Sri RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL

UNIVERSITY
Report
On
Induction Motor

Session :2019-20
Name:-shubham singh
Roll no:-201610103110012
b.tech (EE)
Sumitted To:- Mr. sunil singh
 ABSTRACT

Induction motors are widely used as main drives in Textile

industries, Machine Tools and Agriculture. More than 60%
of electrical energy generated being utilized by induction
motors. Any improvement in power factor and efficiency
will be cost effective for the nation. The research work is
focused to suggest design modifications and efficient
operation of three phase induction motor for energy
conservation. Efficiency and power factor of an induction
motor depends on load current. With regard to the factors
of safety and available standard specifications, normally,
over rated motors are employed, that lead to poor
efficiency and power factor. Double Winding Induction
Motor (DWIM) with constructional modification and
efficient operation is considered for power factor
improvement in this research work.
 Introduction
One of the most common electric motors used in most
applications is known as an induction motor. This motor is
also called an asynchronous motor because it operates at
a speed less than its synchronous speed. Here we have to
define what is synchronous speed. Synchronous speed is
the speed of rotation of the magnetic field in a rotating
machine and depends on the frequency and number of
poles of the machine an induction motor always operates
at a speed lower than the synchronous speed because the
rotating magnetic field that occurs in the stator will
generate flux in the rotor that will cause the rotor to rotate,
but due to the delay of the flow current in the rotor with
Current flow in the stator, the rotor will never reach its
rotating magnetic field speed, that is, the synchronous
speed.
Basically, there are two types of induction motors that
depend on the input power: single-phase induction motor
and three-phase induction motor. The single-phase
induction motor is not an automatic starter motor that we
will discuss later and the three-phase induction motor is an
automatic starter motor.
 Induction motor
An alternating-current motor in which torque is produced by
the reaction between a varying magnetic field generated in the
stator and the current induced in the coils of the rotor.

Construction of induction motors

The stator frame consists of laminations of silicon steel, usually

with a thickness of about 0.5 millimeter. Lamination is
necessary since a voltage is induced along the axial length of the
steel as well as in the stator conductors. The laminations are
insulated from each other usually by a varnish layer. This breaks
up the conducting path in the steel and limits the losses (known
as eddy current losses) in the steel. The stator coils are normally
made of copper round conductors of many turns per coil are
used for small motors, and rectangular bars of fewer turns are
employed for larger machines. The coils are electrically
insulated. It is common practice to bring only three leads out to
a terminal block whether the winding is connected in wye or in
delta.
The magnetic part of the rotor is also made of steel laminations,
mainly to facilitate stamping conductor slots of the desired shape
and size. In most induction motors, the rotor winding is of the
squirrel-cage type where solid conductors in the slots are shorted
together at each end of the rotor iron by conducting end rings. In
such machines there is no need to insulate the conductors from
the iron. For motors up to about 300 kilowatts, the squirrel cage
often consists of an aluminum casting incorporating the
conductors, the end rings, and a cooling fan. For larger motors,
the squirrel cage is made of copper, aluminum, or brass bars
welded or brazed to end rings of a similar material. In any case,
the rotor is very rugged and is also economical to produce in
contrast to rotors requiring electrically insulated windings

Stator construction
The stator of an induction motor is laminated iron core with
slots similar to a stator of a synchronous machine. Coils are
placed in the slots to form a three or single phase winding.

Type of rotor

1. Squirrel cage rotor

2. 2. Wound rotor

Squirrel-Cage Rotor
In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single
copper or aluminium bars placed in the slots and short-circuited
by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. Most of single phase
induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor. One or 2 fans are
attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit.

Wound Rotor
In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the
stator winding wound for the same number of poles as stator, is
placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-connected rotor
winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft so that a
connection can be made to it for starting or speed control.
Working Principle of Induction Motor

We need to give double excitement to make a machine turn. For

example, if we consider a DC motor, we will provide a supply to
the stator and another to the rotor through a brush arrangement.
But in the induction motor we offer only one supply, so it is
really interesting to know how it works. It is very simple, from
the name itself we can understand that the process of induction
is involved.
Actually, when we provide the supply to the stator winding, the
flow will be generated in the coil due to the current flow in the
coil. Now the winding of the rotor is arranged in such a way that
it short-circuits in the rotor itself. The stator flux will cut the coil
in the rotor and since the rotor coils are short-circuited,
according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, current
will start to flow in the rotor coil. When the current will flow,
another flow will be generated in the rotor. Now there will be
two flows, one is the stator flux and another is the rotor flux and
the rotor flux will lag back to the stator flux. Because of this, the
rotor will feel a torque that will cause the rotor to rotate in the
direction of the rotating magnetic flux. So the rotor speed will
depend on the AC supply and the speed can be controlled by
varying the input supply. This is the principle of operation of an
induction motor of any type: simple and three-phase. .

Types of Induction Motors

The types of induction motors can be classified depending on
whether they are a single phase or three phase induction motor.

Single Phase Induction Motor

The types of single phase induction motors include:
1. Split Phase Induction Motor
2. Capacitor Start Induction Motor
3. Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run Induction Motor
4. Shaded Pole Induction Motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

The types of three phase induction motors include:
1. Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
2. Slip Ring Induction Motor
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED OF INDUCTION
MOTOR

The synchronous speed for an electric induction motor is

determined by
 the power supply frequency, and
 the number of poles in the motor winding. 
The synchronous speed can be calculated as:
n = f (2 / p) 60                      (1)
where
n = shaft rotation speed (rev/min, rpm)
f = frequency of electrical power supply (Hz, cycles/sec, 1/s)
p = number of poles
Advantages of Induction Motor

1. The most important advantage of an induction motor is

that its construction is quite simple in nature. The
construction of the Stator is similar in both Synchronous
motors as well as induction motors. However, a slip ring is
required to feed DC Supply to the Rotor in the case of a
Synchronous Generator. These Slip rings are not required
in a Squirrel cage induction motor because the windings
are permanently short circuited. When compared with a
DC Motor, the induction motor does not have Brushes and
hence, maintenance required is quite low. This leads to a
simple construction.
2. The working of the motor is independent of the
environmental condition. This is because the induction
motor is Robust and mechanically strong.
3. A Squirrel cage induction motor does not contain Brushes,
Slip rings and Commutators. Due to this reason, the cost of
the motor is quite low. However, Slip Rings are used in
Wound type induction motor to add external resistance to
the rotor winding.
4. Due to the absence of Brushes, there are no sparks in the
motor. It can also be operated in hazardous conditions.
5. Unlike synchronous motors, a 3 phase induction motor has
a high starting torque, good speed regulation and
reasonable overload capacity.
 6. An induction motor is a highly efficient machine with full
load efficiency varying from 85 to 97 percent.

Disadvantages of Induction Motor

1. A single phase induction motor, unlike a 3 phase induction

motor, does not have a self starting torque. Auxiliaries are
required to start a single phase motor.
2. During light load conditions, the power factor of the motor
drops to a very low value. This is because during the start,
the motor draws a large magnetising current to overcome
the reluctance offered by the air gap between the Stator
and the Rotor. Also, the induction motor will take very less
current from the supply main. The vector sum of Load
current and Magnetising current lags the voltage by
around 75-80 degrees and hence, the power factor is low.
Due to high magnetising current, the copper losses of the
motor increase. This in turn leads to decrease in the
efficiency of the motor.
3. Speed control of an induction motor is very difficult to
attain. This is because a 3 phase induction motor is a
constant speed motor and for the entire loading range, the
change in speed of the motor is very low.
4. Induction motors have high input surge currents, which
are referred to as Magnetising Inrush currents. This causes
a reduction in voltage at the time of starting the motor.
5. Due to poor starting torque, the motor cannot be used for
applications which require high starting torque.