WATER DISTRIBUTION

Introduction
• The water distribution system is the essential
link between the water supply source and the
consumer. It is not just the main that runs down
the street, quite the contrary. It is an elaborate
conveyance system that allows water to be
moved through miles of piping before reaching a
tap. Pumps allow water to move through the
system; valves allow water pressure and flow
direction to be regulated along the way.
TYPICAL PROCESSES OF CONVENTIONAL
WATER TREATMENT PLANT:
• Intake
The intake screens prevent debris from entering the treatment
facility. The screens are located off the bottom of the river to avoid
bringing sediments into the treatment plant and below the surface to
avoid bringing oils or other floating material into the treatment plant.
• Aeration
Aeration process involves bringing air to contact with water to
transfer volatile substances from the liquid to the gaseous phase,
thus increase the dissolved air in water. It will improve taste and
odor and also oxidize iron and manganese.
• Coagulation and Flocculation
Chemical coagulants are added to react with the remaining small
particles in the water to form particles large enough to settle out.
Rapid mixing distributes the coagulant evenly throughout the water.
While, flocculation basins gently mix the water with large submerged
paddles so smaller particles collide to form large particles called
"floc".
• Sedimentation
Sedimentation is physical treatment process that utilizes gravity to
separated suspended solid from water. Floc settles by gravity to the bottom
of a sedimentation basin. Then, clean water spills over to the filters.

• Filtration
Filtration removes any remaining particles that carried over after
sedimentation. The force of gravity moves the water through filter media
usually, sand.

• Disinfection
Chlorine adds to prevent bacterial contamination as the treated water flows
through the distribution system to customers.

• Fluoridation
Addition of fluoride to prevent dental caries and tooth decay

• PH Correction
Adjusted pH to be 7.0 at the outlet of contact tank by adding lime.
FURTHER WATER
TREATMENT
• Large quantities of water are needed in hotels
and similar premises for personal use, food
preparation, cleaning and domestic purpose and
(in many case) for fire fighting, air conditioning
and softening plant, boilers, laundries, swimming
pools and recreational use, including pavement
cleansing and irrigation of grounds where
appropriate.
• The amount of water consumed depends on the
type of business or establishment. It also
depend on the various activities conducted in
the establishment.
 Average consumption of water for hospitality
establishment types
Type of hospitality litres Per head per day
US gallons
establishment
Hotel guest 135 35
-resident employees 90
-non resident employees 45
Apartments 90 24
Hostels 90 12
Restaurants 5-7 2
Per meal

* Note: Based on average consumption within the premises. External use of

water for irrigation and other purpose not included.
 Water Quality Requirements For Different Activities

Quality Requirement
Drinking, Must be pure, sterilised and protected from
cooking, contamination. Supplies taken from mains or
dishwashing exclusive storage.
Personal Pure, sterilised and protected from contamination
washing and but moderated to allow water to be drawn from the
domestic main storage tank or cistern via the distribution
cleaning network.
Laundry Generally clean and wholesome. It must be soft [If
hardwater, water need to be softened]. It must be
free from iron and magnesium or else the washed
clothes will have staining.
Fire fighting High pressure supplies of water must be provided [
the pressure at a hydrant outlet is usually
specified). Also, two independent sources of
supplies (e.g.. mains and high level storage] must
be provided. Possible mains water contamination
may occur if the source of fire-fighting water supply
is directly from the mains..
Swimming Clean, filtered and sterilized with free chlorine
residue for post sterilizations. Water is recirculated
during use.
Boilers and Water must be soft and treated to prevent scaling
heating plant and corrosion to the plant. Hot water must be stored
and circulated separate from domestic supplies or
hot water supplied for drinking or cooking purposes
Chilled and cold Water must be soft and treated to prevent scaling
water for air- and corrosion to the plant. Air-conditioning water
conditioning must be stored and circulated separate from
domestic supplies
Irrigation [i.e. No special requirement.
watering of
plants and lawn
COMPONENTS OF THE
PLUMBING SYSTEM
• Water is supplied via a system of pipes.
• Devices are required to control the outflow of
water from the pipes.
• Water also has to be stored temporarily.
• Devices are also needed to push water up a
building.
• After being used, the water has to be drained
away.
• The devices meant for these requirements are
collectively called the plumbing system.
• The plumbing system consist of three sections
1.Water reticulation equipment.

• This is to make sure that there is a

dependable supply of water which meets
the requirements of the user.
• This equipment includes pumps, gravity
tanks or pressure tanks, water treatment
devices and safety equipment, popes,
valves and fittings.
2. Water utilization fixtures and
equipment
• These allow the building occupants to use
the water. Water closets, sinks,
washbasins, bathtubs, shower stalls,
faucets, shower rosettes, swimming pools
are among these fixtures and equipment.
3. Drainage system

• This system removes used water, liquid

wastes and rain water from the building to
the sewer and surface drain. This system
include gutters, down pipes, perimeter
drains, vent pipes, manholes, and traps.
WATER RETICULATION
SYSTEM
 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

• The main criteria in the reticulation of water

are continuous supply of water at constant
and sufficient pressure.
• To ensure continuous supply of water,
sufficient and constant water pressure is
needed.
• Water is directed to its point of use by
means of pipes
• Pipes get increasingly smaller as they
approach the points of use of water
 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

• At the points of use, valves are installed to

stop flowing beyond the valve or allow the
water to flow out. Most of these valves are
manually operated e.g.. Taps/ faucets and
stopcocks.
• Other valves may be automatic e.g.
Cistern ball valves or photo celled valves.
• Valves are also important because it
allows the cut-off of water to parts of the
water reticulation system so that it could
be inspected, repaired and have other
maintenance work done.
 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• The chosen of the distribution systems are
according to topography and area of the
distribution places and height of the
location from the water treatment plant.
• These systems are divided to three:
– Gravity system.
– Pump system without storage.
– Gravity and pump system with storage.
 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

Gravity system.
• In this system, the location of sources are
higher than the distribution areas.
• No pump system used
• Water sources are located at mountains
and hills area.
• E.g.”Bekalan Air Bukit Nanas”.
• Very effective and economic.
 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

Direct Pump system without storage

• The clean water supply is directed by the pump

to the main pipes with the pressure needed.
• Not very effective, because in case of
interruption of electrical supply, this system
cannot be used.
• There is varies in demand of the water needed,
thus more supervision on the pump is required.
(pump also become damage).
• This system is accepted for the temporary water
distribution system.
• Eg: “Bekalan Air JKR di Sungai Tua,Batu Cave”.
 WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM

Gravity and pump system with storage

• Combination of system pump and gravity.

• The distribution of water is similarly.
• The clean water from the water treatment
plant is pumped to reservoir storage tank
and then the water distribute to the
consumers by using gravity system.
• The advantages: the operation of the pump
is not contrary and reduce the damages.
• This system is most efficiency and most
economic.
THE ARRANGEMENT OF
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Consists four systems:

➢Dead End or Three System
➢Grid Iron System
➢Circular or Ring System
➢Radial System
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Dead End or Three System

MAIN PIPE

SUB DIVISION PIPE

• It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite
pattern of roads
Advantages
• Relatively cheap.
• Determination of discharges and pressure easier due to
the fewer number of valves.
Disadvantages
• Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water may occur
in pipes.
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• This system consists a main pipe and subdivision

pipe from the main pipe.
• The connection to the consumers are from the
branch of sub division pipes.
• This system is used at the towns which is not well
planning.
• Disadvantages:
– During broken of pipe or repair works, the pipes
which are have the service are spoil.
– There is more end points in this system, which
is the water is not cycles and affect to polluted.
– Limited of water during fire.
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Grid Iron System

MAIN PIPE

SUB DIVISION PIPE

 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• This system is suitable for the well

planning towns and have distribution of
roads and streets.
• Advantages
– In case of problem, there is a certain areas
which are affected.
– Non end points, thus reduce pollutant.
– Water is arrived to all places without reduce
the pressure.
– During of fire, within use of valve or stopcock,
more water is supplied.
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Disadvantages
– Higher cost of assembled pipes, because
more length of pipes are needed.
– Difficulty on calculate the pressure of each
points.
– More valves needed.
Circular or Ring System

MAIN PIPE
SUB DIVISION PIPE
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• This system is fitting with a well planning

towns.
• In this system, every location is divided to
the rectangular block or circle block.
• The main pipe is fitted to the whole of
block’s boundary.
• Sub pipes and branch pipes are fitted
around the internal pipes.
• Each point, acquire the supply from both
direction.
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Radial System

Upw
ard
tank
 THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• In this system, water from main pipe is

pumped to the storage tank at the middle
of zone.
• The distribution of the water from the
storage tank to sub divided pipes with
radial system.
• Suitable for the towns which are have
radial road.
Advantages:
• It gives quick service.
• Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.
Thank you

THANK YOU