SC220 - Groups & Linear Algebra

Lecture 12

Aditya Tatu
Scribes - Group 11: 202001063 - 202001068

September 21, 2021

Normal Subgroups

� Let H ≤ G . Let {ai H | ai ∈ G , i ∈ I }, where I ⊂ Z is an index

set, be the set of all left cosets of H in G . When is this set closed
under the group operation?
Normal Subgroups

� Let H ≤ G . Let {ai H | ai ∈ G , i ∈ I }, where I ⊂ Z is an index

set, be the set of all left cosets of H in G . When is this set closed
under the group operation?
� Proposition 24: Let H ≤ G . Then aH bH = ab H iff
aH = Ha, ∀a ∈ G .
Normal Subgroups

� Let H ≤ G . Let {ai H | ai ∈ G , i ∈ I }, where I ⊂ Z is an index

set, be the set of all left cosets of H in G . When is this set closed
under the group operation?
� Proposition 24: Let H ≤ G . Then aH bH = ab H iff
aH = Ha, ∀a ∈ G .
� Normal Subgroups: Let H ≤ G . Then H is said to be a
Normal Subgroup of G if ∀a ∈ G , aH = Ha, i.e., every left coset is
also a right coset and vice-versa. Notation for Normal subgroup H
of G is H � G .
Normal Subgroups

� Let H ≤ G . Let {ai H | ai ∈ G , i ∈ I }, where I ⊂ Z is an index

set, be the set of all left cosets of H in G . When is this set closed
under the group operation?
� Proposition 24: Let H ≤ G . Then aH bH = ab H iff
aH = Ha, ∀a ∈ G .
� Normal Subgroups: Let H ≤ G . Then H is said to be a
Normal Subgroup of G if ∀a ∈ G , aH = Ha, i.e., every left coset is
also a right coset and vice-versa. Notation for Normal subgroup H
of G is H � G .
� Proposition 25: Let f : G1 → G2 be a homomorphism. Then,
ker (f ) � G1 .
Normal Subgroups

� Let H ≤ G . Let {ai H | ai ∈ G , i ∈ I }, where I ⊂ Z is an index

set, be the set of all left cosets of H in G . When is this set closed
under the group operation?
� Proposition 24: Let H ≤ G . Then aH bH = ab H iff
aH = Ha, ∀a ∈ G .
� Normal Subgroups: Let H ≤ G . Then H is said to be a
Normal Subgroup of G if ∀a ∈ G , aH = Ha, i.e., every left coset is
also a right coset and vice-versa. Notation for Normal subgroup H
of G is H � G .
� Proposition 25: Let f : G1 → G2 be a homomorphism. Then,
ker (f ) � G1 .
� Proposition 26: Let H � G . The set of cosets of H in G forms
a group. This group is called the Quotient or Factor group and
is denoted by G /H.
Properties of the Quotient Group

� Proposition 27: Let H � G . Then

1. The order of aH ∈ G /H is the least positive integer k such
that ak ∈ H.
Properties of the Quotient Group

� Proposition 27: Let H � G . Then

1. The order of aH ∈ G /H is the least positive integer k such
that ak ∈ H.
2. If G is finite, then |G /H| = |G |/|H|.
Properties of the Quotient Group

� Proposition 27: Let H � G . Then

1. The order of aH ∈ G /H is the least positive integer k such
that ak ∈ H.
2. If G is finite, then |G /H| = |G |/|H|.
3. If G is Abelian/Cyclic, then G /H is Abelian/Cyclic.
� Theorem 2: (First Isomorphism Theorem) For any groups G1
and G2 , let f : G1 → G2 be a homorphism with kernel K . Then
G1 /K ∼
= f (G1 ).