19/6/2023

HOT WATER SUPPLY

1
 19/6/2023

◼ Involves in many ways, its should safe and

efficient for the building usage proposed.
◼ Hot water supply distributed to sink,
bathroom and etc for the domestic usage.

2
 19/6/2023

◼ Hot Water Supply System Requirements

◼ Centralised systems
◼ Additional equipment requirements
◼ Solar heating
◼ Hot water storage requirements

3
 19/6/2023

Electrical heater equipment

◼ Immersion heater
◼ Electric boiler
◼ Electric geyser

4
 19/6/2023

Immersion heater

◼ An immersion heater is an electric

element which screws into the hot water
tank.
◼ This element is wired to the mains
electrical supply via an isolating switch, a
thermostat to control the temperature, and
sometimes a timer which enables to set
the times wish to have the water heated.

5
 19/6/2023

Electric boiler

◼ Electric boilers use electric heating elements to heat

water for in-floor radiant and hot water baseboard
and radiator heat systems. Electric boilers provide
100 percent efficient electric heat. These boilers
are very compact so they fit any size home or
business. As with other boiler systems, piping or
tubing lines are required to circulate heat-carrying
fluid.

6
 19/6/2023

Electric Geyser

◼ Geysers work on the principle of conversion of electrical energy

into heat energy by using a heating element.
◼ Cold water comes into a defined compartment, gets heated to a
certain degree, by the heating element and goes out through
another outlet
◼ The standard geyser is 15lt in capacity, although 1lt capacity
geysers are also available. These electrical appliances have
insulated body with long life heating element.
◼ There are multiple safety systems installed in geysers to avoid
any kind of mishap. These geysers come with a minimum
guarantee period but have quite a good life. Combistat is also
fitted for maintaining temperature and to conserve energy.

10

7
 19/6/2023

Hot Water Storage Tank

12

8
 19/6/2023

Hot Water Piping System

Maximum lengths of secondary flow pipes

Pipe diameter Max pipe length (m)

Not exceeding 19mm inside diameter 12.0
(e.g. 15mm outside diameter cooper)
Exceeding 19mm i.d. but not exceeding 7.5
25 mm i.d. (e.g.22mm o.d. cooper)
Exceeding 25mm i.d. (e.g. 28mm o.d. 3.0
cooper

15

9
 19/6/2023

Solar Hot Water

◼ Solar hot water is water heated by the use of solar energy.
Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal
collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to
its point of usage. The system may use electricity for pumping
the fluid, and have a reservoir or tank for heat storage and
subsequent use. The systems may be used to heat water for a
wide variety of uses, including home, business and industrial
uses. Heating swimming pools, under floor heating or energy
input for space heating are more specific examples.

16

10
 19/6/2023

Types of Solar Water Heaters

There are five types of solar hot water systems:
◼ Thermosiphon Systems. These systems heat water or an
antifreeze fluid, such as glycol. The fluid rises by natural convection
from collectors to the storage tank, which is placed at a higher level.
No pumps are required. In thermosiphon systems, fluid movement,
and therefore heat transfer, increases with temperature, so these
systems are most efficient in areas with high levels of solar
radiation.
◼ Direct-Circulation Systems. These systems pump water from
storage to collectors during sunny hours. Freeze protection is
obtained by recirculating hot water from the storage tank, or by
flushing the collectors (drain-down). Since the recirculation system
increases energy use, while flushing reduces the hours of operation,
direct-circulation systems are used only in areas where freezing
temperatures are infrequent.

17

11
 19/6/2023

◼ Drain-Down Systems. These systems are generally indirect water-

heating systems. Treated or untreated water is circulated through a
closed loop, and heat is transferred to potable water through a heat
exchanger. When no solar heat is available, the collector fluid is
drained by gravity to avoid freezing and convection loops in which
cool collector water reduces the temperature of the stored water.
◼ Indirect Water-Heating Systems. In these systems, freeze-
protected fluid is circulated through a closed loop and its heat is
transferred to potable water through a heat exchanger with 80 to 90
percent efficiency. The most commonly used fluids for freeze
protection are water-ethylene glycol solutions and water-propylene
glycol solutions.
◼ Air Systems. In this indirect system, the collectors heat the air,
which is moved by a fan through an air-to-water heat exchanger.
The water is then used for domestic or service needs. The efficiency
of the heat exchanger is in the 50% range.

18

12
 19/6/2023

It can also be classified according to the

following features:

◼ The type of collector used (see below)

◼ The location of the collector - roof mount,
ground mount, wall mount
◼ The location of the storage tank in relation to
the collector
◼ The requirement for a pump - active vs.
passive

19

13
 19/6/2023

Compact systems (passive systems)

◼ A passive system also known as a monobloc

(thermosiphon) system, a compact system consists of a
tank for the heated water, a solar collector, and connecting
pipes all pre-mounted in a frame.
◼ The water flows upward when heated in the panel. When
this water enters the tank (positioned higher than the solar
panel), it expels some cold water from inside so that the
heat transfer takes place without the need for a pump.

21

14
 19/6/2023

◼ A typical system for a four-person home in a sunny

region consists of a tank of 150 to 300 liters (36.9 to
79.2 gallons) and three to four square meters of
solar collector panels.

22

15
 19/6/2023

Thermosiphon
◼ Thermosiphon (alt. thermosyphon) refers to a method of passive heat
exchange based on natural convection which circulates liquid in a vertical
closed-loop circuit without requiring a conventional pump. Its intended
purpose is to simplify the pumping of liquid and/or heat transfer, by avoiding
the cost and complexity of a conventional liquid pump.
◼ As the sun shines on the collector, the water inside the collector flow-
tubes is heated. As it heats, this water expands slightly and becomes lighter
than the cold water in the solar storage tank mounted above the collector.
Gravity then pulls heavier, cold water down from the tank and into the
collector inlet. The cold water pushes the heated water through the collector
outlet and into the top of the tank, thus heating the water in the tank.

24

16
 19/6/2023

◼ Warm water supply system

with thermo siphon
(schematically):
1: water tap
2: isolated container
3: warm water inlet
4: solar thermal collector
5: fresh water supply

25

17
 19/6/2023

Pumped systems (active systems)

◼ The storage tank is placed inside the

building, and thus requires a controller that
measures when the water is hotter in the
panels than in the tank. The system also
requires a pump for transferring the fluid
between the parts.

26

18
 19/6/2023

Design of Domestic Water Supply System

Domestic Water Supply with Gravity Tank

◼ The purpose with a domestic water supply system is

to provide the consumers with enough hot and cold
water.
◼ Common in old buildings is the system with gravity
storage tanks on the top floor of the building. More
common in new systems are pressurized tanks
connected to the supply pumps.

28

19
 19/6/2023

Hot water consumption

◼ The table below can be used as guidance to

maximum hot water consumption:

Type of Fixture Consumption

liter/h gal/h
Basin (private) 14 3
Basin (public) 45 10
Shower 180 40
Sink 45-90 10-20
Bath 90-180 20-40

31

20
 19/6/2023

Domestic Hot Water System-

Design Procedure
The design of a hot water system may follow
the procedure below:
◼ Determine the demand of hot water - quantity and
temperature
◼ Selecting the type, capacity and heating surface of
the calorifier - or heat exchanger
◼ Selecting the boiler

◼ Design pipe scheme and size pipes

32

21
 19/6/2023

The Demand of Hot Water –

quantity and temperature
◼ Hot water is normally supplied to the fittings and
consumers at 50° - 60° C. For canteens and
professional kitchen a temperature of 65° C are
required to satisfy most hygienic standards. Hot
water should not be stored at temperatures below
60° C (140° F) to avoid the risk of legionella.
◼ Where a lower temperatures are necessary for
safety reasons - as in kindergartens, centers for
disabled etc. - the hot water temperature should not
exceed 40 - 50° C

33

22
 19/6/2023

◼ Tankless water heaters, also called instantaneous, continuous flow,

inline, flash, on-demand or instant-on water heaters, are also available
and gaining in popularity. These water heaters instantly heat water as it
flows through the device, and do not retain any water internally except
for what is in the heat exchanger coil.
◼ Tankless heaters are often installed throughout a household at more
than one point-of-use (POU), far from the central water heater, or larger
models may still be used to provide all the hot water requirements for
an entire house.
◼ The main advantages of tankless water heaters are a continuous flow
of hot water and energy savings (as compared to a limited flow of
continuously heating hot water from conventional tank water heaters).

34

23
 19/6/2023

Tankless water heaters

Advantages
◼ There are certain advantages to tankless water heaters :
◼ Long term energy savings:
Although a tankless water heater might cost more initially it may
result in both energy and cost savings in the long term. As water is
heated only when it is needed, there is no storage of hot water.
With a tank, water is kept warm all day even if it never gets used
and heat loss through the tank walls will result in a continual
energy drain. It has to be said though that if the storage tank is
highly-insulated - a few tanks are available with excellent levels
such as 100 mm or more polyurethane foam - the savings become
minimal.

◼ Unlimited hot water: As water is heated while passing through

the system an unlimited supply of hot water is available with a
tankless water heater.

35

24
 19/6/2023

Tankless water heaters

◼ Less physical space:

Most tankless water heaters can be mounted on a wall or even
internally in a building's structure. This means less physical space
has to be dedicated to heating water.

◼ Reduced risk of water damage:

No stored water means there is no risk of water damage from a
tank failure or rupture, although the risk of water damage from a
pipe or fitting failure remains.

37

25
 19/6/2023

Tankless water heaters

◼ Disadvantages
◼ Start-up delay:
◼ Installation cost:
Installing a tankless system comes at an increased cost,
particularly in retro-fit applications. They tend to be
particularly expensive in areas where they are not dominant,
compared to the established tank design. If a storage water
heater is being replaced with a tankless one, the size of the
electrical wiring or gas pipeline may have to be increased to
handle the load and the existing vent pipe may have to be
replaced, possibly adding expense to the retrofit installation.
◼ Heat source flexibility
Tankless heaters are limited to a choice between CO2
problematic energy sources: gas and electricity. This makes
it difficult to include other heat sources, including renewable
energy. Tank-type systems have a much wider choice of
heat sources available, such as district heating, central
heating, solar heating, geothermal heating, micro CHP and
ground-coupled heat exchangers.
38

26
 19/6/2023

Tankless water heaters

◼ Achieving cooler temperatures:

Tankless water heaters often have minimum flow requirements before the heater is
activated, and this can result in a gap between the cold water temperature, and the
coolest warm water temperature that can be achieved with a hot and cold water mix.
◼ Maintaining constant shower temperature:
Similarly, unlike with a tank heater, the hot water temperature from a tankless heater is
inversely proportional to the rate of the water flow—the faster the flow, the less time the
water spends in the heating element being heated.

◼ Operation with low supply pressure:

Tankless systems are reliant on the water pressure that is delivered to the property. In
other words, if a tankless system is used to deliver water to a shower or water faucet,
the pressure is the same as the pressure delivered to the property and cannot be
increased, whereas in tanked systems the tanks can be positioned above the water
outlets (in the loft/attic space for example) so the force of gravity can assist in
delivering the water, and pumps can be added into the system to increase pressure.

▪ Time-of-use metering and peak electrical loads:

Tankless electric heaters, if installed in a large percentage of homes within an area,
can create demand management problems for electrical utilities.

39

27
 19/6/2023

Guidelines for installation of Solar Water Heating

Systems in high rise buildings and multistoried flats

◼ The important factors that may need to be

considered while accessing the suitability of the
solar water heating systems are as follows:
◼ i) Number of dwelling units or flats in the building.
◼ ii) Number of bathrooms needed solar heated water
◼ iii) Number of persons occupying the flats.
◼ iv) Frequency of the requirement of hot water
(whether on continuous basis or supply available at
one time in the morning hours).
◼ v) Whether hot water is required for any other
purpose also (like washing, cleaning etc.)

40

28
 19/6/2023

Single large system (Community type)

▪ This type of system involves designing of a larger solar water heating

system that provides hot water to the entire building.
▪ The system consists of a large storage tank and bank of solar collectors
inter-connected through a pipe system.
▪ The hot water is supplied to the flats through a common pipe network.
The advantages of the system are:
i) It is comparatively cheaper
ii) It occupies less area on the terrace
iii) It can take surges in the hot water demand
iv) It is possible to have continuous hot water supply through a ring main
system.
v) Maintenance is simpler.

41

29
 19/6/2023

Individual units:
▪ This type of system involves providing smaller units, of capacity
just
adequate for individual flats. Hot water pipe line is individually drawn
for each flat.
▪ The advantage with this system is that each house will
be independent with regard to hot water requirement and hence
there would be no problem regarding sharing of hot water.
▪ The shortcoming of this system is that individual system occupy
more
space on the terrace and hence may be not be possible to install
systems for all owners in a building having large number of
apartment blocks.
▪ Providing hot water at required temperature to
lower flats may also be difficult due to longer pipelines.

42

30