
fee of transfer from to the
ing registration
other
by
•
one owner covers caused
your vehicle to someone
damage

was $32 2017 else 's vehicle [Not theft

in . or
property cover damage , or

vehicle )
•
cost of vehicle
registration on new depends on
weight . to
your .

without / tar and weather its used for

a load
weight ,

business or private use .

Comprehensive insurance is more expensive than third -

party .

Dealers
Delivery
When for
purchasing a new car , dealer will
charge

'

preparing
car for
delivery

STAMP DUTY Trade in

•
state tax based on market value of the vehicle o r the price agreement to purchase new car ,
the dealer
may by your

paid for it ,
whichever is the greatest -
Current car ,
at
agreed price .

3% $45000
-

of market value up to
+

51 $45000 financing
-

. of market value over a

purchase

loan cacuiatcons be made an interest formula

can
using or
-

table

Straight line depreciation

-

E- G- :
stamp be
paid the purchase of Mazda that S Vo Dn
duty
-
-

on new -

§
has a recommended retail price of $57000 Salvage value is the same as book value

stamp = (0.03×45000) + ( 0.0s ✗ [ s > ooo -

45000])

fuel consumption

INSURANCE
distance travelled Ckm )
[ (km 1)
green slip]
third CCTPJ
compulsory party fuel used CL)
=
insurance amount of
-

paid each
registered provides
•
time a new car is .

amount of fuel used CL)

compensation to people injured or killed when insured driver [L / Km ) = distance travelled Ckm )

vehicle is involved in an accident .

amount of fuel used CL ) too

✗

CLI 100km )
garage type
=
distance travelled Ckm )
cost varied
Cage of vehicle,
driving
•
, , records .
 amount of fuel CL )
✗ 100
Distance travelled Ckm ) fuel consumption CLIIOOKMJ budget for time period , such
=
TO
prepare a a
given

as a week , month or
year
.

distance travelled Ckm )

✗ CL 100km )
Amount of fuel used CLS = 100 1 . Carol ate total income

2. estimate total expenses

your

Running cost of a car 3 . calculate income -

expenses

standing cost 4. adjust income or expenses if necessary

fixed cost ; depreciation loan interest on road costs such
e.
g
-

, ,

as
registration ,
insurance and
motoring organisations

memberships

operating cost

variable costs that depend how vehicle is driven

running on a

fuel
e.
g cost of , tyres, servicing and repairs .

Budgeting

Budget :

a financial plan In which expenses need to be less than

income

fixed
spreading
:

includes expenses like rent or board that cannot be

varied

discretionary spreading
:

Includes expenses such as entertainment , clothes , gifts

that can be varied based on choice .
NETWORK CONCEPTS CH :b 12
year
Introduction to Networks Minimum Trees
Spanning
Network What defines a tree ?

→
group of objects which can be represented as a Tree describes a network where
any
2 vertices a re

1 path NO CYCLES LOOPS

diagram of lines and points connected
by exactly
' ← Ver tex connected
.
network .
-
. ' '
.
- , .
e
> "
I ,
" . ←
' ' ' - - . leaf
. . .
. .
i

.
degree .
'
8- disconnected
Forest collection of trees
'
. . network :
. .
v

loop degree
spanning Tree from
in
y,
B is drawn an
original network . This

Teachers Tip outdegree

B be achieved of the
< . may by removing some
edges
→
lines 08 1 find
A network is a
group of objects connected
by .☒ .

cycle
D8
2.
•

At least 1 ver tex Remove

edge from cycle
⑥ 03 • 003
Edges
•
need to
begin at one ver tex and end at 1 ver tex 3. Repeat

TEACHERS TIP !

Directed Network
. > .
Weighted Network Remember ,
a tree is a network A
spanning
tree is a

t 2
Where 2 vertices are tree which connects all
n
r v .
. . .
any
^ 3
2 1 ( there
- < .
. .
Connected
by exactly path .
the vertices .

1
A loop is not considered path be multiple
spanning
a
may
.

Drawing Network
Diagrams trees )

THEORY SUMMARY Minimum tree

spanning
→
Network table lowest possible → found
diagram summarise in a
, possible to reverse
weight can be
using inspection logic
-

process .
Prins Algorithm
1. Kruskal
Draw all vertices
Algorithm
-

's

2. connect vertices with Kruskal 's KEEP TRACK OF EDGES

edges Algorithm ☒
-

3. Add 1. track of the

any edge weights provided keep weight
order of their
edges in
increasing

2. Select the Network

edge with lowest
weight in

TEACHERS TIP ! 3 Repeat process

.
until all vertices are connected

Be careful of letter positions Remember edges need to

Prim's
which have been changed .

go
from one ver tex to another
Algorithm → PICK A VERTEX TO STARI

long as the 1. pick with lowest

As
edges any ver tex ,
then
identify connected edge weight

between vertices are the now have 2 vertices with 1 connected edge .

2 LW
same it contains the same into
Identify edge with then repeat
.
. .
,
 Dykstra 's
Algorithm
Paths and
cycles
WALK

•
repeated edges
•
repeated vertices TEACHERS TIP ! !
*
TRAIL PATH to list with s from the
make sure update your starting
•

no repeated edges
•
no repeated edges vertex

or vertices
A ③
CIRCUIT CLOSED CYCLES OPEN PATH

"

finish
"
start trail start finish on

same vertices same Vertue

"
"
"

open trail open trail

If there of odd
are
exactly 2 vertices degree ,
then

these vertices must star t end at a walk .

If there the
are no ver tices of an odd
degree ,
then

star t / end vertex are the same in a walk

The shortest path

Minimum tree does not

spanning necessarily give the

shortest path between two vertices .

The shortest paths need to have the minimum

weight
between vertices C but not
necessarily need to visit all the

vertices )

THEORY SUMMARY REMEMBER '

.

Shortest path be found network there

can
Depending on

be mutiple SP
using inspection or
Dykstra 's may

Algorithm
Chapter 10 : critical path
analysis
ACTIVITY TABLES AND CHARTS THE EARLIEST STARTING AND FINISHING TIMES

prerequisite earliest star t time CEST )

→
that must be done before start
Anything an
activity can minimum amount of time taken to complete all prerequisites

table
Activity critical time

→
Table of activities with prerequisites and time frame of each
activity Shorest amount of time required to complete all activities

chart
Activity
( EFT )
weighted directed network
representing the dependencies in a earliest
finishing time

-
☒
Set of activities amount of time complete the
minimum it takes to
activity plus all

prerequisite activities

NAME ACTIVITY TIME PREREQUISITE →

EFT =
EST
weight
+

→
Unlike EST EFT is not shared all activities with the same star t
, by

Drawing directed network ver tex ; instead it depends upon the weight of the individual activity .

1. table first last ver tices with START FINISH

2. Represent activities by arrows and start end at a vertex forward scan to determine the EST for each
activity in an
activity

3. connect activities that do not have prerequisites to star t vertex chart

01 1 1
4.
Begin activites with the same predasessors at same vertex

5. Ensure that
any
2 vertices are NOT CONNECTED
by multiple edges start
• Iq I•
~
finish

Activities 1. Draw box at each ver tex

Dummy empty

used to eliminate repeated network has 0 2. star t write 0

edges in a
,
ver tex

time directed broken line 3. work left to

,
shows by edge with a
right writing
, total time ot path at each ver tex

→
not 4 When 2 /more paths total path follow
always possible to remove all
dummy
activities . . meet , select highest to

5. continue until finish ver tex is reached .

When to use a
dummy activity SUMMARY

•
When 2 activities share the same immediate predecessor CS ) ACTIVITY A B C D

but also have an immediate preclasseso r that are not shared -

WEIGHT

when 2 star t and end at the same ver tex EST → char t
•
edges .

C- FT = EST +
weight

LFT char t

LST LET +
weight
=

f- WAT TIME → LST -

EST
THE LATEST FINISHING AND STARTING TIMES CRITICAL PATH

Latest CLFT )
finishing time critical path

→
/ finish
-

latest time found

the
activity can be finished without
delaying longest path between star t vertex ,
by

the finish 0 float

time of the project looking for activities with time

→
sequence of events are critical .

delay will delay whole project

latest time ( LST ) critical step
starting
→ →
the
latest time
activity can be star ted without
delaying any activity on critical path ,
delay to critical step

the finish of the project

time will
delay whole project

LST =
LFT
weight
-

→>
Unlike LFT ,
LST is not shared
by all activities with the float time → difference between LST and C- ST

same end ver tex .

LST -

EST =
float time

Instead the
weight of the critical path identified by float time of
activity
if depends upon individual
activity ,

because cortical path has float time 0

every activity in

Backwards scan

1- LST caculations star t at finish ver tex, At finish LST EST , write There critical path Can be more
will
always be one
=
.
,

LST in the bottom box than 1 if there a re equal cor tical path

2. work from left time of each

right to
subtracting activity ,

LST bottom box MAXIMUM f- 10W MINIMUM CUT THEOREM

writing
-

in
-

3. it more than 1 path to ver tex , take the lowest difference as

LST f- low → and directed network used to

.

diagram weighted
4. continue till LST at start much be 0 the transport from source
you reach star t ver tex , represent of
objects to Sisk .

S T

• •
source sink

Dilterence between EST / LFT Maximum flow possible

to flow
capacity that is as
large as

EST LFT

>
flow from source
capacity total flow to sink
☒
-

> -
7

> t -
s

saturated flow to
capacity
→ an
edge where is equal

' LFT is common to all activities with same end ver tex Inflow to total flow of all the Ver te
.

edges pointing towards

determined backwards scan outflow total flow of edges pointing away from
by ☒ all ver tex
-
.

i EST is common to activities with start vertex . forward scan

£8T +
EFT
weight
• =

LST t LET
weight
=
Maximum flow , minimum cut theorem

'

what is the maximum flow

'
3

THEORY SUMMARY

maximum flow / flow of network

capacity is
•
a

found Minimum
by considering the
capacity
at each ver tex cut

→
and from SOURCE C. START ) with smallest possible
capacity
long
a cut
tracing a network

to SINK [ END ) finding different to

• minimum cut is
finding the
.

flow flow , because the minimum

To keep track of
through network we maximum cut
only concerns
•

NOT flow
cross of the weights as we proceeds through capacity
the ver tices .

-13
maximum amount of flow, calculated
using weights .

be network from source

Which can sent
through to

SINK .

cut Maximum -
How minimum -
cut theorem :

→
there some flow and cut with
a selection of
edges that disconnects from the source to sink is
always equal capacity
.

Cut when it occurs How the and cut is smallest

capacity ,
is
largest possible .

'
→ will allow
'
flow
Son of all capacities in the cat
you to guess and check a maximum or minimum

cut without
checking every flow or cut .

A cut is a selection of source cut is minimal when there exists flow with same
edges disconnects
capacity
• a
, once removed ,

from flow there exists

sink To visualise fence that is maximal when a cut with same
capacity
•
a cut is a is
complexly
.

encloses the source vertex with the sink ver tex on the outside .

finding maximum flow

Not edge that crosses fence the cut HINT: when

every
is apar t at ,
only you

have flow and

edges that star t on source side and end of Sinn are included .
already a

are considered where

how to find the of cut to make cut

capacity
a a
,

consider the edges

only

that are saturated .

PRACTACALITIES Of MEASURMENT CH :3 11
yr
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES METRIC UNIT Of MESUREMENT

→
the # of digits in a number that indicates
accuracy converting lengths
✗ 10
0 to the ~*_
significant figures
to me
rounding
a
given number of .
trailing → to → →

KHDUDCM
of decimal
right
* points
are
all non -

digits
are significant significant ←
←
←÷¥
← ←

Kilo Hector Deco Unit Decl Cents Mill

I.
F-
7004.090200
•

b
p

Obetweeno are
converting mass

significant ✗ 1000

→ → -• .

3200,0 .
004709 1- KGGMG
LB these 0 are not significant digits By µ
i. 1000
g-

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Tones Grams

Kilograms milligrams
Ct >
ckg ) (g) Cmg )
→
from 1 but not (with
value written as a number up to ,
including

places ) by power 01-10

capacity
any number of decimal , multiplied
converting units of

A- 1-10
"
✗ 10 → A- = # between ,
n =
an integer
→
→

Is
given number expressed as
KLML
←
←
product of 2 numbers NO kilo/ eters liters mililieters
( KL ) ( L) CML

toys to

is 1st number between 1 -10 ¥8 The # is not written in conversions between area
2

✗ 10000

\ scientific
✗ 10000
~,
✗ too

yes rotation
-•
•
Be
Is 2nd # expressed as power of 10 NO a MZ ( MZ MMZ
← TV ←
i. 10000 i. 100
fg yes 0000

is # written as scientific notation conversions between volume

✗ 1000000 ✗ 1000

Writing scientific notation

changing from scientific notation
m3^• [ m3 mm3
← ←
1000000 i. 1000
to A-
ordinary

PREFIXES FOR UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

numbers scientific rotation

Cucuta
tiny in

✗ 1000 ✗ 1000 ✗ 1000

✗1000 ✗ 1000
-0
non
→ no
no
T G- MKHDUDCMMN
← ← ←
i. tooo i. tooo # ooo
←
ooo ÷ -000

Tera
Giga Mega Micro Nano

µ n
ERROR AND ACCURACY IN MEASUREMENT ABSOLUTE ERROR AND LIMITS OF ACCURACY

measurement The smallest unit of PRECISION

may happen
errors in : a measurement to is the

•
Caleb ration ☒ measurement tool not accurate ABSOLUTE ERROR when a
quantity ( sometimes the
er ror
measuring
-

para Ilex → above ) half the precision

greatest possible equal
•
error is not scale to
eye directly error is plus or minus

absolute er ror
↳ ✗ 00%
due to limit of absolute
percentage
Always reading measurement tool as measurement
=
•
an error er ror

The smallest /
largest values between the actual measurement

when / subtract number limited measurement called the UPPER AND BOUNDS OF TRUE
I add
accuracy is
by is LOWER

that is a curate to the least amount of decimal places .

MEASUREMENT

finding sensible approximation for the results of an addition

( or subtraction ) caculafcon finding precision and absolute error .

finding absolute error and

limits of
accuracy

when / limited
multiplying dividing a number the
accuracy is
by
the measurement that is accurate to the least amount of significant finding limits of true perimeter and maximum er ror

figures .

finding sensible approx for the result of a multiplication

or division cacolatlon .

sum of all numbers

finding limits of true area and maximum er ror

To find number of numbers

average
=
RATES & RATIOS CH :3 12
,
yr
RATES HEART RATES →
number of contractions of the heart per min CBPM )

comparison made
by ÷ 1
quantity by the other in
required order .

"

quantity
→
Rate expressed form The first unit of the 2nd
in
quantity per

units for rate

converting mass and area
a
comparing

Maximum heart hear t rate for exercise

rate
Target
→
to smaller units 220 50%43 85%413
larger
•

converting
•

each rate
quantity
in a
age years
-

in

heart
Smaller
Recovering rate

X
y
-

→ •

units 10 -2 =
at risk • 4- 4.9 =
excellent

•
2- 2.9 fair 6
outstanding
= • + =

•
3- 3.9
good
=

units
larger

FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE

of fuel
comparison between the 2 quantities consumed , distance

travelled; as rate i n L /100km

given
distance travelled km
km / L =
amount of fuel used L

converting rates
1st quantity amount of fuel used L

1. write fraction 2nd L / Km distance travelled km

rate as
quantity
=
.

2. Convert 1st amount to required unit

amount of fuel used L 100
✗

3. convert 2nd amount to required unit L / 100km =

distance travelled km
1000 ✗ 1000 1000
1000
☒
→ → ↳
Th 10 10 10 Area m2 = ✗ ÷ 102

T G- KHDUDCMMN
10 10 10
→ → → manana fuel used CL)
✗ " °°

Volume m3 = ✗ ÷ 103 Distance travelled Ckm ) fuel consumption CLIKMIOO)

← a ← a ← ← ← N a

Tera
Giga kilo Hector Deca Dec , cents Mill Micro Nano

go
÷
Amount of fuel used CL )

distance travelled CKMJ ✗ fuel consumption CL 100km)

Best 100
buy
Unit price ÷ number of items units
=
price or
POWER AND CONSUMPTION RATES (unknown )
Working with equivalent ratios
quasi ty is denominator

energy
power
=
time

1- wait = 1-
you let second → 1kW = 1000W =
1000J Is

The consumption of appliance can be caculatecl :

energy an

→
Ckwh ) =
power CKWJ Time Ch )
energy
✗

SCALE DRAWINGS

1kW 1000W I
International system of units → = =

Drawing of a
diagram
that is similar to
original
but smaller / which
larger , angles and
lengths are in same ratio

scale to its real

: ratio of a
length on a
drawing length expressed
1
in the for 1: n t E. a- I. 1000 , 1000

can also be words E. a- 10cm to 1cm

given in

length on drawing
=
scale real
length

10-3 10 103 10°

"
10
finding length on scale
drawing Finding real
length given length on

MK W KW MW Ctw
given real
length scale
drawing

RATIOS
-☒
compassion between quantities of same unit .

→
written as C :) , or as a fraction

→
does not have units and
usually a whole #
finding scale
given the
length on the
drawing and the real
length
→
order of the quantities in ratio is important .

B
use cacciatore

-
☒
writing ratios in their simplest form

Be use HCF

turn decimals into whole numbers

finding real
length from a
finding the scale from a

→
change to
improper fraction scale scale
drawing drawing

→
convert to same unit

torn
writing ratios in n :1 or I :S
BUILDING PLANS Estimating area
using the polygon method

→
of houses
scale
drawings and
buildings .

Including site plans,

and side elevations , so construction details can be determined .

→
A site of block / land residence and
plan is a
drawing showing
features

To find volume of rain collected in Cms )

V = C ✗ A ✗ R

C = water runoff coefficient, as decimal

A = root area Cri )

R =
amount of rainfall Cm )

If 10% of rainfall is considered

wastage so C--90% =
0.9

MEASUREMENT OF LAND USING SCALE

estimating area
using grid squares

survey of
radial to
constructing
a scaled
diagram

estimate area

1. Chose point P inside shape and table ver tex

, , in
polygon

2. Draw /measure length of radial arms on

diagram . Use the

given scale convert these lengths actual

to on
diagram on

scale

3. use pratactor to measure

angles between radial arms

4. caculate area of each and add them for total

triangle area
 Estimating area
using trapazodia / rule

~
A- =¥ ( df + IL )

If dh

T T

Estimating volume

V = sur face area ✗

average depth

V = A ✗ h

note :

• V cubic A must be h
in meters ,
in square meters an

must be in meters

3
•
In = 1000L and 1mL =
1000000L

estimating volume of reservoir

Estimating the volume after increased rainfall

 Perimeter Area .
and Volume
+
y
Perimeter Rhombus kite
n n

-
-
-
l >
> i
→
a shape [closed
distance
f-
)
around outside of
figure , ,
- - - - - - - -

Y -
f - - - -
-
Y
+ > 7
g. > I '
All measurements must be expressed in the same unit before the side
lengths I v
'

v
, > e y
x x

are added A: Ex ✗ +
y
circumference Trapezium a
c- Itd C=2lTr
=tzh
-

7 1 Cat b)
A
that b
h
d f
! A or
=
z
r >
• •
b
or A
=h_z at b

circle sector

9
ITRZ
Pythagoras
✗
Tboerem Semi -
circle A- - Hr A=3Go
r
•
92+15 = i c=lTd÷2 a

r
c
'
a ti -
CZ = a C=2\Tr÷2

Area of composite shapes

b →
Sector made up of multiple shapes ,
to find area of composite figure ,

0
1=300
✗
2lTr • ( =

length of arc first break up the figure into its components shapes then add
µm or •
D= of sector
angle or subtract the areas .

0
✗
r= radius of circle
1=360
•

Id area of an annulus

R2
•
D= diameter of circle A = IT -

Tr
'

Perimeter of irregular shapes •_r or

← A =\T ( R2 r2 )
Trapezoidal rule

If dl

A = # Cdf + di )
h

surface area of prisms

"
☒
Area of simple shapes prism
Top
→
A- bxh
Rectangle A- = Lxb
,, parallelogram - Surface area is the son

I
>>
side side
g. mean, , ,, ,, , ,,
B -
- B
n
1
, height ,
, ,,

1 Bolton
,
'
11 >>
L
L base

'
-
- ☒ Net
A- -2 b h
Triangles
= ✗ ✗
l '
n i

D8
-

\
-
- - -

I 1
I l l l l
1

h
th th - -

,
I 1
1 I
, "
- - - - -
-

< 7
b
b base

-
Surface area of and spheres
cylinders capacity
→
amount of fluid that a container can hold

Open cylinder →
cylinder without top and bottom

common units of
capacity
r
☒
•

h Cmh )
•
mill liter
By
h •
litre ( L )
-
- -
-
-
L Zitr 7
•
kilo litre ( KL )
☒
cut
A=2ñrh •
mega litre
CML )

1- ML =
1000kt = 1000000L

Closed
cylinder → circle at both ends

•
Er •€r capacity and volume are related
by the
following
conversions
h h
-1M
< 2T r >
1mL =
1cm 'S

B-
☒ 1L = 1000mL =
1000cm 's
r

*
cut 1kt =
1000mL = 7- m3

) C
surface area = C2 ✗ area circle + area
triangle )
A- =3 ✗ ITRZ + 21T r ✗ h

A =
ZITRZ + 211Th

Spheres
-
Be
surface area of a sphere of radius r is
given by

A =
41T r2
r

Volume → amount of space a solid occupies

volume of a prism = V =
Ah

volume of
cylinder =V=1Tr2h
volume of sphere = V = v3

cross -
section →
Shape of the face formed when a solid

is sliced
by a plane

Volume = cross -
section at area ✗
length
Units of and mass 11
energy yr
energy expenditure

Units of mass out → BMR ✗ PAL

✗ 1000
✗ 1000 ✗ 1000 energy
→ -•
-•

6 G- mg
.
total
energy
needed for activity
PAL =
BMR

← ← ←
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 Schofield formula

amount of medications
calculating

strength required Stock volume

✗

volume required =
stock
strength

units of
energy

energy is measured in
tj or CAL

1- Kj =
1000J Harris -
benedict formula

1- CAL 1kcal 4.189 Kj

= = 1000cal =
4189J = females

☐MR
Ckj / day] =

✗ 4.184 2783 + ( 40 ✗
Kg)
+ ( 7.7 ✗ cm )
-
C 19.6 ✗
g)
Bob
Kcal
go
Kj males
÷ 4.184
BMR CK, / clay ) =

278 + C 57.5 ✗
Ky ) + C 20.9 ✗ cm ) -
C 28.8 ✗
g)
food and nutrition : intake
energy
The
energy provided by
amount of these out
average energy
nutrition duration PAL
is :
activity × ✗
BMR

17kg /g
•
→
protein

•
fat →
38kg /g

carbohydrates
→
17kg /g
•

•
dietary
→
8kg /g

caculate total intake from of food :

energy
a
serving

take amount of each of these nutrients ,

MULTIPLY

each
by the it provides and ADD subtotals together
energy
.
energy balance

Food intake

=
exercise ✗ time

C how much exercise need 3

you

Food intake

=
exercise ✗ distance

( how much exercise need )

you

Energy consumption

power rating → rate of

energy
used

→ energy
power
=
time

rate appliance W
All appliances have an
energy rating ,
uses
energy
→
energy consumption energy used in an appliance

measured
energy joules
in

1W =1j second

1kW =
1000W =
1000J Is

used Ckwh ) → ( Kuh ) ✗ hour

energy power

caculate cost of an appliance

running

1. find power of appliance CKW)

2. find hours appliance used

3. cacuiate used
energy
4. caculate cost

$ / cents )
→
cost C

=
used Ckwh ) ✗ rate C $ / kwh
energy or c

✗ 1000 ✗ 100°

gg0
✗ 1000

→ -0
non

GWMWW
←
i. 1000
K
÷ 1000
k
i. 1000
mWµW w
i. sooo
CLASSIFYING AND SAMPLING DATA

Statistics → of Random sample

study collecting organising analysing
,
,

→
and data population has equal
interpreting .
Sample where each member of

Data →
pieces of collected intonation Chan
? of
being selected .

Variable →
particular characteristic that we are interested

in when
collecting data

CATEGORICAL VARIABLES

qua lithe characteristic ,

divided into
groups
(categories )

NOMINAL ORDINAL

→ to
data are named but orderd on a scale or as a

not ordered (hair ; (rating system from

or
ranking
colour ) poor 1- 5)
eye

NUMERICAL VARIABLE -
data that can be measured counted

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS

→ →
an exact and whole
range of values ,
usually
number, like the number
resulting from measure
ing (77.51--9) Stratified Random
Sampling
→
(strata )
Of people in a
family e.
g height of students .
Sample made up from of random samples taken from
subgroups of

the population , proportional to size of each

subgroup

SAMPLE find stratified random sample (80 people )

number
→ =
in
group ✗ 80
Involves total # of people
collecting intonation about a small selection

from a
population

POPULATION Systematic Sampling →

sample chosen in methodical
way when members of

-
*
entire from which intonation
group whom ,
or is
sought .
the population are put in order, the first number is chosen at random and

CENSUS the nth chosen from sample

every number is .

collecting intonation about of 10 students from 150 students

→
Involves member of entire obtain
every systematic sample

population 150 ÷ 10--15 start at 15th number

every .

BIASED SAMPLE

→
method of
collecting data produces a sample that does not

accuratly reflect characteristics of the population -

SELF -
SELECTED SAMPLE

→
sample which participants choose to take part
by responding
in

to a request for volunteers .

 CH
Representing 7
'

Data 11
yr
.

Misleading graphs
→

Frequency Distribution Table scale on vertical axis does not star t at 0

→ →

Display the
frequency for each of the
categories of data .

Tally scale on vertical horizontal axis is

irregular
→
marks are often used Scale vertical horizontal axis is
on
missing
.

0C -

y
METHOD TALLY FREQUENCY →
Class interval → 10
Use of area volume creates false impressions

MARK FREQUENCY

LINE GRAPH

Cumulative
frequency frequency
→
son of an n
\

Relative frequency number of times score fraction Useful upwards downward

as
showing
→ a occurs a .

'
of the total number of scores .
data trends .

"

fraction Useful for

finding
"
%
Percentage Frequency between
Relative '
- ☒ 100 =
in

\ ,

> values when quantities on horizontal

CATEGORY FREQUENCY CUMULATIVE RELATIVE

axis is continuous .

Dot plots →
display of data were each piece of data is
frequency histogram .
CLASS
CENTER

→ colours bar NO GAPS x=xth

represented by a dot above a
matching number or
category on
graph 2
.

a horizontal scale .

frequency Polygon i

/
→
line touches both ends without
graph
\

Stem leaf plot 2 parts DOT IN MIDDLE

and → each piece of data is split into
graph
- -
.
,

The last the stem GAP BETWEEN

digit becoming the leaf and other digits becoming .

Frequency
t
-
-
.
Cumulative Histogram → should acend with
graphs

frequency Polygon
i -
start at bar ends at last bar
graph
→ .
,
"
, "
"
'
,
j -
,
connects at the
right bar
.
n n
'
-1001 .

§oo
-

- 90-1
-

- .

. 120 -

-
80-1 .

Column and bar '

graphs represents categorical data

→
-

100 -701
is
.

ɧ
§ 80 -
-601 .

n COLUMN
Should not be
^
touching .
-
so 's .

a. nap, no,
40 -30%
§
-

-201 .

20 -
-10-1 .

to ,
categorical tog sa

8- category
¥ I
§ cumulative relative
frequency
{
Peveto chart

frequency
→
combines
. i
> > a column
graph and a cumulative
graph
CATEGORY NUMBER
EXPLORING AND DESCRIBING DATA CH : 11 11
year
Mean and Mode
finding the median from grouped data

sum of all scores

yc
Mean number of scores

finding the mean from a

frequency distribution table

Cx ) f- ✗
score
frequency (f) x mean I =

EF Efx
Total Efx
Ef
BB
finding the mean for
grouped data
Cmn )
Height

frequency

f-
height Cmm ) class center Cx )
frequency (f) ✗ Sc

Ef = Efx =

Mode → most frequent score

(binod/e )
•
•
There can be no mode 1 mode 2 mode or more than 2
,
.
, ,

Find mode /mean from stem -

leaf plot Relative merits of mean , mode and medium

Mean →
not
categorical

best
positives : sampling stability
negatives : eltectect
by outliers

Mode →
categorical
Median →
positives : least effected by
middle score after
being re
arranged outliers
-

1. cross from each end until there is one / not central

off equal numbers of scores negatives : unusual patterns tendency
=
,

two Middle scores ,

or . . .
Sample varies more than mean , but less than mode

n +1
2- Caco late the value 2 to determine where the middle score

Median not
is placed within the set .
→
categorical

least eltected outliers

positives by
:

finding the median from

frequency distribution table positives Varies than mean , less than
:
a more mode ,

not central
always .
Range and IQR
☒ highest score -
lowest score
Decals and percent cats

Range → difference between

highest and lowest score Decius : 9 # that separate the set of ordered scores

IQR → measure of dispersion into 10 parts with an equal # of scores in each part

Q3
=
Q1
finding decals from an
ogive
-

Quartiles → Q1 ,
Q2 C medium ] , 0-3

How to sacculate IQR from an

ogive

percentlats : 99 # , separate set of ordered scores in 100

parts with equal # of scores in each part

finding percent lats from ogive

IQR
Interpreting what the indicates

Box -

plots
whisker

☒ ☒
lowest
TA
highest
score ¥ F score
Q1 Qz
25% Q1 751 Q3
• of scores are less than than Q1
,
.

greater median

•
50% of scores are less than Q2 50% than Q2 five
,
greater number
summary
Q1 Q2 Q3
→
•
751. of scores less than 0-3,251 greater . than Q3 lowest / highest score
→
, ,

IQR contains the middle 50% of scores

Standard deviation from
Identifying outliers a stem -
and leaf plot

→
measure of disperism ,
value depends on all

scores caculate distance of each score

average
^
of @ S → of standard duration
mean .
,
symbol
population standard Ululation

→ standard deviation for population denoted

by
On
→
Use unless stated otherwise

sample standard deviation

→
standard deviation for sample denoted
by Graphical data
display
On -1 n n

AM
Unimodle bimodle

n n

identifying
Identifying
outliers

outliers
using median an d quartiles
Mr .

Q1 1.5 IQR skewed

positing
•
-
✗ multimodle

•
Q3 +1.5 ✗ IQR ^

' "" "

+91^9 " + " ers "
1^9
the mean and standard " ""
Y "" wed

deviation

-3
•
mean ✗ standard deviation
7

mean + 3 ✗
Standard deviation

from
Identifying outliers a
frequency table
 BIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS CH :S ,
yr
12

SCATTER PLOTS person's correlation coefficient

interpreting

independent variable Coc -

axis )
→
causes the the other C dependent ) variable E. a- time
change in

]
Dependent variable Cy -
axis

y changes according
to 0C

→
E. G-
Changes depending on independent variable ,
exam marks

depend on time
studying Discussing the expected correlation between variables

correlation
ng
t →
o

§ measurement of expenses to which 2

É
"

x variables are related

>
independent

Outlier → Income / star t with other datapoints in dataset

Bivariate Dataset → dataset, 2 different variable for each datapoint

Pearson 's coefficient

caculating correlation

CORRELATION

Person 's correlation coefficient

-13
statistical measure of
strength of linear relationships between 2

numerical variables

FORM

☒ A
linear non - linear

Is
☒

positive negative

moderate cause and effect

strong weak
strong
•
weak • • • • moderate •

→
n n r n n Change directly responsible for the change in another variable
/
,, , ,
,
' £
, , y
' '
, ,
i i
'
i. -
>
J
Spurious correlation
> > >
correlation
linear non -
linear positive correlation negative

^ -
^
.
^ ^
" n relationship not due to cause /effect
. . "
.
. . . .
. . .
. . "
. ' . - -
, " .
' ' ' •
' ' . '
. -
. .
> > , coincidence
y >
perfect positive moderate to moderate no correlation
strong positive to
correlation 1 0.7s c- I positive 0.5<-0.75 weak positive
→
n°-270 2 /more
's
n
.
^
. .
~
..
events
occurring simultaneously through random
. " -

i i.
. - '
. '
. . variation
. .

' ' ,

i.
-
- '
'
, , i.
, , , ,
perfect moderate moderate to weak
strong
negative
-1 negative
negative
-
1- ← 0.75
-
0.75£ -

0.25
-

O.SE -
0.2s
LINE OF BEST FIT INTERPOLATION AND EXTRAPOLATION

→
represent all datapoints in a scatterplot , trend line interpolation → data points lie within the
existing range
^

7 →
.
line of best fit than extrapolation
*
drawing more accurate

"
,
7 Extrapolation

→
Least Square regression
-
line outside
existing range
-
Do

straight -
line fits best a bivariate dataset

C STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION
y=mx
+

sample for it of
•
ver tical axis the size of to be representative
y caculating a
=

•
3C =
horizontal axis a population

→
sultriest size 10000--10000 =
10
,
e.g

using caculator to find equation of a least square regression line

-

At BX →
on cacuiator Bias

predjudice in favour of one particular group outcome

☒
→ substitution
y equation
=
Msc + c

Ethics

→
the
interpreting gradient vehicle interception of regression line moral printable thatguides way we should act
given

a situation

statistical
planning a hues /
gatton

1.
Identifying problem , propose statistical
investigation

2. collect obtain data

,

3. represent and collected /obtained data

analyse
5. communicate /
interperte findings
RELATIVE FREQUENCY AND PROBABILITY CH : 8 11
yr
sample space and number of outcomes
Probability
theoretical
sample space : all possible outcomes of possibilities calculating probability
number of favourable outcomes

Experiments : trials [ s ] performed to obtain data to predict chances of PCE ) =

total number of outcomes

should be number between 0 I

an event
occurring probability a and

C- vents : 7- collection of outcomes from on experiment If event (E) impossible then :P (E) 0
outcome
performing
an is =
,

experiment : expert made 1 simple experiment (E) PCE ) =L

multistage up of more than it an event is cer tain , then :

multistage Event : 7- outcome /collection of outcomes from 0 ← PCE ) 4- 1

performing
a
multistage experiment

that have
equally Ilkley outcomes : outcomes an equal chance
compienetry events

CÉ ):
'
of E
occurring equally likely to complement of an event ,
remaining group
of outcomes

☒ Occur .

Listing sample space E. Ct S [ HI] CE )

: coin tossed the sample space that do not
belong to the event
=
= in

complementary events : events are

complementary if the son of

finding sample space of multi -

stage experiments outcomes in each event equals the total number of possible outcomes

in the sample space .

number of outcomes in E + number of outcomes in

É

=
total number of possible outcomes

the complement of
identifying an event .

Relative
frequency
of event number the
probability chance
occurring expressed as a in
:
,

0 I as the equiv , test %

range or
-

caculating relative
frequency

events
calculating probability of complementary
→

Relative of event PCE) PCÉ) =L

frequency estimate of
probability
+
:
occurring complementary events

also known as experimental probability so :P (E) =L -

PCE )
f f 10°
or ✗
(E)
=

Ef Ef and :P =
I -
P CE

f- •

frequency
Ef .
total number of possibilities
Probability for
multistage events Expected frequency and simulations

caculatlng the
probability of two -

stage experiment Expected frequency

i. table
=
trials
to sample space of of
using probability number
✗
a
represent events
occurring

finding expected frequency after first Cucuta

tiny the

of the event
probability

3- Stage
Cucuta
tiny probability of event

how tree to represent sample Space

to use a
probability

probability tree diagram

tree outcomes that are

constructing probability diagram to show

not
equally Ilkley to occur

REMEMBER : To find of 2- draw

probability Stage events , a
probability

tree
diagram and find the product at the probabilities along branches

to
leading that event .
 The Normal Distribution .CH:9
'

gritz
bell curve what does a 2 - score
represent
n n n

n
E. normal Tells us where a score sits relative to others

distribution
•
LAGER SAMPLE → reliable 2- Score

•
LARGE STANDARD DIVIATION
> > .
→
larger spread of scores

(compact )
•

skewed SMALL STANDARD DWIATION

symmetrical negativity skewed
positing → smaller spread of scores

→
Normal distribution positive score score above
data
symmetrical
2- =
mean
= is

→ →
Set of data with the median and mode negative score below
same mean, 2- score =
mean

Bell curve (normal curve ) 2- score from -3 to +3

range

→
frequency histogram for distributed A of (O )
normally the to mean
2- score means score is
curve over a equal

set of 2- score
larger spread
data REMEMBER !
larger the standard divination and

Should be between the S =

standard deviation 5 = 0 for population SD
n
a
gap
.
µ mean

<
frequency polygon y-axis and the first colou.mn 2- score =

"

<

I
frequency distribution of
frequency table raw score 2 = x
or
-
a mean
-
.

standard deviation s

TEACHER 'S TIP

backwards !
-

Medium = middle score Mode =

most frequent score work

Scores -

mean = Think about what the 2- score represents

frequency

All measurements of central

tendency
EMPIRICAL RULE
^
I mean +
^
inode

e mefn
From the mean :
\
,

1
•
1=1 standard deviation = 68% of scores ( 34% each
way
)
I 1 ,
I

! \ ! • ±2
standard deviation = 95% of scores ( 47.5% each )
way
I
> >

'
• =3
Measure of spread large standard deviation = 99.7% of scores ( 49.851 each )
way
.

a ^

→
standard direction standard diviati or can also be written as respective 2- score

→
IQR Split even further

→
0 and ± I 34% of scores E. G- -1 and 2=34+34+13.5
range
=
> >
gma , , standard
= 81.5%
deviation I 2=47 %
0 and of scores

standardised score or Z -

score 1 and 2 =
13% of scores 34 34 13s

→ '
Ii do I
' '
'
# of standardised durations a score lies above or 2 and 3 =
2.35% of scores -

z
-
z z z

below the mean

( I 1 I 1 I 1 1 )
-

3 -2
-1
I 1 2 3

35 X 25 X S Its xt2S 2+35

x
68.1
- -
-

951 .

99%

probability and normal distribution

1 i
I 1 I 1 I

3 -2
-

-
I 0 I 2 3

•
pcz ( O ) =
0.5 ,
Pcz > 0 ) =
0.5

• PC -
1<2 < 1) = 0.68

• PC -2 < 2L 2) = 0.95

• PC -3C 2<3 ) = 0.997

• Pcz < c) + Pcz > c) = 1 where c is the

µ
or Pcz > c) = 1 -
PCZL c)
• particular
Formulas and equations at :S
yr
11

Substitution into expressions and formulas

finding the value of a variable in a formula

letter / 1 : substitute
pro numeral
→
symbol that takes place of number x method knows values and solve

formula →
relationship / rule between 2 o r m o re variables that method 2 :
rearrange making
0C the subject and solve

contains an =
4 30C 3C the subject
making
m = -

formula -30C
I =
be = x =

Subject of formula →
single variable
usually on LHS of m -
4 =

W w
z
-
m +4 =
= 0C =

,,
y yz
Substitution and
evaluating a formula are the same thing sc = 3

linear Travel
solving equations Caculations

distance travelled
linear equation →
equation in which the
highest positive average speed
=
time taken S=¥
of 1
Integer power the prosumerat .

s
distance travelled = D= S ✗ T

D T

solving linear equations → Keep equation balanced Time taken = T =

1. add / subtract on both sides

2. both sides Total distance total distance travelled in the

multiply on
stopping
-

3. divide both sides time it takes for to react the brakes

on a driver ,
apply
→
continue until obtain simplest equation and for the car to stop

CHECK !
=
time distance
breaking distance
substitute to make reaction +
value back into equation sure -

•
•
sign in front of ter m
belongs to the term . distance travelled in the time it takes for a driver

to react and move foot to breaks

apply

further
Solving linear equations
distance in m

→
fractions
alegbraic ,
multiply both sides
by the lowest common
breaking distance speed of car i n

a
km/h
denominator CLCM ) I =
0.0 7- V2 D= 0.014%

for for
dry conditions
Slippery conditions

caculating reaction -
time distance

total
cacuiating stopping distance

B
converting units

of speed
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONTENT cacuiating
flow rate in millimetres per hour

volume CL )

formula to caculate number of standard drinks flow rate =

Time Ch )

N =
0.789 ✗ V ✗ A

N the flow rate drops 1min

number of standard drinks caculating
=
in

V =
volume of containers in L

A- %-
of alcbohol in drink

formula to cacuiate BAC

10N 7. SH
10N SH
-

- 7.

BAC BAC female 5. SM

Caculatlng time for
= =
male G. 8M intravenous drip
delivery an

N = # of standard drinks consumed

4- # hours spent
drinking
=

M= Mass of person in CK
g)

1 standard
caculating the time needed to estimate drink

BAC
T =
0.01s

T = # hours the drinker must wait

MEDICATION CACULATIONS

Caccia
tiny dosage in medication

age
Cmontbs] ✗ adult dosage

f-meds formula dosage = 150

C children 1- 2)

age
C
years ]
✗ adult dosage

Youngs formula →
dosage =
age
C
years > ✗ 12

( children 1- 12 )

Childs weight Ckg) × adult dosage

Clark 's formula -13 = 70

C child of
any age
LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS CH : 12 11
yr
.

line
Straight graphs Direct variable relationship
-

↳
The values of the DEPENDENT VARIABLE depend on the values of relationship between 2 quantities or variables in which one
•
title

the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE y of the be

.
n n
• equal quantities can expressed as a constant multiplied
-
spacing
• units by the other
quantity
1

3
Cx) 1 2

Weight -
• table
a ✗ is
Directly proportional :

cost (g) .
> se 2 quantities or variables are
directly proportional when an

Increase Cor decrease ) in one causes a proportional increase or

~

Gradient and vertical intercept

^

vertical run decrease in another :-C G -

y
is
directly proportional to 0C if ¥
IS a constant value .

rise

Slope /gradient
✓
=
run
he > horizontal run
y
Note : for horizontal line the vertical is 0 therefore the slope if I is
always a constant varies directly as x
y
a rise ,
=

= K
is 0 →
The equation
connecting
two quantities or
y=Kx
for a verticle line the horizontal run is 0 ,
so the slope is intimate where IT is CONSTANT of VARIATION or

f
CONSTANT Of PROPORTIONALITY
y
n
→y -
intercept
•
The notation for variation is & reac t a s :
y
x

'
'
'

L j
v
y is proportional to X or
y varies
directly as X

✗
positive slope negating slope when
graphing y
0C
y plotted against
X
straight
'

, is a

with gradient K
line
through origin ,

Equation y=mxt C dependent independent variable

arable
, intercept
Y
-

Y=
Msc + c direct exists
g-
-

dependent variable
Deterring wheather a variation relationship
I

independent variable gradient

✗ =

m
gradient
=

c.
g- intercept
=

sketching a linear
graph finding equations that describe a

simple linear relationship

finding equation of a direct variation relationship

Linear direct variation
modelling modelling
linear mode
interpreting the
graph of a

Exploring direct variation applications

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS CH -4
'

12
yr
.

Graph of the form

y=
Msc + C
Identifying solutions to simultaneous linear equation

simultaneous relationships : simultaneous linear equations : 1 or more linear equations

→
relationship between two variables where one coordinate points ,
that use same variables .

describing this relationship lie in a

straight line when plotted on point of intersection : points where two or more lines intersect

a number plane o r cross over one another

dependant variable solutions to simultaneous linear equations

go
in
checking
Moet c
y=
→
g- intercept .

t
I gradient

dependent variable

linear Moche

production cost : cost / expenses of

producing an item for sale
,

both fixed solution to simultaneous linear equations from

which can involve a cost and a variable cost that
Identifying graph

depends on the number of items produced

Revenue : amount of income received from sale , of item produced .

Which depends on number of items sold

Drawing graph at a cost no die from equation

simultaneous
solving linear equations
graphically

Drawing graph from revenue Moule from its equation

Break even
analysis
-

↳
point at which revenue or income and cost of production

or expenses are equal .

→
identified as POS ,
of combined
graph of cost / revenue .

←
profit

•
← Break even point
-

* Loss

modelling revenue and cost for break even

analysis