Reviewer Final Examination (RIPH)

History of Philippine Constitution

CONSTITUTION

 Referred as the highest form of law

 Current (1987 Constitution)
 Ginagamit ito kasi kailangan ng law in order, maintenance in order, atsaka para malaman natin
hanggang saan lamang tayo or hanggang saan lamang ang karapatan ng isang tao. Ano yung
limits ng mga batas.
 No Law in order = Magulo. Rise to power.

FUNCTIONS OF CONSTITUTION

 Constitutions can declare and define boundaries of the political community (hal. Ano yung sakop
na teritotyo ng ating bansa, sakop ng land territory, katubigan or himpapawid.)
 Constitutions can declare and define the nature and authority of the political community (anong
klase ng gobyerno meron tayo)
 Constitutions can express the identity and values of a national community (ang mga Pilipino sa
pledge ay tayo ay makabansa, makakalikasan, makatao, makadiyos at makabansa)
 Constitution can declare and define the rights and duties of citizens

 Constitution can declare the official religious identity of the state and demarcate relationships
between sacred and secular authorities. (yung constitution ay nagbibigay ng line, clearly san
nahahati yung authority ng church tska ng state. Separation of Church ans State.)

 Constitution can commit states to particular social, economic, or developmental goals.

THE SPANISH CONSTITUTION

 PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT – nagkaroon nito dahil gusto magkaroon ng reporma dahil din
walang representative sa congress ang Pilipinas. Reporma sa pagsasalita, sa edukasyon, or any
rights and privileges na dapat natatamasa ng isang kolonia na bansa.
 Tinalakay ritoay pantay na karapatan ng sekular and regular

THE MALOLOS CONGRESS OR CONSTITUTION

 Pagdeklara ni Emilio Aguinaldo ng eleksyon. Tinawag nya yung mga delegado ng revolutionary
congress. Yung sa BIAK NA BATO.
 “We can say na simula binabanggit na walang malinaw na konstitusyon ang Pilipino bago
dumating ang kastila. We can say siguro na itong MALOLOS CONGRESS, ang naging pinakauna na
ginawa mismo ng mga Pilipino. Kaya lang short-lived lang ang malolos congress dahil dun sa
naging kasunduan ng US at Espanya (Treaty of Paris)
 Akala natin before malaya na tayo tas tayo na magogoverned sa bansa after matalo mga
Espanyol. (*last bullet).

THE FOLLOWING WERE AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTZ OF THE MALOLOS CONGRESS:

**hindi naging epektado yung Malolos Konstitusyon**

1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite
on June 12, 1898
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P20 million from banks for govt.
expenses
3. Establish of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other schools
4. Drafting of PH Constitution
5. Declaring war against United States on June 12, 1899 (narealize na nagpapanggap US lol) (1946
nakalaya ng tuluyan ang Pilipinas)
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM
  Aguinaldo comissioned to Julian Felipe
 The original title was “Marcha Filipina Magdalo”. This was later change to “Marcha Nacional
Filipina”. The lyrics was added in August 1899 based on the poem titled “Filipinas” by Jose
Palma.
 The original lyrics was written in Spanish, then to English (when the Flag Law was abolished
during the American period) then later, was translated to Tagalog, which underwent another
change of title to “Lupang Hinirang”, the Philippine National Anthem. Continue to Filipino-
American Hostilities.

APOLINARIO MABINI

MALOLOS CONGRESS (cont..)

 Treaty of paris – alam ng SPANISH matatalo sila so kaya nagkaroon ng ganito para
ymapakinabanagan nila yung naestablish sa PH at makakuha parin na galing dito.
 Mock Battle sa Manila Bay – American vs Spaniards.
 Malaking sampal sa mukha ng Spanish na ang makakatalo sakanila ay mga di nila kakulay.
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH

- Under the rule of the United States

 The ratification of the PH Bill of 1902, which called for creation of a lower legislative branch
composed of elected Filipino legislators, and the Jones Law in August 1916 gave the Filipinos the
opportunity to govern themselves better (mementor namin kayo -Americans (para di sila
magmukhang masama) in a sense tuturuan tayo na pano maghandle ng isang bansa and stand
on its own)
 The First Philippine Assembly, which convened on Oct. 16, 1907, was composed of educated
Filipinos from illustrious clans such as Sergio Osmeña, and Manuel L. Quezon, which revived the
issue of immediate independence for the Filipinos and this was expressed by sending political
missions to the US Congress.

HARE-HAWES-CUTTING BILL

 Brought home by Osmeña-Roxas mission the US Congress in 1931, which provided for 10-
year transition period before the granting of Philippine independence. (nagbigay sila ng
timeframe kelan tayo magiging independent but for the m mean time wag muna parang
ganto ang siste)
 The passage of the independence bill resulted in the splitting of Democrata Party and
Nacionalista Party into two factions; the Pros and Antis.
 Majority in the legislature led by Quezon and Recto rejected the said bill, thereby composing
the Antis, while the Pros became the Minority under Osmeña, Roxas, and others.

TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT (PUBLIC LAW 73-127)

  Dahil dito nagkaroon ng magandang relationship ang mga Amerikano at Pilipino. Kaya ngayon
merong military power parin ang amerikano sa Pilipinas
 Kaya sila andito kasi strategic ang lokasyon ng bansa since nasa Pacific Ocean tayo so naabangan
ang kalaban. Napakinabangan naman nila ang bansa natin

THE 1935 CONSTITUTION

 The 1935 Constitution is remembered due to the following provisions:

1. The presence of a legislature which consisted of upper and lower houses;
2. The election of the President and the Vice President of the Philippines to a term of four
years;
3. The right granted to every male Filipino citizen aged 21 or older; able to read and write,
to vote; and,
4. The right to vote which was eventually extended to women within next two years,
following the adoption of the constitution (Palafox, 2012)

THE SUPREME COURT DURING THE COMMONWEALTH

 In this period, mas naging maayos yung hatian ng power compared noon. May kanya kanyang
function kasi may executuve, legislative, and judicial
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PH COMMONWEALTH

 Salient features of the 1935 Constitution include the following: a bicameral legislature composed
of senate and House of Representatives
 The President is to be elected to a four-year term together with the Vice-President without re-
election; rights of suffrage by male citizens of the Philippines who are twenty-one years of age or
over and are able to read and write; extension of the right of suffrage to women within two
years after adoption of the constitution.

THE 1973 CONSTITUTION

 Nagkaroon transformation yung society natin at dumami yung mga naging aktibista
 On Spetember 21, 1972, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law.
 Martial Law – tayo ay ginogoverned hindi ng mga tao kundi mga militar. Mas strict, may curfew,
hindi pwede magsalita sa government or against them dahil ikaw at pamilya mo ay
mapapahamak.
  The 1973 Constitution Ratified on January 18, 1973 Features
 A. Establishment of modifies parliamentary government
 B. Suspension of the Bill of Rights (Hideaous Corpus – mayroong mga military kung saan saan)
 C. Has given greater power to the Executive Department (ito yung hindi nagiging importante
yung sasabihin ng Congress or senate kasi mas importante yung sasabihin ng President)

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

AGRARIAN REFORM

 PRESPANISH PERIOD
 SPANISH PERIOD

- Encomienda system – feudal system, may landlord and may tenant. Ang landlord ay
usually mga peninsulares at insulares
- Mga espanyol na nagkaroon ng grant. Binigyan sila ng sari sarili nilang lupa para
pagkakitaan at palaguin
- Nagkaroon din ng lupa ang friars
- Sanhi ng pangaabuso sa mga Pilipino dahik naniningil sila ng tributo sa magsasaka
(Trubuto – tax na binabayaran or rent na binabayaran every month or every after na
anihin yung kanilang saka)
- Ibigsabihin tayo ang may ari sa Pilipinas pero tayo ang nakikisaka. Hindi tayo ang
nagmamay ari ng lupain kasi nagrerenta lamang tayo
 FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
- Nagcreate ng policy su Aguinaldo during Malolos Constitution na iconfiscate ang lands
from the friar estates and friar lands.
- Kaya lamang yung Malolos Congress ay hindi nagtagal o short-lived lamang kaya hindi na
natuloy or it was never implemented
 AMERICAN PERIOD
- Dito sa period nagkaroon ng pagbabago when it comes to pagmamay ari ng lupa
- Nakapag create ng batas na makakatulong sa ating mga farmers
- BUT, hindi parin iro naging sapat
- PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902 = naging limited ang pagmamay ari ng isang tao
- LAND REGISTRATION ACT OF 1902 (Act No.. 496 ) = now nagkaroon na ng pag aari.
Nagkaroon ng batas na in order for you to say na ikaw ang may ari ng lupain ay
kinakailangan mo magkaroon ng titulo. However, may problem sa Torrens system.
Torrens title ay ginamit na sistema kung saan kapag ikaw ang may ari ng lupa ay
kinakailangan mo siya iparegister. Pag registered sayo ibigsabihin ikaw ang may ari. But,
maraming Pilipino ang di nakakaalam sa Torrens title at ang iba naman na nakakaalam ay
walang sapat na pera or funds na pambayad. Tgerefire, nawalan ang mga Pilipino na
magsasaka ng opportunity para magkaroon ng sarili nilang lupain.
- PUBLIC LAND ACT OF 1903 = homestead (sakada). Mayroong may ari (landlord). Sa
spanich colonial period (enconmienda) pero sa American epriod naging Hacienda
system. Dito is nagkaroon na nang mas maayos na hatian
- TENANCY ACT OF 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113 = Before kasi super liit ng portion ng
magsasaka sa hatian. Itong batas nagprovide nang mas maayos kasi equal na hati kasi
50-5o sharing
 COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
- Tinatawag na transition government (ito ang sinasabi ng americano na dahan dahan
namin ibabalik sainyo yung mga jobs)
- Pres. Manuel L. Quezon (ito sinasabi ng Americans na before kayo maging indeoendent
ay kinakailangan namin turuan kayo kung paano pamahalaan ang sarili ninyong bansa)
- 1935 CONSTITUTION = napakalaking topic sa constitution na ito or sa any constitution
uktimately yung LAND REFORM dahil ang Pilipinas ay isang agricultural country.
Therefore, napakalaking issue ang pagmamay ari ng lupa
- COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 178 (AN AMENDMENR TO RICE TENANCY ACT NO. 4045) =
dahan dahan nagkaakroon ng maayos na hantungin ang landlord at tenancy relationship.
- NATIONAL RICE AND COM CORPORATION (NARIC) 1936 = Hindi masyadong mataas yung
presyo ng bigas at mais na lagi nating kinakain so in return tinutulungan ng batas na ito
yung tenant kasi yung mga tenant ay marami ang nabebenta and yung consumer as well
kasi nakakabili ang mga tao ng marami.
- COMMINWEALTH ACT NO. 461, 1937 = Noon kasi pag dika nakapagbayad ng rent or
tributo sa land owner meron silang karapatan na ieject ka doon sa lupa nila. Kaya
gumawa ng batas na nagsasabi na dimo basta basta mapapaalis yung tenant doon sa
lugar kasi kelangan magkaroon muna nang maayos na process bago mangyari ito.
- RURAL PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION, CREATED MARCH 2, 1939 = dito mas malaki na
yung portion na binibigay ng national funds para sa ating magsasaka. Doon sa pede
kkumuha ngCapital from the government.
 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
- Hukbalahap = peasants anti Japanese.
  PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

*NEW REPUBLIC – bumalik nanaman sa dati pang sistema at mas lumala. Kaya nirevise ang tenancy law.

*PRES. MANUEL A. ROXAS (1946-1948)

  Republic Act No. 34 = from 50-50 naging 70-30. Ibigsabihin mas malaki na porsyento ng tenants.
 Republic Act No. 55 = Dito mas pinabuti yung batas na kaylangan mas maayos yung maging
maayos yung sistema. Binibigyan ng certain period of time para makapagbayad ang tenants.

*ELPIDIO R. QUIRINO (1948-1953)

 Executuve Order No. 355 = dito di nalamang tinutulungan ang mga Pilipino dion sa pag
mamayari ng lupa kundi tinutulungan narin sila when it comes to Machinerys dahil maraming
pede mapakinabangan sa lupain sa Pilipinas dahil mayaman tayo sa lupa.
*RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)

 Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 = NARRA (nagbibigay ng opportunity sa landless tenants na
magkaroon ng sarili nilang lupa or kahit mga kalaban ng gobyerno para magbalik loob sa govt)
 Republic Act No. 1199 = Instead of renting, nagkaroon na ng legal na stay doon sa land.
Leasehold systen – meaning nagjaroon sila ng kasunduan kung gaano katagal magiistay doon
yung farmer na di nila papaalisin. Pero kailangan mag adpat nung farmer na may babayaran
silang certain years na ganito ang babayaran.
 Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) = 200 hectares for individual. 600 hectares for
corporations.
 Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) =
dito pede umutang sa govt. pero mas pinababa ang rate nung interest. Ibigsabihin ay an gating
magsasaka ay hindi mababaon sa utang.
*President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

 No legislation passed kasi pinagpatuloy ang program ni Magsaysay.

*President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)

 Republic Act No. 3844 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) = tinanggal na yung all tenancy at
nagkaroon na lamang ng LEASEHOLD meaning magkakaroon ng right sa lupain for a certain
number of months or years, mas maraming magkakaroon ng opportunity para magsaka (75
hectares)
*President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)

 Gusto niya magkaroon ng sariling lupain ang mga magsasaka.

 No lease. No rent. Sariling lupa lang.
 Republic Act No. 6389 (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971
 Presidential Decree No. 2, Sept. 26, 1972
 Presidential Decree No. 27, Oct. 21, 1972 = nililimitahan para mas maraming tao ang pwede
magkaroon ng oportunidad na magkalupa
*President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

 Republic Act No. 6657 COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW (CARL) 1998
 Executive Order No. 228 = nagkaroon mg way yung mga farmers magkaroon ng bayad sa luopain
or magkaroon ng sarili nilang lupain ng mas mababang halaga.
 Executive Order No. 229
 Proclamation No. 131 = Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) 50 billion…. (CORAZON
 Executive Order No. 129-A = dahan dahan na inexpand na yung sakop ng DAR operation
 Republic Act No. 6657
 Executive order No. 405 = sila magdedetermine magkano ipagbibili yung lupa. Idea ng CARP ay
mababa na ibenta ang lupa sa magsasaka
 Executive Order No. 407 = sinasama yung mga fishponds etc. sa sakop ng CARP.
*President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

 Republic Act Bo. 7881 = dito naman is tinanggal yung fishponds and prawns kasi iba na yung
magiging presyo.
 Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 = strengthened CARP
 Executive Order No. 363, 1997 = hindi lahat ng lands ay pwedeng gawing sakahan. May iba na
pwede gawing tirahan, hospital or etc. (non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for
conversion.
 Republic Act. No. 8435, 1997
 Republic Act 8532 = extended yung 50billion
*President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)

 Executive No. 151 = pag ikaw ay magsasaka tas nangutang ka, pag nabayaran mo na yung certain
percentage, pwede ka na uli mangutang. Ibigsabihin konti nalang possibility di sila makabili or di
magkaroon ng capital.

*President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2000-2010)

 Pagpapayaman doon sa mga nasa probinsya
 Land Tenure Improvement – trying to improve yung tenureship at leasehold ng batas
 Provision of Support Services (training support programs – yung magsasaka ay di na lamang
magsasaka dahil sila ay tinulungan at turuan kung paano nila mapapaayos at yabong ang
kanilang business.)
 Infrastructure Projects -
 KALAHI ARZone – agro-productivity
 Agrarian Justice – marami na case na di natransfer dun sa dapat mapunta ang lupa kasi hinohold
at ayaw pa ilet go. Mabagal mag accommodate kasi onti ang tauhan sa DAR but ito dinagdagan
nila para mabawasan ang backlogs para bumilis ang legal process.
*PRESIDENT BENIGNO AQUINO III (2010-2016)

 Dahan dahan binalik ang lupain nila sa Hacienda Luisita para sa mga magsasaka
 ARCCESS
 Pwede yung mga magsasaka makapagfile ng mga legal cases
 Executive Order No. 6, Series of 2011 = nagkakaroon nan g collaboration ang ibat ibang agencies
at department para matulungan na an gating magsasaka.
*RODRIIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-PRESENT)

 Aggressive land reform

 Anti-corruption task force – maimbistigahan at manhandle mga reports sa department kasi
siyempre may mga nangyayare na may mga binabribe sila
 Oplan Zero Backlog