- Romans as engineers developed housing variations and other spaces:

Ex.
a. BASILICA - earlier covered markets but later became law courts.

Basilica Sempronia - a structure in the Roman Forum Basilica Aemilia - was a civil basilica in the Roman
during the Republican period. Forum, in Rome, Italy.

b. CURIA - the local meeting hall and then later became the capitol.

The CURIA JULIA - the third named curia, CURIA HOSTILIA - a meeting house by Tullus Hostilius
or senate house, in the the third King of Rome
ancient city of Rome

c. DOMUS - traditional Roman house typically with with a central atrium.

d. INSULAE - 3 to 6 storey apartments with store fronts.
- Prototype for the modern condominium

The Medieval Age

- the decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe where growth revolved around.
- Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns.
- Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications

CARCASSONNE WALLED CITY, France

- dates to Gallo-Roman times, and was enlarged and
fortified in Medieval times, and served as a defensive
city until the 17th century

SIRACUSA - (present day Syracuse) in Italy

- an early medieval fortress that grew into a city

- Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size. (England, Italy, and France).

- World trade and travel created major population concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice.
- Growth eventually led to congestion and slums.
The Renaissance and Baroque Period (15th Century)
- France: display of power
- Arts and architecture became a major element of town planning and urban design.
- Geometrical forms of cities were proposed

Ideal cities from the Renaissance with

the emphasis on defense or city
walls:
1. La Sforzinda by Filarete (1460 –
1465);
2. Fra Giocondo (Giovanni of Verona),
c. 1433 – 1515;
3. Girolamo Magi (or Maggi) (c. 1523
– c. 1572) (1564);
4. Giorgio Vasari (1598);
5. Antonio Lupicini (c. 1530 – c.
1598);
6. Daniele Barbaro (1513 – 1570);
7. Pietro Cattaneo (1537 – 1587);
8/9; Francesco di Giorgio Martini
(1439 – 1502).

- Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts- the first “university town”.
- Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens.
EKISTICS
- The term Ekistics was coined by Greek architect and urban planner Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942.
- Applies to the science of human settlements which includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.

- often cited as C. A. Doxiadis, was a Greek architect and urban planner.

- he was the lead architect and planner of Islamabad, which was to serve as the new
capital city of Pakistan.
- He was later known as the FATHER OF EKISTICS, which concerns the multi-aspect
science of human settlements.

One of his best-known town planning works is Islamabad. Designed as a new city it
was fully realized, unlike many of his other proposals in already existing cities, where
shifting political and economic forces did not allow full implementation of his plans. The
plan for Islamabad, separates cars and people, allows easy and affordable access
to public transport and utilities and permits low cost gradual expansion and
growth without losing the human scale of his "communities".

Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis

- the principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as well as the evolution of human settlements
through history in terms of size and quality.

- The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects human dimensions.

We cannot acquire proper knowledge about our villages, towns and cities unless we manage to see the whole range of the
man-made systems within which we live, from the most primitive to the most developed ones - that is, the whole range of
human settlements. This is as necessary as an understanding of animals is general is to an understanding of mammals -
perhaps even more so.

- the whole range of human settlements, is a

very complex system of five elements –
nature, man, society, shells (that is,
buildings), and networks.

- It is a system of natural, social, and man-

made elements which can be seen in many
ways - economic, social, political,
technological, and cultural. For this reason
only the widest possible view can help us to
understand it.
-
Five elements of Ekistics as designed initially by C.A. Doxiadis
“In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically develop a science of human settlements.”

“Dimensions increase and will continue to increase for a few generation and thus the most probable future in
definable terms will mean a very large increase of population and energy in the city of Anthopos (man). This is
the city where the whole mankind will live or tend to live.”

"Ekistics starts with the premise that human settlements are susceptible of systematic investigation."

- by Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis

C.A. Doxiadis cited a convenient way of organizing information and mapping out the components and relationships of the
elements within the human settlements realm. He suggests having a Classificatory System that will be a methodology to
establish the hierarchical structure and links among elements of a system.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS in Ekistics (According to C.A. Doxiadis)

1. First Classification - relative to Scale or Units
- Has Four (4) Basic Groups:
a. Minor shells or elementary units- Man(Anthropos), room, house;
b. Micro-settlements- units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where people used, do & still do
achieve interconnection by walking (house group, small neighborhood);
c. Meso-settlements- between traditional town & conurbation within which one can commute daily
(small polis, polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis);
d. Macro-settlements- whose largest possible expression is the Ecumenopolis

EKISTIC UNITS: 15 LEVELS

• Also called EKISTICS LOGARITHMIC SCALE (ELS)
• Unit range from Man to Ecumenopolis which turn into four basic
group

The figure shown are for doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for
the year 2100 at which time he estimated (in 1968) that earth
would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion
energy.

- Large City - a city with large population & many services having
less than 1 million but over 300,000 people.
- City- a city with abundant but not with as many services as in a
large city, having over 100,000 up to 300,000 people.
- Large Town - population of 20,000 to 100,000 people.
- Town - population of 1,000 to 20,000 people.
- Village - population of 100 to 1,000 people.
- Hamlet - tiny population (<100) and a very few services and few
buildings.
- Isolated dwellings – 1 or 2 building of families with negligible
services if any.
As you move up the settlement hierarchy the size of the
settlement increases, as does the population and the range
of services available. Smaller settlements tend to provide
only low order services such as a post office and
newsagents. Whereas, larger settlements have more high
order services such as leisure centers and chain stores. As a
result of this the larger the settlement, the greater the range
of services and therefore the market area or sphere of
influence. This is the market area that a settlement services
(the distance people will travel to use services).
High order services usually have a high threshold. This
means they need a higher number of people to use the
service in order to remain profitable. This means high order
service such as department stores need a greater number of
customers than a low order service such as a newsagent.
This is why there are so few department stores in villages!
The size of a sphere of influence will depend on factors such
as:
the number and types of services it provides
the accessibility of the settlement including transport facilities
the amount of competition from surrounding areas
Services and goods have a threshold population to support
them. Examples of threshold populations include:
a village shop needs 350 customers
a doctor needs 3500 patients
a secondary school or Boots chemist needs 10,000 people
a Marks and Spencer store requires 50,000
a large, national supermarket chain such as Tesco or Asda needs 60,000

MEGALOPOLIS
- a group of CONURBATIONS consisting of 10 million
people each
2. Second Classification - man's Five (5) Environmental Elements

(MAN)

a. NATURE - The first principle is maximization of man's potential contacts with the elements of nature (such as
water and trees), with other people, and with the works of man (such as buildings and roads). In this,
man differs from animals; we do not know of any species of animals that try to increase their
potential contacts with the environment once they have reached the optimum number of contacts.
Man alone always seeks to increase his contacts.
- represents the ecosystem within which rural settlements must exist

b. MAN – constantly adapting and changing

– can contribute many important inputs to the better organization of urban life.
– He always gives his structures the shape, or selects the route, that requires the minimum effort, no
matter whether he is dealing with the floor of a room, which he tends to make horizontal, or with the
creation of a highway.

c. SOCIETY - The third principle is optimization of man's protective space, which means the selection of such a
distance from other persons, animals, or objects that he can keep his contacts with them (first
principle) without any kind of sensory or psychological discomfort
- comprises all those aspects of the urban or rural scene that are commonly dealt with by sociologists,
economists and administrators: population trends, social customs, income and occupations, and the
systems of urban government.

d. SHELLS – The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his environment, which
consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of all sorts), and networks (ranging from
roads to telecommunications). This is the principle that leads to order, physiological and aesthetic,
and that influences architecture and, in many respects, art.
- the built environment is the traditional domain of the architectural and engineering professions

e. NETWORKS – provide the glue for all systems of urbanization

– to respond to man's demands, transportation, communication and utility networks must all expand
 even faster than the anticipated growth of settlements.
When Man has achieved this by creating a system of floors, walls, roofs, doors, and windows which allows him to
maximize his potential contacts (first principle) while minimizing the energy expended (second principle) and at the same
time makes possible his separation from others (third principle) and the desirable relationship with his environment (fourth
principle), we speak of "successful human settlements".

3. Third Classification – by Evolutionary Phase

4. Fourth Classification – by Factors and Discipline

5 Principles of Human Settlements (based on Ekistics)