Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pee 322 - 3
Pee 322 - 3
Physical factors: e.g. Water depth and type: river, lake, ocean,
Biological activity: fauna, flora, ichno fossils
Chemical factors: pH, salinity,
Topography: mountain, plain, shallow or deep ocean, currents
General characteristics of the Main Depositional Environments
Continental Depositional Environments
Desert Sedimentary Environments
Playa Lake and Dune Desert Deposits
Aeolian Sedimentary Structures and Facies
Alluvial Depositional Environments
An Alluvial fan is a gently sloping apron of sediments deposited by an
ephemeral stream at the base of a mountain i.e. it is a fan shaped deposit
formed at the base of a mountain
Two(2) main process are involved involved in the building of alluvial fans:
Debris flow deposition
Sheet flood /stream deposition
Debris flow occurs when there is a dense mixture of water and sediment
containing clasts from boulder to clay size. Flow takes place at as a very
viscous mass
Sheet flood deposition occurs when there is more water essentially from
rain which allows clast to move by rolling or saltation
Debris flow vs sheet flood
Anatomy of Alluvial Fans
Fan Apex(Proximal
Fan): The highest
most proximal point
from the feeder
canyon
Mid Fan
Note; Proximal deposits are poorly sorted and younger than mid and distal
deposits
Question: which section of an alluvial fan has the best porosity and why?
River (Fluvial) Depositional Environments
Courses of a River
The effect of river flood on the nature of river sediments
When the amount of river water dramatically increases(such as after heavy
precipitation or rapid snow melt), water will overflow the banks of the
channel unto the flood plain
Larger sediments such as sand are deposited along the banks of the
channel, forming a natural levee.
Finer sediments such as clay and silt are deposited further out in the
floodplain.
Braided Streams (low sinuosity)
Braided Streams (low sinuosity)
Braided streams are straight to slightly sinuous
A braided river is a series of channel segments which divide and rejoin around
bars in a regular or repeatable pattern
Common bar forms in braided streams
Facies Model for a Braided Stream
Meandering river swings broadly from side to side scraping and eroding the
side it approaches while the opposite bank has a slower, non-erosive
alongside it.
Mudstone
Ripple laminated Sand and Silt
Planar cross bedding
Trough cross bedding
Channel lag
Erosive base
Fossils are not common and mostly consist of plant remains and fresh water
skeletal fragments.
It is formed where the rivers empty into the ocean. Deltas are made up of :
Delta plain
Delta front
Pro delta
Delta distributary channel system
Delta top
Delta front: This is where river and marine processes interact, they are both
important in the development of the delta. It is the site of much active
deposition in deltaic environments. Activities that dominate at the delta front
determines the name and type of delta.
Prodelta: This is where marine processes dominate. It is the area where fine
materials settles quietly out of suspension
Delta classification
Fluvial-dominated delta
Fluvial-dominated delta
Tide-dominated delta
Wave-dominated delta
Wave-dominated delta
Mixed-process delta
Delta Facies Model: Coarsening upward with a fine cap
Deep sea fan and turbidity current
Turbidites are sediments which are transported and deposited
predominately by a turbulent density flow i.e. A turbidity current.
Turbidity currents carry gravel, sand and mud kilometres from the coastline