RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE

(RAWE) ANDAGRO-INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

(AIA)

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
in
AGRICULTURE
By
MAMTA KUMARI
[Er. No.19BSAG096]

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES

K.K UNIVERSITY
BIHAR SHARIF, NALANDA- 803115 (BIHAR)
INDIA
2022
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work described in this report, entitled “Rural
Agricultural Work Experience and Agro-Industrial Attachment”
which is being submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from School of Agriculture
Sciences, K. K. University, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Bihar-803115 is the
result of investigations/work carried out by me under the Guidance of
Dr. Priya Bhargava. The work is original and has not been submitted
for any Degree/Diploma of this or any other university.

Date: Mamta Kumari

Place: Bihar Sharif Er. No.19BSAG096
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “Rural Agricultural Work
Experience and Agro-Industrial Attachment” that is being
submitted by Miss. Mamta Kumari in partial fulfillment for the award
of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from School of Agriculture
Sciences, K. K. University, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Bihar is a record of
bonafide work carried out by him under our guidance and
supervision. The results embodied in this report have not been
submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any
degree or diploma.

Signature of Supervisor
Dr. Priya Bhargava
Assistant Professor
School of Agriculture Sciences
K.K. University, Nalanda
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “Rural Agricultural Work
Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA)” that is
being submitted by Miss Mamta Kumari in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from School of Agriculture
Sciences, K. K. University, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Bihar is a record of
bonafide work carried out by him at our institution.

Signature of Head of Institution

Prof. (Dr.) M. Sreenivasa Rao
  M.Sc, M.Tech, PhD-Biotech
Professor & Dean
School of Agriculture Sciences
K.K. University, Nalanda
 ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENT’
I would like to express my sincere and heartily gratitude to my beloved

supervisor Dr. Priya Bhargava for their patience, enthusiasm,

motivation and immense research knowledge. His valuable guidance

helped me in each and every step of my RAWE program, in report

writing and who responded to my queries and questions so promptly. I

feel that I am extremely lucky to have such supervisor who cared so

much about my RAWE work and this report would not have been

possible without the support, help and patience of my beloved

supervisor.

I take this opportunity to take this gratitude to thank Er. Ravi

Chaudhary, Chairman, Er. Richi Ravi Chaudhary, vice Chairman and

Dr. C V Reddy, Vice Chancellor of K. K. University, Bihar Sharif,

Nalanda, for providing necessary facilities and also thanks to Dr. M.

Srinivasa Rao, Professor & Dean, School of Agriculture Sciences, K. K.

University, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, for motivation and encouragement to

carry out my RAWE program.

I am highly grateful, from the deepest core of my heart to my Father

Mr. Sanjay Kumar Hembram and my mother Mrs. Sushila Devi for their

financial support, love and care in each and every part of my life. I also

thank my batchmates, and juniors for their valuable support. Finally, I

would thanks to my family, the support and encouragement from my

beloved brother, Mr. Chandan Kumar and joyful sister, Suchita Kumari
and Sangita Kumari who are a powerful source of inspiration and

energy to my RAWE report. A special devoted respect to my beloved

parents for a never-ending support.

I wish to thank one and all who directly and indirectly responsible for

the successful completion of the RAWE report.

Above all, I humbly submit my RAWE report, into the hands of the

Almighty, who is the supreme power of all sources and who blessed me

knowledge for the successful completion of my RAWE.

Mamta Kumari
Er. No.19BSAG096
S.N INDEX
O
1. Members of RAWE
2. About RAWE
3. PRA
4. RAWE Component-I
Village Attachment/Allotment
Orientation and Survey of village
Agronomical Interventions
Plant Protection Interventions

Soil Improvement Interventions (Soil Sampling and

Testing)
Fruit and Vegetables Production Interventions

Food Processing and Storage Interventions

Animal Production Interventions

Extension and Transfer Of Technology Activities

5. RAWE Component-II
Agro Industrial Attachment
6. RAWE Component-III
Mushroom Cultivation
Vermicomposting
Apiculture
7. Conclusion
 RURAL AGRICULTURE WORK EXPERIENCE
(RAWE)
INTRODUCTION:
Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) Programme is a key
component in the B.Sc. (Ag.) degree programme and is conducted
during the 7th semester. It builds self-confidence in the agricultural
graduates by honing their professional skills (key objective of RAWE).
Accordingly, this semester-long programme has been evolved.
The most important area in which the development needs to be
continuously accelerated is agriculture, which is the backbone of
country’s economy. In order to bring about changes in the knowledge,
skill and attitude of the people engaged in farming, a sustained effort
is necessary and thus could be achieved only through purposeful
education.
The students are given rigorous orientation and familiarization on
various issues and problems they can expect in the farmer’s field.
OBJECTIVE:
 To make them understand the rural community life and the
prevailing situation.
 To familiarize with the rural socio-economic conditions.
 To provide an opportunity to have practical training in crop
production.
 To improve communication skills among the students using
extension teaching methods in transfer of technology.
 To sensitize them regarding agricultural technologies, used by
farmers and to prepare alternate farm plans according to the
local situation in consultation with the farmers.
 To develop confidence and competence in students for handling
professional problems.
  To acquaint the students with on- going thrust on rural
development programmes.
 To make the students understand the changed role of men and
women in agricultural and allied fields.
 To explore the high-tech agricultural technology and the factors
affecting the adoption of modern methods of agriculture.
 To initiate awareness, understanding and skills among the
students with special reference to the scientific model of
“Integrated Development of Agriculture” i.e. crop husbandry,
horticulture, agro forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry,
dairying, agro-based industries, processing, marketing etc.
 To know the techniques or know how to prepare and develop the
package through collection of data from grass root level.
 To expose them to the research methodologies e.g. experimental
techniques, management, collection and processing of
experimental data.
APPROACH OF RAWE PROGRAMME:
Experiential learning approaches towards problem solving and
improving interaction with the world outside. The learning process
essentially provides a direction to the students to think and act &
eventually creates self-confidence.
It helps in development of competence, capability, capacity
building, skills, expertise, in short, a holistic development among
students. However, it requires an individual’s total commitment,
involvement, participation, reception, active interest, dedication, skill,
curiosity, vision and mission. Under the changing dynamics of
economical and industrial growth agriculture has undergone a sea
change with new approaches.
Therefore, this experiential system in agricultural academia has
become imperative for better training to the agricultural technocrats
with high level of skill in combination with the modern out-look and
management capacity.
 The experiential approach is a learner-centered approach and
allows an individual student to be responsible for his own learning
minimizing the role of his teachers and hosts. Effective work
experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural
experiential learning approach provide opportunities to a student to
experience the fieldwork activity and to review and analyze critically
his own work experience so that they prove to be useful in their real-
life situation.
 ABOUT KRISHIVAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR
AGRIPRENEYRSHIP DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION SAMITI:
Krishivan Research Centre for Agripreneurship Development and
Environment Protection Samiti (KRCADEPS) is a Non-Governmental
Organisation (NGO) located at Jhajra and also recognised as
Technology resource centre (TRC) by Uttrakhand state council for
science and technology (UCOST), Government of Uttarakhand.
It has collaborated with Forest Research Institute (FRI)
Dehradun and various government and private organisations for
various forestry, agricultural and allied activities/ agripreneurship
Development program/ skill development programme for the benefit of
the farmers, students, and budding entrepreneurs.
It generally provides training to the farmers, entrepreneurs,
students and women self-help group in Dehradun & helps them in
value addition, branding, market interventions, rural
entrepreneurship development related to agriculture. It also helps
them in mushroom spawn technology and cultivation, medicinal and
aromatic plants cultivation and value addition, bamboo crafting,
carpentry, non timber forest products entrepreneurship development,
apiculture, nursery making, vermicomposting, organic farming &
environment related programs.
PROGRAMS RUN BY KRCADEPS:
 Government collaborated agricultural/ horticultural/ forestry/
fisheries training experimental certificate programs, Rural
agriculture work experience (RAWE), Agricultural experiential
learning program (AELP), Rural technology program (RTP),
Forestry work experience program (FEW), Horticultural work
experience program (HWE), Fisheries experience work program
(FEWP), & Environment work program.
 MODULES OF RAWE:
The RAWE programme comprises of three components as under:
COMPONENT 1:
UNIT 1.1: General orientation
UNIT 1.2: Village Attachment/Allotment
1.2.1: Socio-economic Village Survey
1.2.2: Agronomical Interventions
1.2.3: Plant Protections Interventions
1.2.4: Soil Improvement Interventions (Soil sampling and soil
testing)
1.2.5: Fruit and Vegetable production interventions
1.2.6: Food Processing and Storage interventions
1.2.7: Animal Production Interventions
1.2.8: Extension and Transfer of Technology Activities
COMPONENT 2:
UNIT 2.1: Agro-Industrial Attachment
2.1.1: Aanchal Dairy
2.1.2: Vermicomposting
2.1.3: Apiculture & Mushroom Technology
COMPONENT 3:
3.1: Plant Clinic
 GENERAL ORIENTATION
On 16th August, we arrived at Krishivan Research Centre, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand and on the very next day, our orientation class was
conducted by the faculties of Krishivan Mr. Keshav Jha, Mr. Pramod
Chaurasia, Mr. Jitesh Kumar, Mr. Chintamani Paudel and Mr.
Khushhal Khan. They gave us information about the Krishivan
Research Center and the programs run by them at the center.

Fig 1. Orientation class

 MEMBERS OF RAWE
Rural agriculture work programme is meant for the student of final
year, 7th semester of B. Sc (Ag) degree program i.e. completed at
Krishivan research center, Dehradun, Uttarakhand in the year of
2022.
Members:
S. No. Name S. No. Name

1. Deenbandhu Kumar 17. Nisha Kumari

2. Mangal Dev Shukla 18. Devanand Kumar

3. Mamta Kumari 19. Amrita Kumari Mourya

4. Ankit Kumar 20. Astha Priya

5. Komal Kumari 21. Riya Kumari

6. Nikki Vidyarthi 22. Chandradeep Kumar

7. Chandan Kumar 23. Ram Kumar
8. Suman Patel 24. Bipin Kumar
9. Sugandha Patel 25. Shivam Kumar
10. Prabhakar Kumar 26. Raushan Raj
11. Rajiv Kumar 27. Rohit Kumar
12. Sanjana Sinha 28. Md Ali
13. Soumya Priya 29. Vicku kumar
14. Sweety Kumari 30. Satish Kumar
15. Ujjwal Kumar 31. Anand Prakash
16. Komal Kumari
 VILLAGE ATTACHMENT/ALLOTMENT
After the orientation class, instructors of KRC allotted us a village
named Dhulkot for our survey and other related RAWE activities.

Fig2.village survey
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC VILLAGE SURVEY
Socio-economic comes from two-words. First word “socio” means
social and refers to any number of demographic and social conditions,
such as age structure, racial composition, sex ratio etc. Second word
“economic” refers to the economic condition such as income,
unemployment rates, saving rates, and so on.
Before going for socio-economic village survey, our instructors
told us about Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), tools & its step.
PRA (PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL):
PRA is a way of learning from and with community members to
investigate, analyse and evaluate constraints and opportunities and
make informed and timely decisions regarding development projects.
It is a method by which a team can quickly and systematically
collect information.
COMPONENTS OF PRA:
 People
 Knowledge
 Participation
 Planning
 Action
BENEFITS OF PRA METHOD:
 Empowerment of the local people,
 Securing active involvement of the community and appreciation
of local knowledge, encouraging the expression, and utilization
of local diversity,
 Creating a culture of open learning with each other and with
community members others,
 Setting research priorities, participatory extension program, &
lastly, policy review.
TOOLS OF PRA:
Other tools common in PRA are:

 Transect walk.
 Venn diagram.
 Flow diagram.
 Daily routine chart.
 Mapping.
STEPS OF PRA:
1. Transects (Systematic walks and observation),
2. Informal mapping (Sketch maps drawn on site),
3. Diagramming (Seasonal Calendars, flow and causal diagrams, bar
charts, chapati diagrams)
4. Innovation assessment (scoring and ranking different actions).
 Fig 6. Resource map of Dhulkot village

Village survey:
Now coming to the village survey, as we know it is an important and
crucial part of RAWE Programme. It helps in learning the realistic
situation or condition between theory and practical cultivation,
economic condition and living standards of the farmers, problem faced
by them, etc.
It also helps in linking between the students and the farmers. It
enables the students to interact with the farmers in collecting/
gathering the information regarding their way of living, sources of
income, livelihood, livestock, etc.

Fig 3. Dhulkot village

They also guided us regarding use of various village surveying
tools such as site selection, preliminary site visit, data collection, etc.
We along with our group and Mr. Jitesh Kumar sir visited the village.
Respected sir also told the importance of RAWE and its purpose to the
farmer and requested him to help us for about collecting the data and
survey of the village & other activities of the village attachment.

Fig 4(a) & 3(b): Village Survey

 Fig 5(a) & (b) Interactions with farmers

Socio-economic information of village:

Name of village – Dhulkot
Block – Vikashnagar
District – Dehradun
Tehsil- Vikashnagar
Pincode-248197
State- Uttrakhand
Name of Pradhan – Smt. Kusum Lata pawar
Total population – 747
Males Females
371 376

Child:
Males Females
45 51

Sex ratio -1133

Household – 152
SC population -22
ST-0
Literacy rate- 79.38%
Males Females
85.18% 73.67%

Working population=235
Major crop cultivated = Paddy, wheat, maize
Main Main Agricultural Marginal Marginal
worker cultivator labourers workers cultivators
225 15 3 10 0

Non-Working population:
Males Females
156 356

Nearest primary school location= Bansiwala<5km

Middle school= Mehrekagawn<5km
Senior secondary school= Selakui<5km
Nearest art/science degree college = Dehradun<10km
Nearest engineering college = Dehradun <10km
Number of different livestock animal:
Cow and calf 110
Goat 200
Buffalo 25

Average yield of different crops and livestock:

Different crops:
Season Major Varieties Productivity Problems
Crops
Kharif Paddy BB-11, 28 to 30 q/ha Major infestation
Swarna, of insects, (Stem
Ranjana, borer, Gundi
Hybrids bug) diseases
(Blast, false
smut) &
nutrients
deficiency (Zn)
 Brinjal Local 230 q/ha Fruit and shoot
(Green borer, Phomopsis
and blight and some
round farmers notice in
types, wilting, flower
drooping/ little
leaf

Rabi Maize Hybrid 70 q/ha Stem Borer, Cut

worm, Cob Borer
Cauliflower Hybrids 223 - 230 Browning/
q/ha hollow stem/
club root/
Leafyness/
Buttoning/
Whiptail/
Blindness/ black
rot/ damping off

Brinjal Local 240 q/ha Fruit and shoot

(Green borer, Aphids/
and leaf hopper,
round Thrips/
types) Phomopsis blight
and some
farmers notice in
wilting, flower
droping/ little
leaf
 Potato Kufri 190-200 Late blight/
Badshah/ q/ha internal brown
unknow/ heart/ black
Sathi and heart
local

Summer Okra Local and 67 q/ha White fly/ Shoot

hybrid and fruit borer/
YVMV, Heavy
vegetative
growth, problem
in seed
germination

Sponge Local and 140-160 Fruit Fly

Gourd hybrid q/ha

Average milk productivity:

Livestock:

Name of livestock Milk productivity

Cow (Local breed) 1.25 lit/day in 6 to 7 months in year

Buffalo (Cross breed) 3.1 lit/day

Poultry (local) 450 to 680 gm (In 5 to 6 month)

Soil status: (Nutrient Status)

Major Nutrient Status:
Nitrogen 241 kg/ha (Low)
Phosphorus 17.6 kg/ha (Low)
Potassium 120 kg/ha (low)
O.C 0.39 % (Low)
Others 5.4 pH (Acidic nature with sandy soil and less water
holding capacity)

Average nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potash etc) used:

Nitrogen:100 – 110 kg/ha
 Phosphorus: 30 – 35 kg/ha
Potash: 25 – 30 kg/ha
Major diseases occurred in livestock:
Livestock Major Disease
Cow & Buffalo FMD/Mastitis/milk fever/diarrhea, Eco& Endo
Parasite etc.

Goat PPR and diarrhea

Poultry Ranikhet and Gumboro

ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGY:
Only few farmers have attracted towards mechanization in owing the
machines, and there are majority of farmer who use machine on rents.
Types and numbers of machines existed in that village:
 Tractors = 06
 Rotavators = 02
 Threshers = 10
 Cultivars = 05
GENERAL INFORMATION OF FARMER:
General Rajeev Attar Jagmohan Vikram
information Nathiram Singh Singh Singh
Age 45 47 52 45
No of family 4 5 6 4
members
Education Middle Middle Secondary Uneducated
standard standard level
Total land 1 ha 1 ha 1.5 ha 1 ha
area
Net sown 3 bigha 1 ha 1 ha 1 bigha
area
Livestock 3(cow) 1(cow) 2(cow) None
position
Farm Chaff cutter None Chaff cutter None
machineries
Cultivated Maize Maize and Maize Maize,
crop vegetables sugarcane turmeric,
and
vegetables
Irrigation Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall Tube well
Seed variety Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid and Hybrid
variety local both
Productivity 2 tonne/ha 3 tonne/ha Maize (2 2 tonne/ha
tonne/ha)
Sugarcane
(30
tonne/ha)
Fodder crop Berseem, None Berseem None
Napier
grass
Type of Pakka Pakka Pakka Pakka
house
Cattle shed Katcha Katcha Katcha None

PROBLEMS OF FARMERS:
1. Irrigation problem:
2. Pest problem:
3. Disease problem:
Suggestions:

AGRONOMICAL INTERVENTIONS
Under this unit, package and practices of different field crops used by
the farmers of village Dhulkot (Dehradun) have been discussed.
Beside this, this unit also highlights the irrigation practices, weed
management practices used in the farmers' fields.
Cropping system adopted by the farmer and limitations in
adopting diversified cropping system was also studied in village
Dhulkot. of field crops were undertaken by the students at Dhulkot
village. Most of the farmers cultivated paddy and except paddy,
sugarcane and maize were also seen in the farmers’ field.
The agronomic practices that followed by the farmers
are as follows:
1. PADDY: (Scientific name – Oryzae sativa, Chromosome no- 24,
Family – Poaceae)
i. Selection of seed: They use local seed of last year crop.
ii. Seed treatment: 75% farmers’ don’t do seed treatment due to
lack of awareness and few farmers use biological method of seed
treatment.
iii. Land preparation: After discussion we came to know that farmers
prepare their land by Desi plough or MB plough for 2-3 times.
iv. Nursery bed preparation by farmers: Most of the farmers raises
nursery & then transplanting is done. Farmers use wet technique
method. They raise nursery in 1/10th of their cultivated field.
v. Seed sowing: Farmers firstly puddle their nursery bed and direct
broadcast the seed without proper spacing.
vi. Puddling: Farmers told us that as their was scarcity of water
farmers do no do proper puddling.
vii. Seed rate: 10-12kg/ha.
viii. Sowing time: May-June.
ix. Seedling preparation & transplanting: After nursery preparation,
seedling is prepared and ready for transplanting after 20- 25 days.
They transplant 5 seedling in each hole to get more yield.
x. Spacing: Spacing is 15*20cm maintained by farmers to obtained
more yield.
xi. Fertilizer Application: 80% farmers apply organic manure and
DAP & potash. Farmer apply urea 50 kg/ha and DAP and potash
mixture 5 kg/ha during puddling time.
xii. Weeding: Weeding is done by farmer at 25-30 days after
transplanting. Manually by khurpi, sickle.
xiii. Irrigation: Rainfed, irrigation with tubewell were done at critical
stage.

a) b)
Fig 7a & b. Paddy field

2. SUGARCANE: (Scientific name – Saccharum officinarum,

Chromosome no – 80, Family – Poaceae)
Main Field Preparation for Planting Sugarcane:
1. Preparation of Field: 2-3 deep ploughing were done with
tractor.
2. Basal application of organic manures:
Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at
37.5 t/ha before the last ploughing under garden land conditions
3.Nutrient management: (N=300, P=80, K=60)
4. Seed Rate:
          75000 two-budded setts/ha.
6. Sett Treatment:
They treat the setts by soakingsetts in 100 litres of water dissolved
with 50g Carbendazim, 200ml malathion and 1 kg urea for 15
minutes.
7. Planting:
 They place the setts along the centre of the furrows,
accommodating 12 buds/metre length. Keep the buds in the lateral
position and press gently beneath the soil in the furrow.
 8. Filling up gaps:
 They used to fill the gaps, if any, within 30 days after planting
with sprouted setts.
11. Weed Management: Weeding is done by manually.

a) b)
Fig 8a & 8b. Sugarcane field
3. MAIZE: (Scientific name – Zea mays, Chromosome no
– 20, Family – Poaceae)
i. Seed rate: 20 kg/ha.

ii. Spacing: 25×60 cm

iii. Seed treatment:

Farmers treated seed firstly with Metalaxyl or Thiram @ 2
g/kg of seed afterwards with Imidacloprid 70 WSC 10 g/kg of
seeds and lastly with Azospirillum (600 g/ha).
 iv. Sowing:
They dibble the seeds (1-2 seeds/ hole) at a depth of 4 cm
along the furrow in which fertilizers are placed and cover
with soil.
v. Weed management: They do weeding manually by khurpi.
vi. Nutrient management: (N=180, P=60, K=40)
vii. Harvesting: Harvesting is done by hand sickle.
viii. Yield: 11-12 quintal/ha

Fig 9. Field of maize

IDENTIFICATION OF WEED IN THE CROP:

WEEDS IN RICE FIELD
1. Echinochloa colona
2. Echinochloa crusgalli
3. Cyperus rotundus

(a) (b)
Fig.10 (a) & (b) weed
STEPS TAKEN BY THE FARMERS TO CONTROL WEEDS:
 Farmers generally removes the weeds manually with the help of
sickle, khurpi & spade.
 Farmers do not use proper amount of herbicide during field
preparation. Due to their unawareness.
 Farmers do not maintain spacing during sowing time that is why
crops are affected during weeding.
IDENTIFICATION OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY AND
THEIR MANAGEMENT:
S.no Nutrients Deficiency Management
01 Nitrogen Lower leaves become Use ammonium
yellow and dry. sulphate, CAN,
Urea
02 Phosphorus Dark green, bronzing DAP, Rhizobium
appearance and red inoculation.
purple coloration.
03 Potassium Dead tissue at tip. MOP, Potassium
Scorching and burning sulphate, Wood
at lower leaves. ash.
04 Zinc Tip of leaves become 5kg ZnSO4
yellow, then dry and (nursery stage)
brownish red colored and 0.5% ZnSO4
(foliar spray) in
field
05 Silicon Plant are soft and Basic slag @ 1.5-
droopy 2.0 t/ha.

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

Biofertilizer:
A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms
which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the
rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by
increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the most
plant.
Role of biofertilizer in improving soil health:
It improves:
 Soil texture
 Structure
 Supply of nutrients
 Water holding capacity
 Proliferate useful soil micro-organisms
 Biofertilizers are cheaper
 Renewable and pollution free.
PROBLEMS IN CROP PRODUCTION:
1. Seed is not available at reasonable price.
2. Most of the farmers do not do seed treatment.
3. 50% farmers are land less due to dominancy of land lords.
4. Due to lack of knowledge imbalance use of fertilizer.
5. Main constraints in crop production due to migration of
farmers in other work.
6. Adulteration in seeds, fertilizer, & pesticide.
7. Due to lack of knowledge, they do not do soil testing for
maintenance of soil health.
8. Generally, farmers don’t do intercropping and green manuring.
9. Due to presence of middle man various trouble in marketing
channel.
Suggestions:
1. Proper selection of seed.
 2. Manipulation of the application techniques including split
application and placement of fertilizer is recommended.
3. Use of coated material such as neem coated urea and other
chemicals have been recommended.
4. Proper water management have been encouraged.
5. We recommended farmers to do green manuring because it
improves water holding capacity of soil and increases nutrient use
efficiency of crops.
6. We suggested them to use high yielding varieties.
7. As there was irrigation problem so we suggested them to use the
crops which take less water like some legumes (lentil), millets etc.

1.2.3. PLANT PROTECTION INTERVENTIONS

Under the Plant protection intervention, we visited the field of farmers.
We talked about the disease and insect pest infestations on their
fields. From the discussion, we get the firsthand knowledge of the
diseases, insect and pest infestations of farmers’ field.
We witnessed prevalence of diseases of kharif crops at villages
Dhulkot. Chili leaf curl, mosaic of cucurbits, powdery mildew,
downey mildew, Alternaria leaf spot, etc. were identified and
management options were discussed. The control measures were
discussed with the farmers as well as course facilitator and suggested
the same.
The brief detail of the disease and insect-pest infestation are as
follows:-
Diseases of field & horticulture crop:
CROP – PADDY
S. Disease Symptom Management
No.
01. Brown spot of rice Big brown spot on the Use carbendazim.
(Helminthosporium leaves which can kill
oryzae) the whole leaf.
02. Bacterial leaf blight Seedling wilt occurs Seed treatment
(Xanthomonas and then plants wither with
oryzae) and dries up. streptocyclin.
03. Khaira disease Yellow patches at the Spray Znso4
leaf baseon both side @5kg/ha.
of midrib.
CROP - MAIZE
1. Leaf blight of maize Oval and water- Treat the seed
(Exserohilum soaked spots on with captan or
turcicum) leaves. thiram @ 4g/kg.
CROP – SUGARCANE
1. Red rot of The spindle leaves Crop rotation
sugarcane( Colletotri display drying.red and
chum falcatum) white patches within
the cane.
CROP- CHILLY
1. Leaf spot of chilly Water soaked spots on Field sanitation
(xanthomonas leaves. Leaves fruits
campestris) and stems are
affected.
 CROP – SUGARCANE
1. Red rot of The spindle leaves Crop rotation
sugarcane( Colletotri display drying.red and
chum falcatum) white patches within
the cane.
CROP- CHILLY

1. Leaf spot of chilly Water soaked spots on Field sanitation

(xanthomonas leaves. Leaves fruits
campestris) and stems are
affected.
CROP-TURMERIC
1. Leaf blotch of Disease symptom Spray mancozeb
sugarcane 0ccur as small, @2.5 g /litre of
(Taphrina maculans) rectangular, on either water at
sides of leaf. fortnightly
intervels.
CROP-FINGER MILLET
1. The disease appears Use resistant
Smut of finger millet
only at the time of varieties.
(Melanopsichium
grain setting. The
eleusinis)
smutted grains
scattered randomly in
the ear head.
a. Red rot of sugarcane b. Brown spot of rice

c. Smut of finger millet d. Leaf blight of maize

e. Leaf blotch of turmeric f. Mango gall midge

g. Papaya leaf curl h. Citrus canker

 (i) Late leaf spot of groundnut

Fig11. Herbarium
IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT INSECT PEST OF
MAJOR CROP CULTIVATED IN VILLAGE:
Crop – Paddy
1. Name of insect identified in field
S. Common Scientific Systemic Management
no. name/ Local name position
name
1. Stem borer/ Scirpophaga stem Use resistant
Tana chedak incertulus variety.
At seedbed and
transplanting,
handpick and
destroy egg
masses.
2. Green plant Nephotettix leaf Spray
hopper/ Hara virescens insecticides
twice, 15 and
 pat phudak 30 days after
transplanting.

2. Principle symptoms of pest damage

S. no. Early Vegetative Flowering Grain
growth stage /podding/earhead
stage
1. No Yes Yes No
2. No Yes Yes Yes

3. Collection of major insect – pest and predatory insects in the

field
S. no Name of Stages Management
. insects
1. Grasshopper Adult Crop rotation
2. Butterfly Pupa Hand picking and destruction

PROBLEM IN ADOPTION OF PLANT PROTECTION

PRACTICES:
 Lack of adequate knowledge about plant protection practices.
 Inadequate knowledge about proper use of pesticides.
 Lack of knowledge regarding seed treatment.
 Lack of knowledge about recommended dose of insecticides /
pesticides application.
 Lack of guidance from extension personal.
 Improper monitoring of fields for pest surveillance.
 Lack of knowledge about crop rotation.
 Lack of knowledge about resistance varieties.
 Lack of knowledge about Trichoderma.
 High price of plant protection chemicals.
 Lack of training in plant protection practices.
SUGGESTIONS:
 Suggested them to contact KVK.
 Suggested them about crop insurance scheme in case of failure of
crop due to pest incidence.
 Suggest them to use appropriate insecticides on right time.

(a) (b)
Fig 12(a&b). Insecticides and pesticides

SOIL IMPROVEMENT INTERVENTIONS

(SOIL SAMPLING AND TESTING)
SOIL SAMPLING:
It commonly refers to the analysis of soil sample to determine nutrient
content, composition, and other characteristics such as the acidity or
pH level.
We visited the village for our next activity. We told importance
and benefits of the soil sampling with the farmers. We take permission
from the farmer for taking soil sampling and gaining the knowledge
about soil status of their field by soil testing. We told them the
importance and benefits of the soil sampling.
Equipment & material required for taking soil samples:
1. Khurpi
2. Spade
3. V shaped cutter
4. Polythene bags
5. Plastic tray
Procedures for taking soil sample:
a. The equipment required during soil sampling such as polyethene
sheet, polyethene bag, spade, etc.
b. We went to a farmer’s field (1katha) .
c. Sampling of soil must not be taken from near bunds because the
exact analysis can’t be obtained.
d. Soil sampling should be taken randomly in a zigzag manner to get
the correct data.
e. Firstly, with the help of spade, the “V” shape lining should be
made at 5-6 places randomly on the field and upper layer (2-3cm)
would be removed.
f. Now, collection of soil sample from various V-shapes places should
be done properly and mixed up thoroughly on the polyethene
sheet.
g. After removal of weeds and impurities from the taken soil sample,
mix up until it gets 500 gm for lab purpose.
h. This 500gm soil should be dried up in a shed area.
i. Finally, we put this soil sample into the polyethene bag and take it
to the lab for further analysis.

(a) (b)
Fig 13. (a)&(b) Collecting soil sample for soil testing

(a)
 (b)
Fig 14. (a)&(b) Collection of soil for testing

SOIL TESTING:
Soil testing is the use of various laboratory methods to discover
chemical and biological qualities of a soil sample as part of an overall
soil management plan.
Soil testing can also be used to discover the presence of contaminants
such as heavy metals or pollutants.
OBJECTIVES:
Evaluation of fertility status of soil
1. Estimation of the available nutrients status of soil
2. Evaluation of the suitability of soil for laying garden
3. Determination of acidity, salinity and alkalinity problems
and
4. Recommendation of the required amount of fertilizers,
lime or gypsum based on soil test value.
ADVANTAGES:
 Determines level of nutrients in the soil.
 Helps in selecting the right fertiliser and its quantity for
optimum fertigation.
 Helps farmers in making smart data driven decisions.
 Helps in getting higher yield of crops.
 Helps in optimising the fertiliser expenditure.

Fig15. result of soil testing

 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
INTERVENTIONS
We visited the field of fruits and vegetables and analyzed the
cultivation of the fruits as well as vegetables. The farmer showed us
the field and give us the detailed cultivation practice done by him.
A. FRUIT PRODUCTION
Details of existing fruit trees:
Name of village /block/district = Dhulkot, Dehradun
Total area cultivated = 1.5 ha
Irrigated area = 8 ha
Area in fallow = 0.3 ha
Area under fruit / horticultural crop = 0.5 ha
Name of the farmer = Veer Singh
Plot no. Crop and crop variety No. of trees

I. Mango (Amrapali) 150

II. Guava 200

Manures /fertilizers applied: Time = 2-3 times NPK before sowing,

Quantity = 30-40 kg/ha
Actual yield obtained:
S. no. Yield Area Quality Amount
(rate/kg)
Fruit crop 7-8 q. 1 ha Good Rs 40 kg
(Mango)
Guava 3-4 q 1 ha Good Rs 25 kg

Cultivation problem = No
Income in Rs: Fruit crop = 2-3.5 lakh
Net expenditure Rs = 50-60000/ha, Per tree = 5000
Mode of transport and sale of the produce = Rented van
Status of production technology = GOOD
Net profit = RS.2.5 lakh /ha
B. VEGETABLE PRODUCTION:
Cropping scheme for vegetables:

Plot no. Crop variety Area (ha)

i. Sponge guard 0.5 ha

ii. Chili 0.5 ha

iii. Okra 0.5 ha

CULTIVATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

FRUIT CULTIVATION
MANGO: (S. N- Mangifera indica, Family: Anacardiaceae
Chromosome No- 40)
Mango is very important horticultural crop from point of view of
nutrition and economy. Mango is a tropical fruit, there should not be
high humidity, rain or frost during flowering. The temperature
between 24 and 27°C is ideal for its cultivation. Regions having bright
sunny days and moderate humidity during flowering are ideal for
mango growing.
 Spacing- 5m × 5m.
 Age of sapling: 1-2 years
 2n=4x=40.
 Pit size for planting: 1m*1m*1m.
 Training done: 2–3-year-old plants.

Method- After the discussion with farmer we came to know that

before planting the saplings, pits were made and filled with
Vermicompost. Along with the Vermicompost Cartap hydrochloride
was also incorporated to get rid of soil pests.
  Saplings were planted at the depth of just about the plastic
mold it was in. After filling the pit with soil, the soil around was
compacted.
 Proper crop geometry was maintained by using measuring tape
& rope.

After care and management

Training and pruning:
Training is an important practice during the first few years after
planting. It is essential to space the branches properly to facilitate
intercultural operations.
Manuring and fertilization:
The nutritional requirement of mango varies with the region, soil type
and age. A dose of 73g N, l8g P2O2 and 68g K2O5 / year of age from
first to tenth year and thereafter a dose of 730g N, l80g P2O5 and
680g K2O should be applied in 2 split doses during June-July and
September-October respectively. Spraying of zinc sulphate (0.3%)
during February, March and May is recommended to correct the zinc
deficiency. Spraying of Borax (0.5%) after fruit set twice at monthly
intervals and 0.5% manganese sulphate after blooming corrects boron
and manganese deficiencies respectively. Organic manures and
phosphatic fertilizers should be applied immediately after harvest,
whereas ammonium sulphate should be given before flowering.
Intercropping:
In mango, intercropping helps to check weed growth and reduces
nutrient losses. Intercropping black gram-wheat-mango and brinjal-
onion-mango gives better monetary benefits. Besides, taking up cover
crops like sun hemp, cowpea, pea help to prevent soil erosion.
Irrigation:
The young plants up to 2-year-old was watered regularly by farmer.
The newly-planted grafts need about 30 litters of water every week.
Irrigation during reflowering phase increases flowering. Irrigating
grown-up trees after fruit set at 10-day interval increases the yield.
GUAVA:
S.N- Psidium guajava
Chromosome no- 44
Family- Myrtaceae

Planting Material:
Plants are vegetatively propagated by budding, inarching or air
layering.
Planting Season:
Planting is done during the rainy season. June-July is the ideal time
for planting the layers and seedling.
Spacing:
Farmers plants usually at a distance of 5-8 m.
Standard spacing is 6 m. x 6 m. accommodating 112 plants/acre. By
increasing the plant density, productivity can be increased. In the
model scheme, a spacing of 6 m. x 6 m. with a population of 110
plants per acre has been considered which was commonly observed
in areas covered during a field study.
 High density planting causes erect growth of branches making the
plant tall, compact and also gives higher yield/unit area in early
years of fruiting.
Planting Method: Square system of planting is generally
adopted.  Pits of 1x1x1m Size are dug before the monsoon and filled
with a mixture of farmyard manure and soil.
Nutrition:
Time of fertilizer application depends on the region and crop variety.
In north India, fertilizer is applied in the first week of May for rainy
season crop and in first week of July for winter season crop. The
plants are manured twice a year, first during June-July and second
by during October.
A fertilizer dose of 600 g. N, 400 g. K in Northern Region, 260 g. N,
320 g. P and 260 g. K in Eastern Region, 900 g. N, 600 g. P and 600
g. K in Southern Region and 600 g. N, 300 g. P and 300g. K/plant
/year in Western Region is recommended.
Training & Pruning:
Training of plants in young stage is essential in order to build a strong
framework and to avoid weak crotches. Fruiting trees are pruned to
check overcrowding in the orchard. The plants are trained as low
headed trees to facilitate multiple hand pickings. Pruning is usually
recommended after harvesting or in spring. Summer pruning is
generally avoided as the plants get damaged due to sun burn.
PAPAYA:
S.N-Carica papaya
Family- Caricaceae
Chromosome No-18
It is very low in calories, and contains no cholesterol; however it is
rich source of phyto-nutrients, minerals and vitamins. It has good
amount of dietry fibre which helps to have a good bowel movement,
thereby reducing constipation problems. It contains Vitamin A,
Vitamin C.
The plant grows well in sandy loam soil having PH between 6,5to 7.
Papaya grows well in sun, warm & humid climate. The plant can be
grown. To elevation of 1000 in above the sea level but can’t withstand
frost.
It requires very minimal maintenance and less water. It is easy
to grow and with the right nutrients, the profits are high.
VEGETABLE CULTIVATION
BRINJAL:
S.N-Solanum melongena
Family- Solanaceae
Chromosome No-24
The production of the Brinjal is 90 to 100 quintals per acre.
Brinjal is hardy crop and is cultivated under a wide range of soils.
Since a long duration crop with high yield, well – drained and fertile
soil is preferred for the crop. Crops grown in sandy soils yield early
and those grown in clayey soils yield more. Ideal PH for cultivation of
crop is 5.5-6.6.
Season:
Crop is sown in June and transplanted in July Spring -summer crop:
Seeds are sown in March-April and transplanted during April-May.
Sowing:
Seeds are sown in nursery bed and transplanted to main field after
four weeks during summer and after 7 to 8 weeks during winter, when
it is 8 - 10 cm tall.  Main field preparation and transplanting  Proper
drainage is essential for growth of brinjal. Soil should be prepared to a
fine tilth by 4 to 6 ploughings. FYM should be incorporated in soil at
the time of final ploughing. Seedlings are transplanted in leveled land.
Spacing:
Long duration spreading varieties, spacing of 75- 90cm x 60- 75 cm
and for short duration varieties a distance of 45-60cm.
Manures and fertilizers:
Brinjal is a long duration crop with high yield potential. Application of
wet cow dung as a band, 10 -12 cm away from the plant, followed by
ear thing up at fortnightly interval during rainy season is a common
practice for high productivity. Fertilizer requirement of crop varies
with variety, season and type of soil. 7.6 kg N, 1.4 kg P and 17.3 kg
K/ha are required to produce one tones of fruits. 1/3 N, full P and full
K should be applied as basal dose and remaining N in 2 split doses,
1/3 at 25 days after planting and remaining 1/3 N 45 days after.
Irrigation:
Irrigation is required at every third or 4th day during summer while
in winter it should be at 10-15 days interval. During winter, care
should be taken to keep soil moist to avoid crop loss due to frost
injury.
Inter cultivation:
It is essential to keep the field free of weeds especially at initial stages
of crop growth and is usually done by 2-3 light hoeing or earthing up.
This facilitates better aeration to root system and gives support to
plants. Application of fluchloralin @ 1.5 kg i.e., /ha as a pre-emergent
weedicide
Application of growth regulators:
Spray of 2-4, D (2 ppm) at an interval of one week from 60 -70 days
after planting from commencement of flowering increase fruit set,
early yield and total yield in brinjal.
Harvesting:
Farmer harvest the brinjal at immature stage after attaining full size.
Usually fruits are harvested along with its stalk with a slight twist by
hand.
Yield:
20-30 t/ha
CHILLI:
S.N-Capsicum frutescens
Family- Solanaceae
Chromosome No-26
The production of chilli is two bigah, Quantity of chilli 20kg.
Carry out ploughing for 2-3 times and clod crushing after each
ploughing. Add compost or Farm Yard Manure @150-200 qtl/acre and
mix well in the soil 15-20 days before sowing. Form ridges and
furrows at spacing of 60cm.Apply 0.8kg/acre of Azospirillum and
o.8kg/acre of phosphobacteria by mixing with 20 kg of FYM.
Harvesting and yield: The crop starts yielding green chillies 2month
after transplanting and dry chillies 90 day after transplanting.
OKRA:
S.N-Abelmoschus esculentus
Family- Malvaceae
Chromosome No-72
It has high fibre content helps in weight loss. It has fibre pectin;
pectin helps in lowering bas cholesterol and prevents antherosclerosis
by eliminating deposited cholesterol and clots. It has eugenol which a
type of fibre which slow down the absorption of sugar from blood
stream and hence helps in controlling the blood
Sugar level. It also improves digestion. It also contains folate
help not only conceiving in pregnant women but also prevent
miscarriage, it also helps in formation of neural tubes of the baby.
And it also improves immunity.
Season:
They cultivate okra in kharif season, seeds are sown from May to July
and as a spring summer crop, sowing is done during February-March.
In hills of North India bhindi is sown during March April.
Seed rate and spacing:
Seeds were sown at wider spacing of 60 x 30 cm for branching types
and 45 x 30 cm for non-branching types. Seed rate recommended for
kharif crop is 8-10 kg/ha.
Land preparation and sowing:

Farmer ploughed the field thoroughly for 2-3 times for making soil to
a fine tilth. Ridges and furrows or raised beds are prepared and
dibbling on sides of ridges or on raised beds sows seeds
Manuring and fertilizer application:
They apply 20-25 t of farmyard manure as basal dose at the time of
final ploughing. They split application of N in soil at every 3rd picking
is advantageous for getting high yield, for increasing number of
harvests and to maintain size of fruits towards last harvests.
Irrigation:
Immediately after sowing, field is irrigated by them.
Inter culture:we didn’t observed good management of intercultural
operations.
Harvesting:
They harvest fruits when they attain maximum size but still tender.
Harvesting is done in alternate days with a knife
Yield: 10 – 12.5 t / ha for kharif crop.
Suggestions:
 Suggest them to increase the number of mango plantation.
 Suggest them to use karonda plant in the border of the okra field
to protect okra plant from the pest like monkey.
 Suggested them to grow high yielding varieties of brinjal and desi
chilly.
 FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE
INTERVENTIONS
In this prgramme we discussed with farmers about the food
processing of different fruit and vegetables like how to preserve by
making food product like pickles, the tomato catch up, tomato sauces,
guava jelly, fruit jams etc. These products can be easily made at home
with easily available materials and can be stored easily.
We asked farmers about the common fruit cultivated in Dhulkot
village and we came to know that mango and guava is the common
and most cultivated fruits.
So, we suggest them to make guava and mango jelly.
We discussed the process of preparation of mango and guava jelly
with the farmers.
PREPARATION OF GUAVA JELLY:

PEELING AND HEATING 80C

WASHING MIXING OF PULP
PULPING FOR 10 MINUTE

SPREAD DOWN
STAINLESS ADDITION OF CONCENTRATION ADDITION OF
STEEL WITH CITRIC ACID OF 50C BRIX SUGAR
GLYCERINE

CUTTING INTO A
DRYING AT 65C COOLING DRIED
RECTANGULAR PACKAGING
FOR 10-12 HRS SHEET
SHAPE

Flow Chart Of Guava Jelly.

MANGO JELLY PREPARATION:

SELECT FULLY EXTRACT THE

WASH AND PEEL
RIPE MANGO PULP

ADD REQUIRED PREPARE SYRUP

CAPPING AND PRESERVATIVES AND MIX INTO THE
STORAGE AND FILLING SEPERATED JUICE
PROCESS IS DONE THOROUGLY

Flow chart of mango jelly

 PREPARATION OF MANGO PICKLE:

SELECTION OF
MATURE GREEN WASHING PEELING
MANGO

PUTTING SLICE IN
SLICING SPRINKLING SALT
JAR

STORAGE AT
AMBIENT
PUTTING IN SUN TEMPERATURE
MIXING SPICES
FOR ONE WEEK
(COOL AND DRY
PLACE)

Flow chart for mango pickle

  PREPARATION OF CHILLY PICKLE:

WASHING CLEANING GRADING

PUTTING CUTTING FROM DEHYDRATION

SPICES MIDDLE IN SUN

SUN DRYING BOTTLING

Flow chart for chilly pickle

FOOD PROCESSING:
Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to
transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other
forms for consumption.
It also include the process of value addition to produce products
through methods such as preservation, addition of food additives,
drying etc. with a view to preserve food substances in an effective
manner, enhance their shelf life and quality.
Purposes of food preservation:
 The primary objective of food preservation is to prevent food
spoilage until it can be consumed.
 Preserving food also offers the opportunity to have a wide
variety of foods year around.
 To prevent microbial contamination of food.
  FOOD PROCESSING METHOD THAT ARE USED BY
FARMER TO PRESERVE FOOD
Serial Method Material used
no. (cereals/pulses/vegetables/fruits)
1) Refrigeration and Cereals, fruit, vegetables
freezing
2) Canning Pickles
3) Dehydration Cereals
4) Freeze drying Tubers
5) Pickling Fruit and vegetables
6) Pasteurizing Milk
7) Fermentation Milk

 Procedure for fruit and vegetables preservation:

Procedure Practical Application (Fruit
and Vegetable)
Fresh storage Regular use
Cold storage Export or sell
Drying To enhance self life
Chemical preservation To enhance self life
Sterilization Microbial free
Concentration Adding salt

 Packing material used for horticultural crops:

S.No Name Of Article Packaging Material Used
1. Pickles Plastic jar, glass jar
2. Fruit Crates
3. Vegetables Crates, plastic container
  STORAGE INTERVENTIONS:
1.Grain contamination is influenced by
a) Type of storage structure= is not good
b) Temperature = high (10-40 degree)
c) Moisture = high above 70 percent
2.Storage losses in grains:
a) Type of structure used = ventilation, sterilization, cold chamber
etc.
b) Length and purpose of storage = export for future use
c) Grain treatment = fumigation and sterilization
d) Pre storage practices = sterilization
 INSECTS SEEN DURING STORAGE:
S.No. Name Of Crop Insect Pest Observed During
Storage
1. Paddy Grain borer, rice weevil, grain
beetles
2. Wheat Flour beetles, weevil, flat grain
beetles
3. Maize Maize weevil,
4. Groundnut Red flour beetles, moth
5. Pulses Pulse beetles
 ANIMALS PRODUCTION INTERVENTIONS
Under this component of RAWE, we collected the information of
livestock on various aspects i.e daily maintainance and feed expenses,
milk production, milk disposal, dairy products, egg and birds, pig etc.
we went to the individual farmer to take the information about
livestock.
INFORMATION OF LIVESTOCK:
Particulars Strength of Name of the Breed
livestock
1. Cow 2 Badri
2. Buffalo 2 Gujjar and murrah
3. Poultry 6 chick Uttara chick, kadaknath

Cost structure:
1. Cost of aimal = Rs50000
2. Total cost of dairy structure = Rs20000
 DAILY MAINTANANCE AND FEEDING HABIT
Particulars Cow Buffaloes
Green roughages (kg) Quantity = 5-6 kg Quantity = 6-7 kg
Amount = Rs30 Amount= Rs40
Dry roughages Quantity = 3-4 kg Quantity = 4 kg
Amount = Rs15 Amount = Rs20
Mineral mixtures Quantity = 500gm Quantity = 1 kg
Amount = Rs15 Amount = Rs20
Total expenses per Rs60 Rs80
day

 DAILY MILK PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL RECORD

1. MILK PRODUCTION
No of Animals Milk Produced in Total Milk Produce
Litre
Cow = 2 10-12 L 26 LITER
Buffalo =2 12-16 L

2. MILK DISPOSAL
Home Utilized for making Sale Income
consumtion ( cow (ghee/butter/khoa/curd (raw ((RS)
/ buffalo / )whole /others milk ) Rate of
milk /milk milk
products
8 liter Ghee/curd 5-6 Rs80 / kg
kg

 DAILY PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL RECORD

Name of the Quantity of Quantity sold Income (Rs)
dairy products dairy rate / kg
products(kg)
Milk 14-16 6 Rs50/kg

 YEARLY PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL RECORD

Particulars Amount (Rs.)
1. Total Production Of –
i. Animals
ii. Milk and milk Rs20000 calf
product Rs20000
iii. Dung/FYM
Rs5000
2. Disposal of –
i. Animals
ii. Milk and milk Milk to the high bakers
product
iii. Dung and FYM To the large farmers
 3. Yearly Income from the sale
of-
i. Animals Rs20000
ii. Milk and milk Rs20000-25000
product
iii. Cow dung and FYM Rs1500
Total income(Rs) 50000-80000

 YEARLY RECIEPT EXPENDITURE STATEMENT

Particulars Amount(Rs)
A. RECIEPT
Total income obtained from RS 20000-25000
here
B. EXPENDITRE
i. Cost of feeds and Rs10000
feeder
ii. Labour cost Rs6000
iii. Expenditure on land Rs3000
revenue energy
charges etc.
iv. Medicines and Rs18000
vaccines
Total expenditure

C. NET PROFIT (PER YEAR) Rs7-10000

Housing Practices of animals:
Housing is a essential for maintaining health, comport and protection
for getting maximum production from the livestock.
Selection of site:
1. Topography and Drainage. 6. Marketing.
2. Soil Type. 7. Electricity.
 3. Water Supply. 8. Ventilation.
4. Accessibility. 9. Therma neutral zone.
5. Labor. 10. Miscellaneous.

(a)

(b) (c)
Fig.16(a,b&c) Animal interventions
Diagnosis of common health problems in animals on
specials attention on Dairy animals.
All lactating animals have susceptible to contracting mastitis. Dairy
cows produce a lot of milk under healthy conditions. The initiative
focuses on:
 Education and awareness of farmers, veterinarians and others
who can help farmers control the disease on their farms.

Due to lack of knowledge they did not even recognise particular

symptoms of the disease. If milk production is reduces they think this
is normal phenomenon, but they are suffering from disease. Farmers
are unaware about proper vaccination programme, which is organised
by government.

Major diseases occurred in livestock:

Livestock Major Disease

Cow & Buffalo FMD/Mastitis/milk fever/diarrhea, Eco&

Endo Parasite etc.

Goat PPR and diarrhea

Poultry Ranikhet and gumboro

COMMON DISEASE OF CATTELE:

Foot & mouth disease, HS&BQ disease, Brucellosis, Anthrax.
COMMON DISEASE OF GOAT:
Anthrax, FMD, HS&BQ, Interotoxinia.

Name Of Name Of Age Dos E Time Of Vaccination

Disease Vaccine
FMD FMD Booster 2ml Before &
vaccine after after
3 winter
month
HS&BQ HS&BQ 3 2ml Before monsoon
combine month
vaccine &above
Anthrax Anthrax 6 1ml Give the vaccine after
spore month disease
vaccine

Suggestion:

 We suggested them to make shed for cattle like:

1. Tail to tail system
2. Head to head system
 Suggest them to replace their desi cow by improved breed like
jersey, badri, Holstein Friesian which are suitable for the climate
of Dhulkot.
 Told them to do proper sanitation of the livestock.
 Suggest them to keep different breeds of poultry to get more meat.
 We suggested them to convert milk into other products like ghee,
butter, etc to get more income.
 EXTENSION & TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
Under this module of RAWE, different aspects of agricultural
extension, especially field extension programmes, were studied by the
students during their attachments to different villages, which included
study on effectiveness of Krishi Mela in dissemination of information,
agro-ecosystem analysis through participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
techniques, constraints analysis, study of communication/
information sources use pattern, role and importance of village level
institutions, documentation during rural agricultural fair (kisan Mela)
through photo features.
Effectiveness of Kisan Mela in dissemination of information was
studied by the students. Different aspects of agriculture viz. soil heath
management, crop farming, horticultural crop production, livestock
production, fish farming, financial and developmental schemes were
studied by the students through interaction with the personnel of
respective organizations participated in the fair and farmers visiting
the fair.
During our RAWE program we interacted with the farmer in KISAN
MELA:
KISAN MELA
 Kisan Mela is a type of exhibition program, cultural program.
 Participating department – Government departments
Other organisations
1. Department of Agriculture
2. Department of Horticulture
3. Department of veterinary and animal husbandry
4. Department of fishery
5. Private organisations
6. Department of Agriculture and allied sectors are the major
participant
KISAN MELA WAS ORGANISED BY- FOREST RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN
DATE – 0 7 SEPTEMBER 2022
We came to know about the different products in KISAN MELA like
bamboo products different types of honey, etc.
OBJECTIVE OF KISAN MELA:
1. The main objective of this Kisan Mela is to develop such a
collaboration of modern and traditional techniques in the field
of farming which may bring better results for farmers.
2. To create awareness among farmers about the latest technology
related to agriculture.
3. Upgrading farmers.
4. Exhibition of new technology.
5. Introduction to different farming models.
PRODUCTS SEEN IN KISAN MELA
 Different Types Of Honey :
1. Acasia honey
2. Litchi honey
3. Sunflower honey
4. Jamun honey
5. Ajwain honey etc.

(a) (b)
 Fig.17(a)&(b) Different types of honey
 Different Products of Bamboo
1. Baskets
2. Flower Vase
3. Photo frames
4. Bags and purses

(a) (b)
Fig.18(a)& (b) Bamboo products
 FOOD PRODUCTS
1. PICKLES

Fig.19 Different types of pickles

  DIFFERENT PLANT VARIETIES

Fig.20Plant varieties

Under this component we did our social service activities in the village
Dhulkot our topic was CLEANING OF VILLAGE AND PROVIDING
AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION.
Which was organized by Krishivan Research Centre for
Agripreneurship Development Protection Samiti (KRCADEPS)
Dehradun, Uttrakhand.
Under this activity we clean the village and we get divided in different
group and we went to the farmers house and gave them the
information about the agriculture like how to use new technology in
agriculture, different government schemes for farmers, information
about organic farming, IFS, apiculture and fishery and told them to
adopt new technology of farming.
We told them how they can get more yield by less input.
This activity improved our confidence.
(a) (b)

Fig.21(a)&(b) Extension Program

(a) (b)

Fig.22 (a)& (b) Extension Program

Suggestion:
During our extension program we suggested the farmer to adopt
government schemes like PMFBY. And ask them to join different NGO
so that they can get proper information about the agriculture loans.
 COMPONENT – 2
2.1 AGRO INDUSTRIAL ATTACHEMENT(AIA)
Under this module of RAWE, we were sent to agro industry i.e
AANCHAL DAIRY:
It has enable us to understand the different aspects of agribusiness.

Fig.23 Aanchal Dairy visit

Fig.24 Aanchal Dairy

Activities and task during agro industries attachment programmes:
Study of structure, functioning, objectives, and mandates of industry.
STRUCTURE OF AANCHAL DAIRY
It was established in 1956.
Aanchal dairy has made a name for itself in the list of top suppliers of
in INDIA. The supplier company is located in Dehradun.
Aanchal dairy is listed in the Trade India list of verified sellers offering
supereme quality etc.
ACHIEVEMENTS:
FEBRUARY 2008
In feb 2008 started production work of cheese and ricotta.
JUNE 2008
In june 2008 started production and distribution of yogurt.
MAY 2010
In may 2010 started distributing Aanchal packaged drinking water.
JANUARY 2011
In jan, 2011 started production work of kheer.
MARCH 2012
In march, 2012 started production of khoya.
They have well managed structure of entire dairy well manured staff
were there they were very much sincere about their work.
PRODUCTS SUPPLY BY AANCHAL DAIRY:
 Skimmed milk
 Toned milk
 Yogurt
 Curd
 Butter
 Paneer
 Balmithai
 Chocolate
 Fig.25 Products Of Aanchal Dairy

OBJECTIVE OF VISIT:
 The current project is aimed at the study of milk and milk
products from a food science and public health perspective.
 To learn about the technology and technique used in industry for
obtaining the useful microbial products.
 To know about the functioning of an industry.
 To interact with the industrial personal.
 To have a close look at the industrial application of the theoretical
knowledge.
STEPS OF MILK PROCESSING IN DAIRY
 Receiving of raw milk
Raw milk from various sources is collected at the processing plant
from the district milk unions in Uttrakhand. Reception of the raw milk
occurs at the reception deck or tank unloading bed.
 Acceptance of milk on the basis of products attributes
After reception of raw milk its quality both chemical and bacterial is
accessed by means of mainly three types of platform test i.e
organoleptic test, chemical test, bacteriological test.
The raw milk is forced through the 3 chambered heated section where
hot water in opposite side of the plates heats the milk upto
temperature of at least 720C.
The milk at pasteurization temperature and under pressure
flows through the holding tube for at 15 sec. clarification and
homogenization occur simultaneously during pasteurization. Properly
heated milk flows reversily through the pasteurized milk regenerator
section where it gives up heat to raw product and in turn is
cooled .the warm milk processed through the section where it cooled
to 40 C or below by coolant on the opposite side of the thin stainless
steel plates.

Fig.26 Machine Of Dairy

Fig.27 purifying machine

  Storage
Standardization, homogenization add pasteurized milk is stored at 4 c
in separate tanks to prevent contamination till packing.
 Packaging of milk
Packing
From the storage tanks, milk, is pumped to the vat of packaging
section and is UV sterilized poly packs of varying.
In the automated pouch packing machine according to different
standardization.

Fig.28 Processing Machines

Cold storage
Packaged milk pouches in trays are in cold store, temperature are
maintained at 40 till distribution.
Distribution
Crates of processed milk pouches are delivered to depots and agents
in refrigerated van and distributed to the consumers.
 Water disposal
The industry daily release a large amount of milk sample. The
microbial waste along with the undigested part of wastage are treated
as sludge use a fertilizer which is one of the most unique cause of
green vegetation around the industry.
 Marketing
The different products are packed according to the requirements and
transferred to the packaging stations.
The final step in milk processing is putting the milk into retailer
containers.

Fig.29 Milk packets

Main destination of export = DEHRADUN, RISHIKESH, HARIDWAR.

Fig.30 Dairy visit

BENEFITS FROM THE INDUSTRIAL VISIT
 We came to know about the vivid process and infrastructure by
an industry to produce according to public interest.
 We have acquired the knowledge of milk processing.
 How pasteurization is done that has achieved through the visit.
 How an industry process may be controlled by automation system
that can be known from the visit.
VERMICOMPOSTING
DEFINITION:
 Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of
composting in which certain species of earthworms are used to
enhance the process of waste conversion and produce a better
product.
 Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with
the use of earthworms. It is one of the easiest methods to recycle
agriculture waste and to produce quality compost.
 Vermicompost is also known as Black gold.
 Vermicompost is stable fine granular organic manure which
enriches soil quality buy improving it’s physiochemical and
biological properties.
 Highly useful in raising seedlings and for crop production.
VERMICOMPOSTING MATERIAL
 Decomposable organic waste such as animal excreta, kitchen
waste, farm residues and forest litter are commonly used as
composting materials.
 In general animal dung mostly cow dung and dried chopped crop
residues are the key raw materials.
 Mixture of leguminous and non leguminous crop residues
enriches the quality of vermicompost.
SPECIES OF EARTHWORM USED FOR VERMICOMPOSTING:
 Eisenia foetida (Red earthworm)
 Perionyx excavatus
 Eudrilusengeniae (Night crawler)
Red earthworm (Eisenia foetida) is preferred because of its high
multiplication rate and there by converts the organic matter into
vermicompost within 45 to 50 days. Since it is a surface feeder it
converts organic materials into vermicompost from top.
METHOD OF VERMICOMPOSTING
 BED METHOD:
Composting is done on the pakka or kaccha floor by making bed 6
×2×2 feet size of organic mixture. This method is easy to maintain and
to practice.
 PIT METHOD:
Composting is done in the cemented pits of size 5 ×5× 3 feet. This unit
is covered with grass or any other locally available materials. This
method is not preferred due to poor aeration, water logging at bottom,
and more cost of production.
STEPS FOLLOWED IN THE PREPARATION OF
VERMICOMPOSTING:
 Vermicomposting unit should be in cool, moist and shady site.
 Cow dung and chopped dried leaf materials are mixed in the
proper proportion of 3:1.
 Kept for partial decomposition for 15 to 20 days
 A layer of 15 to 20 CM of chopped dry leaves grasses should be
kept as bedding material at the bottom of the bed.
 Beds are partially decomposed material of size 6 x 2 x 2 feet
should be made.
 Each bed should contain 1.5 to 2.0 q of raw material and the
number of beds can be increased as per raw material
availability and requirement.
 Red earthworm 1500 to 2000 in number should be released on
the upper layer of bed.
 Water should be sprinkled immediately after the release of
earthworms.
 Beds should be kept moist by sprinkling of water daily and by
covering with gunny bags or polythene sheets.
 Bed should be turned once after 30 days for maintaining
aeration and for proper decomposition.
  Compost gets ready in 45 to 50 days.
 Finished product is ¾ of the raw materials used.
HARVESTING OF VERMICOMPOST:
 Earthworms eat the food and leaves the excreta.
 A soft black/brown coloured component similar to humus is
formed in the bin within 45-60 days.
 This is called worm casting/vermicast/vermicompost and
collects the casting formed on the top layer.
 Before the collection, separate the earthworms and tranfer them
into new biomass.
 Earthworms will start their activities and continue with the
process of vermicomposting.
 The casting can be collected once a week.
ADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOSTING:
 Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients.
 Provides excellent effect on over all plant growth, encourages the
growth of new shoots, leaves and improve the quality and shelf
life of the plant.
 Vermicompost is free flowing, easy to apply, easy to handle and
easy to store and do not have bad odour.
 It improves soil structure, texture, aeration and water holding
capacity and prevent soil erosion.
 Vermicompost neutralizes the soil protection.
 It prevents from nutrient losses.
 Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed
seeds etc.
 Vermicompost minimises the incidence of pest and diseases.
 It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil.
 (a) (b)
Fig 31(a&b). Vermicomposting practical

(a) (b)
Fig.32(a&b) vermicomposting
 MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
INTRODUCTION:
1. Mushroom is a fruiting body of microorganisms called fungi.
2. To propagate it forms a mycelium initiate growth stage
generating spores in the gills of dispersal.
3. Mushroom lack chlorophyll.
4. It is beneficial source of nutrients.
5. It is basidiomycota fungi.
6. Mushrooms are not plants and require different conditions for
optimal growth.
7. Cultivation of mushrooms comes in fungi culture.
8. Mushrooms are of several species of macro fungi.
Example Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus species, etc.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MUSHROOM:
 Mushrooms are being used as food , these are rich in protein
carbohydrate and vitamins
 In addition to proteins (3.7%) they also contain
carbohydrates( 2.4%) fat (0.4%) minerals 0.6% and water (91) on
fresh weight basis.
 Mushroom contains all the essential 9 amino acids required for
human growth.
 Mushroom are excellent source of thiamine(VitaminB1)
riboflavin(vitaminB2), niacin, pentothenic acid, biotin, folic
acid , VitaminC, D, A and K.
TYPES OF MUSHROOM
 OYESTER MUSHROOM
 BUTTON MUSHROOM

CULTIVATION OF OYESTER MUSHROOM:

o SCIENTIFIC NAME –Pleurotus florida
Requirements:
Room Structure
 o Temperature- (15-25°C)
 Minimum – 7°C
 Maximum- 35°C
o Humidity= (80-90%)
Ventilation:
1. Cross ventilation
2. Opposite to each other
3. Should be of same size and at same height.
4. Ventilation= 2×2/ 3×3 feet
5. There should be ventilation in 10-12 feet
6. Height of wall should be 6 feet
7. Ventilation should be at 2 -3 feet from ground.
Requirements:
 Wheat straw
 Spawn
 Formalin or Bavistin
 Polythene bags
 Rubber band
 Racks of bamboo
Cultivation Method:
 Selection of straw
 Cut straw into small pieces of 2 to 3 cm length.
 Sterilization of straw a) chemical method b) organic method
Chemical Method:
 Mix 100 ml of formaldehyde in 100 l of water and soak straw for 8
to 10 hours.
 Drain out the straw from water and spilled in the plastic film to
relase the moisture for ½ hour.
 Fig.33 Strelization of straw
Organic Method:
 It is also known as heat sterilization method.
 Boil the water at 100°C and mix the straw, then drain out straw
from the water and spilled in the plastic film for few hours.

Fig.34 Mushroom bagging

PROCEDURE:
Filling The Bag: 60% moisture should be removed before bagging.
 First layer 8 to 10 cm.
 Spawn is than crushed and spread on the straw layer more on the
periphery and less in the centre of the bag.
 Similarly fill second layer of straw and spawn
 Fill 4 to 5 layers in the bag by pressing down the straw
 Cover the last layer with straw and tie the mouth of the bag and
make holes on the bag to allow aeration.
 keep these bags on racks
 In 12 to 15 days the strobe bed is covered with mycelium.
 Discard bags which fail to turn white or show patches of black or
green mould.
 Now cut open the bag and start sprinkling water on the beds thrice
a day to keep the bed moist.
 Do not allow to dry.
 In 3 to 4 days small pin heads appear and they mature in 2 to 3
days.
 First harvest of mushrooms develops in 18 to 22 days.
OBSERVATIONS:
 In 15 days, the bed was completely covered with cotton white
like mycelium.
 In 16th day small buds were observed.
 On 21st day the mushroom where ready for harvesting.

CULTIVATION OF BUTTON MUSHROOM:

Scientific Name – Agaricus bisporus
 Agaricus bisporus is the most edible mushroom and cultivated
more than 40% of the world. It has good flavour and texture
with more nutritional value.

CULTIVATION PROCESS:
 Spawn production of Agaricus Bisporus
Generally use wheatgrain at support media boiled in water for 30
minutes, then allowed cool and mixed with calcium carbonate and
calcium sulphate, filled in empty bottles of sterilization after
cooling inoculate aceptically with mycelial bits and incubated at 22
degree Celsius for 15 to 20 days.
 Composting
For button mushroom use wheat straw as a main source.
 CASING SOIL
Cow dung/black soil/vermicompost (70%)
+
Cocopit (30%)
=
Casing soil
 Function of casing soil
1. It maintain 80 to 90% moisture.
2. Exchange of gases
3. Give shape to button mushroom
4. It converts vegetative phase two reproductive phase.
Total days for preparation of casing soil – 6 days.
 Filling And Spawn Mixing:
Good quality composed is mixed with Agaricus bisporus spawn 0.7-
1.0% of wet compost weight and filled in polythene bags.
Making holes to allow aeration and the filled bags are incubated at
21 to 23 degree Celsius with sufficient light and humidity and
water is sprayed on the top of the bags covered with paper twice a
day throughout spawn running period.
After few days of spawning we will remove the polythene bags and
we will use casing soil or mixture to cover the spawn.
After casing harvesting start in 5-7 days.
 (a) (b)
Fig.35 Bags of mushroom

Fig.36 Mushroom
Disease:
1.Dry bubble in oyster mushroom
It is fungal disease, symptom appear as cottony weft of mycelium on
bed surface.
Wefts turns to small reddish brown, wrinkled, stromatic bodies
resemble a truffle.
Infected bed have peculiar disagreeable odour.
Management: Good sanitation
 APICULTURE
The word ‘apiculture’ comes from the Latin word ‘apis’ meaning bee.
So, apiculture or beekeeping is the care and management of honey
bees for the production of honey and wax. In this method, bees are
bred commercially in apiaries, an area where a lot of beehives can be
placed. Usually, apiaries are set up in areas where there are sufficient
bee pastures – such as areas that have flowering plants.
IMPORTANCE OF APICULTURE
The main advantages of beekeeping are:
1. Provides honey, which is the most valuable nutritional food.
2. Provides bee wax which is used in many industries, including
cosmetics industries, polishing industries, pharmaceutical
industries, etc.
3. Plays an excellent role in pollination. Honey bees are the best
pollinating agents which help in increasing the yield of several
crops.
4. According to the recent studies, the honey bee’s venom contains a
mixture of proteins which can potentially be used as a
prophylactic to destroy HIV that causes AIDS in humans.
COMMON VARIETIES OF BEE:
The beekeepers mostly take care of only those bee species whose
names start with “Apis”- as they are the only species which produce
honey. Common species of honey bees that are reared are as follows:
1. Apis dorsata: It is also referred to as the rock bee. It is a giant
bee and produces about 38 to 40 kg of honey per colony.
2. Apis indica: It is also referred to as the Indian bee. It can be
easily domesticated and is most commonly used for honey
production. The annual yield of honey is 2 to 5 kg per colony.
3. Apis florea: It is also referred to as the little bee. It rarely stings
and thus honey extraction from its hive is easy. It produces
about 1 kg of honey per colony per year.
 4. Apis mellifera: It is also referred to as the Italian bee. This
species has a very typical dance routine to indicate food
availability, and like the little bee, stings less. As the common
name suggests, this species is not local. However, because of
the high amount of honey produced, it is often reared by
beekeepers.
CASTE SYSTEM:
Queen = fertile female
Workers = sterile female
Drones = males
TOOLS:
1. Protective gear
2. Smoker
3. Hive tool
4. Jacket with veil
5. Gloves
6. Bee brush
PRODUCTS OBTAINED
 Bees are mainly reared for their honey.
 Besides that, we also obtain beeswax through beekeeping. Bees
produce honey from the sugary secretions of plants. Although
honey is an important ingredient in many food dishes, beeswax
holds a lot of commercial significance too. It is used in the
cosmetic and medical industry, as well as a coating for cheese,
and as a food additive. It is also used as the main component
for making candles, preparing polishes for the shoe, furniture,
etc.
 Propolis
 Bee pollen
 Bee bread
 Royal jelly
 Venom
COMPONENT 3
UNIT 3.1 PLANT CLINIC
INTRODUCTION:
A plant clinic is a facility where farmer take their infected plant
samples to agriculture specialists who diagnose and recommend
disease & pest management measures. The advice may include use of
pesticides or crop management methods like crop rotation, fertilizer
use etc. Plant clinics are relatively a new addition to the many
agricultural extension methods already used in India. Basically it is
situated in a common location accessible to all categories of farmer in
village.
Aim:
To diagnose pest and disease in any crop and render accurate
management practices.
Importance of plant clinic:
 Increase awareness
Many a times farmers are not aware of which disease or pathogen has
attacked in their crops. They can take the sample of the disease plant
to any nearby plant health clinic. There the sample is taken from the
farmer and the plant doctors askthe farmer to fill a form containing
his name, address and mobile number.
 Proper management measures
There the sample is examined thoroughly it is first observed under the
microscope and its morphological study is done.
 Save time and money
Taking the right guidance from plant health clinics can save time,
money and reduce losses in agriculture.
During plant clinic we visited Krishi Nivesh Kendra.
Monitored by – Block Agriculture Officer.
 Main objective of Krishi Nivesh Kendra :
1. It provides agriculture information.
2. It provide certified seeds to the farmer.
3. It provides pesticides, insecticides and fertilizers to the farmers at
low cost.
4. It make available of agriculture equipments through online
registration.
We came to know about common insect found in Dehradun:
1. Stem borer
2. Mites (controlled by chloropyriphos)
3. Armyworm (controlled by Endosulfan)
4. Pod borer (controlled by mancozeb, propinazol)

Fig 37. Visit in Krishi Nivesh Kendra

We came to know about common weedicides used by Dehradun
farmers for different crop like:
 Paddy – Pretrachlor
 Wheat – 2-4-D
 (a) (b)
Fig 38. Weedicides in Krishi Nivesh Kendra
Different varieties of different crops were made available by the Krishi
Nivesh Kendra.
 Varieties of Paddy: VL68, PR121, PB1509
 Hybrid: Basmati 368, PR47, Pant-26, PB 15,16
 Varieties of maize: Shweta, Kanchan, Naveen

(a) (b)
Fig 39. Different varieties of seed
 Varieties of soyabean
1. Brag
 Varieties of Wheat: VL967, VL963, VL629, VL616,
VL625,PBW343
 Varieties of Toria
1. Pant Toria-1
2. PD508

(a) (b)
 Fig 40 information given by block agriculture officer

Equipment:
 A tool kit encompassing lens.
 Microscope.
 Laptop.
 Projector.
 Knife.
 Scissors.
 Gloves.
 Tissue and sanitizers along with required templates to collect
samples from the field etc.
Conclusion:
Plant clinic approach is that farmers knowledge and management of
pests and diseases will be enhanced, which will improve agricultural
productivity.
OVERALL OUTCOMES OF RAWE:
 Rural awareness.
 Field experience.
 Team work.
 Experiential and experiential learning.
 Knowledge on field based.
 Capacity building.
 Understanding rural life.
 Working with people organization.
 Problem solving attitude.
 Awareness about rural economy.
 Impact of rural and agricultural development on rural livelihood.
CONCLUSION:
At the end of RAWE programme I reached to the conclusion that
RAWE is the most important part of the B.Sc agriculture because I
have learnt practically a lot of things which I have learnt theoretically
in the previous semester. I learnt how to interact with the farmers and
to resolve their problems. I got knowledge about the various tradition
and indigenous technologies.
It develop my leadership qualities and public speaking skill.
Also know about the constraints in technology transfer process.
RAWE programme gives me the great experience to work in rural
areas.
 While surveying the village we understood the socio economic
status of villagers.
 While surveying we interact with the farmer and we came to know
that most of the government schemes are not available in village
Dhulkot.
 We came to know that they use local varieties of paddy, maize so
we suggested them to use high yielding varieties available in the
KVK and Krishi Nivesh Kendra near the village.
 While our village survey we came to know that many farmers do
not do proper seed treatment so suggested them to do proper seed
treatment and also recommend them the proper scheduled
spraying of pesticides.