HYDRAULICS Introduction

NORTHERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE
HYDRAULICS
STUDY MANUAL
COMPILED BY: S. E. BANDA HYDRAULICS Page 1

HYDRAULICS
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION
The word hydraulics originates from the Greek word „hydro‟ which means „water‟ and
„aulis‟ which means ‘tube‟ or ‘pipe‟.
The present day study of hydraulics includes the behavior of all fluids including gases
under pressure.
1. Hydraulic means the generation of forces and motion using hydraulics.

2. Hydraulic system is a method of transmitting forces or motion by applying
pressure on a confined liquid.
APPLICATION OF HYDRAULICS
It is applied in Heavy Equipment Repair in the following:-

1. Braking system
2. Clutch system
3. Suspension system
4. Transmission system
5. Steering system
6. Implements control including;
a) Loaders
b) Log handler
c) Folk lift
d) Dump truck
e) Motor grader
f) Dozer crawler
g) Mobile crane
h) Shovel
i) Scraper
j) Road surface
k) Excavators
The application of hydraulics is based on the service of fluid Mechanics which deals with
properties of fluid.
FUNCTIONS OF HYDRAULIC OIL
1. Cool the parts.

2. Cleans the parts.
3. Lubricate the parts.
4. Dampens the noise.

CHARACTERISTICS (PROPERTIES) OF HYDRAULIC OIL
1. Incompressibility – As the hydraulic systems are designed to operate with high

loads and pressure, the medium used in such systems should not permit greater
compressibility. The compressibility of hydraulic oil is so minimal.
2. Viscosity – This is a measure of fluidity also defined as the resistance to flow of
the oil. The oil selected for hydraulic operation must have proper viscosity to
maintain adequate lubricating film at system operating temperatures. In addition
to dynamic lubricating properties, the oil must have sufficient body to provide
adequate sealing effect between working parts of the hydraulic system
3. Viscosity Index – defined the way viscosity changes with temperature. The
smaller the viscosity change, the higher the viscosity index. Additives are
incorporated in the oil to improve the viscosity index. Not only do additives
improve the viscosity index, but they are also selected to reduce parts wear,
increase chemical stability, inhibit corrosion and depress the pour point.
4. Resist emulsification and foaming – The hydraulic oil must not easily trap air or
mix with water. The air and water trapped in the oil during operation must easily
escape when the oil has reached the reservoir.
5. Resist chemical breakdown due to oxidation – The hydraulic oil should serve
long enough before its properties breakdown. When the properties have broken-
down the machine will require oil change.
6. Flow characteristics – Hydraulic system involves the conversion of mechanical
energy into hydraulic energy, and hydraulic energy back to mechanical energy.
This function is achieved through the fluid flowing from one component to
another. Therefore, the fluid used in hydraulic system must have a flow
characteristic. Care must be taken to prevent the loss of work due to heat
generated.
7. Good ageing ability – the hydraulic oil should not easily lose its additives.
8. Low Flammability – The hydraulic oil should be highly inflammable.
REQUIREMENTS OF HYDRAULIC OIL
1. Quick air release

2. Non-frothing
3. Resistance to cold
4. Corrosion resistance
5. Easy water separation
MERITS OF HYDRAULIC OIL
1. Less noisy in operation – fluid absorbs noise, vibration eliminated.

2. Varies force output – the same energy source can vary the output force by
changing the pressure and/or area of the piston.
3. Easy to re-route the force
4. Easy production of both rotary and linear motion.

5. Overload protection – the valves placed in the circuit protect the system
components from damage which may result from overload.
6. Greater power intensity
7. Forces can be applied at a distance from controls.
8. Motion can be transmitted without the slack inherent in the use of all solids
machine parts.
9. Liquids are not subjected breakage.
10. Power costs and frictional losses can be held to a minimum.
DEMERITS
The main disadvantages associated with hydraulic system include:
1. Precision in the operating components – dimensions of the operating components

have to be precise to maintain system efficiency. Wear affects the efficiency of
the system.
2. Operation is easily affected by leaks – a leak in the system may cause failure of
the system operation since the system highly depends on pressure in its operation.
3. Dirty and excessive heat is its greatest enemies – dirt and heat deteriorate system
efficiency. Wear and leaks are accelerated.
4. Environmental pollution – if not properly handled, the oil drained from the system
may pollute the environment and render fire risk.
5. Maintenance requires specialized skill – to effectively maintain, diagnose faults
and repair the hydraulic system a special skill is required. This skill acquired
through training which costs money.
6. High pressure risk – the hydraulic system operates with high pressures, therefore
posses a safety hazard.
FRICTION
Friction is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies.

There are three main causes of excessive friction in hydraulic lines;
i. Excessive length of hydraulic lines (pipes)
ii. Excessive number of bends and fittings or improper bends (too sharp)
iii. Excessive fluid velocity caused by undersized hydraulic lines.
HYDRAULIC FACTS
1. There are two basic types of hydraulics

a) Hydrodynamics which is the use of fluids at high speeds ‘on impact’ to
supply power. Example – a Torque Converter.
b) Hydrostatic which is the use of fluids at relatively low speeds but at high
pressures to supply power?
2. Hydraulic power is nearly always generated from mechanical power. Example – a
hydraulic pump driven by an engine crankshaft. Sometimes the use of Pneumatics
and Electrical are applied.
3. Hydraulic power output is nearly always achieved by converting back to
mechanical energy. Example – a cylinder which raises a heavy plow.
4. Hydraulic energy is neither created nor destroyed, but converted to another form.
5. All energies put into a hydraulic system must come out either as work (gain) or as
heat (loss).
6. When a moving liquid is restricted, heat is created and there is loss of potential
energy (pressure) for doing work. Example – a tube or hose that is too small or is
restricted. Orifices, venture and relief valves are all retractors so purposely
designed into the system.
7. Flow through an orifice or restrictor causes a pressure drop.
8. Oil takes the course of least resistance.
9. Oil is normally pushed into a pump, not drawn into it. Atmospheric pressure from
the reservoir supplies this push. For this reason an air vent is required on top of
the reservoir.
10. A pump does not pump pressure; it creates flow. Pressure is caused by resistance
to flow.
11. Two hydraulic systems may produce the same power output;
a) One at high pressure and low flow
b) The other at low pressure and high flow
12. A basic hydraulic system must include four components:
a) Reservoir to store the oil
b) Pump to push the oil through the system
c) Valves to control oil pressure and directional flow.
d) Actuator to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or work.
13. Comparison between the two major hydraulic systems:
1. Open - centre system
- When the valve is neutral, oil flows through the valve centre
while the pump takes a break
- Pressure is varied but flow is constant.
2. Closed – Centre system
- When the valve is in neutral, no oil passes through the valve
centre.
- Flow is varied

TOPIC 2: PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
In order to understand the operation of hydraulic system, it is important that one

understands the fundamental principles upon which the hydraulic system is based.
a) Liquids have no shape of their own.

b) Liquids are practically incompressible.
c) Liquids transmit applied pressure in all directions, and act with equal force at
right angles to-all-surfaces.
d) Liquids under pressure follow the path of least resistance.
e) Pressure can be created only by a resistance to flow.
f) Flow across an orifice results in a pressure drop that is directly proportionate to
the flow and inversely proportionate to the area of the orifice opening.
g) Hydraulic systems can provide great increase in work force.
h) Energy put into a hydraulic system in the form of flow under pressure will result
in either work or heat.
1. ENERGY
The transmission of power in the hydraulic system is based on the energy applied
to a liquid in a confined space. This principle is derived from Pascal‟s Law which
states that:
‘Pressure exerted anywhere upon the surface of a liquid enclosed in a
vessel is transmitted undiminished in all directions and acts with equal
force on equal surfaces, and at right angles to the surface.’
FIG. 1
2. PRESSURE
a. One of the most important measurements in hydraulic is pressure.
b. Pressure is defined as: Force exerted on a unit area.
c. Force is a product of mass contained in a body and gravitation pull is
constant
d. Force is a product of mass contained in a body and gravitational pull.
F = Mg
e. Since gravitational pull is constant {acceleration due gravity is 9.81m/s2, it
is the change in mass that alters the force.
f. The amount of force exerted on a unit area is termed as pressure, P =F/A
g. The intensity of pressure on a unit area is affected by two factors
i. Area
ii. Force
EFECTS OF SIZES
If two areas of different sizes were to be exerted with equal forces, the area with a smaller
space would experience higher pressure intensity than the area with a larger space.
a) F1 = 10N b) F2 = 10N
A1 = 0.2m2 A2 = 0.1m2
Pressure (P1) = F1/A1 Pressure (P2) = F2/A2
10/0.2NM-2 10/0.1NM-2
100/2NM-2 100/1NM-2
50NM-2 100NM-2
In hydraulic system, pressure increase is as a result of resistance to fluid flow.

The S.I unit for
 Force is Newton (N)
 Area is Meter Squared (m2)
 Pressure is Newton per meter squared or Pascal. 1 pa = 1Nm-2
Where Pascal digits are too many for practical application, a bar is preferred
1bar = 100, 000Pa
The unit, pounds per square inch (psi) though not international standard unit, is
still being used.
1 bar = 14.5 psi
1 psi = 7 kpa
1 bar = 103 kpa
PRESSURE HEAD OF A LIQUID
This is sometimes known as Hydrostatic Pressure.

A liquid is subjected to pressure due to its own weight.
This pressure increases as the depth of the liquid increases

H3
H2
H1
FIG. 2
Total pressure at the base of the cylinder is = Weight of liquid X Height
The intensity of pressure is related to the liquid head.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
 Air exerts pressure on the surface of a liquid with which it is in contact. This
pressure is known as atmospheric pressure.
 Atmospheric pressure reduces as the distance from the Earth’s surface increase
which is one reason why aircraft engines are supercharged when designed to fly at
higher altitudes.
 At sea level atmospheric pressure is usually taken as 101.3kn/m2
 Gauge Pressure – It is the pressure measured with the help of a pressure
measuring instrument. In gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure is taken as a
datum and is marked as zero.
 Absolute Pressure – Is the gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure. The
pressure shown on a gauge pressure is not the true pressure of the air. Absolute
pressure takes into account atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure. Remember
that absolute pressure applies only to gases.
FORCE
The concept of force can be summed up using the following simple laws:
i. A body will remain at rest or if in motion, will remain in uniform motion
with constant speed in a straight line, unless it is acted on by an unbalanced
force.
ii. The acceleration produced by unbalanced force acting on a body is
proportional to magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the force,
and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
iii. Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts
a force on the first body. This force is equal in magnitude but oppositely
directed.

HYDRODYNAMICS (MECHANICS OF MOVING FLUID)
 When fluids are at rest, the only fluid property of significance is the weight of the
fluids.
 On the other hand, when a fluid is in motion various other fluid properties become
significant.
 The energy law applied to a flowing fluid says that the total energy of flow does
not change as long as energy is not supplied from outside or the energy is not
drained to the outside.
 There are three types of energies or heads of flowing liquids. These are;
iii. Potential Energy – Energy due to configuration or position above
some suitable datum line(related to the height of the head of liquid.
iv. Kinetic Energy – The energy due to the velocity (speed) of the
flowing liquid.
v. Pressure Energy - The energy due to the pressure of the liquid.
The sum of total energy of a liquid particle in motion is the sum of its
vi. Potential energy
vii. Kinetic energy
viii. Pressure energy
The theory of total liquid energy is derived from Bernoulli‟s Equation, which states that:
‘In an ideal, incompressible fluid, when the flow is steady and continuous, the
sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy is constant along a
stream line’.
This theory is only mathematically true, because during flow fluid particles experiences
friction. Friction causes loss to the fluid flow. Hence;
 The sum of the pressure and kinetic energy of various points in a system must be
constant, if flow is constant.
 When a fluid flows through areas of different diameters, there must be
corresponding changes in velocity.
 Increase in velocity means an increase in kinetic energy.
 Pressure developed in an actuator depends on the load.
 The force developed by a cylinder depends upon the pressure of the fluid and area
of the piston.
 Actuator speed depends upon the rate of fluid flow.
Remember that: The quantity of fluid displaced into the actuator is equal to the quantity
of fluid displaced by the pump.

TOPIC 3: HYDRAULIC TERMINOLOGIES
1. Accumulator – A container which stores fluids under pressure as a source of
hydraulic power.
2. Actuator – A device which converts hydraulic power into mechanical force and
motion.
3. Bypass – A secondary passage for fluid flow.
4. Cavitation - Air pockets in the oil circuit.
5. Circuit – A series of hydraulic component parts connected to each other by fluid
lines or passages.
6. Closed Centre System – A hydraulic system in which the control valves are
closed during neutral, stopping oil flow.
7. Cooler (oil) – A heat exchanger which removes heat from a fluid.
8. Cushion – A device sometimes built into the end of a cylinder which restricts
outlet flow and thereby slows down their piston.
9. Manifold – A fluid conductor which provides many ports.
10. Open centre system – A hydraulic system in which the control valves are open to
continuous oil flow, even in neutral.
11. Orifice – A restricted passage in a hydraulic circuit. Usually a small drilled hole
to limit flow or to create a pressure differential in a circuit.
12. Packing – Any material or device which seals by compression.
13. Breakout Pressure – The minimum pressure which starts moving an actuator.
14. Cracking Pressure – The pressure at which a relief valve, and so forth, begins to
open and pass fluid.
15. Differential pressure or pressure drop – The difference in pressure between
any two points in a system or a component.
16. Full flow pressure – The pressure at which a valve is wide open and passes its
full flow.
17. Pilot pressure – Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control a component.
18. Rated pressure – The operating pressure which is recommended for a component
or a system by the manufacturer.
19. Suction pressure – The absolute pressure of the fluid at the inlet side of the
pump.
20. Surge pressure – The pressure changes caused in a circuit from a rapidly
accelerated column of oil.
21. System pressure – The pressure which overcomes the total resistances in the
system.
22. Working pressure – The pressure which overcomes the resistance of the working
device.
23. Pulsation – Repeated small fluctuation of pressure within a circuit.
24. Pump – A device which converts mechanical force into hydraulic fluid power.
25. Fixed displacement pump – A pump in which the output per cycle cannot be
varied.
26. Variable Displacement pump – A pump in which the output per cycle can be
varied.

27. Valve – A device which controls either pressure of the fluid, direction of the fluid
or rate of flow of the fluid.
28. Bypass flow regulator valve – A valve which regulates the flow to a circuit at a
constant volume dumping excess oil.
29. Check valve – A valve which permits flow in only one direction.
30. Closed centre valve – A valve in which inlet and outlet ports are closed in the
neutral position, stopping flow from pump.
31. Direction Control Valve – A valve which directs oil through selected passages.
32. Flow control valve – A valve which controls the rate of flow (volume control
valve).
33. Flow divider valve – A valve which divides the flow from one source into two or
more branches, includes priority and proportional types.
34. Needle valve – A valve with an adjustable tapered point which regulates the rate
of flow.
35. Open centre valve – A valve in which the inlet and outlet ports are open in the
neutral position, allowing a continuous flow of oil from pump.
36. Pilot valve – A valve used to operate another valve or control.
37. Poppet valve - A valve designed in which the seating element pops open to
obtain free flow in one direction and immediately reseats when flow reverses.
38. Pressure control valve – A valve whose primary function is to control pressure.
These include; relief valves, pressure reducing valves or sequencing valves and
unloading valves.
39. Pressure reducing valve – A pressure control valve which limits outlet pressure.
40. Pressure Sequence valve – A pressure control valve which directs flow in a
preset sequence.
41. Priority flow Divider valve – A valve which directs oil to one circuit at a fixed
rate and dumps excess flow into another circuit.
42. Proportional flow divider valve – A valve which directs oil to all its circuits at
all times.
43. Relief valve – A valve which limits the presence in a system, usually by releasing
excess oil.
44. Rotary directional valve – A valve designed in a cylindrical shape. When the
valve is turned, it opens and closes drilled passages to direct oil.
45. Selector valve - A valve which selects one or two or more circuits in which to
direct oil.
46. Shuttle valve – A connecting valve which selects one of the two or more circuits
because of flow or pressure changes in these circuits.
47. Shutoff valve – A valve which operates fully open or fully closed.
48. Spool Directional valve – A valve designed as a spool which slides in a bore,
opening and closing passages.
49. Thermal relief valve – A valve which limits the pressure in a system caused by
heat expansion of oil.
50. Unloading valve – A valve which allows a pump to operate at minimum load by
dumping the pump’s excess oil at a low pressure.
51. Volume control valve – A valve which controls the rate of flow. Includes flow
control valves, flow divider valves and bypass flow regulators.

52. Valve stack – A series of control valves in a stack with common and plates and a
common oil inlet and outlet.
53. Viscosity – The measure of resistance of a fluid to flow.

TOPIC 4: HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS
The hydraulic components which are going to be covered are:
4.1. Reservoirs
4.2. Filters and Strainers
4.3. Oil coolers
4.4. Accumulators
4.5. Pumps
4.6. Valves
4.7. Hoses
4.8. Actuator i.e. motors, cylinders and so forth.
4.1. RESERVOIR
FUNCTIONS
1. To store hydraulic oil

2. To dissipate heat from the oil
3. To separate air from the oil
4. To settle out contaminants in the oil
TYPES
1. Vented to the atmosphere

2. Pressurized type
CONSTRUCTION
BAFFLES
INLET OUTLET
FIG, 3
1. Should be high and narrow
2. Oil level should be higher than the opening to the pump suction line. This prevents
the creation of a vacuum and hence prevents a vortex-whirl pool.
3. Has baffles to:
i. To prevent sloshing of oil
ii. To separate suction line from return line.
4. It has magnetic plugs used for removing iron and steel particles from the fluid.

4.2. FILTERS AND STRAINERS
1. Both these are filters.
2. Strainers are used in pump suction lines where pressure drop must be kept to a
minimum. They remove/screen large particles of dirt from the fluid.
3. Filters so called, as they separate micro particles from the fluid.
FILTERS
FUNCTIONS
Remove from the hydraulic oil

1. Chucks from a disintegrated seal of hose
2. Dust, dirt and miscellaneous particles like Teflon pipe joint tape, painting and
pieces of disintegrated filter.
3. Metal particles from wearing or failed components
4. Rust and scale from replaced pipes and other components
CONSTRUCTION
1. At top in the filter body

i) Its where the oil connections are located
ii) Below the oil connections, are the filter cover
iii) Inside filter cover, is a filter element
iv) Inside filter element is the filter cartridge.
2. The filter body usually has safety valve, which opens when the difference in
pressure over the filter element reach a certain value, so that the element does not
burst.
3. The filter element consists of a frame usually of sheet metal, on which there is a
porous mass, e.g. cellulose, fiberglass or the like.
TYPES OF FILTERS
There are two types of hydraulic filters:

1. Surface filters
2. Depth filters
SURFACE FILTERS
i. Have a single surface that catches and removes

dirt particles larger than the holes in the filter
ii. Dirt is strained or sheared from the oil and
stopped outside the filter as oil passes through
the holes in a straight path.
iii. Usually made of:

1. Fine wire mesh
2. Stacked metal or paper discs,
3. Ribbon wound to form a cylinder,
4. Cellulose material molded to the shape
of the filter or accordion-pleated paper.
DEPTH FILTER
There are two classifications to the filter;
1. ABSORBENT FILTER
iv. Filters operate mechanically like a sponge
soaking up water.
v. Oil passes through a large mass of porous
materials such as cotton waste, wood pulp, wool
yarn, paper or quartz, leaving dirt trapped in the
filter.
vi. This type of filter removes particles suspended
in the oil and some water and water soluble
impurities.
2. ADSORBENT FILTERS
vii. They are normally made of
1. Charcoal
2. Chemically treated paper
3. Fuller’s earth
viii. They remove contaminants particles, water
soluble impurities
ix. As it is chemically treated, it does also remove
contaminants caused by oil oxidation and
deterioration.
x. These types of filters are not used in hydraulic
oil filters nowadays as desirable additives could
be removed.

4.3. OIL COOLERS
FUNCTION
Help to control operating temperature.
TYPES
There are two types of oil coolers.

1. Air – to - Oil Coolers
2. Water – to Oil Coolers
1. AIR –TO – OIL COOLERS
The system uses moving air to dissipate heat from the oil.
On mobile machines, the cooling system (radiator) fan may supply the air blast.
The cooler has fins which direct air over long coils of oil tubes which expose more oil to
the air.
The cooler may also have a tank to store a reserve of cooled oil.
A bypass valve is also sometimes used as a safety valve in case the cooler oil tubes
become clogged.
This cooler is also known as “A fluid-to air cooler.”

WATER-TO-OIL COOLER
1. It is basically a can with tubes.

2. Water flows through the tubes and hydraulic oil around the
tubes in a can.
3. Since water carries away heat much better than air, a fluid-
to-water cooler is much smaller than a fluid- to – air cooler.
4. The same water from the engine radiator is used in the
cooling of oil.
Another less common type of water-to cooler uses the evaporation of water to cool oil.
Water is sprayed over coils of oil tubes, while forced air is blown in from the bottom.
Part of the water evaporates, cooling the remaining water which in turn draws heat from
the oil in the tubes. This cooler is not as compact as one described above.
LOCATION OF OIL COOLERS
1. Air-to-oil coolers are usually mounted in front of the engine radiator, making use
of the fan’s air blast.
2. Other coolers are located:
i. In the system main line
ii. On the relief valve outlet line or in the case of pressure line from a pump
or motor.
iii. In a separate circuit, with a small pump to circulate fluid from the
reservoir through cooler and back.

4.4 HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS
FIG. 1
An accumulator is basically a container, which stores oil under pressure. Accumulators
are used for the following functions: -
1. Stores hydraulic energy for use later.
2. Absorbs hydraulic shocks in a circuit.
3. Gradually build up hydraulic pressure.
4. Maintains a constant pressure in the hydraulic circuit.
USES OF ACCUMULATORS
1. TO STORE HYDRAULIC ENERGY
This accumulator usage is usually applied in systems that use displacement

pumps. The accumulator stores hydraulic energy during the time the actuator is
not demanding greater oil volume. It releases the stored hydraulic energy when
the actuator demands an increased oil volume more than that supplied by the
pump. Sometimes the stored oil is used on emergency when the pump has failed
for any reason. In such a situation, the accumulator becomes the main oil supplier.

2. ABSORB SHOCKS
During hydraulic shocks or peak operating pressures, the accumulator takes in

excess oil, which it releases later into the circuit after the surge is over. This
action reduces hydraulic vibrations or noise. The hydraulic operations are
smoothened during pressure delays that may occur when a variable displacement
pump is taking a break while there is a sudden demand. The accumulator will
discharge the oil into the circuit at this moment, which takes up the slack
operation.
3. BUILD PRESSURE GRADUALLY
Accumulators that are installed for the purpose of gradual pressure build-up, make
the operating strokes or pulses of the hydraulic pump smooth. This action results
in gradual rising of the load because the accumulator is absorbing some of the
actuator operating strokes.
4. MAINTAIN CONSTANT PRESSURE
The type of accumulator used for this purpose is the weight loaded. The weight-
loaded accumulator exerts a fixed force on the oil in a closed circuit. This action
maintains a constant pressure in the circuit so that even if change in oil volume
due to leakage or expansion due to heat or contraction takes place the pressure
will remain constant.
TYPES OF ACCUMULATORS
Accumulators are classified according to the material used to pressurise the oil. Materials
such as air, spring or weight are used to load the accumulators, hence types of
accumulator include:
1. Pneumatic Accumulators
2. Spring Loaded Accumulators
3. Weight Loaded Accumulators
1. PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATORS
Pneumatic accumulators use inert gas such as Nitrogen to exert pressure on the oil in the
container. Gas is compressible and is able to expand when the volume of the container
allows. The type of gas used in accumulators Nitrogen does not react even under extreme
pressure.
When the oil pressure rises, the incoming oil will compress the gas increasing gas
pressure in the accumulator and, when the energy pushing the oil into the accumulator

has dropped, the gas in the accumulator will expand forcing the oil out of the accumulator
into the system to do work
TYPES OF PNEUMATIC (GAS CHARGED) ACCUMULATORS
Gas charged accumulators are according to the method used to separate the gas from the
oil. Oil may be separated from the gas using:
1. A piston, floating in a cylinder.
2. A bladder, a flexible bag-like container.
3. A diaphragm.
1.1. PISTON- TYPE PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATOR
FIG. 2
In a piston-type accumulator, a free floating piston is used to separate the gas from the
oil. The container is like a hydraulic cylinder without a piston rod.
The piston is fitted with seal packing that seal between the two chambers. A bleed hole is
provided in the piston that removes the oil seeping through the piston area.
Piston-type accumulators offer high power output and are very accurate in operation.
1.2. BLADDER-TYPE PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATORS
In a bladder-type accumulator, the gas is contained in a flexible bag or rubber made of

synthetic rubber. This bag separates the gas from the oil.

The bag is fitted with a gas charging valve at the top while the button has a hardened
portion called protective button which prevents possible damage to the bag when the oil
is flowing out of the accumulator.
FIG. 3
1.3. DIAPHRAGM-TYPE ACCUMULATORS
Diaphragm-type accumulators use a rubber diaphragm to separate the gas from the oil.
They are light in weight and are often used in aircraft systems.

FIG. 4
2. SPRING-LOADED ACCUMULATORS
The spring-loaded accumulators use the force of the spring to maintain pressure on the
oil. Oil pressure acts on the piston during accumulator loading compressing the spring
behind the piston. When the system pressure drops, the spring will remove the piston
against the oil forcing the oil into the system to do work.
FIG. 5

Changing one of the following can alter the operation of the spring-loaded accumulator:
1. The strength of the spring.
2. Length of the spring.
3. The size of the piston.
4. The length of the piston stroke.
In order to maintain the required operation of a spring-loaded accumulator, the correct

spring and the correct pair of cylinder and piston should be maintained.
The advantage of a spring-loaded accumulator is that it does not need pre-charging or
recharging.
The disadvantage is that it is too bulky especially for use on high volume or high pressure
systems. Therefore, spring-loaded accumulators are a choice on low volume or low-
pressure systems.
FIG. 7
3. WEIGHT-LOADED ACCUMULATORS
This type of accumulator also known as piston and cylinder, but a heavy load is placed on
the piston to exert pressure on the oil filling the cylinder. The load is by gravity.
The advantage of a weight-loaded accumulator is that it provides constant pressure.
The disadvantages are that it is:
1. Bulky in size.
2. Heavy.

Due to the above disadvantages, the weight-loaded accumulator has less use on mobile
hydraulic systems.
PRECAUTIONS FOR PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATORS

Observe the following precautions when working on pneumatic accumulators. The
correct procedures for service are given in detail below under service and pre-charging
pneumatic Accumulators.
1. Caution – Never fill accumulator with Oxygen. An Explosion could result if oil
and oxygen mix under pressure.
2. Caution – never fill an accumulator with compressed air. An explosion could
result if air and water mix under pressure. When air is compressed, water vapour
in the air condenses and can cause rust. This in turn may damage seals and ruin
the accumulator.
3. Always fill an accumulator with dry nitrogen. This gas is inert and free of both
water vapour and oxygen. This makes it harmless to parts and it is safe to use.
4. Never charge an accumulator to a pressure more than that recommended by the
manufacturer. Read the label and observe the ‘working pressure.’
5. Before removing an accumulator from a hydraulic system, release all hydraulic
pressure.
6. Before you disassemble an accumulator release both gas and hydraulic pressures.
7. When you disassemble an accumulator, make sure that dirt and abrasive material
does not enter any of the openings.
SERVICING AND PRECHARGING PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATORS

1. If you suspect external gas leaks, apply soapy water to the gas valve and seams on
the tank at the ‘gas’ end if bubbles form, there is a leak.

2. If you suspect internal leaks, check for foaming oil in the system reservoir and/or
no action of the accumulator. These signs usually mean a faulty bladder or piston
seals inside the accumulator.
3. If the accumulator appears to be in good condition but is still slow or inactive,
pre-charge it as necessary.
BEFORE REMOVING THE ACCUMULATOR FROM MACHIINE

First be sure all hydraulic pressure is released. To do this, shut down the pump and cycle
a priority function in the accumulator hydraulic circuit to relieve oil pressure (or open a
bleed screw).
REMOVING ACCUMULATOR FROM MACHINE
After all hydraulic pressure has been released; remove the accumulator from the machine
for service.
REPAIRING ACCUMULATOR
1. Before dismantling accumulator, release all gas pressure.
1.1. Unscrew the gas valve very slowly.
1.2. Install the charging valve first if necessary.
1.3. Never release the gas by depressing the valve core, as the core might be
ruptured.
2. Disassemble the accumulator on a clean bench area.
3. Check all parts for leaks or other damage.
4. Plug the openings with plastic plugs or clean towels as soon as parts are removed.
5. Check bladder or piston seals for damage and replace if necessary.
6. If gas valve cores are to be replaced, be sure to use the recommended types.
7. Carefully assemble the accumulator.
PRECHARGING ACUMULATOR – Pneumatic Type

1. Caution: Incorrect charging procedure can be dangerous. Only charge the
accumulator yourself if you have the know-how and equipment to do so safely. If
in doubt, have it charged by a professional.
2. Attach the hose from a DRY NITROGEN tank to the gas valve of the
accumulator and open the accumulator gas valve.
3. Open the valve on the regulator very slowly until pressure on the gauge is the
same as that recommended by the manufacturer.
4. Close the gas valve on the accumulator, and then close the valve on the regulator.
5. Remove the hose from the gas valve.

4.5. HYDRAULIC PUMPS
PURPOSE
1. To push hydraulic fluid and create flow.

2. To convert mechanical energy from the prime mover (engine or electrical) into
hydraulic (pressure) energy which is used to operate the actuator.
SPECIFICATION
Pumps are classified into:

1. Non-displacement pumps
2. Positive displacement pumps
NON-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
1. They discharge liquid in a continuous flow.

2. The volume of liquid delivered for each cycle depends on the resistance to flow.
3. Resistance in the discharge line produces a force in the opposite direction.
4. When the pushing and the resistance forces are equal, then the liquid will be in a
state of equilibrium and will not flow.
5. The non-positive displacement pump is a pump whose discharge capacity per
cycle vary according to the speed of the prime mover. An example of a non-
positive displacement pump is a centrifugal pump.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
1. They discharge volume of liquid separated by periods of no discharge.

2. A definite volume of fluid is delivered for each cycle of pump operation,
regardless of the resistance as long as the rated capacity of the prime mover is not
exceeded.
3. If the outlet is closed completely, either the prime mover or the something else in
the installation will break. An example of a positive displacement pump is a Vane
pump.
PERFORMANCE
Pumps are rated according to their volumetric output, displacement and pressure.
Volumetric output (delivery rate or capacity) is the amount a pump can deliver at its
outlet port. This is measured in gallons per minute or litres per minute.
Displacement:
This is the amount of liquid transferred from a pump’s inlet to its outlet in one
revolution or cycle. Displacement is expressed in cubic inches per revolution and
cubic inches per cycle in rotary and reciprocating pumps respectively.
If a pump has more than one pumping chambers, displacement is equal to the
displacement of one chamber multiplied by the number of chambers.

a) FIXED DISPLACEMENT PUMP – The litres per minute output can be
changed only by varying the drive speed. The pump can be used in Open-
centre system, in which a pump’s output has a free-flow back to a reservoir in
the neutral condition of the circuit.
b) VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP – The size of the pumping
chambers can be changed. The litres per minute (LPM) can be changed by
moving the displacement control, driver speed or both. The pump can be used
in a Closed-centre system, in which a pump continues to operate against a
load in the neutral condition.
c) PRESSURE – Is the force per unit area of liquid expressed in Pounds per
Square Inch (PSI) or Bars, or Pascal. As pressure increases, volumetric output
decreases. This drop in output is caused by an increase in internal leakage
(slippage from a pump’s outlet side to its outlet side.
SLIPPAGE
This is a measure of pump’s efficiency and usually expressed in percent. The oil
leaks from a pressure outlet to a low-pressure area or back to the inlet. Some
slippage is designed into a pump for lubrication purposes. A drain passage allows
oil to return to an inlet or reservoir. Slippage increases with pressure, if pressure
increases, more flow will occur through the leakage path and less from an outlet
port.
DESIGNS
In most rotary pumps, inlet to the pumping chambers is larger than the outlet from the
pumping chambers. Larger inlets create vacuum and enable the pump get free flow of
liquid from reservoir. Decreased size outlet port enables the pump to push the liquid in
the system.
The essentials of any hydraulic pumps are:
a) A low-pressure inlet port, which receives fluid from the reservoir.
b) A high-pressure outlet port connected to the pressure line.
c) Pumping chamber(s) to carry a fluid from inlet to the outlet port.
d) A mechanical means for activating the pumping chambers.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC PUMPS
Pumps are classified according to specific design used to create the flow of a liquid.
These designs can be:
a) Centrifugal
b) Rotary
c) Reciprocating
ROTARY PUMPS – these are classified according to the type of pumping element
that actually transmit the fluid, i.e. gear, vane or piston type rotary pump.
GEAR PUMP – there are three types of gear pumps:
a) External

b) Internal
c) Lobe types
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP – The operating principle of an external gear pump
is that it consists of driving gear and a driven gear enclosed in a closely fitted
housing. The gears rotate in opposite directions and meshed at a point in the
housing between the inlet and outlet ports. As the two gears rotate, a partial
vacuum is created and draws fluid through an inlet port into chamber ‘A’
(receiving). The fluid in the chamber is trapped between gear teeth of the two
gears and the housing so that it is carried through two separate paths to chamber
‘B’ (outlet) and the process continues.
FIG.1 EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP
INTERNAL GEAR PUMP – This pump consists of two gears. The teeth of one
gear project outward, while the teeth of the other gear project inward toward the
centre of the pump. One gear wheel stands inside the other. It is called inner
gear. The other one is called external gear.

FIG. 2 INTERNAL GEAR PUMP
An internal gear is directly attached to the drive shaft of the pump and is placed
off-centre in relation to an inner gear. The two gears mesh on one side of the
pump chamber, between an inlet and discharge. On the opposite side of the
chamber is a crescent seal which stands in the space between the two gears to
provide a close tolerance. The rotation of an external gear by the shaft causes the
inner gear to rotate since the two are in mesh. The crescent seal does not rotate
and as the two gears rotate, cause the fluid to be trapped in gear spaces as it pass
though the crescent. Both gears move in the same direction. The fluid is carried
from inlet side of the pump creating partial vacuum in the inlet port, thereby
forcing more liquid from supply source to supply the inlet. The size of the
crescent seal determines the volume delivery of the pump. A small crescent seal
allows more volume of liquid per revolution than a large crescent.
LOBE (GEAR OR ROTOR) PUMP – differs from other gear pump because it
uses lobed elements instead of gears. The element drive also differs in a lobe
pump. In gear pump, one gear drives the other. In lobe pump, each element (lobe)
is driven through external gearing.

FIG. 3 LOBE (ROTOR) PUMP
VANE PUMP
It consists of; i) Slotted rotor ii) Pumping chamber iii) Cam ring
OPERATION
A slotted rotor splined to a drive shaft rotates between closely fitted side plates
that are inside of circular shaped ring. Polished and hardened vanes slide in and
out of the rotor slots and follow the ring contour by centrifugal force. The vanes
may be spring loaded to maintain a positive load against the cam ring. The
pumping chambers are formed between succeeding vanes carrying oil from the
inlet to the outlet. A partial vacuum is created in the inlet as the oil is carried away
by the vanes.
A vane pump is designed with an automatic wear compensation built in. as wear
occurs, the vanes simply slide further out of the rotor slots and continue to follow
a ring’s contour.
The vane pumps are of two types; i) Unbalanced vane Pump ii) Balanced Vane
Pump. Vane pumps have good efficiency and durability if operated in a clean
system and using correct oil.
UNBALANCED VANE PUMP
It can be either fixed or variable displacement. A cam ring’s shape is a true circle
that is on different centerlines from that of a rotor. Pump displacement depends on
how far a rotor and ring are eccentric.
The advantage of a true-circle ring is that control can be applied to vary the
eccentricity and thus vary the displacement.
A disadvantage is that unbalanced pressure at the outlet is effective against a
small area of the rotor’s edge, imposing side loads on the shaft.

FIG. 4 UNBALANCED VANE PUMP
BALANCED VANE PUMP
It is a fixed displacement pump. It has a stationary, elliptical cam ring and two
sets of internal ports. A pumping chamber is formed between any two vanes twice
in each revolution. The two inlets and outlets are 1800 apart. Back pressure
against the edges of a rotor cancels each other.
FIG. 5 BALANCED VANE PUMP
PISTON PUMPS
These are of two types; i) Radial Type ii) Axial Type

RADIAL PISTON PUMP
COMPOSISTION: -1) Pintle. 2) Cylinder block /rotor. 3) Pistons. 4) Drive shaft.

FIG. 6 RADIAL PISTON PUMP
OPERATION
The pistons are arranged like wheel spokes in a short cylindrical block. A drive
shaft is inside a circular housing, rotates a cylinder block. It turns on a stationary
pintle that contains the inlet and outlet ports. As a cylinder block turns, a
centrifugal force slings out the pistons which follow a circular housing. The
housing’s centre line is offset from cylinder block’s centerline. The amount of
eccentricity between the two determines a piston stroke as well as the pumps
displacement. Control can be applied to change the housing’s location and thereby
vary the pump’s delivery from zero to maximum.
NOTE:
a) When a pump has an uneven number of pistons, no more than one piston
is completely blocked by a Pintle at one time thus reduction in flow
pulsation.
b) An even number of piston will increase pulsation flow. This is so because
two pistons would be blocked by the Pintle at the same time, thereby
allowing three pistons to discharge at one time and again four at another
time.

PART DESCRIPTION
1. PINTLE – This is a round bar that serves as a stationary shaft around

which the cylinder block turns. It has four holes bored from one end
lengthwise through part of its length. Two of the holes serve as an inlet
and the other two as discharge. A slot is cut on each set of the bored holes
on the side of the shaft in order to accommodate the pistons when the
cylinder block is assembled on the Pintle. One slot provides for intake
while the other provides for discharge. The discharge holes are connected
through appropriate fittings to discharge line in the system.
2. CYLINDER BLOCK – This is a block of metal with a hole bored

through its centre to lift on to the Pintle. The cylinder holes are bored
equal distance apart around its outside edge. The cylinder’s holes connect
with the hole that receives the Pintle. The cylinder and Pintle holes are
accurately machined so that the fluid loss will be minimal.

3. PISTONS – Pistons are of different designs.
a) Pistons with small wheels that roll around the inside of a curve of a
rotor.
b) Pistons with a conical edge on its top. It bears directly against a
reaction of the rotor. The piston goes back and forth in the cylinder
while it rotates about its axis so that the top surface will wear
uniformly.
c) Pistons attached to curve plates. The curve plates bear against and
slide around the inside surface of the rotor.
4. ROTOR – This is a circular ring against which the pistons bear. It rotates
within a slide block and can be shifted from side to side in order to control
the length of a stroke.

AXIAL PISTON PUMPS
FIG. 7 Bent axis Axial Pump

The pump’s stroke direction is along the cylinder block’s axis, hence the
name, axial piston pump. Axial pumps may be an in-line or angle design.
Capacity – ranges from low to very high.
Efficiency – high and have excellent durability.
Pressure – as high as 4, 000 psi.
Drive speed – medium to high.
Types – i) In-line piston pumps ii) wobble-plate in-line pump iii) bent-piston
pump.
Discussion will be based only on an in-line piston pump, because it shares
the same principle of operation as the rest.
IN-LINE PISTON PUMP
FIG. 8

COMPOSITION – i) Housing ii) drive shaft iii) Rotating group iv) Shaft seal
v) Valve plate.
Rotating group consists of; i) Cylinder block ii) drive shaft iii) Spherical
washer iv) spring v) Pistons vi) Shoe and shoe plate vii) Swash plate
FIG 9
When the rotating group is assembled, a spring forces the cylinder against a
valve plate and a spherical washer against a shoe plate. This action holds the
piston shoes against a swash plate, ensuring that the pistons will reciprocate as
the cylinder turns. A swash plate is stationary in the fixed displacement design
while in the variable displacement it can be altered to vary the displacement.
OPERATION
A drive shaft and the cylinder block are on the same central axis.
Reciprocation of the pistons is caused by swash plate that the piston run
against as the cylinder block turns or rotates. The cylinder block is driven or
rotated by drive shaft as a result the cylinder block carriers the pistons around
a shaft.
The piston shoes slide against a swash plate and are held against the pistons to
reciprocate in the cylinder bores. At the point where a piston begins to retract,
an opening in the end of a bore slides over an inlet slot in the valve plate, and
oil is drawn into the bore through in less than half revolution. As a piston
begins to extend, an opening in the cylinder barrel moves over an outlet slot
and oil is force out a pressure port.
DISPLACEMENT
Pump displacement depends on the bore diameter (size), stroke of the piston
(length of movement) and the number of pistons. A swash plate’s angle
determines the stroke, which can vary by changing the angle. In fixed
displacement pumps the swash plate is stationary in the housing. In variable
displacement pump, it is mounted on the yoke which can turn on pintles.
Different controls can be attached to the pintles to vary pump delivery from
zero to maximum. A yoke can be positioned manually with a screw or lever or

by compensated control, which positions a yoke automatically to maintain
constant output pressure under a variable flow requirement.
FIG10
FIG. 11

PUMP OPERATION PROBLEMS
1. OVERLOADING – one risk of overloading is the danger of excess torque on the

drive shaft. Torque is circular force on an object. An increase in pressure or pump
displacement or pressure remains constant.
2. EXCESS SPEED – Running a pump at too high speed causes loss of internal
lubrication which may eventually to lead premature failure. If a needed the
delivery requires a higher drive speed than a rated.
3. CAVITATION – It is the presence of air pockets in the fluid. The condition can
lead a pump to be unable to perform to specified capacity or required pressure.
Conditions – i) Obstruction in the circuit
ii) the reservoir’s oil level is too far below suction line.
iii) the oil viscosity is too high
iv) vacuum in the inlet or suction
Solution - i) ensure no obstruction in the inlet
ii) locate the reservoir above the suction line or inlet.
iii) maintain oil with right viscosity
iv) prime or pressurize the suction line into the inlet.
4. AERATION – This occurs when excessive air is trapped in the fluid. Pumping
aerated fluid with a positive displacement pump will cause pump erosion to occur
at the outlet of the pump. The pump will fail prematurely.
Note: Erosion in the inlet area of the pump results from Cavitations.
Erosion in the outlet area of the pump results from Aeration
5. PRESSURE LOSS – pressure is lost due to a leakage path in the system.
Normally thus leakage path is internal. A badly worn pump would cause los of
pressure in the system.
EFFECTS: Actuator speed will slow down or may not function at all
Other area of leakage may be relief valve, cylinders, motor etc.
6. SLOW OPERATION – This is caused by a worn pump or by a partial oil leak in
the system. The leaky part will be heated up.
7. NOISE – unusual noise, cavitations noise is caused by a restriction in the inlet
line, dirty inlet filter or too high a driving speed.
- Aerated system, this may be due to low oil level in the reservoir, loose
connection in the inlet, a leaky shaft seal, no oil in the pump before
starting.
- The noise may also come from worn of damaged part.

Shut down the pump immediately.

4.6 . HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
FUNCTION
The actuators function is to covert fluid energy or power back to mechanical energy or
power. They are the final part of the operation of the hydraulic system.
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
Actuators used on mobile hydraulic systems are classified into two: -

1. Linear actuators – usually of piston type cylinders.
2. Rotary actuators – include vane type cylinders and hydraulic motors.
LINEAR ACTUATORS
1. PISTON TYPE CYLINDERS

Piston type cylinders give linear movement. There are two main types of piston-
type cylinders.
i) SINGLE ACTING CYLINDERS
Single acting cylinders provide hydraulic force only in one direction.
Oil pressure is admitted to one end of the piston. The other end does not
receive hydraulic oil pressure. The load, gravitation force or spring is used
to return the piston after extension.
The non hydraulic end has a vent whose purpose is to release air when the
piston is extending and allow air to flow into the cylinder when the piston
is retracting. Oil leak beyond the piston is prevented by the seal on the
piston. The wiper seal located at the end of the cylinder prevents water and
dirty from entering the cylinder.
FIG. 1A

FIG. 1B – SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER
RAM-TYPE CYLINDER
The ram-type cylinder is another type of single acting cylinder. However, a ram does
not have a piston on the rod. The rod is made bigger compared to that for piston type
single acting cylinder. The clearance left between the cylinder and the rod is small.
To extend the cylinder, oil pressure acts on the face of the rod. The rod is prevented
from moving out of the cylinder by a shoulder that is built at its end.

FIG. 2A & B – RAM CYLINDERS
MERITS OF A RAM-TYPE CYLINDER OVER A PISTON-TYPE CYLINDER
1. The rod is bigger therefore it is able to resist bending due to side loads.
2. The seal is easier to reach because it is located at the end of the cylinder not on
the piston.
3. Seal packing is not affected by scoring of the cylinder surface.
4. There is no vent required because the whole volume of the cylinder bore is filled
with oil.
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS
Double acting cylinders give hydraulic force on both sides of the piston. The piston is
moved by hydraulic pressure in either direction.
FIG. 3A

FIG. 3B
While one end is receiving pressure, the other end will be returning the oil back to the
reservoir. The piston is fitted with seals on both ends to prevent oil leak from either end.
i) Cushions – are built in cylinders for the purpose of slowing down the speed of
the piston as it approaches the last part of its stroke. This cushion is used as a
hydraulic brake to protect against impact damage. As shown in the diagram,
the piston will move normally during its main stroke, but as it approaches the
end of its stroke, the piston will seal off part of the oil passage thereby
restricting the flow which results in reducing the speed of the piston.
FIG. 4A
FIG. 4B

FIG. 5
ii) Protective check valve – some cylinders use a check valve at the oil inlet to
protect the cylinder against loss of oil which may occur when there is a failure
or leak in the circuit. When the oil supply to the cylinder fails or there is a leak
before the check valve, the check valve will lose trapping the oil in the
cylinder so that the cylinder does not fail as failure of the cylinder could result
in damage of the load or cause injury to the person.
iii) Stepped piston – allow the cylinder to operate rapidly during a start of a stroke,
but with a reduced force. When the force is increased the cylinder operates
slowly. The type of piston used has narrow extension which fit into a
narrowed part of the cylinder as shown in the diagram below.
FIG.6

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS
FIG. 7
There are two types of double acting cylinders:-
1. The unbalanced or differential double acting cylinder.
2. The balanced double acting cylinder.
1. THE UNBALANCED OR DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDERS
FIG. 8
The unbalanced double acting cylinder has a difference in the force that acts on the
piston. One end is moved by a greater force, while the other end is moved by a lesser
force. This is because the rod takes part of the area that is supposed to be acted upon by
the hydraulic force.
The unbalanced cylinder is designed for systems that require slower but powerful strokes
when extending and faster with less power strokes when retracting.
2. THE BALANCED CYLINDERS
Balanced cylinders have piston rods on both sides of the piston. The piston
provides equal area on which hydraulic pressure is able to act on both sides.

FIG. 9
TELESCOPIC CYLINDERS
Telescope cylinders have more than one piston rod. The piston rod extends one after
another. The speed at which each rod is extended depends upon the piston area.
FIG. 10
EXTRA FEATURES OF PISTON TYPE CYLINDERS
Many piston-type cylinders have extra features which add functions or adapt them to
different operations. Some of the extra features are:
FIG. 11
1. .... oil is first admitted to the smaller face of the piston moving the piston
rapidly until the load is contacted. When the piston has moved out of the narrow
passage, the area on which the oil acts is increased; hence the force is also
increased. The piston will move at a reduced speed but with greater force.
2. Protective Thermal Relief Valve - High temperatures can cause the oil to
expand and raise the pressure in the cylinder especially when the weather is hot.
To prevent this unwanted expansion which may affect the operation of the
system, some cylinders are fitted with a thermal relief valve. A thermal relief
valve is set at pressure higher than the system pressure. When the pressure in the
system rises due to heat, the thermal relief valve opens, venting the oil to the tank.
A thermal relief valve can be called a safety valve.
ROTARY ACTUATORS
Rotary type actuators include vane-type cylinders and hydraulic motors.

1. VANE TYPE CYLINDERS
FIG. 12
A vane cylinder provides rotary motion.
The vane type cylinder consists of a shaft with a vane that rotates in a circular
cylinder when hydraulic pressure is introduced through the barrel. When oil
pressure is admitted at one end of the vane the opposite end releases the oil
allowing the shaft and vane to rotate.
Most vane type cylinders are double acting. The two chambers provide the left
and right swing. The fixed vane separates the two chambers. Vane type cylinders
are used to swing rotary equipment such as a back hoe. They allow the operator to
swing the boom and bucket rapidly.
A cushion can be built in the vane type cylinder by providing two outlet orifices
of different sizes. The orifices reduce the amount of oil flowing out as the moving
vane approaches the fixed vane.
2. HYDRAULIC MOTORS
A hydraulic motor is an actuator that works in reverse of the hydraulic pump. A

pump drives fluid but a motor is driven by the fluid. Fluid is forced into a motor
and exhausted out, converting fluid energy into mechanical energy.

A motor differs from a vane cylinder in that it rotates in a full circle while a vane
type cylinder does not make a full circle in its operation. The rotation of the vane
type cylinder is limited by a fixed vane of the barrel.
DISPLACEMENT AND TORQUE OF HYDRAULIC MOTORS
The work output of a motor is called Torque, which is a measure of rotary forces
on a drive shaft. The ratio between speed and torque of a motor depends on the
displacement of the motor per cycle. Motors, like pumps, are designed for two
types of displacement:
i) Fixed displacement.
ii) Variable displacement.
FIXED DISPLACEMENT MOTORS
These have fixed torque output. The torque output is varied when there is a variation in
the volume of fluid flowing into the motor will also increase. Gear type motors, vane type
motors and piston type motors that do not have variation mechanism are all fixed
displacement motors.
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT MOTORS
These are able to vary the speed and torque output while the input flow and pressure
remain constant. This is achieved by using a mechanism that changes the displacement.
TYPES OF HYDRALIC MOTORS
Hydraulic motors are very similar to hydraulic pumps, the difference lies in their
operations. Often, the parts of a motor can be substituted for parts of a pump. Sometimes
pumps are modified to work as motors. However, when converting a pump to a motor
certain factors need to be considered, such as shaft bearings which wear faster in a motor
than in a pump. Both use the same basic designs, therefore types include:
1. Gear type motors.
2. Sliding vane motors.
3. Piston type motors.

FIG. 13
1. GEAR TYPE MOTORS
Gear type motors include internal and external gear motors. The external ea
motors are a duplicate of the external gear pumps, but there another version which
is a balanced external gear motor. The motor is balanced for equalized pressure on
all sides of the rotating parts. This is done to reduce bearing failures. The
construction of this type of motor is such that oil passages have been added into
the housing to connect inlet and outlet oil pressure to the opposite sides of the
motor. This balances the operation of the motor.
FIG. 14- EXTERNAL GEAR

INTERNAL GEAR MOTOR
One popular type of this motor is similar to a rotor type pump.
FIG. 15
2. SLIDING VANE MOTORS
Two types of vane motor are available similar to types of pumps.
1. Balanced vane motor.
2. Unbalanced vane motor.
FIG. 16

Balanced vane motors have a longer service life than the unbalanced; hence they are most
commonly used.
A balanced vane motor operates much the same as a vane pump but it has an extra feature
of spring clips that are used to hold the vanes in contact with the periphery of the ring. In
the motor, incoming oil is under high pressure and would bypass the vanes before
rotation of the rotor began so unless the vanes were held out against the ring.
Vanes motors provide more power and efficient
3. PISTON MOTORS
Piston motors are suitably chosen for systems that operate at higher speeds and high
pressures. Though they are complicated and more expensive than the gear and vane
motors, piston motors are more efficient. They can be manufactured to operate as fixed or
variable displacement motors.
Just like their counter part, the pumps, piston motors are either axial or radial type. On
mobile machines axial piston motors are often favoured. The radial piston model is
usually confined to stationary industry uses where space is not limited and more power is
needed.
FIG. 17

FIG: 18

4.7 HYDRAULIC VALVES
Valves are components that control the operation of the hydraulic system. They: -
1. Regulates the pressure.
2. Direct the flow of oil.
3. Control the volume of oil flow.
There are three categories of hydraulic valves: -

1. Pressure control valves.
FIG. 19
2. Directional control valves.
FIG. 20
3. Volume control valves.
FIG. 21
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
These are used to:-

1. Limit maximum system pressure.
2. Reduce line pressure.
3. Unload a pump.
4. Set the pressure at which oil enters a circuit.
Pressure control valves are: -

1. Pressure relief valves.
2. Pressure reducing valves.
3. Pressure sequence valves.
4. Unloading valves.

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
These control direction of the oil flow within a hydraulic system. Directional control
valves include: -
1. Check valves.
2. Spool valves.
3. Rotary valves
VOLUME CONTROL VALVES
These regulate the volume of oil flow usually by throttling or diverting it. They include: -
1. Compensated flow control valves
2. Non-compensated flow control valves
3. Flow dividers.
Some volume control valves are a variation of the two main types for example many
volume control valves use a built-in pressure control valve.
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
PURPOSE:
The purpose is to protect the hydraulic system against excessive pressure.

- When there is excessive build up of pressure in the system, the relief valve opens to
drain the excess oil back to the reservoir (tank).
- The amount of pressure (maximum) the system is able to operate at is determined
by the force of the spring in the valve.
- The spring force can be altered by adjustment.
LOCATION
A pressure relief valve is located in the main pressure line just after the hydraulic pump.
When pressurized oil is flowing to the hydraulic system, it also flows through the relief
valve so that the system pressure is also sensed by the relief valve.
TYPES OF PRESSUE RELIEF VALVE
There are two types of pressure relief valves:

1. Simple pressure relief valve.
2. Pilot operated (compound) pressure relief valve.
SIMPLE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
A simple relief valve is simple in construction and is designed to handle low volumes of
oil. It is not suitable in the system where high pressures are involved.
It has the following disadvantages: -

1. It is noisy in operation because of the chattering.
2. The valve faces wear fast excessively due to chattering.
CONSTRUCTION
The main features of a simple relief valve are: -

1. It has a pressure adjusting screw.
2. It has a single spring.
3. It has a valve and a its seat.
4. It has an inlet and an outlet ports.

OPERATION
 When maximum system pressure is within the permissible system operating

pressure, the valve is forced onto its seat by the spring force.
 Fluid cannot flow through the valve to the return line.
 When system pressure exceeds the rated system maximum pressure, fluid will
force the valve off its seat moving it against the force of the spring. This action
allows the excess fluid to flow through the valve back to the reservoir.
PILOT OPERATED PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
To overcome the problem of valve chatter which reduces the service life of a valve, a
pilot operated relief valve is designed for use in systems that handle large volumes of oil.
A pilot operated relief valve (P.R.V) has two valves in one body. A smaller valve known
as a pilot and a larger valve called a spool. The action of a smaller valve operates the
larger valve hence the name pilot operated valve.
CONSTRUCTION
The main features of the pilot operated relief valve are: -

1. Pilot valve.
2. A pilot valve spring which forces the valve onto its seat.
3. A pressure adjusting screw. The adjustment of pressure is done on the pilot valve.
4. The main pressure valve, also known as a spool, is forced onto its seat by a light
spring and has a drilled oil passage that leads the oil to the face of the pilot valve.
5. A valve body.

OPERATION
When the system pressure is below the set valve pressure:

1. Oil from the pump flows along the valve to the system.
2. The system oil pressure acts on the face of the spool.
3. As the spool is drilled, the oil pressure passes through the drilling to the area
above the spool.
4. The oil pressure above the spool, acts on the spool and on the face of the pilot
valve.
5. The oil pressure on top of the spool and that at its bottom will be equal, but the
spool will be held on its seat because of the added spring force acting on its top
part.
When the system pressure has exceeded the set valve pressure:
1. The pilot valve is moved out of its seat.
2. The opening of the pilot valve allows oil to flow from the area above the spool.
3. The flow of oil from above the spool causes the pressure above the spool to
reduce hence creating a pressure difference between the top and bottom of the
spool.
4. The spool is pushed off its seat opening the oil passage to the reservoir.
5. Excess oil flows from the system to the reservoir.
6. The hole drilled in the spool acts as a restrictor causing a pressure drop, thus,
during oil flow, pressure at the bottom of the spool becomes greater than the
pressure at the top. This causes the spool to move towards the low-pressure area
hence opening the drain passage.
PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
A pressure reducing valve is used to keep the pressure in one branch of a circuit below
that in the main circuit.

 When not operating, a pressure reducing valve is open allowing oil to flow from
the main circuit to the secondary circuit.
 When operating, it tends to close the passage of oil reducing the flow to the
secondary circuit as shown in figure
OPERATION

During normal operation and pressure still low in the secondary circuit;
1. Oil flows to both secondary circuit and behind the spool valve, acting against the
spring force of the valve.
2. When the fluid force has exceeded the spring force, the spool valve is moved
against the spring force, starting to close the passage.
3. The spring resists the valve closing thereby allowing enough oil to flow past the
valve to serve the secondary circuit at a desired pressure.
4. Pressure can be adjusted using an adjusting screw.
5. The pressure that is sensed by the valve is that at the outlet side.
6. As to point 5, the operation of a pressure-reducing valve is in the reverse of the
operation of a pressure relief valve.
7. Note that pressure reducing valves may be of the simple construction type or pilot
operated type similar to the pressure relief valve.
PRESSURE SEQUENCE VALVES
Pressure sequence valves are used to control the sequence of oil flow to various branches
of a circuit.
 Usually, the valves will allow flow to a secondary function only after a first
function has been satisfied.
 In its normal position, the sequence valve allows oil to flow to the primary circuit
but close the port to the secondary circuit.
 When in operation, the valve opens allowing the oil to flow to the secondary
circuit while maintaining pressure of oil to the primary circuit.
 The sequence valve will open the oil passage to the secondary circuit only after
pressure in the primary circuit has reached a preset value.
 One use of the sequence valve is to regulate the operating sequence of two
separate cylinders.
 The second cylinder begins its stroke when the first cylinder has completed its
stroke. The sequence valve maintains pressure in the first cylinder during the
operation of the second cylinder.
 Some sequence valves have check valves in their assembly which allow a free
reverse flow from the secondary circuit to the primary circuit, but the sequencing
action only occurs when flow is from primary to secondary circuit.

UNLOADING VALVES
The unloading valves are used to reduce the return pressure that should flow from the
pump to the reservoir.
The valve may be located in the pumps outlet line with a tee junction.
When the hydraulic actuator is not in operation or is in its neutral position, oil pressure
from the pump may be too high for its return to the reservoir; as a result, hydraulic energy
could be wasted as heat.
1. The unloading valve does reduce the pressure of the returning oil.
2. The oil pressure returning to the reservoir is less the system pressure as would be
the case when returning through the relief valve.
In figure the check valve is used to trap oil in the working circuit so that it does not flow
back to the reservoir.

CHECK VALVES
1. Check valves are simple one-way valves.
2. They open to allow oil to flow in one direction only preventing flow in the
opposite direction.
3. Check valves may be designed as part of other types of valves such as a sequence
or pressure-reducing valve or may operate independent.
4. A check valve may also be used in the circuit to the cylinder to prevent leakage
under load when the cylinder is held for a longer time. They are also used to
prevent pressure surges, which may occur during hydraulic operation.
5. In some check valves, the spring is designed so that the valve opens at a specific
pressure range. This type of check valve is known as a check valve with a back
pressure spring.
SPOOL DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
The sliding spool valve is a true directional control valve.

1. It directs oil to start and stop the operation of an actuator.
2. It consists of a spool, which fits in to a housing which has oil passages.
3. The spool has lands and narrow portions formed on its body.
4. The narrow portions allow the oil to pass through the valve to the ports while the
lands seal off connections between ports.

OPERATION
1. The unloading valve is kept in its closed position by a spring force, which pushes
it against a sensing line oil pressure.
2. The unloading valve closes the outlet to the reservoir.
3. When the sensing pressure of the pump rises, it overcomes the force of the spring
behind the valve; the passage to the reservoir is opened. The pump oil output is
now returned to the reservoir at a reduced pressure.
4. Unloading valves are usually used in accumulator circuits. They help to unload
the pump after the charging of the accumulator is completed. The valve is closed
while the pump is charging the accumulator and opens after the charging is over.
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
OPERATION OF R.D.C.V
Directional control valves direct the flow of oil in a hydraulic system. There are three
types of directional control valves;

1. Check valves.
2. Spool valves.
3. Rotary valves.
Each type uses a different valve element in its operation.

 A check valve uses a steel ball or plunger, which seats and unseats.
 A spool valve uses a sliding spool, which moves back and forth to open and close
oil routes.
 A rotary valve uses a rotary spool, which turns to open and close oil passages.
There are different designs of spool valves. Some valves have spools that have two lands;
some four etc. the figure shows a two land spool valve.
The spool valve is hardened and ground to produce a smooth, accurate and durable
surface. It may be chrome plated to resist wear, rust and corrosion.
- Moving the spool to the left permits the oil to flow from the pump to cylinder port
number one.
- Moving the spool to the right makes the oil to flow from the pump to cylinder port
number two.
- The lands on the spool close some ports and open others when the spool is moved.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPOOL VALVES
Two methods are used to classify spool valves;

1. According to the number of ports the valve has and the operating positions.
2. According to the path taken by the oil when the valve is in neutral position; that is
open or closed centre systems.
NUMBER OF PORTS AND OPERATING POSITIONS

The classification identifies a spool valve by the number of ports it has and the number of
positions a spool is shifted when actuating the hydraulic system.
1. The valve shown above is a three position-four-way valve and is identified as 4/3
spool valve. It is shifted in three positions; neutral, left, and right.
2. The valve connects the circuit in four ways or through four ports connecting it to
the
2.1. Pump
2.2. Reservoir
2.3. Cylinder port 1
2.4. Cylinder port 2
OPERATION
1. When the spool is moved to the left;

1.1. Oil from the pump will be directed to the left side of the cylinder moving
the piston to the right.
1.2. The spool opens a passage which allows the oil from the opposite end of
the cylinder to return to the reservoir.
2. When the spool is moved to the right;
2.1. The flow is reversed operating the cylinder in the opposite direction
3. In neutral position, the lands on the spool valve seal off both ports of the cylinder.
Oil in the circuit will be trapped holding the cylinder in a hold position.
Some spool valves have only two operating positions thus; the actuating and the neutral
positions, and have only three ports;
1. The pump port
2. The actuator supply line
3. The line that directs the oil back to the reservoir.
Such a valve is identified as a 3/2-way spool valve.

OPEN AND CLOSED CENTRE SPOOL VALVE SYSTEM
Spool valves may be classified as open or closed centre system.
1. OPEN CENTRE SYSTEM
In the open centre system the spool valve is designed in such a way that its lands
allow the oil from the pump to flow back to the reservoir, passing through the
valve when in neutral.
2. CLOSED CENTRE SYSTEMS

In the closed centre system the spool is so designed that when the system is in
neutral, its land blocks oil passage from the pump, thus dead ending the flow.
In the closed centre system the pump is capable of taking a break when the system
is in neutral. For this reason, the closed centre system is actually used in systems
that use variable displacement type hydraulic pumps though some closed centre
spool valves are used in systems that use the fixed displacement pumps.

The third type of hydraulic system in terms of spool directional valve is the Tandem
Centre. In this type the oil returns to the reservoir just as it approaches the spool in the
valve when in neutral.
Spool valve are;
1. Controlled either manually, electrically or pilot operated.
2. Pilot operation is provided through either electrical solenoids or hydraulic means.
3. Detent mechanisms are sometimes used to hold the valve in position during each
operation.
SPOOL VALVE ASSEMBLIES
An assembly of spool valves having several sections of spool valves is called a Valve
Stack.
An assembly of the spool valve having a number of valves in one body is called a
Unibody Valve.
Valve stacks allow extra valves to be added easily by inserting another section in the
package.
Unibody valves are more permanent, and, if one valve is damaged it may mean replacing
the whole valve housing.
Both types of valve assembly normally use one common oil inlet and outlet for the
system. Either assembly can be designed to operate as an open or closed centre system.

FLOW VOLUME CONTROL VALVES
The volume flow valves control the volume of oil that should flow in a circuit. Usually
the control is by throttling or diverting the flow.
In many hydraulic systems, the speed of the actuator, that is cylinder or motor need to be
regulated. The speed can be controlled by regulating the volume of oil flowing to the
actuator.
If it is a fixed displacement pump that is used in the system, the normal way to regulate
the speed of the actuator is by using a flow control valve.
Volume control valves can be separated into two types;
1. Flow control valves which control volume flow, usually through a metering
orifice.
2. Flow divider valves which control volume flow between two or more circuits.
FLOW CONTROL VALVES
Flow control valves can regulate flow by;

1. Restricting flow in or out of the actuator. The type of flow control valve used in
this case is none compensated.
2. Diverting flow away from the actuator. The valves use in this case are usually
compensated.
NON COMPENSATED FLOW CONTROL VALVES

Non compensated valves do not compensate for pressure changes. As inlet flow changes
so does the flow through the valve. These valves are not generally used where accurate
flow rat e control is needed.
The types of non compensated valves include;
1. Simple needle valves.
2. None compensated volume control valves. These can be adjusted to meter oil
flow.
The needle valve is a simple restrictor. When the pointed stem is screwed down into the
orifice, the flow is shut off. When screwed out, the stem allows more oil to pass through
the valve.
COMPENSATED FLOW CONTROL VALVES
Compensated valves maintain a constant flow even though there is a change in inlet
flow. These valves adjust the flow to make up for raises and drops in the inlet flow. They
operate on the principle that with a given sized orifice and with a controlled pressure drop
across the orifice the volume of oil flowing out of the valve will remain constant.
When there is an increase in oil in-flow, the pressure difference between the front and the
inside of the valve increases. This pressure difference compresses the spring and moves
the valve to restrict the flow at the outlet orifice figure. Pressure at the inlet of the valve
will increase while flow at the outlet orifice reduces.
Regardless of changes in the pressure of the working circuit or inlet pressure the spring
will maintain the same pressure drop and, the same flow through the fixed orifice. The
compensated flow control valve is used in closed centre systems where flow variations
are controlled by the pump.
The type of compensated flow control valve used in open centre hydraulic system is the
bypass flow regulator. This type of flow control valve allows the total pump output to be
used in the function circuit, passed onto another function circuit or returned to the
reservoir. It also works on the principles of the spring and fixed orifice to control flow.
PROPORTIONAL FLOW DIVIDER
Proportional flow divider oil flow to all circuits at all times. Though the delivery may be
modified such that there can be a 50-50 or to 90:10 ratios.
Proportional flow dividers are suitably used in the power steering system of a dozer
crawler. An equal amount of oil is sent to both steering valves when moving straight
ahead because the orifices are of equal size. The spool is free floating balancing the flow.
On systems that have varied flow ratios, the variation is achieved by proportioning the
size of the orifices.
NON-RETURN VALVES
Non-return valves (check valves) block the flow in one direction and permit free-flow in
the opposite direction.

Non-return valves are always of the poppet design. The poppet is pressed on its seat by
the oil flow in the non-flow side. It is opened by the volume of oil in the flow direction,
the poppet being lifted from the seat.
A non-return valve provides proper sealing for the passage than the spool valve.
The spool valve (sliding valve), for the directional control valve is installed in a bore with
a certain amount of clearance.
The clearance results in continuous leakage which causes losses in volumetric flow rate
at the valve.
To prevent the spool valve being pressed against the side of the bore, the land of the
spool is provided with circular grooves.
During shifting, the oil takes up the friction. The pressure is balanced around the groove
circumference.

4.8 HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS
DESCRIPTION SYMBOL DESCRIPTION SYMBOL
Restrictor
Working line compensated for
viscosity
Pilot line Pressure Gauge

●
Drain pipe Thermometer

●
Flexible pipe Flow meter
Electric line Pressure switch •

• •
●
Mechanical Test point plugged
Pipe line ● ● Quick Coupler

connected
Pipe crossing not Quick coupler self

connected sealing
Flow direction Reservoir
Rotation Reservoir
Pressurized
Variable Or Accumulator Gas
Adjustable Charged
Accumulator
Hydraulic Energy ▲ ▼ ◄ Hydraulically
Direction charged
Accumulator
Spring spring loaded
Restrictor
uncompensated Filter

D.C.V. 2/2
Cooler Pressure Operated
Spring Return
D.C.V. 3/2
Heater Pressure Operated
In Both Directions
D.C.V. 4/3
Temperature solenoid operated
controller spring centered
Basic valve Push button

envelope for
pressure and flow
control
Basic Envelope for
valve with two Pedal
positions
Basic envelope for
valve with three Lever
positions
Basic envelope for
valve with two Plunger or tracer
positions and one ʘ
intermediate
transistor position.
One flow path Roller
Two closed ports Solenoid
Two flow paths Hydraulic pressure
Two flow paths Electro-hydraulics

one closed port
One flow path two Non Return valve

closed ports
Directional control
valve (D.C.V) 2 Non Return valve
way 2 position spring loaded
hand operated

Non Return Valve Restrictor Valve
pilot operated to
open
Non Return Valve Restrictor Valve

with Restrictor • • Viscosity
compensated
Shuttle valve Flow Control

Valve pressure &
viscosity
compensated
Flow Control
Pressure Relief valve pressure &
valve viscosity
compensated with
by-pass to tank
Sequence Valve
with free return Deceleration
• • Valve
Pressure relief Flow Dividing •

valve with valve
automatic control
port
Unloading valve Cylinder single

Remote pilot acting
operated
Breather Cylinder spring

return
Pressure reducing Cylinder double

valve acting
Pressure reducing
valve with relief Cylinder double
feature rod

Pressure relief cylinder
valve with Differential type
proportional
solenoid control
Cylinder single Pressure Gauge

fixed cushion
Cylinder double Detent

fixed cushion
Cylinder single Pump fixed

adjustable cushion capacity, one
direction of flow.
Uni-direction
Pump fixed
Cylinder double capacity, two
adjustable cushion direction of flow
Bi-directional
Pump variable
Telescopic capacity, one
cylinder single direction of flow.
acting Uni-directional.
Pump variable
Telescopic capacity. Two
cylinder double directions of flow.
acting Bi-Directional
Pressure Motor fixed

intensifier capacity.
air to oil One direction of
flow.
Pressure Motor fixed

intensifier oil to capacity.
oil Two direction of
flow.
Motor variable
On off cock capacity.
normally open One direction of
flow.
Motor variable
On off cock capacity.
Normally closed Two directions

flow.
Pump motor fixed
Electric motor capacity. Reversal
of direction of
flow.
Pump motor
Heat engine Variable capacity.
Reverse directions
of flow.
Pump motor fixed Temperature

capacity. Two controller
directions of flow
Pump motor Flow control

variable capacity. adjustable
Two Directions of (Temperature and
flow. pressure
compensated)
Rotary Actuator Two position two

way valve
Two position four

way valve
Three position
four-way valve
Two position in
transition valve
Valves capable of
infinite positioning
(Horizontal bars
indicate infinite
positioning ability)

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HYDRAULICS Introduction

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NORTHERN TECHNICAL COLLEGE

COMPILED BY: S. E. BANDA HYDRAULICS Page 1

1. Hydraulic means the generation of forces and motion using hydraulics.

It is applied in Heavy Equipment Repair in the following:-

FUNCTIONS OF HYDRAULIC OIL

1. Cool the parts.

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1. Incompressibility – As the hydraulic systems are designed to operate with high

REQUIREMENTS OF HYDRAULIC OIL

1. Quick air release

MERITS OF HYDRAULIC OIL

1. Less noisy in operation – fluid absorbs noise, vibration eliminated.

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The main disadvantages associated with hydraulic system include:

1. Precision in the operating components – dimensions of the operating components

Friction is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies.

1. There are two basic types of hydraulics

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In order to understand the operation of hydraulic system, it is important that one

a) Liquids have no shape of their own.

In hydraulic system, pressure increase is as a result of resistance to fluid flow.

PRESSURE HEAD OF A LIQUID

This is sometimes known as Hydrostatic Pressure.

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The hydraulic components which are going to be covered are:

1. To store hydraulic oil

1. Vented to the atmosphere

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Remove from the hydraulic oil

1. At top in the filter body

There are two types of hydraulic filters:

i. Have a single surface that catches and removes

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There are two classifications to the filter;

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Help to control operating temperature.

There are two types of oil coolers.

1. AIR –TO – OIL COOLERS

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1. It is basically a can with tubes.

LOCATION OF OIL COOLERS

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This accumulator usage is usually applied in systems that use displacement

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During hydraulic shocks or peak operating pressures, the accumulator takes in

3. BUILD PRESSURE GRADUALLY

4. MAINTAIN CONSTANT PRESSURE

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TYPES OF PNEUMATIC (GAS CHARGED) ACCUMULATORS

1.1. PISTON- TYPE PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATOR

1.2. BLADDER-TYPE PNEUMATIC ACCUMULATORS

In a bladder-type accumulator, the gas is contained in a flexible bag or rubber made of

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